ae-bΩ A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿

Imew tZiw \thm-∞m\w

{]km-[I
- ¿
in^m _p°v Ãmƒ
SHAMSUL ULAMA ISLAMIC FOUNDATION
Shifa Publication No: 14
Malayamma Aboobacker Musliyar
Kalam Desam Navothanam (Malayalam)
Author : Moyin Hudavi Malayamma
Publishers : Shifa Bookd stall, Kozhikode
First Edition :2014
Layout : spectrum creations
Printing : ............
Copies : 2000
Rights wiht the publishers
Price: 260/-
{KŸ-Im-cs‚ a‰p cN-\I
- ƒ
]T-\-߃:
imkv{X-Ønse apkvenw {]Xn-`-Iƒ
Ckvem-anI Ie: kuµ-cyhpw Bkzm-Z-\hpw
aºpdw X߃: PohnXw Bflo-bX t]mcm´w (kl cN-\)
Imk¿tImSv apkvenw-I-fpsS Ncn{Xw
hnizm-kn-bpsS PohnX tcJ
Ad-_n-Iƒ ]d™ imkv{Xw
a\p-jym-h-Im-i-߃: Hcp Jp¿-B-\nI hmb\
Ckvem-anI hnZym¿∞n: F¥p sNøWw? FhnsS XpS-ßWw?

Poh-Nc
- n{Xw:
ssiJv AlvaZv k¿lnµn: Nn¥bpw \thm-∞m-\hpw
Pem-ep-±o≥ dqan: kvt\l-Øns‚ Pzme apJw
\^o-k-Øp¬ ankvcnø: A\p-cm-K-Øns‚ Xqh¬ ]£n
Jmkn kn.-Fw. A–p√ auehn: DØc ae-_m-dns‚ \thm-∞m\ \mb-I≥
_m∏p´n lmPn: PohnXw Hgn-™psh® \njvIma I¿an

hnh¿Ø\w:
Pam-AsØ Ckveman: Hcp s]mfn-s®-gpØv ˛ hlo-Zp-±o≥ Jm≥
a™v s]øp∂ acp-°m-Sp-Iƒ ˛ \kow lnPmkn
Jp¿-B-\nse ⁄m\ hnkva-b-߃ ˛ tUm. kmIn¿ \mbnIv
Ckvemw: hgn-Øn-cn-hn¬ ˛ apl-ΩZv AkZv

_me-km-lnXyw:
BCi (d)
kvt\l-Øns‚ IÆo¿]q-°ƒ
Xo¿∞m-S-\-Øns‚ I\¬h-gn-Iƒ
^mYna (d)

kam-lc- Ww:
awK-em-]pcw Jmkn-am¿ ˛ kn.-Fw. A–p√ auehn
kn.-Fw. A–p-√ aue-hn-bpsS tKmf-imkv{X ]T-\-߃ ˛ kn.-Fw.
kmº-ØnI imkv{Xw: Hcp Ckvem-anI hni-I-e\w ˛ kn.-Fw.
hnhm-lhpw A\p-_‘ NS-ßfpw: Ckvem-ans‚ ImgvN∏mSv ˛ kn.-Fw.

Hm¿a ]pkvXIw:
tIm´ A–p¬ JmZn¿ apkven-bm¿, Hm¿a ]pkvXIw
C. apl-ΩZv km¿, Hm¿a ]pkvXIw
 ae-bΩ A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿
(\mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zv)
Imew tZiw \thm-∞m\w

ae-_m-dns‚ Ckvem-anI \thm-∞m\ \mb-I\pw

kakvX D]-≤y-£\pambn-cp∂ \m-c-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zv
F∂ ae-bΩ A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm-cpsS (1904-˛1973) PohnX
kw`m-h-\-Ifpw Ing-°≥ tImgn-t°m-Sns‚ Ckvem-anI Ncn-{Xhpw
A\m-h-cWw sNøp∂ IrXn

tambn≥ lpZhn ae-bΩ

 {]km-[-\-°p-dn∏v
tIcfw I≠ {]K¬`-\m-sbmcp ]fin-X\pw
hm‹n-bpw Nn¥-I\p-am-bn-cp∂p ae-bΩ A_q-_Iv¿
apkven-bm¿ (1904-˛1973). \mc-I-t»cn DkvXmZv F∂
t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-´p. 1970 IfpsS XpS-°-Øn¬ ka-
kvX-bpsS D]m-≤y-£-\m-bn-cp∂ At±lw A°m-
esØ Adn-b-s∏´ ⁄m\nbpw hm‹nbpw apZ-cnkpw
kwhm- Z - I - \ p- a m- b n- c p- ∂ p. tImgn- t °mSv Pn√- b psS
hnhn[ `mK- ß - f n¬ ]pØ- \ m- i - b - ° m¿s°- X nsc
k‘n-bn√m kacw \SØn hnPbw hcn® At±lw
kp∂Øv Pam-A-Øns‚ ap∂-Wn-t∏m-cm-fnbpw Hcp
Ime-L-´-Øns‚ CXn-lmk ]pcp-j-\p-am-Wv. Ing-
°≥ tImgn-t°m-Sns‚ \thm-∞m\ shfn-®-Øn¬
At±-l-Øns‚ hnb¿∏p-Xp-≈n-Iƒ ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-
Wv. tIc-f-°-c-bn-em-I-am\w {]^p-√-am-bn-cp∂ At±-
l-Øns‚ Nn¥-Ifpw {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw hcpw-Ime
Xe-ap-d-Iƒ°v amXr-I-bm-th-≠-Xp-≠v.
tIc- f - a pkv e nw \thm- ∞ m\ Ncn- { X- Ø nse
AS-™p-In-S-°p∂ Hc-≤ym-b-amWv Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn-
eqsS ]pd-Øp-h-cp-∂-Xv. Ncn{X hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°pw
Kth-j-I¿°pw CXv Gsd D]-Imcw sNøpw. tIc-f-
ap-kvenw-I-fpsS ssh⁄m-\nI D∞m-\-Øn¬ aX
]fin-X-∑m-cpsS ]¶v F¥m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v CXv hc-
®p-Im-´p-∂p. sshIn-bm-sW-¶n-epw, ae-bΩ A_q-
_Iv¿ apkven-bm-sc-°p-dn®v Kl-\-am-sbmcp IrXn
ssIc-fn°p ka¿∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ R߃°v AXn-
bmb kt¥m-j-ap-≠v. CXv {]km-[-\-Øn\p hn´p-
X∂ {KŸ-Im-c\pw Ah-Xm-cnI Xøm-dm-°n-Ø∂
]mW-°mSv lmZ-cen X߃°pw IrX-⁄X tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

1/1/2014
tImgn-t°mSv in^ _pIvkv
 Ah-Xm-cnI
tIc-f-Ønse ]gb Ime ]fin-X-cn¬ {]ap-J-\m-bn-cp∂p
ae-bΩ A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿. Hcp ImeØv tIcfw apgps°
apg-ßn-t°´ \maw. {]tXy-In®pw tImgn-t°mSv Pn√-bpsS aX
ssh⁄m-\nI ]ptcm-bm-\-Øn¬ Xpey-X-bn-√mØ kw`m-h-\-Iƒ
A¿]n-® alm≥. A≤y-b\ - w, A[ym-]\ - w, BZ¿i kwc-£W - w, aX
{]k-cWw F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p B Pohn-X-Øns‚ kp{]-[m-\-amb
{]h¿Ø\ taJ-e-Iƒ. \√Xv am{Xw Nn¥n®pw \∑ am{Xw kwkm-
cn®pw A√m-lp-hn\p th≠n Pohn®p Ah¿. A√m-lp-hns‚ {]oXn
Imw£n-®p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS Hmtcm Ne-\ß - f- pw.
tIcfw I≠ {]K¬`-a-Xn-I-fmb ]finX al-Øp-°-fpsS
injyXzw hcn-°m\pw ]n¬Im-eØv tIcf apkvenw-Iƒ°v t\XrXzw
\¬Inb A\-h[n ⁄m\ ]Sp-°ƒ°v ssh⁄m-\nI am¿K Z¿i\w
\¬Im\pw Ign-™p-sh-∂X - mWv ae-bΩ DkvXm-Zns‚ G‰hpw henb
{]tXy-I-X. IÆn-bØpw ^fv^-cn-bp-a-S-°-ap≈ DkvXm-Zp-amcpw
iwkp¬ De-abpw kn.-Fw. hen-øp-√m-lnbpw t]mse-bp≈ injy-
∑mcpw B Pohn-XØ - n\p am‰p Iq´nb LS-Iß - f
- m-bn-cp-∂p. Adn-hns‚
hnhn[ taJ-eI - f
- n¬ XlvJoJpw ]mfin-Xy-hp-ap≈ A\-h[ - n-bm-fp-
Isf hm¿sØ-SpØp DkvXmZv Xs‚ A[ym-]-\- PohnXØn-eq-sS.
B ¢mkp-If - psS IWn-iX - bpw kq£vaX - bpw A{X-am{Xw t]mcp-∂-
Xm-bn-cp-∂p. aAvJqemØv hnj-bß - f- psS ]cym-ba - m-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-
Zv. Hcp ImeØv I£n t`Z-at\y k¿∆cpw Xß-fpsS kwi-b-߃
Xo¿°m-\mbn DkvXm-Zn‚ apºn¬ h∂p. B ⁄m\ kmK-cØ - ns‚
I\hpw Kmw`o-cyhpw AwKo-Ic - n-°p-Ibpw t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøm-
Ø-h¿ Bcp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.
BZ¿i thZn-If - n¬ _nZ-Cu-If - psS t]Sn-kz-]v\a - m-bn-cp∂p
ae-bΩ DkvXm-Zv. A{X-am{Xw Nnt¥m-±o-]I - hpw bp‡n-kl - h - p-am-bn-
cp∂p DkvXm-Zns‚ adp-]-Sn-Iƒ. InØm-_p-I-fpsS Bg-߃ Xm≠n-
bmWv DkvXmZv GsXmcp Imcy-Øn\pw ap∂n-´n-dß - n-bn-cp-∂X - .v henb
henb {]K¬`-cmb Bfp-Iƒ Pohn-®n-cp∂ Ime-Øp-Xs∂ ka-kvX-
apim-h-d-bn-te°p IS-∂p-h-cn-Ibpw tijw AXns‚ sshkv {]kn-
U‚m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXX - p-Xs∂ B ]mfin-Xy-Øns‚ Bghpw ]c∏pw
hnfn-t®m-Xp-∂p. _nZ-Cu-Iƒ thcp ]nSn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ ImeØv tImgn-
t°mSv `mK-ß-fn¬ Ah¿ \S-Ønb kwhm-Z-ßfpw Jfi-\-ßfpw
Ncn{X {]kn-≤-am-Wv. Ah-cpsS ]e {]kwK ]c-º-c-Iƒ°pw Xnc-
»oe hogvØn-bn-cp-∂Xv DkvXm-Zns‚ CS-s]-S-ep-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-
XmWv hkvXp-X. Hcp km[m-cW IpSpw-_Ø - n¬ P\n®v, kz{]-bX - v\-
Øn-eqsS aX-hn-Zym-`ymk taJ-e-I-fn¬ Ncn{Xw cNn® DkvXmZv
hf¿∂p-h-cp∂ Xe-ap-d°v Hcp amXr-I-bm-Wv. ⁄m\m¿÷-\hpw
⁄m\ {]k-cW - hpw X]-ky-bmbn kzoI-cn® DkvXm-Zns‚ PohnX
apd-Iƒ henb ]T-\ß - ƒ°v hnt[-ba - m-th-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
h^m-Øns‚ \m¬]Xv h¿j-Øn\p tij-am-sW-¶nepw,
DkvXm-Zns‚ Pohn-Xhpw kw`m-h\ - I
- fpw khn-kX v cw {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂
Cß-s\-sbmcp ]T\w ]pdØph∂Xv Gsd {]Xo-£I - ƒ \¬Ip-∂-
Xm-Wv. tIc-fob aÆn¬ Ckvem-anI Nn¥°v sh≈hpw hfhpw
\¬Inb ]finX al-Øp-°-fpsS Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-߃ ho≠pw
ho≠pw hmbn-°s - ∏-Sp-Ib- mWv C∂v G‰hpw Bh-iy-am-bn-´p≈ Hcp
Imcyw. Cu Ncn{X hkvXp-XI - ƒ ]pXnb Xe-ap-d°v shfn-®hpw am¿K
Z¿i-\h - p-ambn amtd-≠X - p-≠.v ae-bΩ DkvXmZv tIc-f° - c- b
- n¬ IØn-
®p-sh® ssh⁄m-\nI Zo] inJ Fs∂∂pw AW-bmsX \ne-sIm-
≈-Ww. ]pXnb Xe-apd k¿∆ k∂m-l-ß-tfmsS AXn-\mbn Xøm-
dm-th-≠-Xp-≠v. Cu ]pkvXIw AXn-\p≈ {]tNm-Z-\-ambn amd-s´-
sb∂v B{K-ln-°p-∂p. DkvXm-Zn-s\-°p-dn® ]pXnb Nn¥-Iƒ°pw ]T-
\-߃°pw CsXmcp \nan-Øa - m-hs- ´-sb∂v {]Xym-in-°p-∂p. \mY≥
CsXmcp kpIr-Xa - mbn kzoI-cn-°p-am-dm-Is - ´. \msf B ]finXhcy-
t\m-sSm∏w Ahs‚ kz¿K temIØv \mY≥ \sΩ Hcp-an-®p-Iq-´p-am-
dm-Is- ´. Bao≥.

1/1/2014 ]mW-°mSv sslZ-cen inlm_v X߃

]mW-°mSv
 BapJw

Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬ tIcfw km£n-bmb {]K¬`-

]fin-Xc-- n¬ Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂p ae-bΩ A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿.
ae-bΩ \mc-I-t»cn A“Zv A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿ F∂v
]q¿W \maw. \m´p- t ]- c n- t e°p tN¿Øn ae- b Ω Dkv X mZv
F∂pw ho´p-t]-cn-te°p tN¿Øn \mc-I-t»cn DkvXmZv F∂pw
Adn-b-s∏-´p. hn⁄m-\o-b-ß-fpsS alm-t{km-X-kp-I-fmb Kpcp-
P-\-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Adnhv t\Sp-Ibpw hnhn-[-Xcw hn⁄m\
imJ-I-fpsS N{I-hm-f-ß-fn¬ ]cn-e-kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXpsIm-
≠m-Wv B al¬ PohnXw IS-∂p-t]m-b-Xv. InØm-t_m-Øn-
s\bpw Z¿kv A[ym-]-\-sØbpw X]-ky-bm°n kzoI-cn-°p-I-
hgn, Hcp ]pcp-jm-bp v apgps° C¬ao {]N-c-W-Øn-\mbn Hgn-
™p-sh®p DkvXm-Zv. tIcfw I≠ k¿K-[-\-cmb H∂mw \nc
]fin-X-∑m-cn¬\n∂pw t\cn´v Adnhv ]Tn-°pIbpw tIc-fsØ
apt∂m´p \bn-°m≥am{Xw {]K¬`-a-Xn-I-fmb injy-hyq-lsØ
hm¿sØ-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Aßs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ, ]finX tIc-f-Øns‚ Ccp-
]Xmw \q‰m-≠n-te-°p≈ Ihm-S-ßfn-sem∂m-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zv
F∂v t_m[y-am-Ipw. ]mfin-Xy-Øns‚ c≠p Xe-ap-d-Isf ]c-
kv]cw IÆn-tN¿°p∂ A]q¿∆-am-sbmcp IhmSw. JpYp-_nbpw
imen-bm-Ønbpw IÆn-bØpw hnf-ßn-\n∂ Hcp {]X-e-Øn\pw
At≠m-Wbpw C.-sI. lk≥ apkven-bmcpw kn.-Fw. aS-hqcpw
]n.-kn. DkvXmZpw t{]m÷z-en-®p-\n∂ as‰mcp {]Xe-Øn-\p-an-S-
bn¬ CS-bm-f-\mbn h¿Øn® Ime-Øns‚ A\p-{K-loX Xpcp-
Øv. Hcp A\n-hmcy \ntbmKw t]mse IS-∂p-h∂ kap-Zm-b-
Øns‚ kpK-‘w. hnin-jym, tImgn-t°mSv Pn√-bpsS ssh⁄m-
\nI C∂-se-I-fn¬ t{]m÷zn-®p-\n∂ ssh⁄m-\nI Xmc-Iw.
B DZ-b-Øn\p ae-bΩ km£n-bm-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p am{Xw.
AXn-e-∏p-dw, ae-_m-dns‚ \thm-∞m\ \mb-I-cn¬ ap∂-
Wn-t∏m-cm-fn-bm-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zv. Ckvem-anI ]mc-ºcy Nn”-
߃s°-Xnsc sImSp-¶m-‰p-t]mse h∂ ]pØ-\m-i-b-°m¿s°-
Xnsc i‡n-bp‡w ]S-∏p-d-∏mSv \S-Øn-s°m-≠m-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-
Zns‚ Ac-t߉w. tImgn-t°mSv Pn√-bpsS hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬
hlm-_n-Iƒs°-Xnsc A\-h[n hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z-߃°pw kwhm-
Z-߃°pw Jfi-\-߃°pw t\XrXzw \¬In. ]pØq¿, Hma-
t»-cn, Icp-h-sºm-bn¬, sImSp-h≈n t]mse-bp≈ `mK-ßsf
hlm-_n-k-Øns‚ \ocm-fn-∏n-Sn-Ø-Øn¬\n∂pw c£n-°p-∂-Xn¬
DkvXm-Zns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ hen-sbmcp Af-thmfw klm-b-
I-am-bn-´p-≠v. apZ-cn-kv, Jmkn, {]`m-j-I≥, Jn_vem-\n¿Wb
hn⁄m- \ - Ø nse hnim- c - Z ≥ XpS- ß n- b - h - b mWv Dkv X mZv
t{]m÷z-en-®p-\n∂ a‰p taJ-e-Iƒ. hen-sbmcp {]tZ-i-Øn\v
H∂-S¶w aX-hn-[n-Iƒ ]d-™p-sIm-Sp-°p∂ Hcp ap^vXn IqSn-
bm-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. \m¬]Xv h¿j-ß-fn-embn hS-°≥ ae-
_m-dnse ]tØmfw Z¿kp-I-fn¬ {]ap-J-amb Z¿kv \S-Øp-Ibpw
hen-sbmcp Xe-ap-dsb Ckvem-anI hn⁄m-\o-b-ß-fpsS k¬]-
Ÿm-hn-te°q hgn-\-S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvX tIcfw I≠ Xpey-X-
bn-√mØ Hcp ]fin-X-s\∂v \ap°v Ahsc Npcp°n hnfn-
°mw.
tIcfw A\-h[n ⁄m\n-Iƒ°v P∑w \¬Inb `qan-
bm-Wv. temI-tØm-Sp-Xs∂ InS-]n-Sn-°m≥am{Xw k¿K-[-\-cmb
]fin-X-∑m¿ ChnsS Imem-¥-c-ß-fn-embn ]pd-Øp-h-∂n-´p-≠v.
]s£, Ch-cn¬ ]mXn-t]mepw temIØv Adn-b-s∏-´n-´n√ F∂p-
≈-XmWv hkvXp-X. {]i-kvXnbpw s]cp-abpw sImXn-°m-Ø-h-
cm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿. A√m-lp-hns‚ C¬ans\ {]t_m-[\w sNøp-
I-sb∂ e£y-tØmsS Ah¿ kaq-l-Øn¬ Pohn-°p-Ibpw
Ah¿°p-th≠n Dcp-In-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1926 HmsS kakvX
IS-∂p-h-cp-∂-tXm-sS-bmWv CØcw al¬hy-‡n-Xz-ßsf IqSp-
X-embpw temIw Adn-™p-Xp-S-ßp-∂-Xv. ]fin-X-∑m¿°v ta¬hn-
emkw h∂p-Xp-S-ßn-bXv CtXm-sS-bm-bn-cp∂p. tIc-f-Øns‚
Hmtcm tem°¬ Gcn-b-I-fnepw CXp-t]mse Hcp ]fin-X-s\-
¶nepw Pohn- ® p- t ]mbn´p- ≠ m- h - W w. tIc- f - a p- k v e nw- I - f psS
kmwkvImcnI ta∑bpw ssh⁄m-\nI A`n-hr-≤nbpw AXmWv
hnfn- ® p- ] - d - b p- ∂ - X v . aeb- Ω °pw ]cn- k - c - Ø n\pw am{X- a √;
tImgnt°mSv Pn√-°p-Xs∂ Aßs\ A\p-{K-l-ambn Ah-X-
cn® Hcp al¬ km∂n-[y-am-bn-cp∂p DkvXmZv F∂p-thWw
Icp-Xm≥.
2013 Pqsse ]n∂n-Sp-tºmƒ DkvXmZns‚ h^m-Øn\v 40
h¿jw XnI-™n-cn-°p-∂p. Adp-]-Xn-\-∏pdw {]mb-ap≈ Bfp-
Iƒt° C∂v DkvXm-Zn-s\-°p-dn®v th≠-t]mse Adn-bp-I-bp-
≈q. DkvXm-Zn-s\-°p-dn®v tNmZn-°p-tºmƒ Ah¿ hm tXmcmsX
kwkm-cn-°p-Ibpw B ]mfin-XyØns‚ alXz-Øn\p apºn¬
A{ip s]mgn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. F∂m¬, ]pXnb Xe-apd B
alm ]fin-Xs\ th≠-t]mse a\- n-em-°n-bn-´n-√ F∂p-≈-
XmWv hkvXpX. AXn-\p≈ Ah-k-chpw Ah¿°v D≠m-Ip-∂n-
√. \ΩpsS \mSns‚ Hmtcm DuSp-h-gn-I-fn-eq-sSbpw \S-∂p-t]m-
bn-cp∂ B alm-a-\p-jys‚ ]mX ]X-\-ßsf Fßs\ hnkva-
cn-°m≥ Ignbpw \ap°v?
Ahn-sS-\n-∂mWv Fs‚ At\z-jW bm{X Bcw-`n-°p-
∂-Xv. ae-b-Ω°v Ncn-{X-Øn¬ CSw Is≠-Ønb Hcp alm {]Xn-
`. C∂-se-I-fpsS tIc-f-apkvenw Ncn-{X-Øn¬ \nd-™p-\n¬°p-
Ibpw Ah¿°n- S - b n¬ \nc- ¥ cw A\p- k v a - c n- ° - s ∏- S p- I bpw
sNbvXn-cp∂ Hcp alm hy‡n-Xzw. ka-kvX-bpsS \mb-I-∑m-
cn¬ Nnc-kva-c-Wo-b-\mb hy‡n. {it≤-b-amb ^Xvh-I-fpsS
h‡m-hv... C∂pw Aa-c-Xz-tØmsS kaq-l-Ønse al-Øp-°-
fpsS a\- n¬ Pohn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p F∂v Xncn-®-dn-bp∂p.
AXmWv CS-°nsS hnZqc Zn°p-I-fn¬\n-∂p-hsc Bfp-Iƒ B
J_vdn-∂-cn-In-te°v kµ¿i-\-Øn-\mbn FØp-∂-Xv. kpa-\- p-
I-fpsS lrZ-b-Øn¬ DkvXmZv C∂pw kPo-hambn-Øs∂ \ne-
\n¬°p-∂psh∂v CXv hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
\m´p-Im¿°v kakvX Fs¥-∂-dn-bmØ Ime-Øp-Xs∂
ka-kvX-bpsS sshkv {]kn-U‚mbn IS-∂p-t]mb atlm-∂-X-
cmWv \m´p-Imsc kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw DkvXm-Zv. B \maw
sNdp- ∏ - Ø n¬Xs∂ a\- n- s e- h n- s Stbm CSw t\Sn- b n- c p- ∂ p.
kvIqfn¬ t]mIp∂ Imew. ae-bΩ Hcp sI´n-S-Øn\p apI-fn¬
"\mc-I-t»cn DkvXmZv kvamcI ku[w' F∂v ]Wn-s∏´p hmbn-
®Xv Hm¿a-bp-≠v. ]s£, At∏mgpw Hcp alm XW¬ hr£-
Ønte-°mWv CXv hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂-sX∂pw B XW-en-emWv
Xm≥ \ne-sIm-≈p-∂-sX∂pw a\- n-em-bn-cp-∂n-√. Ft∏m-sg-
¶nepsams° amXr-a-l-√mb apt≠m´p ]≈n-bn¬ t]mIp-tºmƒ
AXn\p apºn¬ Hcp aJv_-dbpw ImWm-\n-S-bm-bn-´p-≠v. ]s£,
CXp c≠pw H∂m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw Xncn-®-dn-™n-cp-∂n-√. Nne
da-Zm≥ Ime-ß-fn¬, Ccp-]-Øn-tbgmw cmhp hcp-tºmƒ "\mc-
I-t»cn DkvXm-Zns‚ J_vdn≥ ]pdØv t]mImw' Fs∂ms°
Bscm-s°tbm ]d-™p-tI-´-Xmbn Hm¿°p-∂p. Ahn-sS-\n-s∂m-
s°-bmImw kz¥w \m´nse B alm ]fin-X-s\-°p-dn®v a\-
n-em-°n-Øp-S-ßp-∂-Xv.
F∂m¬, \mc-I-t»cn DkvXmZv Bcm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw
Ah-cpsS ]mfin-Xy-Øns‚ Bgw F{X-am-{X-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-
sh∂pw Gsd- ° psd Hcp DƒImgv N t\Sp- ∂ Xv amXp- I ≠n
A“Zv° F∂ \m´nse {]mbw-sN∂ Hcp Imc-W-h-cn¬\n∂m-
Wv. DkvXm-Zns\ ImWp-Ibpw a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS ]e
{]`m- j - W - ß ƒ°pw kwhm- Z - ß ƒ°pw km£n- b m- h p- I bpw
sNbvX hµy-h-tbm-[n-I\mbncp∂p At±lw. sNΩmSv Zmdp¬
lpZm-bn¬ ]Tn-°m≥ t]mbn-cp∂ Imew; eohn\v \m´n¬ hcp-
tºmƒ At±lw -C-S-°nsS kwkm-cn-°m-\mbn ho´n¬ hcp-am-
bn-cp-∂p. aXw ]Tn-°p∂ hn-Zym∞nItfmSv At±-l-Øn-\p-≠m-
bn-cp∂ {]Xn--]Øn-bpsS {]Xn-^-e-\-am-bn-´m-bn-cp∂p CXv. I≠p-
ap-´n-bm¬ ]ns∂, hoSns‚ ]qap-J-Øn-cp∂v kwkmcw XpS-ßpw.
tIc-f-ap-kvenw-I-fpsS C∂-se-I-sf-°p-dn® kwkm-c-߃. Xs‚
sNdnb A\p-`-h-ß-fn¬ Xßn-\n¬°p∂ Hmtcmtcm Hm¿a-Iƒ.
AXv Zo¿L-t\cw \o≠p-\n°pw. AXn-\n-S-bn¬ JpYp-_nbpw
IÆn-bØpw iwkp¬ De-a-bp-sa√mw IS-∂p-h-cpw. ]e-t∏mgpw
\mc-I-t»cn DkvXmZpw hen-sbmcp N¿®-bmbn amdpw. DkvXmZv
hlm-_n-I-fp-ambn \S-Ønb tXh¿]-d-ºsØ kwhm-Z-sams°
AtX- t ]mse Ah- X - c n- ∏ n®p- X - c pw. F√mw Hcp AΩq- a - ° Y
t]mse B›-cy-s∏-´v, tI´n-cn-°mt\ A∂v Ign-™n-cp-∂p-≈q.
B \√ a\- n-\p-ap-ºn¬ Xe-Ip-ep-°n, kΩ-Xn-®ßs\ Ccn-
°pw.
Imew ho≠pw IS- ∂ p- t ]mbn. sNdnb hmb\m
kwkvImcw ssIh-∂p. ka-kvX-bpsS ]e kph-\o-dp-Ifpw ImWm-
\n-S-bm-bn. Ahn-sS-\n-∂mWv "ae-bΩ DkvXmZv' F∂ Hcp ]fin-
Xs\ icn°pw a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xv. kz¥w aq°n\p Xmsg Hcp
alm-{]-Xn` Pohn-®p-t]m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v AtXmsS Xncn-®-dn-™p.
]n∂o-Sv, AhnS-∂n-tßm´v Hmtcm ka-bhpw DkvXm-Zn-s\-°p-dn-
®p≈ At\z-j-W-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. CubnsS Znhw-K-X-cmb {]apJ
]fin-X≥ ]n.-]n. apl-ΩZv ss^kn-bpsS "ka-kvX-bpsS 101
\mb-I-∑m¿' F∂ ]pkvXIw hmbn-®-t∏mƒ DkvXm-Zn-s\-°p-
dn®v IqSp-X¬ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb hnhcw e`n-®p. A∂p-ap-X¬ a\-
nse Hcp \nd- k m- ∂ n- [ y- a m- b n- c p∂p \mc- I - t »cn Dkv X m- Z v .
Ahsc ]pXnb Xe-ap-d°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-Sp-°m≥ Fs¥-
¶n-ep-sams° sNø-W-sa∂pw a\- n-se-hn-sStbm Xocp-am-\n-®p-
h-®p.
Ime N{Iw ho≠pw Id-ßn. AXn-\n-sS, \mc-I-t»-cn-
sh®v DkvXm-Zn-s‚-Xs∂ \ma-t[-b-Øn¬ kwL-Sn-∏n-°-s∏´ Hcp
]cn-]m-Sn-bn¬, ka-kvX-bpsS {Sj-d¿ ]md-∂q¿ ]n.-]n. C_vdmlow
apkv e n- b m¿ \mc- I - t »cn Dkv X m- Z ns\ A\p- k v a - c n- ° p- ∂ Xv
tIƒ°m≥ CS-h-∂p. ]md-∂q¿ DkvXmZv \mc-I-t»-cn-bpsS injy-
\m-sW∂v t\c-sØ-Øs∂ Adn-™n-cp-∂p. AtXm-sS, GI-
tZiw a\- n-semcp "Xpd-°¬' kw`-hn-®p. DkvXm-Zn-s\-°p-dn®v
At\z-jn-°m-\p≈ t{kmX- p-Ifpw a\- n¬ cq]-s∏-´p-Xp-S-ßn.
Aß-s\-bmWv 2013 HmKÃv amkw (da-Zm-\ns‚ hnip≤ Zn\-
ßfn¬) {]nb kplrØv dkmJv ae-b-Ω-tbm-Sp-IqsS DkvXm-
Zns‚ aJmw knbm-dØv sNbvXp-sIm≠v Cusbmcp D±y-a-Øn\v
t\cn´v Cd-ßn-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Bfp-I-fn¬\n∂pw Bfp-I-fn-te-
°p≈ {]bm-Ww. Ncn-{X-tc-J-I-fn¬\n∂pw Ncn-{X-ß-fn-te-°p≈
bm{X-Iƒ. A√m-lp-hns‚ A\p-{K-l-Øm¬ B D±yaw Gsd
hnP-b-I-c-am-hp-Ibpw C∂v \nß-fpsS Ic-ß-fn-en-cn-°p∂ Cu
krjvSn°v hgn-sbm-cp-ßp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. amk-߃
\o≠ At\z-j-W-Øns‚ ^e-am-Wn-Xv. as‰mcp \ne°p ]d-
™m¬, h¿j-߃ \o≠ B{K-l-Øns‚ km^eyw. DkvXm-
Zns\ kvt\ln-°p∂ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw s\©n-te-‰p-tºmtg CXv
]q¿W-ambpw hnPbw ImWp-∂p-≈q.
\nc-h-[n-bm-fp-I-fpsS AI-a-gn™ klm-bhpw kl-I-c-
W-hp-amWv DkvXm-Zn-s\-°p-dn® Cu At\z-jW {KŸsØ
bmYm¿∞y-am-°n-b-Xv. \m¬]Xv h¿j-Øn\p tij-ap≈ Hcp
D±y-a-am-b-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, {][m-\-ambpw C‚¿hyq satØUv
BWv CXn\v B{i-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. apºv Fgp-X-s∏´ sa‰o-cn-b-
ep-Ifpw ]c-am-h[n IfIvSv sNbvXp. \m´p-Im-c≥ F∂ \ne°v
A\p-`-h-ßfpw klm-b-I-am-bn-´p-≠v. F√mw IqSn tN¿Øp-sh-
®-t∏mƒ Hcp PohnXw GI-tZiw apgp-an-°p∂ t]mse tXm∂n.
icn°pw ]d-™m¬, iq\y-X-bn¬\n-∂m-bn-cp∂p XpS-°w. henb
[mc-W-Itfm k¶¬]-ßtfm D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]Tn-®p-t\m-°n-
b-t∏m-gmWv hnj-b-Øns‚ Bgw a\- n-em-Ip-∂-Xv. Pohn-Xw-
t]mse Bg-ap≈ Hcp alm hy‡n-Xzw. Hcp ]mcm-hm-c-Øn-\p-
ºn¬ FØn- s ∏´ {]Xo- X n. km[m- c - W - ° m¿ apX¬ {]apJ
hy‡n-Xz-ß-sf-hsc t]mbn ImWp-Ibpw C‚¿hyq \S-Øp-Ibpw
sNbv X p. sNdp- ∏ - ° m¿ apX¬ {]mbw sN∂- h sc hsc
CXn\pth≠n kµ¿in-®p. {][m-\-ambpw Adp-]Xv hb- n\p
apI-fn-ep-≈-hsc tI{µo-I-cn-®m-bn-cp∂p At\z-jW bm{X-Iƒ.
\qdn-tesd {]mb-ap≈ At©mfw hy‡n-Ifpambn _‘-s∏-´p.
DkvXm-Zns‚ C∂v Pohn-®n-cn-°p∂ ]tØmfw injy∑mcpambn
Zo¿L kw`m-jWw \S-Øn. IqSm-sX, DkvXm-Zns\ ImWp-Ibpw
A\p-`-hn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX Ccp-]-tXmfw {]apJ hy‡n-Xz-߃,
\m´p-Im¿, ]≈n-`m-c-hm-ln-Iƒ, kplr-Øp-°ƒ, Ab¬hm-kn-
Iƒ, _‘p-°ƒ, a°ƒ XpSßn B PohnXw A\p-`-hn® A\-
h-[n-bm-fp-I-fn¬\n∂pw B PohnX hrØm-¥-߃ ]c-am-h[n
]I¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ {ian-®p. sIm®p sIm®p Imcy-߃ apX¬
henb Ncn{X kw`-h-߃ hsc Hmtcm-∂mbn H∏n-sb-Sp-Øp.
F¶n-epw, B Pohn-XsØ ka-{K-ambn ssIImcyw sNøp∂
Hcp D±yasa∂v Icp-Xp-∂n√. F∂n-cp-∂mepw, B Pohn-Xw IS-
∂p-t]mb hnhn[ßfmb `mK-ß-fn-te°v Hcp shfn®w hoim≥
CXn-eqsS Ignbpsa∂v hniz-kn-°p-∂p.
Cusbmcp {KŸw Hcp-ßp-tºmƒ Rm≥ A\-h-[n-bm-fp-
ItfmSv IS-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. imco-cn-I-ambpw am\-kn-I-am-bpw. F√m-
h¿°pw ChnsS AssI-X-h-amb \µn {]Im-in-∏n-°p-Ibm-Wv.
hnin-jym, Fs‚ Kth-jW bm{X-bn¬ Hcp \ng¬t]mse
Fs∂ ]n¥p-S¿∂ {]nb kplrØv dkmJv ae-b-Ω. Hcp-]-s£,
Ah-s\-t∏m-se-bp≈ Hcp {]h¿Ø-Is‚ klm-b-ap-≠m-bn-cp-
∂n-s√-¶n¬ Cß-s\sbmcp IrXn-Xs∂ Hcp-ßp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.
ka- t bm- N n- X - a mb Ahs‚ CS- s ]- S - e p- I fpw bm{X- I - f p- a mWv
CXns\ C{Xbpw kº-∂hpw Kl-\-hp-am-°n-b-Xv. Hcp kl-c-N-
bn-Xmhv F∂p hnfn-°m≥am{Xw t]mcp∂ Ahs‚ tkh-\-ßsf
Rm\n-hnsS \µn-tbmsS A\p-kva-cn-°p-∂p. \mY≥ Ahs‚
klm-b-ßsf kzoI-cn-°-s´-sb∂p {]m¿∞n-°p-∂p.
IqSm-sX, DkvXm-Zn-s\-°p-dn® ]T-\-bm-{X-°mbn F\n°v
BZy-sh-fn-®hpw am¿K-\n¿t±-i-ßfpw \¬In-b, Fs‚ Hcp A`yp-
Z-b-Imw-£n-Iq-Sn-bmb \√p-ho-´n¬ kI-cnø Alvk-\n, DkvXm-
Zn-s\-°p-dn® I\-s∏´ hnh-c-߃ ssIam-dnb injy-∑m-cmb ]md-
∂q¿ ]n.-]n. C_vdmlow apkven-bm¿, hmhmSv Ip™n-t°mb
DkvXm-Zv, bp.-sI. A–p-√-Yo^v apkven-bm¿, sI.-hn. Ip™-l-
ΩZv apkven-bm¿, Xe-s∏-cp-aÆ tate-Nm-en¬ apl-ΩZv apkven-
bm¿, sI.-hn. apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿, Ben-°p™n apkven-bm¿,
A_p lmPn XpS-ßn-b-h¿°v IrX-⁄X tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
Fs‚ ]T-\-bm-{X-bn¬ Hcp A\p-{K-lw-t]mse At\z-
jn®p Is≠-Ønb DkvXm-Zns‚ {]nb-in-jy-∑m-cnsemcm-fmb
tX™n-∏ew sI.-Sn. apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿. At±-l-sØ ChnsS
{]m¿Y-\-tbmsS A\p-kva-cn-°p-∂p. DkvXm-Zn-s\-°p-dn® Aaq-
ey-amb tcJ-Iƒ ssIam-dn-b-tXmsSm∏w, Ah-cpsS ^Xvh-Iƒ,
¢mkn¬ ]d™ akv-A-e-Iƒ, kp∂-Øp-P-am-A-Øp-ambn _‘-
s∏´ t]mbn‚p-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw kwL-Sn-∏n-®p-X-∂Xv
At±-l-am-bn-cp-∂p. Fgp-Øn-\nsS hcp∂ kwi-b-ßsf hnfn®v
Zpco- I - c n- ° m- \ p≈ Hcp A\p- { Kl tI{µ- a mbpw At±lw
\nesIm≠p. ]pkvXI - sØ ]c-am-h[n Ip‰-a‰
- X
- m-°p-∂X
- n¬ At±-
l-Øns‚ kl-I-c-W-߃ hfsc KpWw sNbvXn-´p-≠v.
]T-\sØ Imcy-£-a-am-°p-∂-Xn¬ \mS≥ hnh-c-߃
]I¿∂v klm-bn® apt≠m´v al√v sk{I-´dn Cºn®n apl-ΩZv
lmPn, {]kn-U‚ v sI.-sI. apt≠m´v A_q-_Iv¿ lmPn, ae-
bΩ al√v {]kn-U‚ v sambvXp lmPn, sk{I-´dn sambvXo≥
amÿ, Ipgn-a-Æn¬ al√v {]kn-U‚ v sI.-Fw. Ip™n apl-ΩZv,
sk{I-´dn sI.-sI. Aivd^v amÿ, ]pXn-tbmØv al√v {]kn-
U‚ v sI.-]n. A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿. ]p≈m-hq¿, I≈≥tXm-
Sv, CuÃv ae-b-Ω, shÆ-t°m-Sv, Ico-‰n-∏-d-ºv, Xe-s∏-cp-a-Æ,
sImSp-h≈n al√v `mc-hm-ln-Iƒ, _‘-s∏-´-h¿. ]ns∂, tat®-
cn-∏-d-ºØv A“Zv lmPn, FS-°p-dp-ßm´v A_p lmPn, Fs‚
hµy ]nXmhv ]pXn-tbm-´n¬ A–p-d-ln-am≥ lmPn. F√m-h¿°pw
lrZy-amb \µn.
t{]m’m-l-\-߃ \¬Inb ]p≈-\q¿ Ipgn-a-Æn¬ ]≈n
JYo_v Ingn-t»cn apl-ΩZv Zmcnan DkvXm-Zv, hS-°p-ho-´n¬
A–p√ apkven-bm¿, Xncp-h-ºmSn A–p¬ Akokv apkven-
bm¿, ae-bΩ Ben apkven-bm¿.
Cusbmcp cN- \ sbmcp- ß p- t ºmƒ F√m- h n[ ]n¥p-
Wbpw Bfl-hn-izm-khpw ]I¿∂v IqsS \n∂ {]nb kplr-
Øp-°ƒ: Ip™n-a-c-°m¿ ae-b-Ω, kemw ae-b-Ω, A–p¬
P∫m¿ \mc-I-t»-cn, F.-]n. apl-ΩZv tImb lpZ-hn, inlm-_p-
±o≥, kpssl¬ Fe-Øq¿... F√m-h-scbpw \µn-]q¿∆w A\p-
kva-cn-°p-∂p. \mY≥ Ah-cp-sS-sbms° klm-b-Øn\p {]Xn-
^ew \¬I-s´-sb∂p {]m¿∞n-°p-∂p.
CsXmcp Ip‰-a‰ _rlZv cN-\-b-√. A\-h[n kwkm-c-
ß-fn¬\n∂pw IqSn-°m-gvN-I-fn¬\n∂pw NnI-s™-SpØ hnh-c-
ß-fpsS Hcp Ah-X-cWw am{X-am-Wv. sX‰v hcm-Xn-cn-°m≥ ]c-
am-h[n {i≤n-®n-´p-≠v. F∂n-cp-∂mepw, AXns‚ km[y-Xsb
Hcn-°epw X≈n-°-f-bp-∂n-√. DkvXm-Zn-s\-°p-dn® Ah-X-c-W-
Øn¬ Adn-bmsX h√ A_-≤hpw IS-∂p-Iq-Sn-bn-´p-s≠-¶n¬
\mY≥ AXv s]mdp-Øp-X-c-s´-sb∂p {]m¿∞n-°p-∂p. AØcw
]ng-hp-Iƒ Xpd-∂p-Im-´m≥ A\p-hm-N-I-tcmSv kvt\l-_p≤ym
At]-£n-°p-∂p.
\mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zn-s\-°p-dn®pw tImgn-t°mSv Pn√-bpsS
Ing-°≥ {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS Ckvem-anI C∂-se-I-sf-°p-dn®pap≈
sNdnsbmcp At\z-jW ]T-\am-WnXv. Ncn-{X-Ip-Xp-In-Iƒ°pw
aX-{]-t_m-[-I¿°pw Kth-jI hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°pw Gsd D]-
Imcw sNøpw. \mY≥ CsXmcp kpIr-X-ambn kzoI-cn-°s´ F∂p
{]m¿∞n-°p-∂p. \msf hµy-cmb DkvXm-Zn-t\m-Sp-IqsS \mY≥
kz¿K-tem-IØv \sΩ Hcp-an-®p-Iq-´p-am-dm-h-s´.

