Computers are everywhere:

School, Library, Home, Business, Everywhere…

Consumers who uses computers:

Students, Teachers, Family Members, Business Owners, Military Personnel, Doctors, Many
more…

What is a computer?
Computer - an electronic device that accepts, process, stores and outputs data at high
speeds according to programmed instructions.

Elements of a computer
 Electronic - means all computers are powered by electricity.
 Programmable - computers follow set of instructions (called programs) in order to
operate.
 Storage - computers are able to store huge amount of data for future use (electronic
cabinet).
 Retrieve - computers are able to get back or return whatever it has stored.
 Process - computers are able to transform or manipulate data it has stored into useful
information.

Data and Information

Data is raw, unprocessed facts
- collection of text, numbers, image, audio and video
Information is processed data
- it conveys meaning and is useful to people

Four Basic Function of Computer

 Input - the procedure of feeding or entering data into a computer.
 Process - the operation of manipulating and transforming data into something useful.
This function is done through programs. Programs are written instructions that tell the
computer on how to manipulate and transform the data it was given to it.
 Output - the result of the processing function.
 Storage - computers save data and outputs for later use.

Capabilities and Limitations of a Computer

Capabilities of a Computer
- It can process data quickly.
- It can perform operations tirelessly.
- It can give accurate results depending on the instructions and commands given.
- It can store, recall, and retrieve information.
- It can confirm and verify the accuracy of the information.
- It can perform multi-tasks.

Limitations of a Computer
- It needs human intervention.
- It has a short life span.
- It cannot formulate information on its own.
- The information or results generated are user dependent.
- It can never replace the capabilities of the human brain.
GIGO (Garbage In, Garbage Out)
- which means that wrong data entered into the computer will result to wrong information
produced.

History of Computer

ANCIENT TIME
INVENTION DESCRIPTION
The abacus was man’s first recorded adding machine. It was in 500 B.C
when the abacus was invented in Babylonia, then popularized in China,
Abacus
the abacus is an ancient computing device constructed of sliding beads
on small wooden rods, strung on a wooden frame.

MECHANICAL ERA
INVENTION DESCRIPTION
John Napier, Baron of Merchiston, Scotland, invents
Logarithms logs in 1614. Logs allow multiplication and division
to be reduced to addition and subtraction.
In 1642, a French mathematician named Blaise Pascal
invented a mechanical calculation machine called
Pascaline Pascaline. It was made out of clock gears and levers,
and could solve basic mathematical problems like
addition and subtraction.
In 1671, Gottfried Leibniz, a German mathematician,
invented a machine called steeped reckoner that could
Stepped Reckoner
multiply 5 digit and 12 digit numbers yielding up to
16 digit number.
In 1801, Joseph-Marie Jacquard developed an
Jacquard Loom
automatic loom that was controlled by punched cards.
In 1822, Charles Babbage, invented the first modern
Difference Engine computer design: a steamed-powered adding machine
called the difference engine to automatically solve
math problems.
Babbage also invented the analytical engine. It was a
mechanical adding machine that took information
from punched cards to solve and print complex
mathematical operations.
Analytical Engine
Babbage’s difference and analytical engine are
regarded as the first “thinking machines”. These
inventions earned him the title “Father of Computers”
The first program was written by Ada Augusta
Lovelace for Babbage’s difference engine. Thus, Ada
Ada Lovelace is credited with being “the first computer
programmer”. The programming ada is named in her
honor.
 ELECTROMECHANICAL ERA
INVENTION DESCRIPTION
Punched card In 1890, the first person to successfully use punched cards specifically
Tabulating for census taking was Herman Hollerith. The punched card was adapted
machine for use in early computers and provided computer programmers with a
new way to put information into their machines. Hollerith later went on
to found the Tabulating Machine Company, which later became the
Computer Tabulating Recording Company. He retired in 1921, but his
company went on to become the
International Business Machines Corporation. We know it today as IBM.
Millionaire The Millionaire, the first efficient four-function calculator, is invented
by Otto Shweiger, a Swiss Engineer in 1893.

