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Resistance

The document explains Ohm's law, defining electrical resistance and resistivity, and distinguishing between ohmic and non-ohmic materials. It describes how the resistivity of conductors increases with temperature while that of semiconductors decreases. Additionally, it includes a mathematical problem calculating effective resistance in a circuit.

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4 views

Resistance

The document explains Ohm's law, defining electrical resistance and resistivity, and distinguishing between ohmic and non-ohmic materials. It describes how the resistivity of conductors increases with temperature while that of semiconductors decreases. Additionally, it includes a mathematical problem calculating effective resistance in a circuit.

Uploaded by

atikul658
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Resistance and Resistivity

01. State and explain Ohm’s law.


Ohm’s law:
“The potential difference V applied across a conducting material is directly proportional to the
current I flowing through it”. That is,
𝑉∝𝐼
Or, 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅
Where the proportionality constant R is called the resistance of the conducting
material.
The SI unit of resistance is ohm or Ω.

02. Distinguish between ohmic and non-ohmic material.


Distinction between ohmic and non-ohmic material:
Ohmic Material Non-ohmic Material
(a) Ohmic materials are type of (a) Non-ohmic materials are type of
materials that work on the principle materials that do not follow Ohm’s
of Ohm’s law. law.
(b) For a varying current and voltage, (b) For a varying current and voltage,
the resistance of these materials the resistance of these materials
remains constant. does not remain constant.
(c) The relationship between current (c) The relationship between current
and voltage is linear. and voltage is not linear.
(d) V-I curve: (d) V-I curve:

(e) Examples: Metals, Resistors etc. (e) Examples: Diodes, Semiconductors etc.

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Resistance and Resistivity

03. Define electrical resistance and resistivity.


Electrical resistance:
The electrical resistance is defined as the ratio of the voltage V applied across a piece of material
to the current I through the material. Its SI unit is the ohm or Ω.
Electrical resistivity:
The electrical resistivity of a material is defined as the resistance offered by a conductor of this
material of unit length and unit cross-sectional area. Its SI unit is Ω-m.

04. How does the resistivity of (i) a conductor and (ii) semiconductor vary with
temperature? Give reason for each case.

(a) (b)
(i) Variation of resistivity of a conductor with temperature:
Figure(a) shows how the resistivity of a typical conductor such as copper increases with
increasing temperature. The resistivity increases linearly with temperatures over a
broad range of temperatures. This increase in resistivity is due to the increase in
electron scattering within the conductor as the temperature increases. At low
temperatures, the resistivity increases as a higher power of temperature. The finite
resistivity at low temperature is due to impurities and imperfections in the crystal
lattice.
(ii) Variation of resistivity of a semiconductor with temperature:
Figure shows how the resistivity of a typical semiconductor such as silicon decreases
with increasing temperature. This decrease in resistivity is due to the fact that the
density of charge carriers for semiconductors increases with temperature faster than the
effect of their scattering.

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Resistance and Resistivity

Mathematical Problems:
01. All the resistances shown in figure are in ohms. Calculate the effective resistance
between points A and R.

Solution:
Firstly, for 𝐴𝑃 and 𝑃𝑄,
𝑅1 = 3 + 3 = 6 Ω
Secondly, for 𝑅1 and 𝐴𝑄,
1 1 1 1 1 2 1
= + = + = =
𝑅2 𝑅1 6 6 6 6 3
∴ 𝑅2 = 3 Ω
Thirdly, for 𝑅2 and 𝑄𝑅,
𝑅3 = 𝑅2 + 3 = 3 + 3 = 6 Ω
Fourthly, for 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐵𝑆,
𝑅4 = 3 + 3 = 6 Ω
Fifthly, for 𝑅4 and 𝐴𝑆,
1 1 1 1 1 2 1
= + = + = =
𝑅5 𝑅4 6 6 6 6 3
∴ 𝑅5 = 3 Ω
Sixthly, for 𝑅5 and 𝑆𝑅,
𝑅6 = 𝑅5 + 3 = 3 + 3 = 6 Ω
Finally, for 𝑅3 , 𝐴𝑅 and 𝑅6 i.e., the equivalent resistance between A and R,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1
= + + = + + = =
𝑅𝑎𝑑 𝑅3 6 𝑅6 6 6 6 6 2
∴𝑅𝑎𝑑 = 2 Ω [Ans.]

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