17/09/2013 tambn≥ lpZhn ae-bΩ

]pXn-tbm-´n¬, I√p-ºpdw
 D≈-S°w

`mKw H∂v: \mSns‚ kv]µ-\-߃

1. sNdp-]p-g-bpsS Xoc-ß-fn¬
2. {_n´o-jp-Imcpw CS-s]-S-ep-Ifpw
3. \mSns‚ Ckvem-anI C∂-se-Iƒ

`mKw c≠v: Krlhntijw

4. Adn-hnse IpSpw_w
5. P\-\hpw Ip´n-°m-ehpw
6. el-f-°m¿ hoSv IØn-°p∂p
7. hnhm-lhpw IpSpw_ Pohn-Xhpw
8. PohnX ioe-߃
9. I∏-en¬ Hcp l÷v bm{X
10. PohnXw IS-∂p-t]mb hgn-Iƒ

`mKw aq∂v: A≤ymb\ Imew

11. hgn-Øn-cn-hmb Zmdp¬ Deqw Imew
12. A\p-{Klw s]bvX Kpcp-Xz-Øns‚ XW-en¬
13. alm-∑m-cpsS Bio¿hm-Z-߃
14. Xncp-\-_n-h-sc-bp≈ Kpcp-]-c-ºc
15. {]`m-jW thZn-I-fn¬

`mKw \mev: A[ym-]\ shfn®w

16. ]mfin-Xy-Øns‚ Pzme-Iƒ
17. A[ym-]\ ssien
18. A[ym-]-\-Øns‚ Zn\-߃
19. apt≠m´p ]≈n-Z¿kpw Hcp \mSns‚ Ckvem-anI
DW¿hpw
20. DkvXm-Zp¬ Akm-XoZv
21. shfn®w ]I¿∂ ]cn-kc Z¿kp-Iƒ
22. B XW-en¬ hncn™ ]≈n-Iƒ
`mKw A©v: BZ¿i -apJw
23. hnhm-Z-ß-fnse Ah-km\ hm°v
24. kwhm-Z-th-Zn-I-fnse knwl-K¿÷\w

`mKw Bdv: {]h¿Ø\ ]Yw

25. ka-kvX-bnse Ime-߃
26. Jmkn-]-YØn¬
27. Jn_vem-\n¿W-bhpw tKmf-imkv{Xhpw

`mKw Ggv: tijn-∏p-Iƒ

28. ^Xvh-Iƒ, akv-A-e-Iƒ
29. Pohn-X-Øns‚ Isøm-∏p-Iƒ
30. hntbmKw
31. aJmapw Ddqkpw

d^-d≥kp-Iƒ
 Pohn-X-tcJ

]q¿W-\maw : ae-bΩ F≥. AlvaZv A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿

A]-c-\m-a-߃ : \mcIt»cn DkvXm-Zv, ae-bΩ DkvXmZv
P\\w : 1904
P\\ ÿew : \mc-I-t»-cn, ae-bΩ
]nXmhv : A¥m-\Øv ac-°m¿ lmPn
amXmhv : apt≠m-´p-t]m-bn¬ Ban\
ktlm-Z-c-߃ : C_vdmlow apkven-bm¿,
Ipt™m°p apkven-bm¿, ^mYn-a, Bbni
`mcy-am¿ : tNm\-¶≠n JZo-P, aqgn-°¬ Ip™n-∏m-ØpΩ
a°ƒ : A–p¬ lao-Zv, A–p¬ aPo-Zv, Ip™m-an-\,
^mYn-a, ssk\-_, dpJn-ø, kpsseJ
{]mY-anI ]T\w : Ab-t©-‰n¬ HmØp-]≈n
A[ym-]-I¿ : A–p√ sam√m-°, Ah-cpsS DΩ,
AlvaZv Ip´n sam√m°
D]-cn-]-T\w : hmg-°mSv Zmdp¬ Deqw
DkvXm-Zp-am¿ : Bb-t©cn A–p¿d-“m≥ apkven-bm¿,
A–p¬ JmZn¿ ^fv^-cn,
IÆn-bØv AlvaZv apkven-bm¿,
]d-hÆ aplvbn-±o≥ Ip´n apkven-bm¿
A[ym-]\w : hmg-°mSv Z¿kv, aS-hq¿ Z¿kv,
sImSp-h≈n Ffh-©m-en¬ Z¿kv, Im¥-]pcw Z¿kv,
sImSp-h≈nkndm-Pp¬ lpZm, Ipµ-aw-Kew Z¿kv,
]p√q-°cZ¿kv, ]S∂ Z¿kv, apt≠m´v Z¿kv,
\mc-I-t»cnho´n¬
{][m\ injy-∑m¿ : C.-sI. A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿,
At≠mW A–p√ apkven-bm¿,
]q\q¿ Ip™n C_vdmlow apkven-bm¿,
]n.-kn. Ip™m-e≥ Ip´n apkven-bm¿, kn.-Fw.aS-hq¿,
s\Sn-b-\mSv kn. A–p¿d-“m≥ apkven-bm¿,
]md-∂q¿ A“Zv tImb apkven-bm¿,
s]cp-ap-Jw Fw.-sI.Fw.tImb apkven-bm¿,
Icp-h-sºm-bn¬ F.-sI. apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿,
]md-∂q¿ ]n.-]n. C_vdmlow apkven-bm¿,
hmhmSv Ip™n-t°mb apkven- bm¿,
tX™n-∏ew sI.-Sn. apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿,
ae-bΩ F.-]n. tImbmap auehn
kwhm-Z-߃ : samtbm-´-°-Shv Jfi-\w, tXh¿]-dºv kwhm-Zw,
Icp-h-sºm-bn¬ Jfi-\w, ]q\q¿ kwhmZw,
\∑≠kwhm-Zw, Ipµ-aw-Kew kwhm-Zw,
]msem-fn-Ømgw Jfi\w
hln® ÿm\-߃ : kakvX sshkv {]kn-U‚ v,
kakvX ^Xvh IΩn‰n AwKw,
kakvX apim-hd saº¿,
hnhn[ Z¿kp-I-fnse apZ-cn-kv, JYo-_v,
]´n-°mSv ]co£m t_m¿Uv saº¿
Jmknÿm\w : Xe-s∏-cp-a-Æ, ae-b-Ω, CuÃv ae-b-Ω,
shÆ-t°m-Sv, apt≠mSv
h^mØv : 1973 Pqsse 26 (P-am-Zp¬ BJn¿ 25)
aJv_d : apt≠m´v Ppam akvPn-Zn\p apºn¬
 `mKw H∂v
\mSns‚ kv]µ-\ß
- ƒ
 1

sNdp-]p-g-bpsS Xoc-ß-fn¬
A\h[n Ncn-{X-ß-fpsS aqI-km-£n-bmb sNdp-]p-g-bpsS
Ing-°p-`m-K-Øv, im¥-kp-µ-c-ambn AWn-s™m-cp-ßn \n¬°p∂
]p≈-\q¿ {Kmaw. ]g-a-bpsS kuµcyw ap‰n-\n¬°p∂ \mSv. tImgn-
t°mSv NmØ-aw-Kew {Kma]©m-bØ - nse at\m-lc - a
- mb tZiw. AXm-
bn-cp∂p ]fin-X\pw Bfl-⁄m-\n-bp-am-bn-cp∂ A“Zv A_q-_Iv¿
apkven-bm-cpsS P∑-ÿew. At±-l-Øns‚ ho´pt]-cm-bn-cp∂p \mc-
I-t»-cn. "F≥' F∂ D¬]w t]cn-t\m-sSm∏w tN¿Øp-]-d-bp-∂Xv
AXp-sIm-≠m-Wv. Cu ÿe-ßs - f-sb√mw samØ-Øn¬ DƒsIm-≈p-
∂, hnim-ea - mb Hcp Gcn-bb - mWv ae-bΩ - . AXn-\m¬, \m´n¬ "\mc-
I-t»cn DkvXmZv' F∂pw ]pdØv "ae-bΩ DkvXmZv' F∂pw At±lw
Adn-bs - ∏-´p.
sX°v amhq¿ ]©m-bØpw hS°v ]pØq¿ ]©m-b-Øpw
AXn-cn-´p-\n¬°p-∂p. Ing°v ap°hpw ]Sn-™mdv sImSp-h≈nbpw.
Ah-°n-Sb - n-eqsS \mSn\v hn`-hk- a - r-≤a - mb km[y-XI - s- fm-cp°n Xmf-
Øn-sem-gp-Ip∂ Cc-h-g-™n-∏p-gbpw sNdp-]p-gbpw sImSp-h-≈n-∏p-g-
bpw. hb-\mSv Npc-Øn¬\n∂pw ssItØm-Sp-I-fmbn XpSßn ]pg-I-
fmbn ]cn-W-an®v Nmen-bm-dn¬ h∂p tNcp∂ Ch Cu {]tZ-i-ß-
fpsS kar-≤n°p \nZm-\hpw kmwkvIm-cnI kuµ-cy-Øns‚ Ifn-sØm-
´n-ep-am-Wv. Cu \Zn-I-fpsS Xoc-ß-fn¬\n-∂mWv Cu \mSns‚ {]]n-
Xm-°ƒ Xß-fpsS Pohn-XØ - ns‚ DuSpw ]mhpw s\bvXn-cp-∂X - v.
C∂sØ \K-cß - fpw \mjvW¬ sslth-Ifpw t]mse ]pg-
I-fm-bn-cp-∂p-ht√m ]gb ImeØv kar-≤n-bp-sSbpw KXm-K-X-Øn-
s‚bpw h≥ tI{µ-߃. Ahn-Sß - f - n-emWv Itºm-fß - fpw kwkvIm-
c-ßfpw Xfn¿ØXpw NqSv ]nSn-®n-cp-∂-Xpw. sNdp-]p-g-bpsS Imcy-
Ønepw CsXmcp A]-hm-Za - m-bn-√. tIc-fa - pkvenw Ncn-{X-Øn¬ tImgn-
t°mSv Pn√-bpsS ]¶v \n¿W-bn-°p-am¿ AXns‚ Ing°p˛-]S- n-™m¿
Xoc-ßf - nepw h≥ tIfn-tbmsS Nne {]tZ-iß - ƒ Db¿∂ph∂p. tIc-
f-apkvenw \thm-∞m-\Ø - n¬ Xß-fpsS-Xmb CSw AS-bm-fs - ∏-Sp-Øpw-
hn[w Ah hf¿∂p-he - p-Xm-hp-Ibpw \thm-∞m\ \mb-Ic - ∑- m-scbpw
kmwkvIm-cnI t\Xr-Xz-sØbpw kaq-l-Øn\p kw`m-h\ \¬Ip-
Ibpw sNbvXp. apt≠m-S˛v- \ - m-cI - t- »cn `mK-߃ DƒsIm-≈p∂ ]p≈-
\qcpw AXv DƒsIm-≈p∂ ae-bΩ - bpw Aß-s\-bp≈ ]e-Xn¬ H∂m-
bn-cp-∂p.
`qan-im-kv{X-]c - a
- mbn, A¬]w-IqSn hnim-ea - mbn ]d-™m¬,
sX°v amhq-cn\pw hS°v Xma-c-ti-cn°pw Ing°v ap°-Øn\pw ]Sn-
™m¿ \cn-°p-\n°p-an-S°v hnim-ea - mbn ]c-∂p-In-S°- p∂ `q{]-tZiw,
tIcfapkvenw apt∂‰ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ sNdp-X-√mØ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ
\S-Øn-b-Xmbn ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. At≠m-W, ]∂q¿, Im¥-]p-cw,
]md∂q-cv, aS-hq-cv, sImSp-h≈ - n, hmhm-Sv, am\n-]p-cw, Ico-‰n-∏d - º
- v, Icp-
h-sºm-bn¬, Xe-s∏-cp-aÆ - , ]p≈m-hq¿, sh≈-et- i-cn, I≈≥tXm-Sv,
aWm-ti-cn, shÆ-t°m-S,v Bepw-Xd, Hma-ticn XpS-ßn-b {]tZ-iß - ƒ
Nne DZm-l-c-W-߃ am{Xw. kmaq-ln-I-ambpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambpw
aX-]-c-ambpw Ch hfsc apºp-Xs∂ kº-∂X ssIh-cn°pIbpw
Ah Xß-fpsS ]cn-k-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fp-ambn ]¶p-sh-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-
Xmbn ImWmw. `mjm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ kwÿm-\- cq]o-I-c-Whpw
A\-¥-c-ambn h∂ Pn√m kwhn-[m-\hpw D≠m-Ip-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºpw
tijhpw tImgn-t°mSv Pn√ {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂ Cu {]tZiw
aX-]c - a- mbpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ia - mbpw tIc-fa - p-kvenw-Iƒ°p-Xs∂ amXr-
I-bm-Ipw-hn[w hf¿∂p-hn-I-kn-°p-Ibpw ta∑ ssIh-cn-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXn-´p-s≠∂p-thWw ]d-bm≥. k¿K-[-\cpw hnJymX-cp-amb
]fin-Xc - psS P\\hpw kº-∂a - mb aX hn⁄m\ kZ pI-fp-sSbpw
]≈n-Z¿kp-I-fp-sSbpw DZ-b-hp-am-bn-cp∂p {][m-\-ambpw CXn\v hgn
Xpd-∂n-cp-∂-Xv. e`y-amb Ncn-{X-a-\p-k-cn®v 1800 IfpsS Ah-km\w
apX¬ 1980 hsc-bp≈ GI-tZiw Hcp \q‰m≠p Imew Cu `mK-ß-
fnse Ckvem-anI Nn¥-bp-sSbpw hf¿®-bp-sSbpw kph¿W-Im-ea - mbn
IW-°m-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Chn-S-ß-fn¬ P∑w-sIm≠ ]finX {]ap-
Jcpw Ah-cpsS sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb hnZym-`ym-k-˛-B-flob hnπ-h-
ßfpw tIc-fob \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ Gsd {]kn≤n t\Sp-Ibpw P\-a-\-
p-If- n¬ ÿm\w ]nSn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn´p-≠v.
Cusbmcp Ime-bf - h- n¬, s]m∂m-\nbpw hmg-°mSpw t]mse
"C¬av' tXSn tIc-fØ - ns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ßf - n¬\n∂pw hnin-jym, ae-
_m-dns‚ hnXykvX Zn°p-Ifn¬ \n∂pw BfpIƒ Cusbmcp Xpcp-
Øn-epw hs∂Øn-bn-cp-∂p. ae-_m-dns\ aXw ]Tn-∏n® DkvXm-Zp-am-
cpsS DkvXm-Zp-amcpw (D-kvXm-Zp¬ Akm-Xo-Zv) kl-{]-h¿Ø-Icpw
ChnsS Pohn-®p-t]m-bn-´p-≠v. IÆn-bØv A“Zv apkven-bm-cpsS kl-
]m-Tnbmbn-cp∂ Ico-‰n-∏-dºv sI.-hn. tambn≥ Ip´n apkven-bmcpw
iwkp¬ Dea C.-sI. A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm-cpsS DkvXm-Zm-bn-cp∂
ae-bΩ F≥. A“Zv A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bmcpw, hnJymX kq^nbpw
kzmX-{¥y- k-ac tk\m-\n-bp-amb ]me-°mw-sXm-SpI A_q-_Iv¿
apkven-bmcpw ]n∂oSv h∂ I¿a-imkv{X ]fin-Xcpw ⁄m\n-I-fp-
amb At≠mW A–p√ apkven-bmcpw ]n.-kn. Ipt™m-e≥ Ip´n
apkven-bmcpw aS-hq¿ kn.-Fw. hen-øp-√m-lnbpsa√mw Nne DZm-l-c-
W-߃ am{Xw.
Ah¿ ASn-Ød - b
- n´ aX-˛s- sh-⁄m-\nI `{Z-Xb - mWv C∂pw
a[y-a-e-_m-dns\ hgn-\-S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂Xv Hcp A\n-
tj[y hkvXp-X-b-s{X. Ah¿ A\-¥-c-ambn \¬Inb aX Nn¥-
Ifpw injy-∑mcpw Ah-cpsS injy-∑m-cp-amWv Chn-SsØ h¿Ø-am\
Ckvem-ans\ If-¶t- e-ia - t\y apt∂m´p sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂X - v. Ah¿
XpS-ßn-sh® ]e kwcw-`-ßfpw ]n¬°m-eØv AkvX-an-®p-t]m-sb-
¶nepw AXn\p ]I-c-sa-t∂mWw a‰p-]-eXpw Db¿∂p-h-cn-Ibpw
sNbvXp. F∂n-cp-∂mepw, Ch-bp-sS-sb√mw ]g-bI - me aX-˛s - sh-⁄m-
\nI {]Xm-]hpw bi pw thsd-Ø-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. B I¿a t[\p
\pI-cp-Ibpw AXns‚ in¬]n-I-fmb XymKw sNbvX ]fin-X-cpsS
I¿a-^-e-߃ Bkz-Zn-°pIbpw am{X-amWv \Ωfn∂v sNbvXp-sIm-
≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. apt≠m-Sv-˛-\m-c-I-t»cn AS-ßp∂ ]p≈-\q¿ {Kmahpw
Cusbmcp ]c-ºc - b- nse ]pWyw sNbvX hen-sbmcp km∂n-[y-ambn
Is≠-Ømhp∂Xm-W.v C∂v Xo¿Øpw A{]-k‡ - a- m-bn-t]m-sb-¶nepw
Hcp ImeØv Cu aÆv ssZh-{]oXn ssIh-cn® A\-h[n kq^n-I-fp-
sSbpw ⁄m\n-If - p-sSbpw ]mZ-]X - \- ß
- ƒsIm≠v A\p-{K-lo-Xa - mb
aÆm-bn-cp-∂p.