ELECTRONIC ERA
INVENTION DESCRIPTION
Z3 In 1941, Konrad Zuse, built the first programmable computer called Z3.
It was the first fully functional, program controlled computer of the
world. The Z3 was presented on May 12, 1941 to an audience of
scientist in Berlin. The demonstration was a success.
Mark I Howard Aiken, a Ph.D. student at Harvard University built Mark I “The
first Stored-Program Computer”. 8 feet tall, 51 feet long, 2 feet thick,
weighed 5 tons, used 750,000 parts, 500 miles of wires, 3-5 seconds per
calculation.
ABC(Atanasoff- In 1942, John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry completed the first all-
Berry Computer) electronic computer called ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer). It was the
first computer to use electricity in the form of vacuum tubes. It was used
for solving complex systems equations.

The Five Generations of Digital Computing

The First-Generation Computers (1951-1958)

 First-generation computers had vacuum tubes, resistors, and welded metal joints.
They were large, slow, expensive, and produced a lot of heat. In addition, first-
generation computers often broke down because of burned-out vacuum tubes.
 In 1945, Presper Eckert and John Mauchly developed the first operational electronic
digital computer, called ENIAC, for the US Army. ENIAC had more than 18,000
vacuum tubes, and took up to 1,800 square feet of space. Today, ENIAC’s technology
could fit in a modern wristwatch.
 In 1951, the UNIVAC-1 became the first commercially available electronic computer.
This computer was designed by Eckert and Mauchly and built by the Remington Rand
Corporation.
 IBM 701 was the IBM’s first electronic computer built in 1953.

The Second Generation Computers (1959-1963)

 Instead of vacuum tubes, the second-generation computers used transistors an exciting
new invention at the time. John Barden, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley of
Bell Telephone Laboratories invented the transistor.
 Magnetic tapes and disk began to replace punched cards as external storage devices.
  Magnetic cores (very small donut-shaped magnets that could be popularized in one of
two directions to represent data) strung on wire within the computer became the
primary internal storage technology.
 In 1961, Grace Hopper, the woman that found the first computer bug, finishes
developing COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language).
 The Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) founded by Ken Olsen, released the first
minicomputer, the PDP-8 in 1964.
 In 1965, Thomas Kurtz and john Kemeny of Dartmouth College developed BASIC
(Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) as a computer language to help
teach people how to program.

The Third-Generation Computers (1963-1974)

 Computers in the third-generation computers relied on a new technology called
integrated circuit. The integrated circuit is a single wafer or chip that can hold many
transistors and electronic circuits.
 Magnetic tape and disks completely replace punched cards as external storage devices.
 Magnetic core internal memories began to give way to a new form, metal oxide semi-
conductor (MOS) memory, which, like integrated circuits, used silicon-backed chips.
 In 1958 Jack Kilby invented the monolithic integrated circuit, which is still widely
used in electronic systems.
 The C programming language is developed at AT & T bell Labs by Brian Kerninghan
and Dennis Ritchie.
 The Unix Operating system, also written at Bell Labs, is rewritten using C. This later
makes UNIX one of the most portable operating systems.

The Fourth-Generation Computers (1971-Present)

 The fourth-generation is just an extension of the third-generation technology. This
next technological development is to put more power and capabilities in one chip
called microprocessor which has made computers the fastest and most powerful they
have ever been.
 In 1975, the Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems or MITS produced the
first Personal Computer. They named the computer “Altair 8080”. This was the first
easily available micro-computer. It had256 bytes of memory and ran a version of
BASIC written by Bill Gates.
 Apple’s widely successful PC was the Apple II personal computer. Apple II was the
first personal computer to come in a plastic case and include color graphics.
 In 1978, VisiCalc was released. It is the first spreadsheet program and it made
microcomputers useful to businesses.
 In 1993, Intel Pentium introduced Pentium Processor, a microprocessor with 3.1
million transistors.