Hcp tZi-Øns‚ IY
ae-bΩ. t]cp-t]m-se-Øs∂ ae-Iƒ°n-Sb - nse \mSv. AXm-
bn-cp∂p ]s≠ms° Cu {]tZ-iß - s - f-sb√mw s]mXpsh hnfn-®n-cp∂
t]cv. hnhn[ \maß-fn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ ae-\n-c-Ifpw Ip∂p-Ifpw Np-‰p-
`m-Kß
- f- n¬ D≠m-bX-- p-sIm-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww CXn\v Cß-s\-sbmcp t]cv
ssIh∂-Xv. Xpº-ticn ae, Icp-hm-c-∏‰ ae, ]mS-ticn ae, ]Sn-
™m¿ ae, XS-º‰ Ip∂v, Icn-bm-Ø≥ Ip∂v, ]p¬tNme Ip∂v XpS-
ßn-bh hyXykvX hi-ß-fn¬\n-∂mbn CXns\ hebw sNbvXn-cn-
°-∂p. at\m-l-c-amb {]IrXn `wKnbpw hiy-amb Xmgvhm-c-ßfpw
CXns\ Gsd BI¿j-Ia - m-°p-∂p.
]Sn-™mdv sNdp-]p-g-bpsS Xoc-߃ap-X¬ Ing°v hnhn[
ae \nc-Iƒ h-scbpw Ccp-h-i-ß-fn-embn shÆ-t°mSv, apØm-ew,
I≈≥tXmSv, ]p≈m-hq-¿ XpS-ßnb ÿe-߃h-scbpw hnim-ea - mbn
InS-°p∂ Hcp {]tZ-i-am-bn-cp∂p ae-b-Ω. hnhn[ `mK-߃°v
hnXykvX t]cp-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw Hcp ImeØv ae-b-Ω-bm-
bn-cp∂p Ch-bp-sS-sb√mw tI{µ-w. ]n¬Im-eØv P\-hmkw IqSn-b-
tXmsS Cu Hmtcm {]tZ-i-ßfpw thdn´ \mSp-I-fmbn ]cn-W-an-°p-
Ibpw hnhn[ t]cp-If - n¬ Adn-bs - ∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. apt≠mSpw \mc-
I-ti-cnbpw ]p≈-\q-cp-sa√mw t]cn¬ am{Xw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw
Ah-b{X {]kn-≤a - m-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXp-sIm-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww \mc-It- »-
cn-bn¬ P\n® DkvXmZpw ]pdw \mSp-I-fn¬ "ae-bΩ DkvXmZv' F∂
t]cn¬ {]kn-≤n-bm¿Pn-®X - v.
amtXm-eØ - p IS-h,v samtbm-´° - S- h
- ,v Ipdp-ßm-´p-IS- hv, \S-Ω¬
IShv XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv \m´nse {][m-\-s∏´ IS-hp-Iƒ. Hcp
ImeØv \mSns‚ kmwkvImcnI tI{µhpw hmWn-Py- taJ-ebpw
Ah-bm-bn-cp-∂p. bm{X-Ifpw hn\n-a-b-ß-fp-sa√mw AXp-h-gn-bmWv
D≠m-bn-cp-∂X - v. Nßm-Sß - f - p-≠m°n ac-߃ Nmen-bm-¿hgn I√m-bn-
bn-te°pw a‰pw sIm≠p-t]m-Ip∂ ]Xnhpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
Cu \mSn-t\m-fw-Xs∂ ]g-°-hpw Ncn-{X-hp-ap≠v Chn-SsØ
Cu IS-hp-Iƒ°pw. \qtdmfw h¿j-Øns‚ Ncn{Xw C∂sØ ]g-a-
°m¿°v Hm¿sØ-Sp-°m-≥ Xs∂ Ignbp∂p-≠v. C°meØv Cu ]pg-
°-cI - ƒ kPo-hX - b- psS tI{µ-ßf - m-bn-cp-∂p. aX-]c - a
- mbpw kmwkvIm-
cn-I-ambpw Imbn-I-ambpw Ch°v ]Xn-‰m-≠p-I-fpsS IY ]d-bm-\p-
≠v. Hcp ImeØv Cu ]pg-°c - b- n-em-bn-cp∂p ]fin-X∑m-cpsS ]mXn-
cm-{]-`m-jW
- ß- ƒ \S-∂n-cp-∂X - v. {]tXyIn-®pw, I√p-ºp-dØ - n\pw Icp-
h-sºm-bn-en-\p-an-Sb- nse samtbm-´° - S- hn¬. th\¬°m-eß - f- n¬ ]pg-
bpsS FXn¿h-iØv henb Ic cq]-s∏-Sm-dp-≠.v \m´nse F√m-h¿°pw
Hcp-t]mse kwK-an-°m≥ ]‰nb kuI-cy-{]-Z-amb ÿew AXm-bn-
cp∂p A∂v. AXn-\m¬, hb-fp-Ifpw kwhm-Zß - f- p-sa√mw ]pg-°c - I
- -
fn¬ kwL-Sn-∏n-°s - ∏-´p. D≈Ww AlvaZv Ip´n apkven-bm¿, ]p√mc
A“Zv Ip´n apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-bh - ¿ A∂sØ {]K¬` {]`m-jI - -
cn¬ Nne-cm-W.v Iq´-Øn¬ \mc-It- »cn DkvXmZpw ChnsS h∂v {]kw-
Kn-°mdp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. D®-`m-jnWn km¿h-{Xn-I-am-ImØ Ime-am-bn-
cp-∂X - p-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂, sXm≈-{]-kw-Kß - f
- m-bn-cp∂p Ch.
]pg IS∂v A°sc Icp-h-sºm-bnepw sImSp-h-≈n-bp-am-bn-
´m-bn-cp∂p ]≠p-ap-Xte Chn-SØ - p-Im-cpsS IqSp-X¬ _‘-hpw. ]me-
ß-fn-√mØ A°m-eØv ISØp tXmWn-I-fmWv Cu _‘w \ne-
\n¿Øn-bn-cp-∂X - v. tXmWn Xpg™v Pohn-°p∂ IpSpw-_ß - ƒX-s∂
ChnsS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ipb-ºp-dØv A–p¿d-“m≥ lmPnbpw IΩm-
cp-I-≠-Øn¬ A–p¿d-“m≥ lmPn-bp-sams° Cu IS-hn¬ Ime-
ß-tfmfw tXmWn Xpg-™-h-cm-Wv. tijw, AXn\pw h∂p IΩn‰n.
]n∂oSv Ime-ß-tfmfw AXn\p Iogn-emWv tXmWn-Iƒ sIm≠p-h-
∂n-cp-∂X - .v
]pg-tbmSp tN¿∂v D≠m-bn-cp∂ Nmb-a° - m-\n-Iƒ A∂v Xe-
ap-d-I-fpsS Hm¿a-ap-dn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. Kuc-h-ta-dnb N¿®-Ifpw kwkm-
c-ß-fp-amWv AhnsS \S-∂n-cp-∂-Xv. Ifn-Ifpw Sq¿W-sa‚p-I-fp-amWv
Chn-SsØ Bkzm-Zy-I-c-amb a‰p A\p-`-h-߃. ]mehpw hnIm-
khpsa√mw h∂-tXmsS, Cu ASpØ Ime-ß-fn-emWv CsX√mw
A{]-Xy-£a - mbn XpS-ßn-bX - v.
Irjn-bm-bn-cp∂p {][m-\-ambpw \mSns‚ D]-Po-h\ am¿Kw.
I®-h-Shpw sNdnb \ne-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]®-°dn km[-\-߃
IS-bn¬ t]mbn hmßp∂ coXn A∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. F√mw
ho´n¬Xs∂ \´p-≠m-°m-dm-bn-cp∂p ]Xn-hv. ASp-Øp-Xs∂ ]pgbpw
hb-ep-If - p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂X - n-\m¬ Ahsb tI{µo-Ic - n-®mWv P\-߃
Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. `qcn-`mKw Bfp-Ifpw km[m-cW I¿j-I-cm-bn-cp-
∂p. \mSns‚ kar-≤nbpw ]gb Ime tim`bpw Ah-cmWv \ne-\n¿Øn-
bn-cp-∂X - v. \nd™p \n¬°p∂ ]mS-ßfpw, \nc∂p\n¬°p∂ Irjn
`qan-Ifpw \mSns\ kzbw ]cy-]vXa - m-°n. R≠m-Sn-bn-sebpw ae-bΩ
apX¬ Ipdp-ßm-´p-IS- hv hsc \o≠pInS-°p∂ ]mS-ti-Jc - ß
- f- n-sebpw
Irjn-If - m-bn-cp∂p {][m-\w. IqSm-sX, ]pg-°c - b
- nepw km[m-cW `qan-
I-fnepw hnhn[ Xc-Ønep≈ Irjn-Iƒ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. s\√v, Nma,
F≈v, tNºv, Ing-ßv, ]qf, tN\, C©n, a™ƒ, Ipcp-ap-f-Iv, a[p-c-
°n-gß - v, sXßv, Iap-ßv, hmg XpS-ßnb Irjn-If - mWv {][m-\a - mbpw
D≠m-bn-cp-∂X - v.
P∑n-taem-fX - zhpw apkvenw kmaq-lnI ÿnXnbpw
tIc-fØ - ns‚ s]mXp kz`mhw-t]m-se-Øs∂, P∑n-˛I - p-Sn-bm≥
hyhÿ hfsc i‡-am-bn- Cu `mK-ß-fn¬ ImW-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. 1800
IfpsS Ah-km\w apX¬ 1900 s‚ a[ym-”w-hsc CXv kPo-h-am-bn-
Xs∂ ChnsS \ne-\n-∂p. C.-Fw.-F- ns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ am¿IvknÃv
Kh-s◊‚ v h∂v CXv \ - n¿Ø-em°p∂-Xp-hsc AXns‚ ImS-Øß - ƒ
Chn-sS-bp-≠m--bn-cp-∂p.
\m´nse hnf-Iƒ apgp-h\pw h≥P∑n-I-fp-sS-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.
[mcmfw lnµp P∑n IpSpw-_ß - fpw ChnsSbp≠m-bn-cp-∂p. apkvenw-
I-tfm Xmgv∂ PmXn-°mtcm Bbn-cp∂p {][m-\-ambpw IpSn-bm-∑m¿.
cmhnse apX¬ sshIp-t∂-cw-hsc Ah¿ P∑n-I-fpsS ]mS-ß-fn¬
]Wn-sb-Sp-Øp. hfsc Xp—-amb thX\w am{Xta \¬I-s∏-´n-cp-∂p-
≈q. i‡-amb ]oV-\ß - fpw G¬t°-≠n-hc - p-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ac-®m-W-
ivSn-°p-th-≠n, a‰p D]-Po-h\ - a
- m¿K-߃ C√m-ØX - n-\m¬ Ah¿ Cu
am¿K-Øn¬Xs∂ \c-I-bm-X\ kln-t°-≠n-h-∂p. Ime-ß-tfmfw
CXm-bn-cp∂p ae-bΩ - b- p-sSbpw ]p≈-\q-cn-s‚bpw Ah-ÿ.
hfsc sshIn- b m- b n- c n- ° Ww ae- b Ω `mK- ß - f n¬
apkvenwIƒ Iq´-ambn A[n-hmkw Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. AXn\papºp
\mb-∑mcpw \ºq-cn-am-cp-sam-s°-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu `mK-ß-fn¬ D≠m-
bn-cp-∂X - .v A[nhmkw hym]-Ia - mb \ne-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√-¶nepw
Ah-cn¬\n-∂p≈ h≥ P∑n-I-fpsS Ic-ß-fn-em-bn-cp∂p Cu {]tZ-i-
߃ apgp-s°bpw. C∂v \mc-I-t»-cnbpw apt≠m´pw ]p≈-\qcqw
\n¬°p∂ ÿe-߃ apgp-h\pw ct≠m aqt∂m P∑n-If - psS Iognem-
bn-cp-∂p. aqiI hwim-bn-cp∂p AXn-sem-cmƒ. Ah-cn¬ \n∂pw ÿew
]m´-Øn\p hmßn-bmWv apkvenw-Iƒ hoSp-sI-´n-bn-cp-∂X - v. Xm¬°m-
enI hoSp-If - m-bn-cp∂p Ah. h¿j-Øn¬ ]´bw \¬tI-≠n-bn-cp-∂p.
tImgn, s\øv, hnfIƒ t]mse-bp≈ km[-\-ß-fmWv ]´-b-ambn
\¬Ip-I. ]´bw \¬ImØ ]£w Ah¿ ]nSn-s®-Sp-°p-Ibpw IpSn-
bm∑msc Cd-°n-hn-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Irjn-`q-an-bpsS Imcyhpw
XssY-h. ]m´-Øn\p hmßn-bmWv Irjn \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂X - .v AXn-\m¬,
hnf-hns‚ hen-sbmcp Afhv P∑n-Iƒ°p \¬tI-≠n-bn-cp-∂p. \jvS-
°-®h - S- a- m-bn-cp∂p ]e-t∏mgpw Irjn-Iƒ. ]s£, Hcp D]-Po-h\ am¿K-
sa-t∂mWw IpSn-bm-∑m¿ AXv sNøm≥ \n¿_-‘n-Xc - m-bn-cp-∂p.
a¨I-´I - ƒsIm-≠mWv A∂v hoSp-Iƒ \n¿an-®n-cp-∂X - v. I√v
Xosc D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂n-√. Xd-bntem at‰m ]md-°j - vWß - ƒ s]´p-
t]m-bm¬ FSpØp Hgn-hm-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. Hme-sIm≠v ta™mWv hoSp-
Iƒ Hcp-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. hoSp-\n¿am-W-Øn\v Icn-¶√v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I-
sb-∂Xv Xosc A]-cn-Nn-X-amb H∂m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu `mKØv BZy-
ambn Icn-¶√v D]-tbm-Kn®v Hcp hoSv hcp-∂Xv Iº-\n-ap-°v˛- I - ´- m-߬
`mK-Øm-Wv. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬\n∂pw AhnsS h∂p Xma-ka - m-°nb
Hcp IrkvXy≥ ]≈n-bn-e— - \
- m-bn-cp∂p CXv D≠m-°n-bn-cp-∂X - v.
tdmUp-Iƒ hcp-∂-tXm-sS-bmWv ]pg tI{µo-Ir-Xtam Irjn-
bnS tI{µo-Ir-Xtam Bb {Kma kwhn-[m-\Ø - n¬\n∂pw ae-bΩbpw
]cn-k-chpw amdp-∂-Xv. KXm-KX kuI-cy-߃ h∂-tXmsS h≥ am‰-
߃ Xs∂- D≠m-bn. Xe-®p-aS- m-bn-´mWv ]≠v km[-\ß - ƒ sIm≠p-
t]m-bn-cp-∂X - v. CS-hg - n-Iƒ amdn, sNdnb tdmUp-I¬ cq]-s∏-´t- XmsS
Imf-h≠ - n-Ifpw a‰pw [mcm-fa - mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°s - ∏-´p.
I´m-߬ - hgn-bp≈ ap°w˛tImgn-t°mSv tdmUv hfsc apºp-
Xs∂ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ahn-sS-\n∂pw Iº-\n-ap°v hgn ae-bΩ - b - n-te-
°p≈ tdmUv hfsc ]cn-an-Xn-It- fm-sS-bmWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂X - v. hml-\-
߃°v kpK-aa - mb \ne°v KXm-KX - t- bm-Ky-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. ae-bΩ hb-
en\pw tXmSn\pw apI-fn¬ XSn-IƒsIm≠v ]mew ]Wn-XX - m-bn-cp-∂p.
Imf-h-≠n-I-fmWv km[m-cW AXnse k©-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Ime-
߃°p tij-amWv CXn-se√mw am‰-߃ hcp-∂X - v. ae-bΩ˛]p-≈-
\q¿ tdmUv As∂m∂pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. CS-hg- n-If - neq-sS-bmWv A∂v
Bfp-Iƒ Aßp-anßpw k©-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. I´m-߬ A∂v aqt∂m
\mtem sNdnb IS-Iƒ am{Xta D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. ae-bΩ ct≠m
aqt∂m sNdnb I-SI-fpw. \m´n-emsI hoSp-Ifpw hfsc Ipd-hm-bn-cp-
∂p. Hgn™p InS-°p∂ Irjn `qan-I-fm-bn-cp∂p F√m-bn-SØpw
]c∂pInS-∂n-cp-∂X - .v hfsc sshIn-bmWv hyh-ÿm-]n-Xa - mb tdmUp-
Ifpw hml-\-ßfpw _kv k¿ho-kp-sa√mw km¿h-{Xn-I-am-Ip-∂-Xv.
Imf-h≠ - n-If - mWv AXp-hsc hym]-Ia - mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°s - ∏-´n-cp-∂X - v.
Hcp ImeØv ssk°n-fp-Ifpw hym]-Ia - mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°s - ∏-´n-cp-∂p.
ae-bΩ `mK-ßf - nse BZy-Ime \nhm-kn-Is - f-°p-dn® hy‡-
amb Ncn{Xw ⁄mX-a-√. F∂n-cp-∂m-epw, e`y-amb Ncn-{X-a-\p-k-
cn®v hyXykvX P∑n-Ip-Spw-_ß - fpw \ºq-cn-amcpw \mb-∑m-cp-sam-s°-
bm-bn-cp∂p ChnsS Pohn-®n-cp-∂s - X∂v A\p-am-\n-°s - ∏-Sp-∂p. Irjnbpw
sh≈-hp-sa√mw kar-≤a - mbn D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw ]´n-Wnbpw Zmcn-
{Zyhpw ChnsS Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂n-√.
cmjv{So-bhpw \mK-cnI ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw
tIc-f-Øns‚ s]mXp Ncn{Xwt]mse-Ø-s∂, 1950 Itfm-sS-
bmWv ChnsS cmjv{Sob th¿Xn-cn-hp-Iƒ i‡-am-Ip-∂X - .v tIc-fØ- n¬
]©m-bØv kwhn-[m\w \ne-hn¬h-∂-t∏mƒXs∂ NmØ-aw-Kew
]©m-bØpw cq]-s∏-´p. 1962 emWv tIc-f-Øn¬ BZy-ambn ]©m-
bØv sXc-s™-Sp∏v {]mtbm-Kn-Ia - m-Ip-∂X - .v ]e `mK-ßf - nepw CXns‚
hyh-ÿm-]n-Xa - m-sbmcp cq]w ssIh-∂n-cp-∂n-√. ]s£, AtX-h¿jw
Xs∂ NmØ-aw-KeØv ]©m-bØv sXc-s™-Sp∏v \S-∂p. hmin-tb-
dnb sXc-s™-Sp-∏.v tIm¨{K-kn-\mWv `cWw e`n--®Xv. A©p h¿jw
Ah¿ `cn-®p. ]p\-Øn≥]p-dØv A“Zv lmPn-bm-bn-cp∂p A∂v Cu
`mKsØ {]nXn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂ ]©m-bØv saº¿. At±-lØ - ns‚
Im-eØv \m´n¬ ]e ]ptcm--KXn-If - p-ap-≠m-bn. {][m-\a - mbpw, ae-bΩ
apX¬ sImS-°m´p IShv hsc-bp≈ tdmUv \n¿an-°s - ∏-Sp-∂Xv C°m-
e-Øm-Wv. ]pg tI{µo-IrX Pohn-X-Øn¬\∂pw tdmUv tI{µo-IrX
Pohn-XØ- n-te-°p≈ ]p≈-\q-cns‚ Nph-Sp-am-‰Ø - n-\p≈ XpS-°a - m-bn-
cp∂p CXv. CtXm-sS, Ic-hgn ]p≈-\c - n-te-°p≈ Bƒs]-cp-am-‰ß - fpw
Nc-°p-ssI-am-‰ß - fpw h¿≤n-®p.
]n∂o-SmWv \mc-It- »-cn-˛a
- p-t≠mSv tdmUv hcp-∂X - .v \mc-It- »cn
DkvXm-Zn-s‚bpw Cø-°≠n apl-Ω-Zn-s‚bpw i‡-amb {ia-^-e-am-
bn-´m-bn-cp∂p CXv. Ip∆-°≠n sambvXo≥ tImb lmPn ]©m-bØv
saº-dm-bt- XmsS Cu `mKØv ho≠pw ]cn-jvIm-cß - ƒ h∂p. ]p≈-
\q¿ kvIqƒ apX¬ Ipgn-aÆ - n¬ ]≈n-hs - cbpw tijw Ahn-sS-\n∂pw
I√p-ºpdw ]pg-°-Shv hscbpw tdmUv hcp-∂Xv C°m-e-Ø-Wv. 1970
Itfm-sS-bmWv Cu \m´n-te°v sshZypXn IS-∂p--cp-∂-Xv. Cø-°≠n
apl-Ω-Zn-s\-t∏m-se-bp-≈-h-cmWv CXn\p ]n∂n¬ {]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂-
Xv. ae-bΩ apX¬ Ipgn-a-Æn¬h-scbpw tijw Ahn-sS-\n∂pw I√p-
ºpdw ]pghscbpw c≠p L´-ßf - m-bn-´m-bn-cp∂p CXv.

hnZym-`ymk taJ-eb - nse Nph-SpIƒ

\mSns‚ hnZym-`ymk ]ptcm-bm-\Ø - n¬ ]¶v hln® k¿°m¿
ÿm]-\ß - f
- mWv ae-bΩ, ]p≈-\q¿, shÆ-t°mSv XpS-ßnb kvIqfp-
Iƒ. Chn-SsØ am∏n-f-˛-lnµp kl-h¿Øn-Xz-Øns‚ t\¿\n-Z¿i-\-
ß-fm-bn-´mWv Ch km£m¬I-cn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂X- v. ]≠p-ap-Xte aX-ku-
lm¿±-Øn¬ t]cptI´ Hcp \mSm-bn-cp∂p CXv. Hcp \mSns\ samØw
`uXnI hnZym-`ym-k]- c- a
- mbn {]_p-≤c- m-°p-Is- b∂ [¿aw Cu ÿm]-
\-߃ C∂pw XpS¿∂psIm≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Ch-bp-sS-sb√mw P∑-Øn\p
]n∂nse am∏nf CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ Gsd {it≤-b-am-Wv. am∏n-f-am¿
`uXnI hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\p FXn-cmWv F∂v \nc-¥cw P¬]\w \S-
Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ Bfp-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-tb≠ Nne hkvXp-X-I-fp-
≠v. tIc-fØ - ns‚ `uXnI hnZym-`ymk Ncn-{X-Øn-te°v Hcp hnlI
ho£Ww \S-Øn-bm¬ CXn\p-]n-∂nse kXym-hÿ Fs¥∂p
icn°pw t_m[y-am-Ipw. tIc-f-Ønse H´p-ap-°m¬ kvIqfp-Iƒ°pw
(F¬.-]n., bp.-]n.) ÿew \¬Ip-Itbm AXns‚ ]n∂n¬ {]h¿Øn-
°p-Itbm sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv am∏n-fa - m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. H‰-s∏´ tem°¬ Gcn-
b-If- nse Ncn{Xw ]c-Xn-bm¬ C°mcyw Ffp-∏Ø - n¬ a\- n-em-Ipw.
]e HmØp-]≈ - n-If - p-amWv ]n¬°m-eØv kvIqfp-If - mbn ]cn-h¿Øn-
°-s∏-´n-cp-∂X- v. \ΩpsS \mSns‚ Ncn-{X-Ønepw hkvXpX as‰m-∂√ - .
lnµp kl-h¿Øn-Xz-tØm-Sp-Iq-sS-bp≈ i‡-amb am∏nf CS-s]-S-
ep-I-fmWv Cu \mSns‚ ssh⁄m-\nI apJw C∂p ImWp∂ \ne-
bn-te°p sIm≠p-h∂ - s- X∂v kΩ-Xn-t°-≠X - p-≠v.
ae-bΩ kvIqƒ: h≈n-°m´v Ben-°p-™n ssIam-dnb ÿe-
ØmWv ae-bΩ kvIqƒ Db¿∂p-h-cp-∂-Xv. 1940 Iƒ°p apºp-Xs∂
ChnsS kvIqƒ {]h¿Ø-\-am-cw-`n-®n-´p-≠v. ae-_m¿ Unkv{SnIv‰v
t_m¿Un\p Iogn-em-bn-cp∂p CXns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-w. 1941 HmsS Ip´n-
I-fpsS Ipd-hp-aqew kvIqƒ C√m-sX-bm-bn. XpS¿∂v ]nem-t»-cn-°m-c-
\mb B≠n Gs‰-Sp-°pIbpw kvIqfns‚ \S-Øn∏v ho≠pw Imcy-
£-a-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 18-˛07-˛1944 \v kvIqfn\v k¿°m¿ AwKo-
Imcw \¬In. XpS-°-Øn¬ H∂p apX¬ A©p-hsc ¢mkp-I-fmWv
{]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂X - v. {]Ya A[ym-]I - ≥ DÆn-∏c - h- ≥ amÃdpw {]Ya
hnZym¿∞n Nnß-\mfn tNmbn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1946 ¬ {][m-\m-[ym-]I - -
\mbn sI.-]n. NmØp amÿ \nb-an-X-\m-bn. ]n∂oSv kvIqfns‚ \S-
Øn∏pw At±-lØ - ns‚ ssII-fn¬h-∂p. 1956 ¬ kvIqƒ lb¿ Fen-
sa‚dnbmbn A]vs{KbvUv sNø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw XpS¿∂p≈ h¿j-ßf - n¬
Bdpw Ggpw F´pw ¢mkp-Iƒ \ne-hn¬h-cn-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1959 ¬
tPmk^v ap≠-t»cn hnZym-`ym-ka - {- ¥n-bm-bn-cns° ]pXnb hnZym-`ymk
\bw ]m m-°-s∏-´-t∏mƒ F´mw-¢mkv Hgn-hm-Ip-I-bpw 1 apX¬ 7
hsc-bp≈ bp.-]n. kvIqfmbn \ne-\n¿Ø-s∏-Sp-Ib - p-am-bn-cp-∂p.
shÆ-t°mSv kvIqƒ: hfsc apºp-Xs∂ \ne-hn¬h∂
kvIqfp-I-fn-sem-∂mWv shÆ-t°mSv F¬.-]n. kvIqƒ. 1930 IfpsS
Ah-km-\-Øn¬Xs∂ ChnsS kvIqƒ cq]-s∏-´p-h-∂-Xmbn a\- n-
em-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]uc-{]-ap-J-\mb Icp-h-sºm-bn-¬ sI.-hn. tambn≥
Ip´n lmPn-bmWv CXn-\v ÿew \¬In-bn-cp-∂-Xv.At±-l-Øns‚
Xs∂ kvamcI ku[-sa-t∂mWw am∏nf kvIqfmbn C∂paXv Xe-
bp-b¿Øn \n¬°p-∂p. ae-∏p-dØ - p-\n-∂p≈ sskX-ehn amÿ, Ipgn-
a-Æn¬ sambvXo≥ tImb amÿ XpS-ßn-bh - ¿ Chn-SsØ BZy-Ime
A[ym-]I - c- n¬s]-Sp-∂p. Sn.-hn. sambvXo≥ Ip´n lmPn, sI.-sI. A_q-
_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-bh - ¿ ]n.Sn.F IΩn-‰n-bnepw a‰p-ambn CXn-
\pth≠n {]h¿Øn-®h - c- m-Wv.
]p≈-\q¿ kvIqƒ: 1973 emWv ]p≈-\q¿ kvIqfns‚ DZ-bw.
Nne hnZym-ktv \-ln-If - psS i‡-amb A[zm-\Ø - ns‚ ^e-am-bn-´mWv
Cß-s\-sbmcp ÿm]\w Db¿∂p-hc - p-∂X
- v. Ipgn-aÆ
- n¬ sambvXo≥
tImb amÿ, tXßm-t∏m-bn¬ lpk-bn≥ Ip´n lmPn, Ip∆-°≠n
sambvXo≥ tImb-lm-Pn, ]p\-Øn≥]p-dØv AlvaZv lmPn, Ben
lmPn, XmbØp ho´n¬ X´m≥ tKmhnµ≥, X´m≥ sXø≥ XpS-ßn-
b-hc- mWv {][m-\a - mbpw BZy-L´- Ø - n¬ CXn\p ]n∂n¬ {]h¿Øn-
®n-cp-∂X
- .v aZvdk Ign™v ]pd-Øn-dß - p∂ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v `uXnI
]T\w t\Sm≥ Icp-h-sºm-bn¬, ae-bΩ XpS-ßnb `mK-ß-fn-te°p
t]mtI≠ Hcp Ah-ÿm-hn-ti-ja - p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXns\ XpS¿∂mWv
\m´nse Imc-W-h-∑m¿ AXn-s\-°p-dn®v Nn¥n-°p-∂Xpw AXn-\p-
th≠n Cd-ßn-∏p-ds - ∏-Sp-∂X - pw.
kvIqƒ I≠n tKm]m-e≥ \mb-cpsS A[o-\-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p
BZyw Cu `qan. AXn¬\n∂pw 25 sk‚ v Cø-°≠n apl-Ω-Zn\v
Abmƒ hn‰p. Bbn-sS-bmWv kvIqfn-s\-°p-dn® N¿®-Iƒ Imc-Wh - -
∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ i‡-am-Ip-∂-Xv. lpk-bn≥ Ip´n lmPn-bpsS t\Xr-
Xz-Øn¬ _‘-s∏-´-h¿ At±-lsØ ImWp-Ibpw 25 sk‚ v 400
cq]°v kz¥-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. kn.-F-®v. apl-ΩZv tImb-bm-bn-
cp∂p A∂v tIcf hnZym-`ymk a{¥n. Xma-kn-bm-sX, At±-lh - p-ambn
_‘-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Hcp F¬.-]n. kvIqfn-\p≈ A\p-aXn e`yam-°p-
Ibpw sNbvXp. ]s£, Hcp h¿j-tØ-°p≈ F{Kn-a‚ v ASn-ÿm-\-
Øn¬ am{X-am-bn-cp∂p CXv. Hcp G°¿ ÿe-ap-≠m-bmte Cu AwKo-
Imcw XpS-cm-\mhq F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p \nb-aw. AXn-\p≈ hn‰v\kv k¿´n-
^n-°‰v ka¿∏n-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂p. GXm-bmepw, AtX h¿jwXs∂
kvIqƒ Bcw-`n-®p. C∂sØ AtX Xd-bn¬ Iapßpw Hmebpw
ta™p-sIm-≠mWv X¬°m-et- Ø°v kuIcyw kwh-[m-\n®-Xv.
_m°n {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Du¿÷n-X-am-°p-I-sb∂ e£y-
tØmsS Xma-kn-bmsX kvIqƒ IΩn‰n \ne-hn¬h-∂p. sambvXo≥
tImb lmPn {]kn-U‚pw X´m≥ sXø≥ sk{I-´d - n-bp-am-bn-´m-bn-cp∂p
IΩn-‰n. AtXm-sS, \m´p-Im¿°n-Sb - n¬\n∂pw ]ncn-sh-SpØv, tN¿∂p-
sIm-≠p-Xs∂ _m°n `qan-IqSn FSpØv, Hcp G°¿ ]q¿W-am-°n.
AXn-\n-sS, kn.-F-®v. ap°Øv Hcp ]cn-]m-Sn-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m≥ h∂-
t∏mƒ _‘-s∏-´h - ¿ At±-lsØ ImWp-Ibpw F{Kn-a‚ v Hcp h¿j-
tØ-°p-IqSn \o´p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p.
1974 \v ]pXnb IΩn‰n \ne-hn¬ h∂p. FS-°p-dp-ßm´v A_p
lmPn {]kn-U‚pw X´m≥ sXø≥ sk{I-´d - n-bpw. AtXmsS hn‰v\kv
k¿´n-^n-°‰v ka¿∏n-°p-Ibpw kIq-fn\v HutZym-Kn-I-amb AwKo-
Imcw e`y-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]s£, k¿°m¿ {Km‚p-Iƒ e`y-am-
bn-Øp-Sß
- n-bn-cp-∂n-√. Ahp-°mZ¿ Ip´n \l-bm-bn-cp∂p A∂v ]©m-
bØv Imcy a{¥n. AXn-\nsS At±lw amhq-cn¬ Hcp ]cn-]m-Sn-°p-
th≠n h∂-t∏mƒ A_p lmPn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ _‘-s∏-´h - ¿
At±-lsØ ImWm≥ t]mhp-Ibpw {Km‚ns‚ Imcyw [cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. Xma-kn-bm-sX, Hcm-gN v s- Im≠v 10000 cq]-bpsS {Km‚ v FØn.
AXns\ XpS¿∂mWv HmSn-Sp-∂Xpw Np‰pw Ac-®p-acpw _m°n ac-
Øns‚ Aøp-Ifpw sh®p-sIm≠v hyh-ÿm-]n-Xa - mbn sI´nSw kwhn-
[m-\n-°p-∂X - pw. tijw, Fkv.F - k - .v F
- . ^≠v e`n-®p-Xp-Sß - n-bt- XmsS
s_©p-Ifpw a‰p kuI-cy-ßfpw IS-∂p-h-cn-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 1980
ItfmsS kvIqƒ IΩn‰n F∂ k¶¬]w C√m-Xm-hp-Ibpw Npa-X-e-
Iƒ ]n.-Sn.-F. IΩn-‰n-bpsS apI-fn-em-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. k¿°m-cns‚
t\cn-´p≈ \nb-{¥-Wt- Øm-sSm-∏w, ]n∂oSv h∂ hnhn[ ]n.-Sn.-F. IΩn-
‰n-If
- mWv Imcy-ßs - f√mw t\m°n-hcp-∂X - v.
 2

{_n´o-jpImcpw CS-s]-S-ep-Ifpw
\msSßpw {_n´o-j] v S A[o-im-[n-]Xyw \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cp∂
Imew. Xß-fpsS `c-W-Øn\v A\p-Iq-en-I-fmb Hcp h¿KsØ
F√mbnSØpw krjvSn-®p-sh®v Ah¿ apt∂m-´p- IpXn®p. `c-WØ - n\v
hnLmXw \n¬°p-∂-h-scbpw Xß-fpsS CwKn-X-߃ km[n-°p-∂-
Xn\p FXncp {]h¿Øn-°p-∂h - s- cbpw G‰hpw {Iqc-amw-hn[w hI-h-
cp-Øn. ]e-scbpw h[n-®p-I-f-bp-Itbm \mSv IS-Øp-Itbm sNbvXp.
]e-cp-sSbpw hoSp-Iƒ Np´v Nmº-em-°n. 1921 Ime-L-´w. \msSßpw
am∏nf el-fb - psS Bc-hß - ƒ Ae-bS- n-®p. {_n´ojv]S-t°‰ G‰hpw
hen-sbmcp Xe-th-Z-\-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu am∏n-f-ap-t∂-‰w. F¥p hne
sImSpØpw CXns\ ASn-s®m-Xp-°p-I-sb-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p ]n∂oSv
Ah¿°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ Xocp-am-\w. AXn-s‚-bS- n-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ \mSns‚
\m\m-`m-K-ß-fnepw A\-h[n ]´m-f-߃ hn\y-kn-°-s∏-´p. IÆpw
ImXp-an-√msX Ah¿ \mSp-I-fn¬\n∂pw \mSp-I-fn-te°v am¿®v
sNbvXp. ap∂n¬ In´n-bh - s- c-sb√mw hI-hc - p-Øn. HSp-hn¬, Cu ]´mf
\nc \ΩpsS \m´n-te°pw IS-∂p-h∂ - p. \mSns‚bpw \m´p-Im-cp-sSbpw
kwc-£-W-Øn\mbn A\-h[n t]mcm-´-ßfpw G‰p-ap-´-ep-Ifpw \S-
s∂-¶nepw B¿Øn-cº - n-hc- p∂ ssk\y-Øn\p apºn¬ F√mw \njv^-
e-am-hp-Ib- m-bn-cp-∂p.
AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, Htc-k-abw {_n´ojv ]´m-f-Øns‚
sImSpw-{Iq-cX- I- ƒ°pw am∏n-fa - m-cpsS {_´ojv hncp≤ ka-cß - ƒ°pw
km£n-bmb aÆmWv \Ωp-sS-Xv. ]nd-∂-\m-Sns‚ kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p-
th≠n Cu tZisØ A\-h[ - n-bm-fp-Iƒ Xß-fpsS Poh≥hsc _en
\¬tI≠n h∂n-´p-≠v. Chn-SsØ hnJymX kq^n-Ifpw ⁄m\n-I-
fp-amWv Cu {_n´ojv hncp≤ ka-cß - ƒ°v t\XrXzw \¬In-bn-cp-∂-
Xv.
{_n´ojv {Iqc-Ir-Xy-߃°v Gd-\mSpw h≈p-h\ - m-Spw-t]mse
hfsc kmc-ambn Cc-bmb {]tZ-ißfmbncp∂p tImgn-t°mSv Xmeq-
°ns‚ Ing-°≥ {]tZiß-ƒ. Ipµ-aw-Ke - w, aWm-t»-cn, ap°w, shÆ-
t°m-Sv, ]pØq¿, Hma-ti-cn, sImSp-h≈n XpS-ßn-b-h {_n´o-jp-Im¿
\nc-¥cw Ib-dn-bn-d-ßnb ÿe-ß-fmWv. Gd-\m-Sns‚ a‰p `mK-ß-
sf-t∏mse Chn-sSbpw Ah¿ \S-Ønb \c-ta-[-߃°pw A{Ia
{]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ°pw Iøpw IW-°p-an-√. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂, ae-b-
Ωbpw CXn¬\n∂v Hgn-™p-t]m-bn√. 1800 IfpsS Ah-km-\-ß-
fn¬Xs∂ {_n´o-jp-Im¿ Cu \m´n-te°pw IS-∂p-h∂n-´p-≠v. Sn∏p-
hn-s‚bpw ]g-»n-bp-sSbpw tI{µ-am-bn-cp∂ hb-\m-S≥ Npc-ß-fn-te-
°p≈ {][m\ ]mX-bm-bn-cp-∂X - n-\m¬ Cu `mK-ßs - f√mw hfsc apºp-
Xs∂ Ah-cpsS \nco-£W taJ-eI - f- m-bn- amdn-bn-cp-∂p. Nqeq-cv, I´m-
߬, ]p≈mhq¿, Xe-s∏-cp-aÆ - , ]p≈-\q¿ XpS-ßnb `mK-ßf - n-se√mw
Ah¿ hnl-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbpw \io-I-cW {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-Øn-bn-
cp-∂X - mbpw ]g-a°- m¿ ]dbp∂p≠v.
1921 t\mS-\p-_-‘n® Ime-ß-fn¬ Cu `mK-ß-fn¬ AXn-i-
‡-amb \ne°v am∏nf hncp≤ t]mcm-´ß - ƒ \S-∂X - n\p hy‡-amb
sXfn-hp-I-fp-≠v. Ign™ Xe-ap-d-bn¬\n∂pw hmsam-gn-bmbn Cu
ktµiw ssIam-ds - ∏-´n-´p-ap-≠v. IqSm-sX, A∂ØsØ ae-_m¿ Npa-
X-e-bp≈ {_n´ojv ta[mhn ln®vtIm-°ns‚ (Peasant Revolt in
Malabar: A history of the Malabar Rebellion, 1921) tcJ-I-fnepw
sI.-F≥. ]Wn-°¿ (Against Lord and State; Religion and Peas-
ant Uprisings in Malabar 1836-1921), Fkv.-F-^v. Ubn¬ (Is-
lamic Society on the South Asian Frontier: The Mappilas of
Malabar 1498-1922), tKm]m-e≥ \mb¿ t]mse-bp≈ Nc--{X-Im-c-
∑m-cpsS {KŸ-ß-fnepw CXv ]®-bmbn ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. 1921 \p
sXm´p tij-ap≈ Ime-ßf - n¬ {]tXy-In-®pw {_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS \nco-
£W tI{µ-ß-fn-sem-∂m-bn-cp∂p Cu taJ-e-Iƒ. ae-_m-dns‚
hnhn[ `mK- ß - f n¬ am∏n- f - a m- c p- a m- b p- ≠ mb t]mcm- ´ - ß - f n¬
X߃t°‰ Xncn-®-Sn°v {]Xn-Imcw sNøm-\mbn Ah¿ Cu taJ-e-
I-fn-se√mw tdm¥p-Np-‰p-Ibpw A\-h[nbmfp-Isf shSn-sh-®p-sIm-√p-
Ibpw A\-h[n hoSp-Iƒ A·n-°n-cb - m-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. \mc-
I-t»cn ]cn-k-c-ß-fn¬hsc Ah¿ [mcmfw hoSp-Iƒ Np´p-Nm-º-em-
°n-bn-´p-≠v. sImSp-h≈n `mK-Øm-bn-cp∂p A∂v Ah-cpsS Hm^o-kv.
Hcn-°¬ ]´mfw Cu `mK-ßf - n-te°p IS-∂p-hc - n-Ibpw 96 Hmfw t]sc
]nSn-Iq-Sp-Ibpw sImSp-h≈ - n-bn¬ lmP-cm-hm≥ DØ-ch - n-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-
I-bp-≠m-bn. Bap kq{]-≠ns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p Cu {Iqc-
Ir-Xy-߃. AXn¬ ]ecpw {Iqc-ambn ]oVn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Pbn-
en-e-S-°-s∏-Sp-I-bp-ap-≠m-bn. Xe-s∏-cp-a-Æ, Ico-‰n-∏-dºv `mK-ßfpw
Ah-cpsS {Iqc-amb ]oV-\I - ß
- ƒ°n-cb - mb `mK-ßf - m-Wv. Chn-Sß- -
fn¬\n∂pw A¥-am≥, sh√qcv XpSßn hnhn[ `mK-ßf - n-te°p Bfp-
Isf \mSp IS-Øp-I-hsc sNbvXn´p-s≠-∂mWv ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.
kz¥w ]nXm-°-sfbpw _‘p-°-sfbpw ]´mfw ssIIƒ ]nt∂m´v
sI´n, IpSpw-_Ø - n\p apºn-en´v ]oVn-∏n® IY-Iƒ Cu `mK-ßf - nse
\qdv hb p Ign™ Bfp-Iƒ Cud-\W - n™ IÆp-It- fmsS C∂pw
hnh-cn-°p-∂Xv tIƒ°mw.
{_n´ojv ]S-bpsS {Iqc-X-Iƒ kln-°m-\m-hmsX A\-h-[n-
bm-fp-Iƒ Hfn-t®m-Sp-Itbm \mSv IS-Øs - ∏-Sp-Itbm BWv sNbvXn-cp-
∂-Xv. c£-tXSn {^©v A[n-\n-thi {]tZ-ia - mb amln-t]m-se-bp≈
ÿe-ßf - n-te-°mWv Nne¿ t]mbn-cp-∂X - .v Nne¿ t_mws_-bn-te°pw
a‰pw Hfn-t®m-Sp-Ibpw Ahn-sS-\n∂pw I∏¬am¿Kw Kƒ^v \mSp-If - n-
te°v c£-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXn¬ ]ecpw Ahn-Sß - f- n¬Xs∂
ÿnc Xma-ka - m-°p-Ibpw ]n∂oSv Ahn-sSØs∂ acn-®p-t]m-hp-Ib - p-
am-bn-cp-∂p. ]p≈-\q¿, I√p-ºpdw `mK-ß-fn¬hsc ]´m-fw-h-∂n-cp-∂-
Xmbpw am∏n-f-{]-ap-J-cpsS hoSp-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-®n-cp-∂-Xmbpw ]ga-
°m¿ Hm¿°p-∂p.

Igp-a-c-Øn\p Xmsg ]p©n-cn-Xq-Inb

Hcp [oc tZim-`n-am-\n-bpsS IY
]nd∂ \mSns‚ kzmX-{¥y-Øn\pw \m´p-Im-cpsS kpc-£n-
Xhpw sskzc-]q¿W-hp-amb Pohn-X-Øn-\p-ambn Xß-fpsS IpSpw-_-
hpw, \mSpw F¥n-t\sd, HSp-hn¬ Poh≥ hsc XyPn-t°-≠n-h∂ A\-
h-[n-bm-fp-Iƒ Cu `mK-ß-fn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂XmWv CsX√mw
hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv. Cu KW-Ønse hfsc {]ap-J\pw ae-_m-dnse
{_n´ojv hncp≤ ka-c\ - m-bI
- c
- mb aºp-dw X߃, Da¿ Jmkn, Ben-
ap-kven-bm¿, hmcn-b≥Ip-∂Øv Ip™-lΩ - Zv lmPn, ]mßn¬ A“Zv
Ip´n apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS ]´n-I-bn¬ tN¿Øp-]-d-bm≥
G‰hpw A\p-tbm-Py-cp-amb Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂p ]me-°mw-sXm-SnI A_q-
_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿. Bepw-X-d, Aº-e-°-≠n, shÆ-t°mSv, \S-
Ω¬t]m-bn¬, ae-b-Ω, Icp-h-sºm-bn¬, ]pØq¿, Hma-t»-cn, Xma-c-
t»cn `mK-ß-fn¬ Gsd {]kn-≤\pw ]pXn-tbmØv ]≈n tI{µo-I-
cn®v Ime-ß-tfmfw Ckvem-anI {]t_m-[\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ apgp-
Ip-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂ Ct±lw \ΩpsS {_n´ojv hncp≤ kac Ncn-
{X-Ønse Pzen-°p∂ Hcp A≤ym-b-am-Wv.
lnPvd h¿jw 1291 iA-_m≥ 22 \mbn-cp∂p A_q-_Iv¿
apkven-bm-cpsS P\-\w. ae-∏pdw Be-Øq¿]Sn s]mSn-bmSv ]≈n-
Z¿kn¬ sh®v kzmX-{¥y-k-ac tk\m\n Ben apkven-bm-cpsS
injyXzw t\Sn. \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ ]g-°-ap≈ ]pXn-tbmØv ]≈n-bn¬
h¿j-ß-tfmfw Z¿kv \SØpIbpw ]cn-kc {]tZ-i-ß-fmb Icph--
sºm-bn¬, Xe-s∏-cp-aÆ - , shÆ-t°m-Sv, sImSn-bØ - q¿, Hma-t»-cn, If-
cm-¥n-cn, sImSp-h≈- n, Xma-ct- »-cn, IqS-Øm-bn, Bepw-Xd - , ]pXp-∏mSn
F∂n-hn-Sß - f- n¬ Jmkn-bmbn tkh\w sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp. tIc-f-
Øn¬ ]n¬°m-eØv {]K¬`-cmb ]ecpw A∂v At±-lØ - ns‚ ]pXn-
tbmØv ]≈n- Z¿kn¬ ]Tn°m-s\-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. iwkp¬ De-a-bpsS
]nXmhv sh≈n-amSvIp∂v tImb-°p´n apkven-bm¿, aS-hq¿ kn.-Fw.
hen-øp-√m-ln-bpsS ]nXmhv Ip™n-am-ln≥ apkven-bm¿, hmhmSv Ip∂p-
Ω¬ DkvXm-Zp-am-cpsS ]nXmhv sambvXo≥ Ip´n apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-
b-h¿ Nne DZm-lc - W- ß - f- m-Wv.
henb B[ym-flnI ⁄m\nbpw hen-øp-am-bn-cp∂p A_q-
_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿. F√m A¿∞-Ønepw \mSns‚ AØm-Wnbpw
Bim-tI-{µ-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. GXp Bh-iy-߃°pw At±-ls - Ø-bmWv
P\-߃ kao-∏n-®n-cp-∂X - v. Hcn-°¬ \m´n¬ hen-sbmcp £maw ]nSn-
s]-´p. \m´n-seßpw sh≈w h‰n-hc - ≠
- p. a\p-jycpw Imen-Ifpw s]mdp-
Xn-ap-´n. Irjn DW-ßn-t∏m-bn. Cub-hk - c - Ø
- n¬ \m´nse Nne {][m-
\n-Iƒ apkven-bm¿°-Sp-Øp-h∂v Bh-emXn t_m[n-∏n-®p. ag-°p-
th≠n {]m¿∞n-°W - s- a∂pw A√m-Ø] - £w h≥\m-iwX-s∂ kwPm-
X-am-Ip-sa∂pw ]cm-Xn-s∏´p. \mSns‚ ]cn-tXm-hÿ a\ nem-°nb
At±lw P\-ß-fpsS Bhiyw sNhn-sIm-≠p. agsb tXSn-bp≈
\nkvIm-c-Øn\p Hcp Znhkw \n›-bn°p-Ibpw AXp-hsc P\-ß-
tfmSv t\mº-\p-jvSn-°m\pw At∂-Zn-hkw hr≤cpw Ip´n-Ifpw Imen-
I-fp-aS- °w F√m Poh-Pm-eß - f
- p-ambpw amtXm-eØp IShv hb-en¬
Hcp-an-®p-Iq-Sm≥ \n¿t±-in-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \n›nX Znhkw hs∂-
Øn. P\-ß-sf√mw \n¿t±-in-°-s∏-´-t]mse Bcm-[-\m-ap-d-I-sf√mw
Ign™v hb-en¬ HØp-Iq-Sn. Xma-kn-bm-sX, apkven-bm-cpsS t\Xr-
Xz-Øn¬ ag tXSn-bp≈ \nkvImcw \S-∂p. At±-lw-Xs∂ JpYp-
_bpw \n¿h-ln-®p. P\-ßs - f√mw BIm-it- Ø°p t\m°n. ag-bpsS
AS-bmfw t]mep-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. tijw, apkven-bm¿ BIm-i-
tØ°p ssII-fp-b¿Øn, A√m-lp-hn-\p-ap-ºn¬ X߃°p-h∂ Zpc-
hÿ hnh-cn-®p-sIm≠v {]m¿∞\ Bcw-`n-®p. ag-bpsS emRvO\
t]mep-an-√mØ BIm-iØv Xma-kn-bmsX agtaL-߃ Dcp-≠p-Iq-
Sp-Ibpw i‡-amb ag h¿jn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. P\-߃°v Bizm-
k-am-bn. Ah¿ \\-™p-Ip-Xn¿∂p-sIm-≠mWv hoSp-I-fn-te°p Xncn-
®p-t]m-bX - .v Cu kw`-ht- ØmsS apkven-bm¿ Gsd {]kn-≤\ - mbn amdn.
\mSp-\osf am∏nf elf s]m´n-∏p-ds - ∏´ Imew. ]pXn-tbmØv
`mK-ßf - nepw CXns‚ i‡mb Ae-sbm-en-If - p-≠m-bn-. Ime-ßf - mbn
kq£n-°-s∏-´n-cp∂ lnµp-˛-apkvenw sFIyw XI-cpw-hn[w ]e-hn[
Acp-Xm-bvaI - fpw Ac-tß-dn.
C°m-eØpw hfsc kq£va-X-tbm-sS-am-{Xta Chn-SsØ
]fin-X∑ - m¿ Cu bp≤-ßsf I≠n-cp-∂p-≈q. AXn-te°p FSp-Øp-
NmSn bp≤w Bfn-∏S- ¿Øp-∂X - ns\ Ah¿ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®n-cp-∂n-√.
GXp Iem-]-ß-fm-sW-¶nepw Hcp \nc-]-cm-[nbpw A{I-an-°-s∏-S-cp-
sX-∂m-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS Xocp-am-\w. AtX-ka - b
- w, aX-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-
bp≈ GXp sh√p-hn-fn-Is - fbpw Ah¿ i‡n-bp‡w FXn¿°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp.
]s£, AXn-cp-I-S∂ apkv-enw-hn-cp-≤-X-bp-ambn {_´o-jv]-
´mfw ap∂n¬ \n¬°p-Ibpw Ahsc ]n¥p-W-®p-sIm≠v Hcp Iq´w
P∑n-Iƒ IqsS \S-°p-Ibpw sNbvXt∏mƒ Chn-SsØ am∏n-f-am¿°v
\n w-Kc - mbn t\m°n-\n¬°m-\m-bn-√. Ah¿ ka-ca - p-Jt- Ø°v FSp-
Øp-NmSpIbpw Xß-fpsS kpc-£°pw kzmX-¥y-Øn-\pw-th≠n h≥
ka-cm-·n-Xs∂ Bfn-°-Øn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CtXmsS \mSmsI
Cf-In-a-dn-™p. Ccp-`m-KØpw h≥ \mi-\-jvS-ß-fp-≠m-bn. Iem]w
h≥ Xe-th-X\ krjvSn-°p-Ibpw C\nbpw apt∂m-´p-t]m-Ip-∂Xv A]-
ISw krjvSn-°p-sa∂v a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw sNbvXt- ∏mƒ ]´m-fw Db¿∂
k∂lßtfmsS cwK-Øp-h-∂p. Iem-]-sØ°p-dn®v ]Tn-°p-Ibpw
AXn\p Imc- W - ° m- c ≥ A_q- _ Iv ¿ apkv e n- b m- c m- s W∂v
hn[nsbgpXp-Ibpw sNbvXp. At±-lsØ ]nSn-IqSn \mSp-IS- Ø - p-Ibpw
Xq°n-te-‰p-Ibpw sNøp-I-sb-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p CXn\p in£-bmbn
Ah¿ apt∂m-´p-sh-®X - v. CXn-s‚-bS- n-ÿm-\Ø- n¬ At±-lsØ ]nSn-
Iq-Sm≥ {]tXyIw ssk\yw-Xs∂ \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-´p. hnh-c-a-dn™
apkven-bm¿ ]n∂oSv Ipd-®p-Imew Hfn-hn¬ Xma-kn-°p-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p.
AXn-\n-sS, Hcp bm{Xm-th-fb - n¬ Btcm H‰p sImSp-°p-Ibpw {_n´ojv
]´m-fØ- ns‚ ]nSn-bn¬ AI-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]´mfw At±-lsØ
sh√q-cn-te°p sIm≠p-t]m-bn. Pbn-en-e-S-®p. apkven-bm-cpsS al-
Xzhpw At±lw {]m¿∞n®v ag h¿jn® kw`-hhpw Pbn-em-fn-Iƒ°pw
A[n-Ir-X¿°p-an-S-bn¬hsc {]kn-≤-am-bn-cp-∂p. sImSpw Iem-]-Im-
cn-If
- mbn Is≠-Øp-∂h - ¿°v {_n´ojv ]´mfw \¬In-h∂ GI {]Xn-
^ew Xq°p-I-b-dm-bn-cp-∂p. HSp-hn¬, apkven-bm-cpsS Imcy-Ønepw
CXp-Xs∂ hn[n h∂p. Znh-kß - ƒ \o≠ Pbn¬ hmk-Øn\p tijw
At±-lsØ Xq°n-s°m-√m≥ hn[n-bm-bn.
lnPvd 1341. da-fm≥ \mev. Hcp i\n-bmgvN Znh-kw. AXm-bn-
cp∂p At±-lsØ Xq°n-te-‰m-\mbn ]´mfw sXc-s™-SpØXv. Xq°n-
te-‰m-\p≈ k¿∆ k∂m-lß - fpw Hcp-°n-sh® tijw, ]´mfw At±-
l-tØmSv tNmZn®p:
""Xm¶-fpsS Ah-km-\sØ B{Klw F¥mWv?''
""c≠v dIv-AØv \nkvI-cn-°Ww'' At±lw ]d-™p.
]´mfw At±-lØ - n\p \nkvIc - n-°m-\p≈ kuIcyw \¬In.
apkven-bm¿ AwK-ip≤n hcpØn \nkvIm-c-Øn¬ {]thin-
®p. ]´mfw Bcm-®msc Hcp-°n-sh®v ImØn-cn-°-bm-Wv. ASpØ
\nanjw At±-l-Øns‚ IY Ign-°m≥. apkven-bm¿ AXoh `‡n-
tbmsS H∂m-asØ dIv-AØv \nkvI-cn-®p. c≠m-asØ dIv-A-Øn-
te°p \n∂p. kabw Cg™p-\o-ßn. dpIqDw CAvXnZmepw Ign-™p.
]ns∂, kpPq-Zm-Wv. H∂pw c≠pw kpPq-Zp-Iƒ. Ah-km-\sØ kpPq-
Zn¬ At±lw lrZb km∂n-[y-tØmsS A√m-lp-hn\p apºn¬ s\‰n-
sh-®p. Ahs\ am{Xw a\- n¬ [ym\n-®p. lrZ-b-ap-cpIn {]m¿∞-\-
bn¬ apgp-In. h√m-sØmcp aplq¿Ø-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. IÆo-cn¬
IpXn¿∂ \nan-jß - ƒ... GXm-bmepw A√mlp AXv kzoI-cn-®p. B
kpPq-Zn¬ \n∂pw ]n∂oSv At±lw Fgp-t∂-‰n-√. kabw Zo¿Ln-®-
t∏mƒ ImØn-cp∂ ]´mfw At±-lsØ t]mbn X´n t\m°n. At∏m-
tg°pw At±-lØ - ns‚ Bflmhv A√m-lp-hn-te°v ]d-∂I - ∂p Ign-
™n-cp-∂p. icocw Xmtg°v adn-™p-ho-Wp. ]´mfw Aº-c-∂p-t]m-
bn. Ah¿°v At±-l-Øns‚ alXzw a\- n-em-bn. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-
s∂, "Ip‰-hm-fn-Isf' ad-am-Sp-∂n-S-Øn¬\n∂pw amdn, ]≈n-tbmSv
tN¿∂mWv At±-lsØ ad-am-Sn-bn-cp-∂X - v.
sh√q-cnse Pbn-en¬ Ign-™p-Iq-Sp-tºmƒ ]pXn-tbmsØ
ho´nse Xs‚ `mcy-bp-sSbpw Ip´n-If - p-sSbpw kpJ-hn-hc
- ß
- ƒ At\z-
jn-®p-sIm≠v At±lw c≠p IØp-Iƒ Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p. Pbn-ep-I-
fnse h¿Ø-am-\-߃ khn-iZw Xpd-∂p-]-d-bp∂ Ch C∂pw At±-
l-Øns‚ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ kq£n-®n-cn-∏p-≠v. {_n´ojv ]´m-f-Øns‚
{Iqc-X-I-fpsS `oI-c-apJw Xpd-∂p-Im-Wn-°p-∂-XmWv Ad_n ae-bm-
f-Øn-se-gp-Xnb Cu IØp-Iƒ. CXn-sem∂v Xq°n-te-‰s - ∏-Sp-∂X- ns‚
HcmgvN apsº-gp-Xn-bXpw c≠m-at- ØXv Xq°n-te-‰s - ∏-Sp-∂X- ns‚ Xte
Znh-ks- a-gp-Xn-bX
- p-am-Wv. Ah bYm-{Iaw Cßs\ hmbn°mw:
kpsse-am≥ apkven-bm¿°v Fgp-Xnb BZy IØv:
""lwZv, kzem-Øv, kemw F∂n-h°p tijw...
Fs‚ aI≥ C_vdmlow Ip´nbpw hoS¿ s]Æn\pw
AΩm-bn°pw Rß-fpsS Xm¬]-cy-°m¿ F√m-h¿°pw
auehn A_q-_Iv¿ hfsc kemw. A -emap Asse°pw
hd-“Ø - p-√mln h_-dI - m-Øp-lp.
Rß-fpsS aq∂mw A∏o¬ C∂p-hsc h∂n-´n-√. AXv
h∂m¬ \memw A∏o¬ t]mse H∂p-IqSn Fgp-Xm-\p-≠v.
AXn-s‚bpw a‰pw hnhcw ]ndsI Adn-bn-°m≥ DS-b-h≥
Ir] sNø-s´, Bao≥.
Ip™men lmPn i\n-bmgvN Ab® IØv Xn¶-
fmgvN ChnsS In´n. hnhcw Adn-™p. \o ]Øv InØm-
_mWv HmXn-hc - p-∂p-sb∂v Fgp-Xn-°≠
- X - √- msX Fhn-sS-\n-
∂mWv HmXn-h-cp-∂Xv, BcmWv ]Tn∏v F∂pw Adn-bp-∂n-√.
AXp-sIm-≠v, B hnh-c-Øn\pw \nßsf F√m h¿Ø-am-\-
Øn\pw Hcp adp-]S- n-bpw-IqSn Ab-®vX∂ - m¬ \∂m-bn-c∂ - p.
R-߃ Cßs\ Bb-Xp-sIm≠v \n߃ apjn-t°-
≠. d∫v sh® AP¬ FØp-tºmƒ FhnsS Bbmepw
auØv emkn-am-W-t√m. ChnsS Cu Pbn-en¬ Jnem-^Øv
hI-bmbn Xq°-s∏-Sp∂ Hmtcm-cp-Øsc ad AS-t°-≠X - n∂pw
a‰pw Cu cmPy-°m-cmb apkvenw-Iƒ ]ncn-®p-Iq-´nb A\-h[n
Ddp-∏n-I-bn¬ Ccp-]-Øn-b©v Ddp-∏nI Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°v
sNehv sNbvXv hfsc Bc-ºØ - nepw _lp-am-\Ø - nepw ad-
sN-ø-s∏-Sp∂p F∂p am{X-a√, \√ De-am-°-∑mcpw apX-A-
√n-ao-ßfpw kzmen-lo-ßfpw knbm-dØv sNøpI, AXv
sIm≠pw Ah-km\w d^o-Jp¬ AAvems\ tNmZn® d∫ns‚
DΩØvamcm¬ B°n-Ø-∂XvsIm≠pw J_-dnse Xmakw
Ipd°m≥ C{X Bbp v \o´n X∂-XvsIm≠pw apºv agsb
tXSnb h¿Ø-am\w ChnsS {ipXn-s∏-´X - n-\m¬ Chn-sS-bp≈
 sP^v hmU¿ apX-em-bh - ¿°v Ipd®v CAvXnJmZv D≠m-bXv
sIm≠pw t\‰n-bn¬ Ipd-bmsX h√Xpw km[n-°m\pw aXn.
Cßs\ DS-bh - ≥ sNbvXX- p-sIm≠v kt¥m-js - ∏-Sp-∂p.
AXp-sIm≠v \nß-sf-√mcpw Fs‚ Cuam≥ kem-
a-Øm-hm\pw auØv Ffp-∏-am-hm\pw da-fm≥ sh≈n-bmgvN
Bbn-°n-´m\pw tXS-Ww. tijw, ]nd-sI, InØm-_n-s‚bpw
a‰p≈ apX-en-s‚bpw Imcy-Øn¬ CtXm-Sp-IqSn Fgp-Xp∂
IØn¬ ]d-bpw-{]-Imcw B°-Ww. RΩsf F√m-h-scbpw
d∫v c≠p ho´nepw \∂m-°-s´, Bao≥.
]Tn-∏n¬ Dt]-£I - q-SmsX D¬km-ln-°W - w. Fs‚
]ndsI \obpw DΩbpw F\n-°p-th≠n Hmtcm Ppkv-Av
Znhkw ad-°msX HmXn F\n°p lZvb sNøp-sa∂v hnNm-cn-
°p-∂p. Ffm-∏ms‚ hI HmXn-h-cp∂ Hcp Ppkv-Av hnSmsX
\nan¿Øn-°Ww. Ip™n-cm-bn≥ kemw ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p.
Rßsf aq∂mw A∏o¬ C∂se Ppap-As‚ apºp
h∂p. \mem-as - ØXv CXm t]mbn-cn-°p-∂p. DSs\ hcp-sa∂v
hnNm-cn-°p-∂p. h∂m¬ hnhcw Fgp-Xm≥ DX°w sNø-s´,
Bao≥.
C∂v amkw iA-_m≥ 26 i\n. F√m-h¿°pw
kemapw hnh-chpw Fs‚ taen¬ ]d-™-h¿°v.''