The Fifth-Generation Computers (1982 - Onward)

 The Fifth Generation Computer Systems was an initiative by Japan's Ministry of
International Trade and Industry, begun in 1982, to create computers using
massively parallel computing and logic programming. It was to be the result of a
massive government/industry research project in Japan during the 1980s.
 This generation’s focus is more on connectivity. This is to permit computer users
to connect their computers to other computers.
Ancient Times (500BC-3000BC) - The abacus was the first recorded adding machine,
invented in Babylonia around 500 B.C.

Mechanical Era (1450-1840) - Inventions like logarithms, the Pascaline, and the Analytical
Engine laid the groundwork for modern computers.

Electromechanical Era (1840-1940) - The punched card tabulating machine, invented by

Herman Hollerith, revolutionized data processing.

Electronic Era (1940-Present) - The Z3, the first programmable computer, was built by
Konrad Zuse in 1941.

Five Generations - Computers have evolved through five generations, each marked by
advancements in technology.

Components of a Computer System

Hardware - is the physical equipment associated with a computer system. This is the
tangible components of the computer system.

Four Primary Components of a Computer Hardware System

Input Devices - any hardware component that allows the user to enter data, execute
commands and user responses into the computer. Basically, input devices are used for data
entry.
Output Devices - any hardware component that presents, displays, alters, or record output
after it has left a computer’s system unit.
Storage Devices - these are important for keeping a document for later retrieval and use.
- Primary storage
- Secondary storage
System Unit - part of the computer which is responsible for accepting and processing the
data brought in by the input devices, passing resulting information to the users via the output
devices.

Identify
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU) - The CPU is the brain of the computer, performing
calculations and processing instructions.
2. Random Access Memory (RAM) - RAM temporarily stores data that the CPU uses while
performing tasks, allowing for multitasking.
3. Motherboard - The motherboard connects all the components of the computer and allows
communication between them.
4. Power Supply Unit (PSU) - The PSU converts electricity into a usable form for the
computer's components.
5. Hard Drive (HDD) or Solid-State Drive (SSD) - These are storage devices that store the
operating system, software, and files.
6. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) - The GPU is responsible for rendering images and
video, essential for tasks requiring high-quality visuals.
7. Speakers - Speakers produce sound, allowing users to listen to music, system sounds, and
audio from videos.
8. USB Flash Drive - A USB flash drive is a portable storage device used to store and
transfer data.
9. Webcam - A webcam captures video and images, often used for video conferencing and
streaming.
10. Printer - The printer creates physical copies of documents, images, and other digital
content.
11. Barcode Reader - A barcode reader scans barcodes, typically used in retail and inventory
management.
12. Scanner - A scanner digitizes physical documents and images, converting them into
electronic formats.

Software – is the programs and data that a computer uses. The software provides the
commands that tell the hardware what task to perform, what to read and write

Kinds of Sotfware
1. Application Software - these are programs that people use to get their work done.
2. System Software - The system software includes all programs used to operate and
maintain the computer system. It controls all input/output functions and coordinates the flow
of operations during processing.
3. Utility Software - (also known as service program, service routine, tool, or utility routine)
It is specifically designed to help manage and tune the computer hardware, operating system
or application software, and perform a single task or a small range of tasks.

Application Software
1. Microsoft Word (Word Processor) - Used for creating, editing, and formatting
documents.
2. Adobe Photoshop (Image Editing Software) - Used for creating and editing images,
graphics, and photos.
3. Google Chrome (Web Browser) - Allows users to access and browse the internet.

System Software
1. Microsoft Windows (Operating System) - Manages hardware resources, provides a user
interface, and allows other software to run.
2. Linux (Operating System) - An open-source operating system known for its stability and
security.
3. Macos (Operating System) - The operating system developed by Apple for its Mac
computers.

Utility Software
1. Antivirus Software (e.g., Norton, McAfee) - Scans for, detects, and removes malware
and viruses from the computer.
2. Disk Cleanup (Windows Utility) - Frees up disk space by removing unnecessary files,
such as temporary files and system cache.
3. Backup Software (E.G., Acronis True Image) - Creates copies of data and system files
to prevent loss in case of a system failure or data corruption.

Peopleware - are the users of the computer, they may be the system analysts, programmers,
Web Developer, students, administrators, encoders or just a common personnel who in a way
works with the computer.