A_q- _ Iv ¿ apkv e n- b m¿ ac- W - s ∏- S p- ∂ - X ns‚ sXm´p

apºsØ Znhkw FgpXn Ab® IØns‚ ]q¿W cq]w:
lwZv, kzem-Øv, kemw F∂n-h°p tijw...
C∂v lnPvd 1341 da-fm≥ 3 buap¬ Ppap-A. Rßsf
\mem-a-sØXpw ÿnc-ambn CXm h∂n-cn-°p-∂p. AXp-
sIm≠v Chs‚ hn[n DS-b-hs‚ Ipdn-tbm-S-Sp-Øm¬ \msf
t\mºv apdn-°m≥ lfvdØ - n¬ BhW-sa∂v hnNm-cn-°p-∂p.
Ahs‚ ilo-Z∑ - msc Iq´-Øn¬ \Ωsf Ah≥ B°n-Øc - -
s´, Bao≥.
ChnsS Xq°-s∏-Sp∂ ilo-Z∑ - msc ad-sN-øs - ∏-Sp∂
henb PpapA ]≈n-°¬ Ahÿ t]mse AS-°-s∏-
Sp∂Xn¬ Ch¿°v sI´n\p ]pd-sabpw F\n°v ]≈n-tbmSv
tN¿∂ sI´ns‚ D≈nepw J_¿ icn-bm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p-
sh∂pw \msf AS°w sNbvXnt´ AßmSn Xpd-°-s∏Sq
F∂pw c≠p aZvd-ks‚ Alvep-Imcpw IqSp-∂-Xm-sW∂pw
Hcp ssaeokv Zqcw hsc s]cp-hm-ey-°msc s]cp-∏-Øm¬
A\y¿°v \S-°m≥ \nhrØn C√mØ hn[w Bfv IqSm≥
Hcp-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw aq∂p Znhkw De-am-Av, kpe-lm-
Av IqSn J_-dp-߬ JØw HmØv Ds≠∂pw a‰pw Adn-bn-
°-s∏-Sp-∂X - p-sIm≠v {]tXyIw B{i-bn-°p-∂n-√. DS-bh - ≥
Cuam≥ sIm≠v _lp-am\n® Cu \mfns‚ _¿°-Øp-
sIm≠v d“-Øns‚ hmXn¬ Xpd∂v Chsc ilm-Z-Øn≥
J_q¬ sNbvXv tIkv km£n-Isf klmbw kn≤n-°msX
k¶Sw Xo¿Øv, kt¥mjw kn≤n-∏n-°m≥ Bin-°p-∂p.
eA√ d“Ø d∫o lo\ bJvkn-ap-lm...
XAvXo Aem lkv_n¬ Ckvbm\n ^n¬ Jnk-ao...
A≥X¬ Aeoap h JZv h÷lvØp an≥ Aaeo...
Cem dPm-C° hPvl≥ kmC-e≥ h_Zm...
h en¿d-PmC khm-_p≥ A≥X XAveap-lp...
^Pv-A¬ khm_o Zhma nXvcn eo A_-Zm...
CXn¬ s]cpØv Xß-∑mcpw Jhm- zp¬ Jhm zpw
D≠p-t]m-se. ÿnc-ambn ]m¿°m≥ t]mth-≠n-SØp\n∂v
IØv Ab-°m≥ IqSm-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v Ft∂°pw ZpB°v
sImXn®v CXnbn¬ Npcp-°p-∂p. DS-bh - ≥ temKy-°m-cm-bn´v
\msf RΩ-sf-sb-√m-hs - cbpw Hcp-an-®p-Iq-´n-Øc - s
- ´, Bao≥.
bØo-ap-Iƒ°v Ir^ sNøp∂ _m∏-ms - c-t∏m-sebpw
_mb-°m-S® - n-Iƒ°v Ir^ sNøp∂ am∏n-fa - msc t]msebpw
\nßsf R߃ Icp-Xp-∂p. A√mlp DZ°w sNø-s´,
Bao≥.
t]cpw hnh-chpw Fgp-Xm≥ kabw Ipd-™-Xp-
sIm≠v Jm zm-bn´pw BΩm-bn´pw \n߃s°-√m-h¿°pw,
A e - map Asse°pw h d“-Øp-√mln h _d-°m-Øp-lp.
Ip™n-cm-bn≥ \n߃°v kemw.
A√m-lp-Ω-Kv^n¿ eo hen- hm-en-Zø hen Pao-C¬
apAvan\o\ h¬ apAvan\m-Øv.
A√m-lp-Ω^ - A
-v ¬ _o h _nlnw BPn-e≥ h BPn-
e≥ ^n±o\n h±p≥bm h¬ BJn-dØn am A≥X elp
Alvep≥. hem X^v-A¬ _n\m bm auem\m am \lv\p
elp Alvep≥. C∂° K^q-dp≥ Aeo-ap≥ PhmZp≥ Ico-
 ap≥ dDu-^p≥ dlow.
Cu c≠p ZnIvdns\ kp_vlns‚ ]ndsI N´-am-°p-
∂Xv \√-Xm-Wv. lnPvd 1291 iAv_m≥ 22 \mWv Fs‚ ]nd-
hn-sb∂v DΩ _m∏ ]d-bp-∂Xv tI´n-cp-∂p. Bao≥.
]pØq¿ Jnem-^Øv IΩn‰n {]kn-U‚pw tImgn-
t°mSv Xmeq-°nse A[n-\n-th-ih - n-cp≤ ka-cØ
- ns‚ \mb-I\ - p-amb
A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿ Cu \mSns‚ A`n-am\ ]p{X-\m-W.v {_n´ojv
hncp≤ ka-cØ - n¬ Ben apkven-bm-tcmSpw hmcn-b≥Ip-∂Øv Ip™-
l-Ω-Zm-Pn-tbmSpw tXmtfmSv tXmfp-tN¿∂v At±lw \S-Ønb ka-c-
ap-dI- ƒ hni-Za- mbn N¿®-sN-øm≥ kzX-{¥-am-sbmcp ]pkvXIw Xs∂
Bh-iy-am-bnh-cpw. A{X-am{Xw 1921 se tIc-fa - pkvenw Ncn-{X-Øn¬
\nd-™p-\n∂ hy‡n-Xz-am-bn-cp∂p alm-\h - ¿Iƒ. Cu \mSns‚ ]g-
b-Ime {]Xm-]-amWv CXv hnfn-®-dn-bn-°p-∂-Xv.
Npcp-°-Øn¬, at‰-sXmcp {]tZ-i-sØbpw t]mse-Øs∂
]e Ncn-{X-]-c-amb kw`-h-߃°pw km£yw hln-®n-´p≈ {]tZ-i-
amWv ae-b-Ωbpw ]cn-k-c-ß-fpw. tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠p-
am{Xw Ah F∂pw ad-°p-≈n¬ Bhr-X-ambn InS-°p-I-bm-sW∂p
am{Xw.
ae-bΩ A“Zv A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm-cp-sSbpw IpSpw-_Ø - n-
s‚bpw IY ]d-bp-tºmƒ Ah-cpsS {]h¿Ø\ tKmZ-bmb \mSns‚
Cusbmcp ]›m-Øe hmb\ IqSntb Xocq. ImcWw At±lw
hf¿∂p-hc - p-∂Xv {_n´ojv ]´mfw \m´n-emsI Cdßn \S-°p∂ Ime-
Øm-Wv. Cusbmcp Ncn-{X-_n-µp-hn¬\n-∂p-thWw Hcp ]pcp-jm-bp-
p-sIm≠v At±lw km[n-s®-SpØ am‰-ß-sfbpw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-
sfbpw hne-bn-cp-Øn hmbn-®p-Xp-Sß- m≥.
 3

\mSns‚ Ckvem-anI C∂seIƒ

apkvenw tIc-f-Øns‚ KXn \n¿W-bn® ]e Nn¥-Iƒ°pw
P∑w \¬Im≥ `mKyw e`n® Hcp `qan-I-bmWv tImgn-t°m-Sns‚ Ing-
°≥ {]tZ-iß - ƒ. k¿K-[\ - cpw _lp-ap-J{- ]-Xn-`I - f
- p-amb A\-h[n
]fin-X∑ - m¿ ChnsS\n∂pw Db¿∂p-h∂ - n-´p-≠v. sImSp-h≈ - n, aS-hq¿,
s\Sn-b-\m-Sv, ]md-∂q¿, Ico-‰n-∏-d-ºv, At≠m-W, ]pXn-tbm-Øv, Hma-
t»-cn XpS-ßnb {]tZ-iß - ƒ hnhn-[ß - f
- mb Ncn-{X-ap-lq¿Ø-߃°v
km£n-bmb tZi-ßf - m-Wv.
Cu ]´n-Ib - nse Hcp kp{]-[m\ \mSmWv ae-bΩ - bpw. alm-
\mb Hcp DkvXm-Zns‚ P∑ km^-eyw-sIm≠p am{Xw ssIh-∂-Xm-
bn-cp∂p AXn\v Cusbmcp Hu∂Xyw. B al¬ P∑-Øn\p ]›m-
Ø-es - am-cp-°m≥ am{Xw kº-∂a - m-sbmcp Ckvem-anI ]cn-kcw Imem-
¥-c-Øn¬ ChnsS cq]-s∏-´p-h-∂n-cp-∂p-sh-∂p-thWw Icp-Xm≥.
CsXmcp \n›nX ImeØpam{Xw ]cn-an-Xs - ∏-Sp-∂X - m-sW-¶n-epw, hen-
sbmcp Xe-ap-d°v shfn®w \¬Im≥am{Xw tijn-∏p-Iƒ _m°n-
sh-®p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp∂p B Xncn AW-™n-cp-∂X - v.
amenIv Zo\mdpw kwLhpw tIc-fØ - n¬ ]Øv ]≈n-Iƒ ]Wn-
I-gn-∏n® Iq´-Øn¬ H∂v tImgn-t°mSv Nmen-bØpw ]Wn-Ig - n-∏n-®n-cp-
∂p-sh-∂X - m-Wt√m Ncn-{Xw. ]n∂o-S,v Ime-ßt- fmfw Nmen-ba - m-bn-cp∂p
Cu `mKØv Ckvem-anI Nn¥-bpsS Bÿm-\w. aplvb-±o≥ ame-
bpsS I¿Ømhv Jmkn apl-Ω-Z-S°w tImgn-t°mSv Jmkn-amcpw a‰p
alm-c-Ÿ-∑mcpw CXns\ Np‰n-∏-‰n-bmWv Xß-fpsS {]t_m-[-\-{]-
h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. tImgn-t°mSv CSn-b-ßc ]≈n-bn¬
A¥y-hn-{i-aw-sIm-≈p∂ Aem-D±- o≥ lnwkn-bS- °w A\-h[n kq^n-
Ifpw ⁄m\n-Ifpw Cu `mK-ß-fn¬ IS-∂p-h-∂n-´p-ap-≠v. ]e `mK-
ß-fnepw Np‰n k©-cn-®mWv Ah¿ Xß-fpsS {]t_m-[\ ]cn-]m-Sn-
Iƒ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, XpS¿∂p-h∂ Ime-ß-
fn¬, tImgn-t°m-Sp-\n∂pw Ing°p `mKØv 25 Intem-ao-‰¿ am{Xw
ÿe-]c - n-[n-°p-≈n¬ hcp∂ ae-bΩ - b - nepw ]cn-kc - {- ]-tZ-iß - f - nepw
Ckvem-ans‚ sh≈n-sh-fn®w FØn-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂Xv A\p-am-\n-°m-
hp-∂t- X-bp-≈q.
Cu `mKØv apkvenw-If - psS kwL-SnX PohnXw Bcw-`n-°p-
∂Xv tImgn-t°mSpw ]cn-k-c-ß-fn-ep-am-sW-∂-XmWv Ncn-{Xw. ]Xn-
\memw \q‰m-≠n¬ tIcfw kµ¿in® k©m-cn-bmb C_v\p _Øq-
Øbpw C°mcyw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. ]Xn-\©mw \q‰m-≠p-h-sc-
bp≈ apkvenw-tI-c-f-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-sa-gp-Xnb ssk\p-±o≥ aJvZqapw
Xs‚ Xplv^Ø - p¬ apPm-ln-Zo-\n¬ tImgn-t°ms´ apkvenw-Is - f-°p-
dn®v Bg-Øn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂Xv ImWmw. kmaq-Xn-cn-am¿°p Iogn¬
hfsc kvt\l-tØmSpw kl-h¿Øn-Xz-tØmSpw Ah¿ Ign-™n-cp-
∂-Xm-bmWv At±lw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - v. t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS IS-
∂p-Ib - ‰ Imew hsc Ad-_n-Iƒ \nc-¥c - a
- mbn Cu Xoc-ßf - n¬ h∂-
W-bp-Ibpw I®-hS- {- ]-h¿Ø-\ß - f - n¬ G¿s]-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p.
]ecpw Chn-sS-\n-∂p-Xs∂ hnhmlw Ign-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ad-_n-
I-eymWw F∂mWv Ah Adn-bs - ∏-´n-cp-∂X - .v AsX√mw Cu `mKØv
apkvenw AwK-kwJy h¿≤n-°m≥ Imc-W-am-bn.
Xoc-tZ-iß - f - n-emWv C°m-eØv apkvenw A[n-hmkw [mcm-
f-ambn D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. ]pdw \mSp-I-fn¬\n∂pw hnin-jym, ba≥
t]mtemØ \mSp-If - n¬\n∂pw IS-∂p-h∂ kq^n-If - p-sSbpw ⁄m\n-
I-fp-sSbpw cwK-{]-th-it- Øm-sS-bmWv Ckvemw Dƒ{]-tZ-iß - f - n-te°p
IS-∂p-h-cp-∂-Xv. GIm-{KX sImXn-s®-Ønb Ah¿ Dƒ\m-Sp-I-fn¬
Cdßn Xma-kn-®tXmsS Bflo-bX sImXn® s]mXp-P\ - hpw Ahsc
A\p-Ka - n-®p. Xma-kn-bm-sX, hnhn[ `mK-ßf - n¬ ]≈n-Iƒ Db-cp-Ibpw
Ahsb tI{µo-Ic - n®v A[n-hmkw Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. aºpdw
kønZv Aehn Xß-fpsS _‘p-hm-b, tImgn-t°mSv A¥y-hn-{iaw
sIm≈p∂ kønZv ssiJv Pn^vcn°v CXn¬ henb ]¶p-≠v. hnhn[
`mK-ß-fn¬ ]≈n \n¿an® At±lw Cu `mK-ß-fn¬ Ckvem-anI
{]N-cW - Ø - n\v t\XrXzw \¬Inb henb alm-\m-Wv. IS-enepw Xoc-
tZ-i-ß-fnepw tPmen-sb-SpØp Pohn-®n-cp∂ apkvenw-Iƒ AtXm-sS-
bmWv Dƒ\m-Sp-I-fn-se-Øp-∂Xpw Irjn-∏-Wn-bn-embn D]-Po-h\w
Bcw-`n-°p-∂X - pw. Sn∏p-hns‚ ]S-tbm-´ß - fpw apkvenw Dƒ\m-S≥ Pohn-
XsØ A\p-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-®n-´p-≠m-h-Ww.
Aß-s\-bm-Wv, tImgn-t°m-Sns‚ Dƒ{]-tZ-iß - f - n¬ apkvenw
A[n-hmkw Bcw-`n-°p-∂X - v. ]Xn-t\gv/]Xn-s\´v \q‰m-≠p-If - n-emWv
CXv {][m-\-ambpw kw`-hn-°p-∂-Xv. Cßs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ, GI-
tZiw Cusbmcp Ime-b-f-hn¬Xs∂ sNdnb \ne-s°-¶nepw ae-b-
Ω-bnepw ]cn-k-c-ß-fnepw apkvenw A[n-hmkw Bcw-`n-®n-cn-°-Ww.
Ipd-®p-IqSn hyh-ÿm-]n-Xhpw hym]-I-hp-amb \ne°v Cu `mKØv
apkvenw A[n-hmkw thcp-]n-Sn-®p-Xp-Sßp∂Xv 1800 Iƒ°p tij-am-
sW∂v A\p-am-\n-°m-hp-∂X - m-Wv.
tImgn-t°mSp `mK-ß-fn¬\n∂pw a‰pw IS-∂p-h∂ apkvenw
IpSpw-_ß- ƒX-s∂-bmWv Cu `mK-ßf - nepw apkvenw A[n-hm-kØ - n\p
\mµn Ipdn-®-sX∂p Is≠-Øm-\m-hpw. kvacy ]pcp-j≥ ae-bΩ
DkvXm-Zns‚ IpSpw-_w-hsc tImgn-t°m-Sp-\n∂pw ChnsS h∂mWv
Xma-k-am-°p-∂-Xv. am{X-hp-a-√, ]e IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS ]mc-º-cy-sØ-
°p-dn®v At\z-jn-®-t∏mgpw ]e-cp-sSbpw aq∂m-a-sØtbm \mem-a-
sØtbm Xe-apd tImgn-t°m-´p-\nt∂m ]cn-kc {]tZ-iß - f
- n¬\nt∂m
Ctßm´v IpSn-tb-dn-bX- mbn Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂X - m-Wv. \mb≥-˛\- -
ºqco P∑n-Iƒ°p Iogn-emWv A∂v Cu ÿe-ßs - f√mw D≠m-bn-cp-
∂-Xv. Ah-cn¬\n∂pw ]m´-Øn\p hmßntbm ]Ww sImSp-Øp-hm-
ßntbm Ah-cn-hnsS hmk-ap-d-∏n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]sØm-ºXmw
\q‰m-≠ns‚ c≠mw ]mXn-bm-bt- XmsS Cu `mK-ßf - n¬ apkvenw P\-
kwJy IqSn-h-∂p. apkvenw kmaq-ln-I-˛-kw-L-SnX PohnXw Gsd-
°ptd hyh-ÿm-]n-Xa - mbn Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

]pg-°c - b
- n-epw ]mShc-ºØpw
Cu Ime-ßf - n-se√mw apkvenw-Iƒ Xß-fpsS \nkvIm-cß - fpw
a‰p Bcm-[-\-Ifpw hoSp-I-fn¬\nt∂m at‰m Bbn-cn-°Ww \n¿h-
ln-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cn-°p-I. lnµp P∑n-Iƒ°p Iogn¬ IpSn-bm-∑m-cmbn
sXmgn-se-Sp-Øn-cp∂ Ah¿°v Irjnbpw hbepw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p-
ht√m {][m-\w. Bcm-[\ - I
- fpw AXn-t\m-S\ - p-_‘ - n®v \S-Øs - ∏-´n-cn-
°-Ww. sh≈n-bm-gN v I - f
- n¬ am{Xw Ppap-AØv ]≈n-bp≈ hnZqc tZi-
ß-fn-te°v t]mhp-Ib - m-bn-cp∂p ]Xn-hv.
hrØn-bp-≈, ]qgn hncn® ]pg-°c - I
- f - m-bn-cp∂p Hcp ImeØv
\ΩpsS \m´p-Im¿ \nkvImcw \n¿h-ln-°m≥ sXc-s™-Sp-Øn-cp∂
as‰mcp ÿew. cm{Xn ka-b-ß-fn¬ AhnsS HØp-IqSn, Iq´-ambn
\nkvIc - n®pw IY ]d™pw Ign-®n-cp∂ Hcp Ime-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]pg-
°-cb- n¬ s\¬Ir-jnbpw A∂v km[m-cW - a - m-bn-cp-∂p.
 ]pg-°-c-bnse apf-°m-Sp-I-fpsS Nph-´n¬, ap≈v sh´n-am-‰n,
at\m-lc- a
- mbn kwhn-[m-\n-®, apdn kam-\a
- mb ]¥-ep-If
- mWv A∂p-
≈-h¿ \nkvIc - n-°m-\mbn sXc-s™-Sp-Øn-cp∂ as‰mcp ÿew. Np‰p
`mKhpw ad-®v, ASn-bn¬ ]qgn hncn®v `wKn-bmbn kwhn-[m-\n-°p-am-bn-
cp-∂p AXv. tXmt´m-fn-bnepw ]Sn-™mtd ae-bnepw samtbm-´° - S- h
- n-
ep-sa√mw CXv km[m-cW - a- mbn Imc-Ws- ∏´n-cp-∂p.

Nq´p-IØ- n®v PpapA°p t]mb Imew

Ppap-AØp ]≈n-If - n-√m-ØX- n-\m¬ sh≈n-bmgvN Znh-kß - -
fn¬ ]≈n-tXSn hnZqc Zn°p-If - n-te°p t]mhm-dm-bn-cp∂p ]Xn-h.v Cu
`mK-ßf - n¬\n∂pw {][m-\a - mbpw t]mbn-cp-∂Xv XmØq¿ Ppap-AØv
]≈n-bn-te-°m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu `mKØv hfsc apºp-Xs∂ \n¿an-°s - ∏´
Hcp ]≈n-bm-bn-cp∂p AXv. Hma-ti-cn-bnse tNme-°¬ ]≈n-bm-bn-
cp∂p as‰mcp B{i-bw. ]pXn-tbmØpw NmØawKe-hp-am-bn-cp∂p a‰p
ÿe-߃. sh≈n-bmgvN Znh-k-am-bm¬ kp_vlv \nkvI-cn®v, `£-
Whpw km[m-\ß - f
- p-am-bn, Nq´v IØn®v, ]≈n-bn-te°v ]pd-s∏-Sp∂
ioe-amWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂X - .v A{Xbpw Zqcw Xmt≠-≠n-bn-cp∂p PpapA
\nkvI-cn-°m≥. sshIp-t∂cw am{Xta \nkvImcw Ign™v ho´n¬
Xncn-s®-Øn-bn-cp-∂p-≈q.

IY ]d-bp∂ {kmºy-Iƒ
kwL-Sn-X-amb \nkvIm-c-߃°v Xß-fpsS hoSp-I-tfm-S-\p-
_-‘n®v {kmºy-Iƒ (ssXIym-hv˛sN-dnb \nkvIm-c-∏-≈n-Iƒ)
\n¿an°p∂ ]Xnhv {Ita-W-bmWv apkvenw-I-fn¬ {]N-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
AtXm-sS, kºØpw aX-t_m-[-hp-ap≈ Nne¿ Xß-fpsS ho´p-h-f-
∏ntem Pe kuI-cy-Øn\p th≠n ]pg-tbmSp tN¿t∂m tXmSp-I-
tfmtSm Ipf-ßtfmtSm tN¿t∂m sNdnb {kmºy-Iƒ ]Wn-I-gn-∏n-
®p. a¨I-´I- fpw ac-ØS- n-Ifpw am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-®p-≠m-°p∂ sNdnb
\nkvImc apdn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p Ah. Ft´m ]tØm t]¿°v \nkvI-cn-
°m-\p≈ kuI-cyta AXn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. kz¥w ho´n-ep-≈-
htcm sXm´-SpØ ct≠m aqt∂m ho´p-Imtcm BWv AXn¬ \nkvI-
cn-°m≥ FØn-bn-cp-∂X - v. Ime-{I-taW Cusbmcp kwhn-[m\w hnI-
kn-°p-Ibpw Bfp-I-fpsS _mlp-ey-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v Ah sNdnb
\nkvIm-c∏
- f- n-If
- mbn hnI-kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Ab-t©-‰n¬ {kmºy-bmWv \ΩpsS \m´nse Ncn-{X-ap≈
{kmºy-If - n-sem-∂v. \qdn-tesd h¿j-߃°p apºv \n¿an-°s - ∏-´X- m-
Wn-X.v ]tc-X\ - mb ae-bΩ tImbmap aue-hn-bpsS D∏-bpsS D∏bmWv
CXv ]Wn-Ig- n-∏n-®X - v. Cu `mKsØ hnizm-kn-If - n¬ aX-t_m[w \ne-
\n¿Øp-∂X - n¬ CXn\v hy‡-amb ]¶p-≠v.
amtXm-eØp IShv ]me-Øn\p Xmsg, ]pg-tbmSv tN¿∂v
ImW-s∏-Sp∂ ]Sn-™mtd ae {kmºy-bmWv Gsd ]g-°a - p≈ as‰m-
∂v. apt≠m´v Pap-AØv ]≈n ÿm]n-°p-∂X - ns‚ ]Øp-Zn-hkw apºp-
Xs∂ CXns‚ \n¿am-W∏ - Wn XpS-ßn-bn-cp-∂p-hs - {X. ]≈n°v ÿew
\¬Inb AtX IpSpw_w Xs∂-bmWv Cu {kmºy \n¿an-°m\pw
ÿew A\p-hZ- n-®X - v. Xs‚ `¿Øm-hns‚ hkzn-øØv {]Imcw Bb-
t©-‰n¬ Ip™m-®pΩ-bmWv Cu ÿew ssIam-dn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. CXv
h∂-tXmsS ]pg-°c - b- nse \nkvImcw CXn-te°v amdp-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p.
shtÆm-´p-Ip-øn¬ {kmºybmWv Gsd ]ga tXm∂n-°p∂
as‰m-∂v. tXmSns‚ h°Øv ÿm]n-°s - ∏´ CXv achpw a‰p-ap-]t- bm-
Kn®v hfsc at\m-lc - a
- m-bmWv \n¿an-°s - ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂X - v.
hfsc sshIn, ]n¬°m-eØ - ,v \n¿an-°s - ∏-´X- m-sW-¶nepw Cu
KW-tØmSv tN¿Øp-]-d-bm≥ ]‰p∂ a‰p c≠v {kmºn-I-fmWv I√p-
ºpdw ]pg-tbmSv tN¿∂v ImW-s∏-Sp∂ FS-°p-dp-ßm´v \nkvIm-c-∏-
≈nbpw \mc-It- »cn Fe-Øq¿ \nkvIm-c∏ - ≈
- n-bpw. ]n∂oSv Ppap-AØv
]≈n-I-fmbn amdnb Ipgn-a-Æn¬ \nkvIm-c-∏-≈nbpw ]p≈m-hq¿
\nkvIm-c-∏-≈nbpw Hcp ImeØv sNdnb {kmºy-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. ae-
bΩ ]≈n-bpsS XpS-°hpw sNdn-sbmcp {kmºy-bn¬\n-∂p-Xs - ∂-bm-
bn-cp-∂p. \ΩpsS \mSns‚ Ckvem-anI ssNX-\y-Øn¬ Ch-s°√mw
hy‡-amb ]¶p-s≠-∂Xv A\n-tj-[y-amb hkvXp-Xbs{X.

\q‰m-≠p-I-fpsS IY ]d-bp∂ kao]tZi ]≈n-Iƒ

Xma-ticn IS-hq¿ ]≈n-bmWv Cu `mKsØ G‰hpw ]g-°-
ap≈ ]≈n-I-fn-sem∂v F∂v hniz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ ]g-
°-ap≈ Cu ]≈n-bm-bn-cp∂p Hcp ImeØv hen-sbmcp `q{]-tZ-isØ
apkvenw At¥-hm-kn-If - psS B{ib tI{µw. AXns\ Np‰n-∏‰ - n-bmWv
Cu `mK-ßf - n-se√mw Ckvem-anI Nn¥ {]N-cn-®n-cp-∂X - v.
]pXn-tbmØv henb Ppap-AØv ]≈nbpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fpsS
IY ]d-bp∂ ]≈n-If - n-sem-∂m-Wv. CXns‚ Ime-∏g - °w IrXy-ambn
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-´n-´n-s√-¶nepw aq∂c/\mev \q‰m-s≠-¶nepw CXn\p
]g-°a- p-s≠-∂mWv a\- n-em-°s - ∏-Sp-∂X
- v. sh√q-cn¬ A¥y-hn-{iaw
sIm≈p-∂, henøpw ]fin-X\pw {_n´ojv hncp≤ t]mcm-fn-bp-am-bn-
cp∂ ]me-°mw-sXm-SpI A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿ Chn-SsØ Jmkn-
bm-bn-cp-∂p. A∂pw ChnsS henb Z¿kv \S-∂n-cp-∂p. ]n∂oSv ]≈n
]pXp°n∏Wn-Xp. Chn-SsØ henb J_dnÿm\pw ]hcn-kchpw
]≈n-bpsS ]g-asb hnfn-®-dn-bn-°p-∂p. Hcp ImeØv ]pg-bpsS
A°sc Ico-‰-∏-d-ºn¬\n-∂p-hsc Ctßm-´mWv Bfp-Iƒ PpapA
\nkvIc - °
- m≥ h∂n-cp-∂X - v.
XmØq¿ ]≈n, Hma-ticn tNme-°¬ ]≈n XpS-ßn-bh - b
- mWv
Gsd ]g°w tXm∂n-°p∂ a‰p ]≈n-Iƒ. \nc-∂p-In-S-°p∂ ae-I-
fpsS ]›m-Øe - Ø - n¬, ]c-∂p-In-S° - p∂ sNdp ImSp-If - p-sSbpw tXmSp-
I-fp-sSbpw CS-bn-embn Xe-bp-b¿Øn \ne-\n¬°p∂ tNme-°¬
]≈n-bpsS \n¬∏v Xs∂ AXns‚ Ime-∏-g-°-sØ-bmWv kqNn-∏n-
°p-∂X - .v AXn\p Np‰pw ]c-∂p-In-S° - p∂ hnim-ea - mb hJ^v `qanbpw
Nnc-]p-cm-X\ - ß- f - mb J_-dp-Ifpw Cu hkvXpX IqSp-X¬ Du´n-bp-d-
∏n-°p-∂p. ]e XhW ]pXp-°n-∏-WnX CXv C∂v AXns‚ ]gb
apJw ssIsh-Sn™v ]pXnb cq]w {]m]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
\S-Ω¬t]m-bn¬˛I-cp-h-sºm-bn¬ `mKØv sNdp-]p-g-bpsS
Ccp-`m-K-ß-fn-embn, hnim-e-amb J_-dn-ÿm-t\m-Sp-IqSn ÿnXn-sN-
øp∂ Np≈n-bmSv ]≈n, G®n-°p∂v ]≈n XpS-ßn-b-hbpw Cu
`mKsØ ]g-°a - p≈ ]≈n-If - n¬ s]Sp-∂p.
Xe-s∏-cp-aÆ ]≈nbmWv hfsc Ime-∏-g°w a\- n-em-°-
s∏-Sp∂ as‰mcp ]≈n. CXn\v Ht∂m ct≠m \q‰m-≠n-tesd ]g-°-
ap-≈X - mbn A\p-am-\n-°s - ∏-Sp-∂p. I≈≥tXm-S,v apt≠m-´,v ]p≈m-hq¿,
]nem-ti-cn, Imt°cn XpS-ßnb `mK-ßf - n¬\n-s∂√mw Hcp ImeØv
Ctßm-´mWv Ppap-A°p h∂n-cp-∂X - v.
Ing-t°m-Øv, NmØ-aw-K-ew, ]S-\new ]≈n-I-fmWv Cu
`mKØv hfsc ]g-°-ap≈ a‰p Nne ]≈n-Iƒ. Xe-s∏-cp-aÆ ]≈n
hcp-∂-Xn\p apºv Cu `mK-ß-fn¬\n-s∂√mw Ing-t°mØv ]≈n-bn-
te-°mWv Bfp-Iƒ t]mbn-cp-∂s - X∂v ]g-a° - m¿ Hm¿°p-∂p.
sImSp-h≈n N¥-bn¬ ]≈n, At≠mW henb Pap-Øv
]≈n, If-cm-¥ncn ]≈n, ae-bΩ apt≠m´p ]≈n, Ico-‰n-∏d - ºv ]≈n
XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv Cu `mKsØ Hcp \q‰m-t≠mfw ]g-°-ap≈ Nne
]≈n-Iƒ. 1904 ¬ BWv Ico-‰n-∏d - ºv tN\-∏m-d° - ¬ Ppap-AØv ]≈n
ÿnXn sNøp∂ ÿew cPn-ÿ NsNø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. {ItaW Hme-
ta™ ]≈n Db¿∂p-h-∂p. 1906 HmsS ]≈n Db-cp-Ibpw al√v
{]h¿Ø\w Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. h¿j-߃°p tiamWv
ChnsS PpapA Bcw-`n-°p-∂X - v.
apt≠m´v Ppap-AØv ]≈n-bpsS DZbw
Gsd Ncn{X {]m[m-\y-ap≈ ]≈n-bmWv apt´m´v Ppap-AØv
]≈n. Cu `mK-ß-fn¬ Bt]£nIambn BZyw PpapA XpS-ßn-b
]≈n-If - n-sem-∂m-Wn-Xv. ]n∂oSv ]e XhW ]pXp-°n-∏W - n-sX-¶n-epw,
Hcp \q‰m-≠n-tesd ]g-°a - p≈ CXv Cu \mSns‚ ka-{K-amb Ckvem-
anI ]mc-º-cy-Øn-te°p hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂p≠v. Np‰pw hnim-e-ambn
\nc-∂p-In-S-°p∂ J_-dn-ÿm≥ Xs∂ CXn\p km£n-]-d-bp-∂p.
Hc¿∞-Øn¬ ]d-™m¬, CXns\ tI{µo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠mWv hnim-
e-amb Hcp `q{]-tZ-isØ Bfp-Iƒ ]Xn-‰m≠pI-tfmfw Xß-fpsS
PohnXw apt∂m´p \bn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. XmØqcpw Hma-ti-cnbpw PpapA
\nkvIc - n-°m≥ t]mbn-cp∂ Hcp Ime-Ø,v Xß-fpsS \m´nepw PpapA
\nkvI-cn-°m≥ Hcp Ppap-AØv ]≈n thW-sa∂ B{K-l-Øns‚
A\-¥c - ^- e - a- m-bn-cp∂p CXns‚ DZ-bw. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂, Hcp \q‰m-
≠n-tesd Ncn-{X-ap≈ ]≈n-bpsS Ncn{Xw Cu \m´nse apkvenw-I-
fpsS Ncn-{Xhpw, Cu \m´nse apkvenw-I-fpsS Ncn{Xw Cu ]≈n-
bpsS Ncn-{X-hp-am-sW∂v a\- n-em-°m-hp-∂X - m-Wv.
1910˛Hm-sSbmWv apt≠m´v Ppap-AØv ]≈n ÿm]n-°s - ∏-Sp-
∂-Xv. 1800 IfpsS c≠mw ]mXn-bn¬ Pohn® Bb-t©-‰n¬ tImbmap
F∂ `‡\pw [¿an-jvS-\p-amb ]uc-{]-[m-\n-bpsS B{K-l-{]-Im-c-
amWv Cu ]≈n-bpsS DZ-bw. hnim-e-amb `qkz-Øns‚ DS-a-bm-bn-
cp∂ At±lw Xs‚ `qan-bpsS hensbmcp `mKw ]≈n-bp-≠m-°m≥
kw`m-h\ \¬I-W-sa∂ hkzn-ø-tØm-Sp-Iq-sS-bmWv ac-W-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ ac-W-Øn\p tijw `mcy Ip™m-®-Ωbpw a°-
fmb Ab-t©-‰n¬ Cºn-®-Ω-Zm-Pnbpw a‰pw tN¿∂mWv CXv ]≈n-
\n¿am-WØ - n-\mbn ssIam-dp-∂X - .v 1910 HIvtSm-_¿ amk-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p
Cu ÿe-Øns‚ cPn-kvt{S-j≥. A∂v 50 cq] am¿°‰v hne-bp-≈
ÿew \mev G°-tdmfw hcpw. tImbm-ap-hns‚ hkzn-øØv {]Imcw
ÿew ]≈n-bp-≠m-°m\pw aøn-Øp-Iƒ ad-am-Sm-\p-ambn hJ^v
sNbvXp \¬Ip-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p. Xma-kn-bmsX AhnsS ]≈n ÿm]n-
°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw PpapA Bcw-`n-°p-Ib - p-am-bn-cp-∂p.
apX-h√ - n-am-cmWv A∂v ]≈nbpsS `c-WI - m-cy-߃ \nb-{¥n-
®n-cp-∂-Xv. Ab-t©-‰n¬ Cºn-®y-Ω-Zm-Pn, apt≠m´v tN°p´n lmPn
XpS-ßn-bh - c- m-bn-cp∂p CXns‚ BZy-Ime apX-h√ - n-am¿. ]n∂o-SmWv
CXn\p IΩn‰n hcp-∂-Xv. IΩn‰n h∂-Xn¬]ns∂ Imcy-ß-sf√mw
AXn\p Iogn-emWv \S-∂p-hc - p-∂X
- v.
XmØq-cn¬\n∂pw h∂n-cp∂ DkvXm-Zp-am-cmWv ap≥Im-eß - -
fn¬ ChnsS Jmkn-am-cmbpw JYo-_p-am-cmbpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. \mc-
I-t»cn DkvXm-Zns‚ ka-Im-en-I-\mb If-Øn-߬ A“Zv apkven-
bmcpw tijw, \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zp-am-bn-cp∂p ChnsS Iptd Imew
JYo-_mbn D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. ]n∂oSv hnhn[ Ime-ßf - n¬ AX-Xp-Im-
esØ apZ-cn-kp-amcpw Cu tkh\w \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p.

al-√p-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ hn[w

Cu `mKsØ BZysØ Ppap-AØp ]≈n-bm-b-Xp-sIm-≠p-
Xs∂ hnZqc Zn°p-I-fn¬\n-∂p-hsc Bfp-Iƒ Chn-sS-bmWv \nkvI-
cn-°m≥ h∂n-cp-∂-Xv. ae-b-Ω, shÆ-t°m-Sv, ]p≈-\q¿, ]p≈m-hq¿,
I´m-߬, CuÃv ae-b-Ω, I≈-≥tXm-Sv, apØmew XpS-ßnb ÿe-
ß-fpsS ]e `mK-ßf - n¬\n∂pw Chn-sS-°v \nkvIc - n-°m≥ Bfp-Iƒ
h∂n-cp-∂p. Ipd™ hoSp-Iƒ am{Xta A∂v Cu `mK-ß-fn¬ D≠m-
bn-cp-∂p-≈q. P\-kwJy IqSp-Ibpw hoSpIƒ h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-
tXmsS Ch Hmtcm∂pw ]n∂oSv hn´p-t]m-hp-Ibpw kzX{¥ ]≈n-Ifpw
Ppap-AI - fpw Bcw-`n-°p-Ib - pam-bn-cp-∂p.
Ht∂m ct≠m \q‰m-≠n-tesd ]g°w IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp∂
]≈n-Ifnsem∂mWv Xe-s∏-cp-aÆ Ppap-AØv ]≈n. ]p≈m-hqcns‚
Nne `mK-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Bfp-Iƒ PpapA \nkvIm-c-Øn-\mbn
Atßm´p t]mbn-cp∂p. h¿j-ß-tfmfw AXv XpS¿∂p-h-∂p. Ipdp-
ßm´p IS-hn¬ tXmWn IS-∂mWv A∂v A°sc IS-∂n-cp-∂X - v. Hcn-
°¬ ]pg-bn¬ sh≈-ta-dp-Ibpw A°sc IS-°m≥ Ign-bmØ
Ahÿ h∂p-s]-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Hcp sh≈n-bmgvN Znh-k-am-bn-
cp∂p AXv. ]e¿°pw PpapA \jvS-s∏-Sp-sa∂ Bi-¶-bp-≠m-bn.
Aß-s\-bmWv ]p≈m-hq-cn¬ Hcp ]≈n F∂ Bi-b-sØ-°p-dn®v
Bfp-Iƒ Nn¥n-°p-∂X - v. 1945 Iƒ°p tij-am-bn-cp∂p CXv. lk≥
Ip´n lmPn Fs∂mcp [¿an-jSv ≥ ]p≈m-hq-cn¬ ÿew \¬Ip-Ibpw
AtXmsS AhnsS Hcp {kmºy Db-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]n∂oSv hfsc
sshIn-bmWv C∂p ImWp∂ ]p≈m-hq¿ Ppap-AØv ]≈n \n¿an-
°p-∂X - .v
]p≈m-hq¿ PpapA h∂-tXmsS I≈≥tXm-´p-Im¿ Ahn-sS-
°mbn Ppap-A°p hc¬. h¿j-ß-tfmfw CXv XpS¿∂p. hoSp-Ifpw
P\-kw-Jybpw kuI-cyhpw h¿≤n-®-tXmsS hfsc sshIn-bmWv
I≈≥tXmSv kz¥-ambn PpapA Bcw-`n-°p-∂X - v.
Ime-{I-ta-W, shÆ-t°mSpw CuÃv ae-b-Ωbpw PpapA
Bcw-`n-®p. CuÃv ae-bΩ PpapA Bcw-`n-®-tXmsS ae-b-Ω-°m¿
]ns∂ Atßm-´mWv t]mbn-cp-∂X - v. apt≠m-t´-°p≈ Zqcw ]cn-KW - n-
®p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp∂p CXv. ae-bΩ Ct∏mƒ Ppap-AØv ]≈n
\n¬°p∂ ÿeØv A∂v Hcp {kmºy-bmWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂X - v. AXn-
t\m-S\
- p-_‘
- n®v ta™p-≠m-°nb Hcp HmØp-]≈ - n-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
\mc-I-t»cn DkvXmZv ap∂n-´n-d-ßn-bmWv ChnsS PpapA Bcw-`n-°p-
∂-Xv. AtXm-sS, ]≈n hep-Xm-°p-Ibpw F√mw kPo-h-am-hp-Ibpw
sNbvXp.
hfsc sshIn 1989˛90 HmsS ]p≈-\q¿ Ipgn-a-Æn¬ ]≈n-
bnepw PpapA h∂p. Hcp ImesØ hnime `q{]-tZ-iØ - ns‚ {]Xm]
Ncn{Xw ]d-bp∂ apt≠m´v AtXmsS sNdn-sbmcp {]tZ-i-Øns‚
B{i-b-ambn Npcp-ßn. F¶nepw Xß-fpsS amXr al-√mbn ]ecpw
apt≠mSv al-√ns\ AwKo-Ic - n-°p-∂p.

HmØp-]-≈n-Ifnse hnZym-`ymk Imew

tIcfapkvenw hnZym-`ym-k- t{iWn-bpsS H∂mw L´-amb
HmØp-]≈ - n-Iƒ Xs∂-bmWv \ΩpsS \m´n-sebpw BZy-Ime apkvenw
hnZym-`ym-ksØ \nb-{¥n-®n-cp-∂X - .v \mSns‚ H‰-s∏´ `mK-ßf - n¬ Nne
Zo\o kvt\ln-Iƒ Bcw-`n® Cu HmØp-]-≈n-Iƒ \ΩpsS Ckvem-
anI sFU‚n‰n cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ henb ]¶v hln-®p. aZvd-k-
Ifpw ]≈n-Z¿kp-Ifpw hnI-kn-®p-hc - p-∂X
- n\p apºv, apkvenw-hn-Zym¿∞n-
Isf hnZym-k-º-∂-cm-°p-∂- kp{]-[m\ tI{µ-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Cu
HmØp-]-≈n-Iƒ. kz¥w hoSp-I-tfmSv tN¿t∂m ho´p-h-f-∏n-t\mSv
tN¿t∂m BWv HmØp]-≈n-Iƒ kwhn-[m-\n-°s - ∏-´n-cp-∂X
- .v ap√am¿
Ft∂m sam√m°am¿ Ft∂m BWv ChnsS ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-h¿ hnfn-
°-s∏-´n-cp-∂X- .v hoSns‚ sNcp-hntem tImem-bntem BWv ]e-t∏mgpw
CXv kwhn-[m-\n-°s - ∏-Sp-I. ho´p-ap-‰Øv ac-ØS- n-IƒsImt≠m at‰m
\n¿an-°p∂ ]¥-ep-If - nepw CXv \S-∂n-cp-∂p.
Ad_n A£c ]T-\a - mWv {][m-\a - mbpw HmØp-]≈ - n-If - n¬
XpSßp∂-Xv. Jp¿-B≥ HmØv ]cn-io-e\ - hpw AXn-\p-tijw \S-°p-
∂p. ac-∏-e-I-bn¬ NoSn-aÆv tX®v AXn¬ Icn-sIm≠v Fgp-Xp∂
Hcp coXn-bmWv ChnsS A\p-h¿Øn-°s - ∏-´n-cp-∂X- v. {]mcw` Ckvem-
anI PohnX ioe-ßfpw {ItaW Chn-sS-\n∂pw \¬I-s∏-´p.
Ab-t©-‰n¬ HmØp-]-≈n-bmWv CXn¬ Gsd {][m-\-s∏-
´Xpw ]g°ap≈-Xp-amb H∂v. Ab-t©-‰n¬ A–p√ lmPnbpw At±-
l-Øns‚ DΩ-bp-am-bn-cp∂p Chn-SsØ {][m\ sam√m-°-am¿. Ah-
cpsS ho´n¬ kwhn-[m-\n-°-s∏´ Cu HmØp-]-≈n-bn-emWv \ΩpsS
\m´nse ]g-a° - m¿ HmØp-]T - n-®n-cp-∂X- v. A[ym-]\ - t- a-Je - b
- nse Cu
s]¨km-∂n[yw \ΩpsS \mSns‚ A`n-am-\-am-Wv. ]gb ImeØv
CXv Ipd-hm-sW-¶nepw Aßn-ßmbn ImW-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. ]e-I-bn-se-
gp-Xnbpw Npa-cn¬ hc®pw Ah¿ Hcp Xe-ap-dsb HmØp ]Tn-∏n-®p.
\mc-It- i-cn- HmØp-]≈ - n-bmWv Cu \mSns‚ Ckvem-anI C∂-
se-Isf cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ henb ]¶v hln® as‰m-∂v. {kmºy
F∂mWv ]ecpw CXns\ hnfn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. \mc-I-ticn DÆn-tambn
sam√m-°-bmWv CXv \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. kz¥w ho´p-ap-‰Øv at\m-l-
c-ambn ac-Ø-Sn-sIm≠v \n¿an® ]pc-bn-em-bn-cp∂p CXv. I¿j-I-
\mbncp∂ At±lw Xs‚ Irjn-∏W - n°pw Imen-ta-°e - n-\p-an-S°v e`n-
°p∂ ka-bß - f - n-emWv CXv \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂X - .v A∂sØ hfsc t]cp-
tI´ HmØp-]≈ - n-If - n-sem-∂m-bn-cp∂p CXv. ae-bΩ - , ]p≈m-hq¿, ]p≈-
\q¿ F∂n-hn-Sß - f - n¬\n-s∂√mw Chn-sS-°mWv Bfp-Iƒ ]Tn-°m-s\-
Øn-bX - v. \o≠ h¿j-ßt- fmfw CXv \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. Ip∆-I≠ - n-bn¬
sambvXo≥ tImb lmPn, Ben-∏d - º
- Øv Ben lmPn, ]p\-Øn≥]p-
dØv A“Zv lmPn, ae-bΩ sambvXp lmPn t]mse-bp-≈-h-sc√mw
Chn-sS-bmWv ]Tn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. \n¿WnX iº-ftam B\p-Iq-eytam
C√msX kaq-l\ - ∑- °- p-th-≠n-bmWv CXv \S-∂n-cp-∂X - v. F∂n-cp-∂m-
epw, {]Xn-^e - s - a-t∂mWw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ BgvNb - ntem hntij Znh-
k-ß-fntem Acn, s\øv t]mse Fs¥-¶nepw km[-\-߃ \¬Ip-
am-bn-cp-∂p. Nne¿ BgvN-bn¬ HcW \¬In-h-∂p. BgvN ap°m¬
F∂mWv CXv Adn-bs - ∏-´n-cp-∂X - v.
ae-bΩ ]≈n-tbmSv tN¿∂pw apºv Hcp HmØp-∏≈n
{]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂p. \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zns‚ tPyjvT≥ Ipt™m°p
apkven-bm-cmWv AXn¬ ]Tn-∏n-®n-cp-∂X - v. HmØp-]≈ - n-bn¬ B¨Ip-
´n-Ifpw s]¨Ip-´n-Ifpw Hcp-t]mse ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p.
\mc-I-t»cn Fe-Øq¿ HmØp-]-≈nbpw Cu cwKØv kw`m-
\-Iƒ A¿∏n® as‰m-∂m-Wv. ]n∂o-SXv \nkvIm-c∏ - ≈ - n-bm°n am‰s∏-
Sp-Ib
- m-bn-cp-∂p. ae-bΩ kvIqƒ XpS-ßnb ImeØpw Zqc-Øp-\n∂pw
AhnsS h∂p-Xm-a-kn® Hcp apkvenw A[ym-]-I≥ Hgnhp ka-b-ß-
fn¬ Ahn-sS-\n∂pw aX-]T - \w \¬In-bn-cp-∂p.
As∂m-s°, B¿s°-¶nepw tcmKtam at‰m Bbm¬ HmØp-
]-≈n-bnse Ip´n-Iƒ°v I™n t\¿®-bm-°m-dm-bn-cp∂p ]Xn-hv.
\mepw A©pw Znh-kß - f
- n-te-s°√mw AXv t\¿®-bm-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p.
Ip´n-Ifpw sam√m-°bpw h∂v I™n IpSn®v tcmKn°p th≠n
{]m¿∞n®p aS-ßnt∏m-hpw. Hcp kp{]-`m-X-Øn¬ ¢msk-Sp-Øp-sIm-
≠n-cns° \mc-It- »cnbnse Ncn-{X-{]-kn-≤a
- mb HmØp-]≈n XI¿∂p-
ho-Wp. ]e¿°pw apdnhv ]‰n. ]n∂o-SXv ]p\:ÿm]n-°-s∏-´n-´n-√.
AtXm-Sp-Iq-sS-bmWv HmØp-]≈ - n-bn¬\n∂pw aZvdk
- b
- n-te-°p≈ Nn¥
XpS-ßp-∂Xpw aZvdk kwhn-[m\w \ΩpsS \m´n¬ Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xpw.

aZvdk
- I - ƒ - hcpw-apºv
HmØp-]≈n kwhn-[m-\Ø - n¬\n∂p hnSp-Ibpw C∂sØ aZvd-
k-I-sf-t∏mse hnI-kn-°m-Ø-Xp-amb ]pXn-sbmcp kwcw-`-amWv
]n∂oSv hf¿∂p-h∂ - X
- v. apt≠m´p ]≈n°p apºn-embn \n¿an-°s - ∏´
HmØp-]≈ - n-bpsS Hcp hnI-kn® cq]-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. ]n¬°m-eØv
CXv s]mfn®p am‰-s∏-´p. Iptd Imew Chn-SsØ aX-hn-Zym-`ymk
taJ-eb - nse A]-cy]vXX ]cn-lc - n-®Xv Cu HmØp-]≈ - n-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
CXv XpS-ßn-bt- XmsS {kmºy-If - nse aX-]T - \w Ah-km-\n-°p-Ibpw
\m\m-`m-Kß - f- n¬\n∂pw Bfp-Iƒ CXn-te°p hcnIbpw sNbvXp.
Jp¿-B≥ ]T-\hpw aX-\n-jT v I
- f
- psS ]cn-io-e\
- h
- p-amWv {][m-
\-ambpw ChnsS \S-∂n-cp-∂-Xv. XmbS ap{In AØ≥°-bpsS aI≥
shÆ-t°mSv sambvXo≥ Ip´n apkven-bm-cm-Wv CXn¬ BZy-Im-eß - -
fn¬ DkvXm-Zmbn D≠m-bn-cp-∂X - v. ]Xn-\©p h¿j-tØmfw At±lw
tkh\w sNbvXp. ae-bΩ AlvaZv Ip´n sam√m-°, G®n-°p∂v
sambvXo≥ Ip´n apkven-bm¿, If-Øn-߬ A“Zv apkven-bm¿ XpS-
ßn-bh - c - mWv hnhn[ Ime-ßf - n¬ ChnsS A[ym-]\w \S-Øn-bn-cp∂
DkvXm-Zp-am¿. 1961 Ime-ßf - n¬ Ben-°p™n apkven-bm-cm-bn-cp∂p
Cu cwK-Øv. Cu Ime-bf - h- n¬ ]T\ taJe IqSp-X¬ Imcy-£a - a- m-
hp-Ibpw Nmen-e-IØv Ip™-l-ΩZv lmPn Xøm-dm-°nb Zo\n-øm-
Øv, Aa-en-ømØv t]mse-bp≈ ]pkvXI - ß
- fpsS ]T\w Bcw-`n-°p-
Ibpw sNbvXp. sNdn-b-hcpw hen-b-h-cp-a-S°w [mcmfw hnZym¿∞n-
Iƒ A∂v ]Tn-°m-s\-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. cmhnse apX¬ sshIp-t∂cw hsc-
bmWv ¢mkp-Iƒ \S-∂n-cp-∂-Xv. 1968 ¬ aZvdk HutZym-Kn-I-ambn
hcp-∂Xphsc Chn-sS-Øs - ∂-bm-bn-cp∂p ]T-\w.
]≈n-bnse \nim-¢m-kp-Iƒ
aX-hn-Zym-`ym-kØ
- ns‚ km¿h-{Xo-Ic - W- s- a-t∂mWw ASpØ
L´-ambn ChnsS D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv ]≈nsb tI{µo-Ic - n®v \S-Øs - ∏-´n-
cp∂ ¢mkp-If - m-W.v cm{Xn Cim-˛a - K
- c
v n-_n-\n-Sb- n-em-bn-cp∂p Cu ¢mkp-
Iƒ. \m´nse bphm-°ƒ°pw apXn¿∂-h¿°pw Ckvem-anI ]mT-߃
A\p-io-en-°m\pw akv-A-e-Iƒ ]Tn-°m-\p-ap≈ kwcw-`-am-bn-cp∂p
CXv. ]≈n-bpsS ]cn-kc tZi-ß-fn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂-h-cmWv {][m-\-
ambpw CXn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp-∂X - v.
]Øp-In-Øm_mbn-cp∂p {][m-\a - mbpw Cu ¢mknse ]T\
hnj-bw. If-Øn-߬ A“Zv Ip´n-ap-ke v n-bm¿, G®n-°p∂v sambvXo≥
Ip´n apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cmWv CXn\v t\XrXzw \¬In-bn-cp-∂-
Xv. \m´n¬ Hcp Ckvem-anI ssNX\yw D≠m-Im\pw km[m-cW P\-
߃°v aX-Im-cy-߃ ]cn-Nb - s- ∏Sm\pw CXv hgn-Xp-d∂ - n-´p-≠v.

]cn-kc aZvd-k-IfpsS DZbw

t\c-sØ-Øs∂ aZvdk - I- f
- psS sNdnb cq]-߃ D≠m-bn-cp-
∂p-sh-¶nepw 1952 HmsS-bmWv Ah°v tIc-f-Øn¬ Hcp GIo-IrX
cq]w ssIh-cp-∂X - .v Xma-kn-bmsX CXv \m\m-`m-Kß - f- n-te°pw hym]n-
°p-Ibpw hen-sbmcp {]ÿm-\-ambn amdp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
apt≠m´v aZvdk: Ip´n-I-fpsS AwK-_ew IqSn-b-tXmsS
apt≠m´pw Hcp aZvd-k-bpsS Bhiyw i‡-ambn h∂p. AXn-s‚-b-
Sn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ Imc-Wh - ∑
- m¿ AXn-s\-°p-dn®v Nn¥n-°p-Ibpw Xma-
kn-bmsX AXv km£m¬I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. HmØp-]-≈n-
bn¬\n∂pw A¬]w hS-°v˛Ing-°v- `mK-tØ°p sX‰n-bmWv CXv
\n¿an-°s - ∏-´X
- v. XS-º‰ A–p√ lmPn-bmWv CXn\p ÿew \¬In-
bn-cp-∂X
- v.
1968 \mbn-cp∂p aZvdk - b- psS D¬Lm-S\ - w. \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-
ZmWv CXv \n¿∆-ln-®n-cp-∂-Xv. sk‰pw ssa°pw sIm≠p-h∂ henb
]cn-]m-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. A]q¿∆w ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°p am{Xta A∂v AXv
sIm≠p-h∂ - n-cp-∂p-≈q. aZvdk - °v C¿im-Zp- zn-_n-bm≥ aZvdk F∂v
\ma-I-cWw \¬In. tX™n-∏ew sI.-Sn. apl-ΩZv apkven-bm-cpsS
\n¿t±-i-{]-Im-c-am-bn-cp∂p CXv. cPn-ÿ \º¿: 2039 Bbn CXv
kakvX tIcf Ckvemw-aX hnZym-`ymk t_m¿Un¬ cPn-ÿ sNø-
s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ae-bΩ tImbmap apkven-bm-cmWv CXns‚
]n∂n¬ {]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂X - v.
 aZvdk \mSns‚ Ckvem-anI hnZym-`ym-kØ - n¬ henb Ne\w
krjvSn-®p. Ben-°p™n apkven-bm¿, ae-bΩ tImbmap apkven-bm¿,
]h-dp´n apkven-bm¿, {]mhn¬ A–p√ apkven-bm¿, sI.-hn. apl-ΩZv
apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cm-bn-cp∂p Chn-SsØ BZy-Ime DkvXm-Zp-
am¿.
aebΩ aZvdk: 1954 Ifn-emWv ae-bΩ aZvd-kbpsS IY
Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. A∂v Iq´q-fn-∏-d-ºn¬ hocm≥ Ip´n lmPn ]c-∏m-d-
°¬ \nkvIm-c-∏-≈n°p \¬Inb ÿeØv sI´n-bp-≠m-°nb Hme-
ta™ sNdp IqSm-c-am-bn-cp∂p aZvd-k. HmØp-]-≈n-bpsS Hcp hnI-
knX cq]-am-bn-cp∂p CXv. \mc-I-t»cn Ipt™m°p apkven-bmcpw
If-Øn-߬ A–p√ apkven-bm-cp-am-bn-cp∂p Ahn-SsØ BZy-Ime
A[ym-]-I¿. tij-anXv c≠mbn ]ncn-bp-Ibpw Hcp hn`mKw ]c-∏n¬
]≈n°p kao-]-ap≈ aZvd-k-bn-te°p t]mhp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Xma-
kn-bmsX IΩn‰n \ne-hn¬h-cn-Ibpw {]h¿Ø-\-߃ kPo-h-am-hp-
Ibpap-≠mbn. bYm-{Iaw ]mW-°mSv sambvXo≥ Ip™n lmPnbpw
]mem-´p-Ω¬ A_q-_Iv¿ lmPn-bp-am-bn-cp∂p {]kn-U‚pw sk{I-´-
dn-bpw. 1963 ¬ XmPp¬lpZm aZvdk F∂ t]cn¬ CXv 1013˛mw \º-
dmbn ka-kvX-bn¬ cPn-ÿ sNø-s∏-´p.
1968 ¬ \ºn-°-Ω-em´v C{_mlow lmPn Ipd®p ÿew
hJv^mbn \¬Ip-∂t- Xm-sS-bmWv aZvdk ae-bΩ Aßm-Sn-bn-te°p
amdp-∂-Xv. \m´p-Im-cp-sSbpw Zo\o-kvt\-ln-I-fp-sSbpw klmb kl-
I-cW- ß- t- fm-sS- AhnsS hyh-ÿm-]n-Xa - m-sbmcp aZvdk- m-sI-´nSw \ne-
hn¬h-∂p. XS-º‰ A–p¬ JmZn¿ lmPn, XS-º‰ A–p√ lmPn
t]mse-bp-≈-h¿ CXn-\mbn henb klm-b-߃ \¬In. [\-k-am-
l-c-Wm¿∞w F.-hn. A–p¿d-ln-am≥ apkven-bm¿, aS-hq¿ kn.-Fw.
hen-øp-√mln XpS-ßn-bh - c
- psS hbfv ]c-ºc - I
- ƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-®p. hoSp-
I-fn¬\n∂pw e`n-®n-cp∂ tXß, Ip©n-bc - n, tN\ XpS-ßn-bh- b
- m-bn-
cp∂p A∂v aZ-dk - °- p≈ a‰p hcp-am-\ß
- ƒ. 1999 ¬ XS-º‰ A–p√
lmPn aZvd-k°v ]Øv sk‚ v ÿew kw`m-h-\-bmbn \¬In. [¿an-
jvS-cpsS AI-a-gn™ CØcw tkh-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv aZvdk
AXns‚ ]ptcm-bm\ ]S-hp-Iƒ Ib-dn-Øp-S-ßp-∂-Xv. 2003 ¬ aZvd-k-
bpsS ]pXnb sI´n-S-Øn-\p kam-cw`w Ipdn-°-s∏-´p.
shÆ-t°mSv aZvdk: shÆ-t°mSv C∂sØ Ppap-AØv ]≈n-
bpsS FXn¿h-iØ - mbn D≠m-bn-cp∂ sIm®p {kmºy-bn-emWv apºv
aX-]-T\w D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. A_q-_Iv¿ sam√m-°-bm-bn-cp∂p Ahn-
SsØ A[ym-]I - cnsem-cmƒ. NoSn-aÆ - n¬ Ad_n A£-cß - s- f-gp-Xn-
∏-Tn-∏n-°p∂ HmØp-]≈n k{º-Zm-ba - m-bn-cp∂p Chn-sS.
]≈n Db¿∂p-h-∂-tXmsS CXv Xo¿Øpw C√m-sX-bm-bn.
tijw, kvIqƒsI-´n-St- ØmSv tN¿∂v ]pXn-sbmcp aZvdk Db¿∂p-h-
∂p. (B sI´nSw Dt]-£n-°s - ∏-´X
- mbn C∂pw AhnsS ImWm-hp-∂-
Xm-Wv.) Icp-h-sºm-bn¬ sI.-hn. tambn≥ Ip´n lmPn-bmWv CXn\v
ÿew \¬In-bn-cp-∂-Xv. CtXmsS {kmºy-bnse aX-]-T\w aZvd-k-
bn-te°p amdp-Ibpw Gsd hyh-ÿm-]n-X-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Jp∆-
Øp¬ Ckvemw F∂v \ma-Ic - Ww sNø-s∏´ Cu aZvdk ka-kX v °p
Iogn¬ 412 \º-dmbn cPnÿ sNø-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. A“Zv Ip´n sam√m-
°, sNdptIm-´p-Ip∂v Ip™m-bn≥ Ip´n apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cm-
bn-cp∂p Chn-SsØ DkvXm-Zp-am¿. G®n-°p-∂n¬\n∂pw kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-
°m-s\-Øp∂ Ip´n-I-fmWv IqSp-X-embpw CXn¬ ]Tn®ncp-∂-Xv.
{ItaW Ip´n-Iƒ Ipd-bp-Ibpw aZvdk ]q´p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]Icw
CtX t]cn¬Xs∂ AXv G®n-°p-∂n¬ Xpd∂v {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.
shÆ-t°ms´ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°mbnam{Xw ChnsS as‰mcp
aZvdkbpw kam-¥-c-ambn {]h¿Øn-®p-h∂n-cp-∂p. ]gb sI´n-S-
Øn¬\n∂pw ]pXnb sI´n-S-Øn-te°p amdnb CXv C∂pw hnP-b-I-
c-ambn \S-∂p-hc - p-∂p.
]p≈-\q¿ aZvdk - : 1950 IfpsS sXm´p-apºv Ipgn-aÆ - n¬ ]≈n-
bn¬sh-®mWv ]p≈-\q¿ iwkp¬lpZm aZvdk - b
- psS B-cw-`w. Ipd®p
Ime-߃ Hcp HmØp-]≈ - n-t]mse ]≈n-bpsS sNcp-hn¬sh®v ¢mkv
\S-∂p. If-Øn-߬ A–p√ apkven-bm-cm-bn-cp∂p A∂sØ A≤ym-
]-I≥. 1954 ¬ Ip∆-°≠n Bbni DΩbpw aI≥ sambvXo≥ tImb
lmPnbpw ÿew \¬In-b-tXm-sS-bmWv aZvdk kzX-{¥-amb sI´n-
S-Øn-te°p amdp-∂X - v. 1963 ¬ CXv 1014 \º-dmbn ka-kvXb - n¬ cPn-
ÿ sNø-s∏-´p. ae-bΩ tImbmap aue-hn-bmWv CXn\p th≠n
{]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂X - v.
]n∂o-Sn-tßm´v aZvd-k-bpsS hf¿®m L´-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]p\-
Øn≥]p-dØv AlvaZv lmPn, `mcy IZo-ip-Ω, Ip∆-°≠n sambvXo≥
tImb lmPn-bpsS a°ƒ, X´-ßt- »cn Cºn®n tamZn lmPn, tXßm-
t∏m-bn¬ IZo-ipΩ XpSßn ]ecpw aZvdk - °p `qan hJv^mbn \¬In.
Nne-bn-S-ß-fn-embn `qan kz¥-ambn FSp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. hnhn[
L´-ßf - n-eqsS IS-∂p-h∂ aZvdk C∂p ]Øp ¢mkp-If - mbn ]pXnb
sI´n-SØ - n¬ {]h¿Øn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.
 `mKw c≠v
Krlhntijw
 4

Adn-hnse IpSpw_w
A¥m-\Øv Xd-hmSv tImgn-t°ms´ {][m\ Xd-hm-Sp-If - n-sem-
∂m-W.v \√fw `mK-ØmWv CXv inJ-cß - ƒ hnS¿Øn ]S¿∂p-]n-Sn®ncp-
∂-Xv. Dƒ{]-tZ-i-ßsf At]-£n®v Xoc-tZ-i-ß-tfmSv ASp-Øp-In-S-
°p∂ {]tZ-i-am-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ BZy-Imew apX¬Xs∂ \√ P\-
hm-ka - p≈ \mSm-bn-cp∂p CXv. Ad-_n-Ifpw hnhn-[b - n\w I®-hS- ° - m-
cp-sa√mw \nc-¥cw IS-∂p-t]m-bn-cp∂ tZiw. Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ Xoc-
tZ-i-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Bfp-Iƒ Dƒ{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-te°p amdn-Øm-a-kn-
°m≥ XpS-ßn. 1800 IfpsS Ah-km\ Ime-ßfmb-t∏m-tg°pw CXv
IqSp-X¬ i‡n-s∏-´p. kz—-¥hpw im¥-kp-µc - h
- p-amb Dƒ\m-S≥ {]tZ-
i-߃ tXSn Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw bm{X-bm-bn. B KW-Øn¬ ae-bΩ
\mc-It- »cn h∂p Xma-ka - m-°nb {]ap-J\ - m-bn-cp∂p ac-°m¿ lmPn.
Xs‚ Xd-hm-Sn-te°p tN¿Øn A¥m-\Øv ac-°m¿ lmPn F∂mWv
Bfp-Iƒ At±-lsØ hnfn-®n-cp-∂X - v.
ae-bΩ P\-Po-hnXw \t∂ Ipd-hp≈ Ime-am-bn-cp∂p CXv.
apkvenw-Iƒ hfsc Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂p. \ºq-cn-am-cp-sSbpw \mb-∑m-cp-
sSbpw ssII-fn-em-bn-cp∂p Cu `mKsØ `qan-Is - f-√mw. G°-dp-Iƒ
\o≠p-In-S-°p∂ `qan-I-fn¬ Ah¿ Irjn \SØn Pohn-®phcn-I-bm-
bn-cp-∂p. ac-°m¿ lmPn Ah-cn¬\n∂pw hen-sbmcp `q{]-tZiw ]Ww-
sIm-SpØp hmßn. \mc-It- »cn F∂mWv B ]dºv Adn-bs - ∏-´n-cp-∂-
Xv. tijw, AhnsS hoSv sI´n, Xma-k-am-cw-`n-°pIbpw apt≠m´p
\n∂v Bans\ F∂ kv{Xosb hnhm-lw Ign-°pIbpw sNbvXp.
Hcp Hme ta™ hoSmWv A∂v D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
\m´nse \s√mcp I¿j-I\ - m-bn-cp∂p ac-°m¿ lmPn. \mSns‚
s]mXpkz`mhw-t]m-se-Øs∂ Imen-Isf hf¿Øp-Ibpw Aßn-
ßmbn Irjn-Iƒ \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Pohn-X-Øn-ep-S-\ofw
\√ ioe-ßfpw k¬kz-`m-hhpw sh®p-]p-e¿Øn. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-
s∂, Bfp-Iƒ°v At±-l-Øn¬ \√ aXn-∏m-bn-cp-∂p. hfsc s]´-
∂p-Xs - ∂, F√m A¿∞-Ønepw At±lw Cu \m´p-Im-c\ - mbn amdn.
AXym-hiyw Adn-™n-cn-t°≠ Imcy-ß-sf√mw t\c-sØ-
Øs∂ ]Tn-®p-sh-®X - n-\m¬ aX-Im-cy-ßf - nepw \√ t_m[-am-bn-cp-∂p.
InØm-t_m-Xp-Ih - sc sNbvXn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv ]d-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v. GXm-
bm-epw, aX-t_m-[-tØm-sS-bp≈ Hcp \mS≥ Pohn-X-amWv At±lw
\bn-®n-cp-∂X - v. aX-\n-jvTI - f- n¬ {]tXyIw {i≤-bm-bn-cp-∂p. \nkvIm-
c-߃ Hgn-™p-t]m-ImsX \n¿h-ln-®p. \√ ioe-߃ Pohn-X-Øn-
ep-S\
- ofw \ne-\n¿Øn.
`‡n-bpsSbpw XJvhb - p-sSbpw Imcy-Øn¬ t]cp-tI´ Bfm-
bn-cp∂p ac-°m¿ lmPn. Bcm-[\ - I
- f
- n¬ {]th-in-®m¬ h√mØ `b-
`‡n (Jp-iq-Av) Bbn-cp-∂p. ]pdw-tem-Ih - p-ambn bmsXmcp _‘-hp-
ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]pdØv \S-°p-∂Xv bmsXm∂pw Adn-bp-Ibpw
sNbvXn-√. A√m-lp-hn-em-bn-cp∂p Nn¥-Iƒ apgp-h≥. Hcn-°¬ ]≈n-
bn¬sh®v \nkvI-cn-®psIm-≠ncn°p-tºmƒ At±-l-Øns‚ ico-c-
Øn¬ Hcp AcW Ib-dnb kw`hw ]g-a-°m¿°n-S-bn¬ {]kn-≤-am-
Wv. AcW Imen-eqsS Ib-dn, Xe-bn-eqsS Xmtg-°n-dß - n-t∏m-bn. A{X-
am{Xw \n›-ehpw im¥-hp-am-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ ico-cw. P\-
ß-sf√mw CXp I≠v Aº-cs - ∂-¶nepw At±lw CXv Adn-bp-IX - s∂
sNbvXn-cp-∂n-√. Btcm ]d-™t- ∏mƒ am{X-amWv At±lw CXv Adn-
bp-∂X - v. Bcm-[\ - mthfI-fn¬ C{X-am{Xw A√m-lphn¬ ebn-®p-tN-
cp∂ Hcp {]Ir-X° - m-c\ - m-bn-cp∂p At±-lw.
lmPnam¿ hfsc Ipd-hp≈ B Ime-Øp-Xs∂ At±lw
l÷v \n¿h-ln-®n-cp-∂p. sh≈n-bmgvN Znh-kß - f- n¬ hfsc t\c-sØ-
Øs∂ ]≈n-bn-se-Øn Bcm-[-\-I-fn¬ apgp-Ipambn-cp-∂p. \mS≥
Pohn-Xa - m-sW-¶nepw aqey-ßsf AW-™p-t]m-ImsX Pohn-XØ - n-ep-
S-\ofw sIm≠p-\S- ° - m≥ {i≤n® A]q¿hw hy‡n-Xz-ßf - n-sem-cm-fm-
bn-cp∂p ac-°m¿ lmPn F∂p Npcp-°n∏-db - mw.
Imew Ign-™pt]mbn. ac-°m¿-˛-B-an\ Zº-Xn-IfpsS
ZmºXy h√-cn-bn¬ Ipkp-a-߃ hncn-™p XpSßn. A©p Ipkp-
a߃. aq∂p BWpw c≠p s]Æpw. CXn¬ aq∂m-a-\m-bn-cp∂p
\ΩpsS IYm-]p-cp-j≥ AlvaZv A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿. C_vdmlow
apkven-bm¿, Ipt™m°p apkven-bm¿ F∂n-h-¿ bYm-{Iaw tPyjvT
ktlm-Zc - ∑
- m-cm-Wv. ^mYn-a, Bbni F∂n-h¿ ktlm-Zc - n-am-cpw.
aX-t_m-[a - p≈ hy‡n-bm-bn-cp-∂X - n-\m¬ Xs‚ a°-sfbpw
aX-t_m-[-ap-≈-h-cm°n hf¿Øp∂-Xn¬ ac-°m¿ lmPn {]tXyIw
{i≤n-®p. Ahsc henb ]fin-X∑ - m-cm°n am‰-Ws - a-∂m-bn-cp∂p At±-
l-Øns‚ B{K-lw. H∂p-In¬, IpSpw-_-tØm-sSm∏w Irjn-ta-J-e-
bn-te°p Xncn-bp-I, As√-¶n¬ Z¿kn¬ ]Tn-°m≥ t]mhpI F∂n-
ßs\ c≠v H]vj-\p-Iƒ am{Xta A∂v s]mXp-hn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-
≈q. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, ho´nse kml-N-cyhpw t{]m’m-l-\-hp-a-
\p-k-cn®v ]ecpw ]Tn-°m≥ t]mbn-cp-∂p. ac-°m¿ lmPnbpw `mcy
Ban-\bpw CXn¬ IqSp-X¬ Xm¬]-cy-ap-≈h - c
- m-bn-cp-∂X - n-\m¬ F√m
a°fpw ]T\ cwK-tØ°p Xncn-™p.
\m´n¬\n∂p Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p C_vdmlow Ip´n apkven-bm-
cp-sSbpw Ipt™m°p apkven-bm-cp-sSbpw {]mY-anI ]T-\w. AXn\p
tijw, Ccp-hcpw A∂sØ G‰hpw henb Z¿kpw tIc-f-Øns‚
hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬\n∂pw A\-h-[n-bm-fp-Iƒ ]Tn-°m-s\-Øp-Ibpw
sNbvXn-cp∂ hmg-°m-t´°p t]mbn. AhnsS Iptd Imew ]Tn®
tijw, amln-bn-te°p Xncn-°p-Ibpw AhnsS Ipd®p Imew ]Tn-°p-
Ibpw sNbvXp. XpS¿∂v, AXns‚ ]cn-k-c-ß-fn¬ A[ym-]\ cwK-
tØ°p Xncn-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]n∂oSv hnhn[ ÿe-ß-fn¬ Z¿kpw
HmØp-]≈ - n-bp-sams° Bbn-´m-bn-cp∂p Ccp-hc - p-sSbpw Pohn-Xw. AXn-
\n-sS, Ipt™m°p apkven-bm¿ ae-bΩ ]≈n-tbmSp tN¿∂p \S-∂p-
h-∂n-cp∂ HmØp-]≈ - n-bnepw IptdImew sam√m-°b - mbn {]h¿Øn-
®n-cp-∂p.
Xs‚ PohnX Ime-Øp-Xs∂ ac-°m¿ lmPn-bpsS A©p
a°fpw hnhm-ln-Xc - m-bn. ]cn-kc {]tZ-iß- f- n¬\n-∂p-Xs - ∂-bm-bn-cp∂p
F√m-h-cp-sSbpw hnhm-lw. C_vdmlow Ip´n apkven-bm¿°v CXn¬
Ip™p-߃ ]nd-°p-Ibpw IpSpw_ PohnXw Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. tijw, At±lw \mSv hn´v t]mhp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]Tn-∏n-
°m≥t]mb GtXm ÿe-Øp-sh®v ac-W-s∏-´p-sh-∂mWv hniz-kn-
°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. apt≠m´v ssk\-_-bm-bn-cp∂p Ipt™m°p apkven-
bm-cpsS `mcy. ae-bΩ°mWv ^mYn-a-bpsS hnhmlw \S-∂-Xv. ]c-
∏m¿°¬ Akbn¬ lmPn Bbn-cp∂p `¿Øm-hv. _cym-e-bn¬
Ip™men F∂ hy‡n Bbn-isb hnhmlw sNbvXp. apt≠m´v
`mK-tØ-°m-bn-cp∂p Cu hnhmlw \S-∂-Xv. CXn¬, F√m-hcpw ac-
W-s∏-´p. apt≠m-t´m ae-bΩ - tbm BWv F√m-hc - p-sSbpw J_-dp-Iƒ
ÿnXn sNøp-∂X - v.
 5

P\-\hpw Ip´n-°m-ehpw
ac-°m¿-˛-B-an\ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS A©p a°-fn¬ aq∂m-asØ
I¨a-Wn-bmbn Hcp B¨ Ip™v ]nd-∂p. 1904 \mbn-cp∂p CXv.
Xo¿Øpw km[m-c-W-amb kw`-hw. Ip™n\v Ah¿ A“Zv A_q-
_Iv¿ F∂v \ma-I-cWw sNbvXp. Xs‚ IpSpw-_hpw \mSpw Cu
Ip™v Imc-W-ambn {]kn≤n t\Sp-sa∂v A∂v Ah¿ \n\-®n-cp-∂n-
√. Akm-[m-c-W-ambn bmsXm∂pw kw`-hn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂n-
√. F√mw km[m-c-W-t]m-se. ]s£, B Ip™v Akm-[m-c-W-am-
sbmcp Pohn-XØ - n\v DS-ab - m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]n∂o-SmWv F√mhcpw Xcn-
®-dn-™X - v.
DΩ-bp-sSbpw tPyjvT ktlm-Zc - ∑
- m-cp-sSbpw ]cn-em-f\
- t- bmsS
Ip™v hf¿∂p. D∏ ac-°m¿ lmPn Irjn-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬
hoSn\p ]pd-ØmWv ]e-t∏mgpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂X - v. Irjn ]cn-]m-en®pw
`qan Dgp-Xnbpw Imen-Isf ta®pw ]pdØp t]mIpw. \√ \ne°v `qan
Dgp-Xm-\-dn-bp∂ A∂sØ Npcp°w Nne-cn¬ Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂p At±-
lw. Hcp XpWn DSpØpw as‰mcp ap≠v ]pX-®p-am-bn-cp∂p \S-Øw.
Ip∏mbw [cn-°p∂ ioew A∂v \t∂ Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂p. Nne-t∏mƒ
Hcp _\n-b≥ [cn-°pw. A{X-am-{Xw. A∂sØ km[-cW P\-ß-
fpsS thjhpw AXm-bn-cp-∂p-ht- √m.
F¶nepw ho´nse aXm-¥-co£w Ip™ns‚ hf¿®-bn¬
A\p-Iq-e-ambn {]Xn-^-en-®p. DΩbpw D∏bpw aX Nn´-I-fpsS Imcy-
Øn¬ _≤-{i-≤c - m-bn-cp-∂p. tPyjvT ktlm-Zc - ß
- sf AXn-\p-th≠n
A\p-io-en-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Cusbmcp Np‰p-]m-Sn¬ Ip™v
hf¿∂p-he - p-Xm-bn. \√ ioe-ßfpw Nn´-Ifpw ]Tn-®p.
Fgp-Øn-\n-cp-Øm≥ Ime-am-bn. Ab-t©-‰n¬ A–p√ lmPn
\S-Øn-bn-cp∂ HmØp-]≈ - n-bmWv A∂v F√m-hcpw HmØp-]T - \- Ø
- n-
\mbn sXc-s™-Sp-Øn-cp-∂-Xv. AhnsS At±-lhpw DΩbpw ]Tn-∏n-
®n-cp-∂p. ]e-Ib - n-se-gpXn Ad_n A£cw ]Tn-°p∂ Ime-am-bn-cp∂p
AXv. Jp¿-B≥ ]T\w hfsc kmh-[m-\Ø - nte \S-∂n-cp-∂p-≈q.
aI-c-°m¿ lmPn Xs‚ aIs\ Ab-t©-‰n¬ HmØp-]-≈n-
bn¬ sIm≠m-°n. A–p√ sam√m°bpw DΩbpw Ip´nsb \√-t]mse
{i≤n-®p. ]T-\-Øn¬ ka¿∞-\m-bn-cp∂p Alva-Zv. ]e-I-bn¬ NoSn
aÆv tX®v, AXn¬ tImep-sIm≠v Fgp-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂p A∂sØ ]T-
\w. BZyw sam√m° Fgp-Xn-Øc - pw. AXv t\m°n Bh¿Øn®v Fgp-
X-Ww. sX‰p- h-∂m¬ sam√m° Xncp-Øn-Ø-cpw. ]ns∂, Jp¿-B≥
HmØp-]-T-\w. hfsc kmh-[m-\-Øn-emWv CsX√mw \S-∂n-cp-∂-Xv.
AlvaZv h¿j-߃ sNe-hg- n®v CsX√mw ]Tn-s®-Sp-Øp. tijw, Zo\n-
øm-Øv, Aa-en-øm-Øv, aDu-\-Øp¬ Ckvemw t]mse-bp≈ Ckvem-
anI A\p-jvTm-\-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ sNdnb ]pkvX-I-ßfpw
]Tn-®p. A°m-esØ {]m[-anI aX ]T\w C{X-am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p.
AXmWv Hmtcm-cp-Øc - p-sSbpw Ckvem-anI Pohn-XsØ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-
bn-cp-∂X- .v CsX√mw ]Tn®pIgn-™t- ∏m-tg°pw A∂sØ Hcp km[m-
cW apkven-ans‚ PohnX \ne-hm-c-Øn-te-s°Øn AlvaZv A_q-
_Iv¿ F∂ Ip´n-bpw.
HmØp-]≈n Ime-bf - h
- n¬ At±-lØ - ns‚ Imcy-߃ {i≤n-
®n-cp∂ as‰mcp A[ym-]I - \- m-bn-cp∂p AlvaZv Ip´n sam√m°. At±-
l-Øns‚ Ah-kt- cm-Nn-Xa - mb CS-s]-Se - p-Iƒ Ip´n-bpsS hf¿®°v
Gsd D]-Imcw sNbvXp.
a°sf Ign-hXpw ]Tn-∏n®v ]fin-X-cm°n am‰-W-sa-∂m-bn-
cp∂p ]nXm-hns‚ B{K-lw. AX-\p-k-cn®v apXn¿∂ c≠p Ip´n-I-
sfbpw hmg-°mSv Zmdp¬ Deq-an-emWv ]Tn-°m-\mbn ]d-™-b®ncp-
∂-Xv. HSp-hn¬, A“-Zn-s\bpw Ahn-tS-°p-Xs∂ ]d-™-b-°m≥
At±lw B{K-ln-®p.
B Hcp B{Klw ac-°m¿ lmPn-bpsS IpSpw_ Ncn{Xw
Xs∂ am‰n-ad - n-®p. B Hcp Xocp-am-\a - mWv "\mc-It- »cn DkvXmZv' F∂
hen-sbmcp km∂n≤y-Øns‚ cq]o-Ic - W
- Ø - n\v ]›m-Øe - s
- am-cp-°n-
b-Xv. AtXm-sS, A¥m-\Øv ac-°m¿ lmPn-bpsS aq∂m-asØ aI-
\m-b, km[m-c-W-°m-c-\mb Alva-Zv, ae-bΩ AlvaZv A_q-_Iv¿
apkven-bm¿ F∂ tIcfw I≠ {]kn-≤\ - mb ]finX {]ap-J\ - mbn
amdp-Ib- m-bn-cp-∂p.
 6

el-f°
- m¿ hoSv IØn-°p∂p
Hme ta™ sNdn-sbmcp hoSm-bn-cp∂p ac-°m¿ lmPn-
bp-sS-Xv. A∂sØ hoSv\n¿amW coXnbpw AXm-bn-cp-∂p. F√m-
hcpw sNdnb Hme ta™ hoSp-I-fmWv D≠m-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
henb P∑n-I-fp-sSXp am{Xta CXn¬\n∂pw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp-
∂p-≈q. hfsc Ipd™ hoSp-Itf A∂v Cu `mK-ß-fn¬ D≠m-
bn-cp-∂p-≈q. AXn-\m¬, D≈ hoSp-IƒXs∂ H‰-s∏´ \ne-°m-
Wv ImW-s∏-´n-cp-∂Xv. Hcp hoSpw AXn\p Np‰pw G°-dp-Iƒ
\o≠p-In-S° - p∂ Irjn `qanbpw. AXm-bn-cp∂p s]mXp-hmb coXn.
ac-°m¿ lmPn°pw Bh-iy-Øn\v `qan-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
{_n´ojv ]´mfw \mSp-\osf B{I-aW {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-
ambn HmSn \S-∂n-cp∂ Ime-am-bn-cp∂p CXv. P∑n-I-fpsS Ic-ß-
fn-em-bn-cp∂p `qan apgph≥. Ah¿°m-bn-cp∂p Fhn-sSbpw B[n-
]-Xy-hpw. am∏nf el-f°v ]›m-Ø-e-sam-cp-°nb Ime-ß-fm-bn-
cp-∂-Xn-\m¬, A∂v am∏-f-am¿°v Fhn-sSbpw kzÿ-X-bp-≠m-
bn-cp-∂n-√. shSn-sh∏pw Xosh∏pw sIme-hn-fn-Ifpw am{X-am-Wv
F√mbn-S-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Db¿∂p-tI-´n-cp-∂-Xv. ae-b-Ω, shÆ-
t°m-Sv, ]q≈-\q¿ `mK-ß-fn-se√mw Ah¿ `oIcX krjvSn®v
tdm¥p Np‰n. IÆn¬ ImWp-∂-h-sc-sb√mw B{I-an-°p-Ibpw
]oVn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A\-h[n ho-Sp-I-fmWv A∂v Cu
`mK-ßf - n¬ A·n-°n-cb - m-bn-cp-∂X
- v. A\-h[n Poh-\p-Ifpw A]-
l-cn-°-s∏-´p. \nc-]-cm-[n-I-fmb A\h-[n-bm-fp-Iƒ Ip‰-°m-cmbn
Btcm-]n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Pbn-en-e-I-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
CsX√mw I≠pw tI´pw-sIm-≠mWv ac-°m¿ lmPn \mc-
I-t»cn Xs‚ ho´n¬ Ign-™p-Iq-Sn-bn-cp-∂X - v. 1921 te°p sNs∂-
Øn® ]cn-kc `oI-c-X-Iƒ At±lw icn°pw A\p-`-hn-®n-cp-
∂p. {_n´o-jv]-Ssb km[m-cW I≠p-sIm≠pw Ah-cpsS {Iqc-
X-I-sf-°p-dn® hm¿Ø-Iƒ tI´p-sIm-≠p-amWv Ah-cpsS Hmtcm
Znh-khpw Ign-™p-t]m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. F∂n-cp-∂m-epw, X\n°pw
IpSpw-_-Øn\pw CXp-hsc Aß-s\-sbmcp `oj-Wnbpw t\cn-
tS≠n h∂n-cp-∂n-√. Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ ImWp-I-am-{X-amWv D≠m-
bn-cp-∂X - v. Ime-߃ Aßs\ Ign-™p-t]m-bn. ho´n¬ `mcybpw
Ip´n-Ifpw kt¥m-j-tØmsS Pohn-®p-t]m-∂p. A“Zn\v ]Øp
hb- p Ign™ kab-am-bn-cp∂p AXv.
ac-°m¿ lmPn°v hnim-e-amb kplrZv _‘-ß-fp-≠m-
bn-cp-∂p. apkvenw IpSpw-_-߃ hfsc hnZqc Zn°p-I-fn-em-bn-cp-
∂-Xn-\m¬ AhtcmSm-bn-cp∂p _‘-߃. CS-°nsS Ah-cpsS
hoSp-I-fn¬ t]mhp-Ibpw Ah¿ Ctßm´p hcn-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-
∂p. CuÃv ae-b-Ω-bnse At±-l-Øns‚ Hcp ]cn-N-b-°m-c-\m-
bn-cp∂p I≈m-Sn-°≠ - Ø- n¬ _nt®m-bm° F∂-bmƒ. Ah¿°n-
S-bnse _‘hpw C{]-ImcwXs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
{_n´o-jp-Im¿, X߃°p sshcm-Ky-ap-≈-hsc tXSn∏n-
Sn®p hI-h-cp-Øp∂ Ime-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. Xß-fpsS \ne-
\n¬∏n\v `ojWn krjv S n- ° p- ∂ - h - s c- s b√mw GX- ‰ w- h sc
sN∂pw Ah¿ C√mbva sNbvXp. Ahsc kwc-£n-°p-∂h - s- cbpw
klm-bn-°p-∂-h-scbpw IW-°n\p ]oVn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Aß-s\-bn-cns° Hcp Znh-kw. _nt®m-bn° ac-°m¿
lmPn-bpsS ho´n¬ h∂p. Ft¥m {][m-\-s∏´ Imcy-߃
kwkm-cn-°mWv h∂n-cp-∂Xv. ho´n¬ `mcybpw a°fpw a‰p ]e-
cp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Aß-s\-bn-cn-°-shbmWv ]´mfw B hgn IS-
∂p-h-∂-Xv. _nt®m-bv°sb I≠ Ah¿ ho´n-te°p Cc®p Ib-
dp-Ibpw shSn-sh∏v \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Bcp-an-√mØ ka-b-
am-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ ssk\ysØ {]Xn-tcm-[n-°m≥ Ign-bp-am-bn-
cp-∂n-√. At±lw Ahn-sS-sh-®p-Xs∂ c‡-km-£n-bm-bn. Ien-
b-S-ßmØ ]´mfw tImem-l-e-ß-fp-≠m-°n, sIme-hnfn apg-°p-
Ibpw hoSv A·n-°-c-bm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. kv{XoIfpw Ip´n-I-
fp-sa√mw hoSn-\-I-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿ Poh-\pw-sIm-t≠mSn
c£-s∏-´p. hoSv IØn-®m-º-em-bn. B¿°pw AXv XSp-°m-\m-bn-
√. P\w HmSn-°q-Sn-sb-¶nepw F√mw \njv^-e-am-bn-cp-∂p. tijw,
]´mfw \n¿±m-£nWyw Cd-ßn-t∏m-bn.
 Cu IpSpw-_-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-Ønse hfsc Zmcp-W-amb
Hcp kw`-h-am-bn-cp∂p CXv. ac-°m¿ lmPn F√mw I≠v kln-
®p. A∂v ]e-bn-S-ß-fnepw \S-∂n-cp∂ km[m-cW kw`-h-ß-fn-
sem-∂m-bn-cp∂Xn-\m¬ IqSp-X¬ Nn¥m-Ip-e-\m-tI≠ Bh-iy-
ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]n∂oSv Ipd-®p-Imew ]e-bn-S-ß-fn-ep-amWv Xma-
kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. hoSv tijw ]p\¿\n¿an-°-s∏-Sp-I-bpw AXn-te-
°p-Xs∂ Xmakw am‰p-I-bp-am-bn-cp∂p.
C°m-eØv {_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS CXp kam-\-amb ]cm-{I-a-
߃ ImcWw ]ecpw \mSp-hn-´p-t]m-hp-Ibpw ]pdw \mSp-I-fn-
te°p tNt°-dp-Ibpam-bn-cp-∂p. A{X-am{Xw Ak-lyhpw arKo-
b-hp-am-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS IS-∂p-I-b-‰-߃.
ac-°m¿ lmPn-bp-sSbpw IpSpw-_-Øn-s‚bpw Imcy-
Ønepw Cß-s\-sbmcp km[yX ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. At±-lhpw
Ip´n-Ifpw Iptd-Imew amln `mK-ß-fn-emWv Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.
Ahn-sS-bm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS ]T-\hpw ]Tn-∏n-°-epw. {_n´ojv
]cm-{I-a-ßfpw el-f-bpsS I\-ep-Ifpw CXn\v Ahsc t{]cn-
∏n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v A\p-am-\n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
 7

hnhm-lhpw IpSpw-_-Po-hn-Xhpw
]T-\hpw A[ym-]-\-hp-sam-s°-bmbn t]mbn-s°m-≠n-
cp∂ ka-bw. ho´p-Im¿ hnhm-l-sØ-°p-dn®v Nn¥n®p XpS-ßn.
]pd-Øp-\n∂pw Nne At\z-jW - ß- fpw h∂p. \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-
Zn\v {]mbw Ccp-]Xv Ign™ ka-ba - m-bn-cp∂p AXv. As∂ms°
km[m-cW hnhmlw \S-°m-dp≈ {]mbw. HØp-h-∂-t∏mƒ Xma-
kn-bmsX hnhmlw \S-∂p.
]p≈-\q¿ tNm\¶≠n JZo-P-bm-bn-cp∂p BZy `mcy.
hfsc efn-X-am-bn-cp∂p hnhml NS-ßp-Iƒ. A∂sØ ]Xn-
hp-t]mse cm{Xn-bm-Wv IeymWw \S-∂n-cp-∂X - v. BK-X¿°v kZy
Hcp-°n-bn-cp-∂p. A∂sØ apt≠mSv JYo_v Aehn apkven-bm-
cmWv \nImlv I¿aw \n¿h-ln-®n-cp-∂-Xv.
sh≈ hkv{X-am-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zns‚ IeymW thjw.
^pƒssI j¿´pw Xe-bn¬sI´pw sh≈-Øp-Wn-bpw. s]mXpsh,
A[n-I-am-fp-Ifpw apdn-b≥ ssI Ip∏mbw [cn-°p∂ Ime-am-bn-
cp∂p AXv. ]s£, At∏mgpw DkvXmZv henb ssIbp≈
Ip∏mbw Xs∂ [cn-°m≥ {i≤n-®p. h[p-hn\v 35 cq] al¿
\¬Ip∂ Ime-am-bn-cp∂p AXv.
Cu _‘-Øn¬ Hcp s]¨ Ip™p ]nd-∂p. Ip™m-
an\ F∂mWv Ah-cpsS t]cv. ]s£, Cu ZmºXyw IqSp-X¬
\o≠p-t]m-bn-√. Nne Imc-W-ß-fm¬ hnhml tamN\w \S-
tØ≠n h∂p.
tijw, DkvXmZv as‰mcp hnhmlw \S-Øn. tImgn-t°mSv
aqgn-°-en¬\n-∂m-bn-cp∂p CXv. Ip™n-∏m-ØpΩ F∂mWv `mcy-
bpsS t]cv. aShq¿ kn.-Fw. hen-øp-√m-ln-bpambn Ah¿°v
IpSpw_ _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. aS-hqcmbn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS DΩ-
bpsS Xd-hm-Sv. Cu hnhml _‘w IqSp-X¬ a[p-c-X-c-am-bn-cp-
∂p. ]n∂oSv ac-Ww-hsc Ah-cmWv IqsS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
Cu kvt\l h√-cn-bn¬ DkvXm-Zn\v Bdp Ip´n-Iƒ ]nd-
∂p. c≠v BWpw \mev s]Æpw. A–p¬ lao-Zv (h-b-\m-Sv),
A–p¬ aPo-Zv (\m-c-I-t»-cn), ^mYn-a (a-e-b-Ω), ssk\-_ (\m-
c-I-t»-cn), dpJn-ø (h-b-\m-Sv), kpsseJ (A-º-e-°-≠n) F∂n-
h-cm-W-h¿. kakvX tI{µ-ap-im-hd saºdpw hb-\mSv Pn√ ka-
kvX-bpsS Imcy-Z¿in-bp-amb aqk-t°mb DkvXm-ZmWv hb-\m-
´n-te°p hnhmlw Ign® dpJn-ø-bpsS `¿Øm-hv.
CXn¬ A–p¬ lao- Z n- s ‚bpw ^mYn- a - b p- s Sbpw
hnhmlw am{Xta DkvXm-Zns‚ PohnXImeØv \S-∂n-cp-∂p-≈q.
_m°n \mep-t]-cp-sSbpw hnhmlw ]n∂oSmWv \S-°p-∂-Xv.
Xs‚ IpSpw_ Pohn-X-Øn¬ aqey-߃°p {]m[m\yw
\¬Inb hy‡n-bm-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zv. amXm-]n-Xm-°sf A£cw
{]Xn A\p-k-cn°pIbpw Ah-cpsS hm°p-Iƒ°v hne I¬]n-
°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Xm≥ amln-bn¬ A[ym-]-I-\mbn IS-
∂p-sN-∂-Xn\p tij-amWv ]nXmhv ac-°m¿ lmPn acn-°p-∂-Xv.
AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, Xs‚ aI≥ Hcp ]fin-X-\m-h-W-sa∂
Xs‚ B{Klw km£m¬I-cn-°-s∏´p ImWm≥ ]nXmhn\p Ign-
™n-cp-∂p. ]nXm-hn-s‚bpw amXm-hns‚bpw J_-dp-Iƒ apt≠m´v
J_-dn-ÿm-\n¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p.
`mcy-˛-k-¥m-\-ß-tfmSpw hfsc kvt\l emf-\-tbmSpw
hm’-ey-tØm-Sp-amWv DkvXmZv s]cp-am-dn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Ip´n-I-tfmSv
{]tXyIw kvt\lhpw CjvS-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿°v `£Ww
hmbn-en´p \¬Ip-Ibpw Ahsc emfn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-am-bn-cp-
∂p.
Xs‚ a°ƒ henb ]fin-X-cm-h-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p
DkvXm-Zns‚ B{K-lw. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂, sNdp-∏Ø
- n¬ Aß-
s\-bmWv Ahsc hf¿Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. in£-Whpw t{]m’m-l-
\hpw \¬Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cusbmcp B{Klw a\- n¬ sh®p-
sIm-≠mWv At±lw {]mY-anI ]T-\-߃°p tijw Xs‚
aqØ aI≥ A–p¬ lao-Zns\ sImSp-h≈n kndm-Pn¬ sIm≠p-
t]mbn tN¿Øp-∂-Xv. hµy-cmb Ico-‰n-∏-dºv sI.-hn. A–p¿d-
“m≥ apkven-bm-cm-bn-cp∂p Ahn-SsØ DkvXm-Zv. Fs‚ aI≥
Hcp sIm´ \ndsb kz¿W-hp-ambn hcp-∂-Xn-s\-°mƒ, Hcp Ben-
ambn hcp-∂-XmWv Rm≥ CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂Xv F∂mWv At±lw
]d-™n-cp-∂-Xv.
Xs‚ s]¨Ip-´n-I-sfbpw HmØp-]-≈n-bn-e-b-°p-Ibpw
Ah¿°p-th≠ aX-hn-Zym-`ymkw \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p
DkvXm-Zv. ]s£, Ahsc `uXnI ]T-\Ø - n\v kvIqfn¬ t]mhm≥
A\p-h-Zn-®n-cp-∂n-√.
\mc- I - t »cnbnse Xd- h m´p ho´n- e mWv Dkv X mZpw
IpSpwhpw Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. ]n¬°m-e-Øv, DkvXmZn\v ]nXm-
hn¬\n∂pw A\-¥-c-ambn e`n® ]g-Inb hoSv s]mfn-°p-Ibpw
kuI-cy-ß-tfmSp IqSnb ]pXnb hoSv \n¿an-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-
cp- ∂ p. Xm≥ Z¿kv \S- Ø n- b n- c p∂ ÿe- ß - f nse {]ap- J -
cn¬\n∂pw a‰pw A∂v CXn\v klm-b-߃ e`n-®p.
 8

PohnX ioe-߃
efn-Xhpw kpXm-cy-hp-amb PohnX coXn-Iƒ sh®p-]p-
e¿Ønb alm\m-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zv. ]g-b-Ime ]fin-X-∑m-cpsS
KW-Øn¬s]´ hy‡n-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ \njvI-f-¶-
X-bp-sSbpw kq£va-X-bp-sSbpw \nZ¿i-\-߃ B Pohn-X-Øn-
ep-S\
- ofw ImWm-am-bn-cp-∂p. Kcn-ab
- p-sSbpw Al-¶m-cØ
- n-s‚bpw
hgn-Iƒ Xosc CjvS-s∏-SmØ DkvXmZv, kc-fhpw IWn-i-hp-
amb PohnX coXn-I-fmWv ]n¥p-S¿∂n-cp-∂-Xv.
]mI-Øn-\p≈ icocw, Idp∏v Ie¿∂ shfp∏v \ndw,
sh´n Bhiyw hep-∏-Øn¬ HXp-°n-sh® XmSn CXm-bn-cp∂p
DkvXm-Zns‚ {]I-S-amb cq]w. kqcn I≈n-Øp-Wn-bmWv A[n-
I-ambpw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. \of-ss°-bp≈ shfpØ Ip∏m-
bw, Xe-bn-semcp sXm∏n, Igp-Øn-eqsS Xq°n-bn-Sp∂ Hcp Xe-
∏mhv C{X-bp-am-bn-cp∂p km[m-cW thj-hn-[m-\w. ]pd-tØt°m
at‰m t]mhp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Xe-∏mhv Xe-bn¬ sI´p-am-bn-cp-∂p.
A√mØ ka-b-ß-fn-se√mw km[m-cW KXn-bn¬ CkvXn-cn-
bn´v icn-s∏-Sp-Ønb sXm∏n-bmWv [cn-®ncp-∂-Xv. \m´n-em-hp-
tºmƒ j¿´n\p ]Icw ASn-®p-≠m-°p∂ Hcp Xcw XpWn-bpsS
_\n-b-\mWv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. ho´n-em-hp-tºmƒ Hcp I≈n-
Øp-Wnbpw Igp-Øn-eqsS Hcp ]cp-°≥ ap≠pw. CXm-bn-cp∂p
]gbIm-esØ km[m-cW hkv{X [mc-W. F∂n-cp-∂m-epw,
A°m-esØ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒsh®v hfsc Uok‚m-bn-Øs∂
hkv{Xw [cn-°m≥ DkvXmZv {i≤n-®n-cp-∂p. hrØn-bm-bn-cp∂p
DkvXm-Zns‚ apJ-ap-{Z. D≈ hkv{X-߃ CkvXn-cn-bn-´p-am-{Xta
DkvXmZv ]e-t∏mgpw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p-≈q. ]cn-k-csØ Hcp
sslµh kplr-Øns‚ ho´n¬ am{Xta A∂v CkvXn-cn-s∏´n
D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. Ahn-sS-\n∂pw AXv hmßn-s°m-≠p-h-∂mWv
hkv{X-߃ CkvXncn C´n-cp-∂-Xv. Xs‚ JmZn-ao-ß-fn-sem-cm-
fmb Ben-°p™n apkven-bm-cm-bn-cp∂p ]e-t∏mgpw CXv
sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv.
hfsc efn-X-am-bn-cp∂p ho´n¬ DkvXm-Zns‚ InS-∏p-ap-
dn. Dd-ßm≥ InS° Xosc D]-tbm-Kn°p-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Hcp A®n-
∏m-b, Xe-b-W, Iºn-fn-∏p-X∏v A{X-am-{X-am-bn-cp∂p DkvXmZv
Ime-ß-tfmfw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.
Pohn-XI- mew apgp-h≥ i‡-amb {]tal tcmKw ImcWw
shjaw kln-®n-cp∂p DkvXm-Zv. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, Pohn-X-
Øn\pw `£-W-Øn-\p-sa√mw {]tXyIw \nb-{¥-Whpw coXn-I-
fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ico-c-Øn\p h√mØ NqSp≈ {]Ir-X-°m-c-
\m-bn-cp-∂p. Xe-bn¬ h√msX hnb¿∏v s]mSn-bpw. AXn-\m¬,
]e-t∏mgpw sXm∏n Agn-®p-sh-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. Im‰v e`n-°m≥
Xe-∏mhv sImt≠m hnidn sImt≠m hobp-∂Xpw km[m-cW
ImgvN-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
tcmK-amb tijw a[pcw Xosc Iq´n-bn-cp-∂n-√. tKmX-
ºm-bn-cp∂p `£-W-Øn¬ GI B{i-bw. tNmdpw I™nbpw
sdm´n-bp-sa√mw AXp-sIm-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp Xcw \pdp-°nb tKmX-
ºmWv CXn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. km[m-cW KXn-bn¬
A∂nXv ChnsS km¿h-{Xn-I-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. tImgn-t°m-Sp-\nt∂m
at‰m DkvXmZv CXv kwL-Sn-∏n-°m-dm-bn-cp∂p ]Xn-hv. tcmKw
Imc-Ww, a‰p Acn-`-£-W-߃ Ign-°m≥ ]mSn-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm-
≠m-bn-cp∂p CXv. ]e-t∏mgpw bm{X sNøp-tºmƒ t_Kn¬
A¬]w tKmXºpw FSp-Øp-]n-Sn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ahn-S-ß-
fn¬\n∂v `£Ww Ign-t°≠n h∂m¬ AXv ]mIw sNbvXv
Ign-°p-I-bmWv sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv.
Hcn-°¬, Aº-e-°≠n ]pXn-tbmØv `mKØv DkvXmZv
Hcp \nIm-ln\p t]mbn. NS-ßp-I-sf√mw Ign™v `£-W-Øn\p
ka-b-am-b-t∏mƒ DkvXmZv ho´p-Im-cs\ hnfn®v ]d™p:
"F\n°v \n߃ Ign-°p∂ `£Ww th≠. Fs‚
t_Kn¬ A¬]w tKmX-ºp-≠v. AXv sIm≠p-t]mbn ]mIw
sNbvXp sIm≠p-h-cq. F\n°v AXv aXn.'
IeymW ho´n¬\n-∂p-t]mepw Cusbmcp `£W coXn-
bmWv DkvXmZv kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. anX-amb Blm-c-am-bn-cp∂p
DkvXm-Zns‚ ioew.
\mS≥ `£-W-ß-tfm-Sm-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zn\v IqSp-X¬
{]nbw. N°, amß, tNºv t]mse-bp≈ Km¿lnI Irjn D¬]-
∂-߃ IqSp-X-embpw sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. ]\ CSn®v, Du‰n e`n-
°p∂ s]mSn-sIm≠v D≠m-°nbncp∂ ]\-¶™n IqSp-X¬ CjvS-
am-bn-cp-∂p. ]gb ImesØ kvs]jy¬ `£-W-ß-fn-sem-∂m-
bn-cp∂p CXv.
]msem-gn® Nmb-bmWv DkvXmZv CjvS-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv. a[p-
c-an-√m-sX-bmWv Nmb IpSn-°p-I. A∂v ]men\p th≠n \mc-I-
t»-cn-bn¬\n∂pw ae-bΩ Hcp ho´n-te°p km[m-cW \S-∂p-
t]m-bn-cp-∂Xv aIƒ ^mYna C∂pw Hm¿°p-∂p.
KXm-KX kuI-cy-߃ hnI-kn-°mØ Ime-ß-fm-bn-cp-
∂-Xn-\m¬ Im¬\-S-Øw-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p A∂sØ {][m\
bm{Xm-am¿Kw. Zo¿L bm{X-Iƒhsc DkvXmZv A∂v \S-∂mWv
t]mbn-cp-∂-Xv. hmg-°m-t´°v ]Tn-°m≥ t]mbn-cp-∂Xpw Ahn-
sS-\n∂p Xncn-®p-h-∂n-cp-∂-Xp-sa√mw \S-∂m-bn-cp-∂p. Xm≥ ¢mkv
\S-Øn-bn-cp∂ hnhn[ Z¿kp-I-fn¬\n∂v aSßn hcp-tºmgpw
]cn-an-X-amb _kv kuI-cy-Øn\p tijw, _m°n-bp≈ Intem-
ao-‰-tdmfw hcp∂ Zqc-߃ \S-∂p-sIm-≠mWv h∂n-cp-∂-Xv.
]p≈-\qcpw ae-b-Ωbpw ]c-kv]cw _‘n-°p∂ tdmUv
\ne-hn¬ hcmØ Ime-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂,
DkvXmZv ho´n¬\n∂pw ae-b-Ω°p t]mbn-cp-∂Xv CuSp-h-gn-I-
fn-eqsS \S-∂p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]n¬°m-e-Øv, ka-kvX-bpsS
tbmK-߃t°m a‰p hbfv ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒt°m t]mI-W-sa-¶n¬,
I´m-߬hsc \S∂v Ahn-sS-\n∂pw _kn¬ Ibdn t]mhm-dm-
bn-cp∂p ]Xn-hv. C°m-eØv hfsc thK-Øn¬ \S-°p∂ ioe-
am-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zn-s‚-Xv. Ah-km\ Ime-ß-fm-b-t∏m-tg°pw
CXv Iptd timjn-®n-cp-∂p.
tIc-f-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn-ep≈ \o≠ Z¿kvIm-e-
ß-fm-bn-cp∂p {][m-\-ambpw DkvXm-Zns‚ Pohn-Xw. AXn-\m¬,
]e-t∏mgpw hoSn\p ]pd-Øm-Wv D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. F∂n-cp-∂m-epw
CS-°nsS ho´n¬ hcp-am-bn-cp-∂p. BgvN-bntem c≠m-gvN-bntem
\n¿_-‘-ambpw hcpw. Nne-t∏mƒ AXn-\n-S-bnepw hcpw. ho´p-
Im-cy-ß-fn-se√mw hfsc Imcy-£-a-am-bn-Xs∂ CS-s]-´p. F√m
Imcy-ßfpw kz¥-ambn sNøp-Ibpw F√m-h-scbpw kwXr-]vX-
cm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ho´nse Xs‚ A`mhw Adn-b-s∏-Sm-Ø-
hn[w Imcy-ß-fn-se√mw CS-s]-Sp-am-bn-cp-∂p.
Bcm-[-\-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ AXoh {i≤m-ephpw kq£vam-
ep-hp-am-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zv. A[ym-b\- hpw A[ym-]\
- h
- p-am-bn-cp∂p
DkvXm-Zns‚ Pohn-X-Ønse G‰hpw henb Bcm-[-\. kZm
AXn\p th≠n-bmWv Hgn-™p-\n-∂n-cp-∂-Xv. ho´n¬ \nkvIm-c-
Øn-\mbn am{Xw Hcp dqw k÷o-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p. Ahn-sS-\n-∂mWv
]e Bcm-[-\-Ifpw \S-∂n-cp-∂-Xv. Pam-A-Øn-\mbn apt≠m´v
Ppam akvPn-Zn-te°p t]mIpw. As√-¶n¬, sXm´-SpØ R≠m-Sn-
bn¬ \nkvIm-c-∏-≈n-bn-te°p t]mIpw. AXm-bn-cp∂p ]Xn-hv.
Bfp-I-fp-ambn hnim-e-amb sNßm-Øhpw kulr-Zhpw
]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p DkvXmZv. \m´n¬ {]tXyIw kulrZv hebw
Xs∂ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS hoSp-Iƒ kµ¿in-°p-Ibpw
kvt\l hncp-∂n¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Hcp ]fin-
X≥ F∂ \ne°v kaq-l-Øn¬\n∂pw AI∂v \n∂n-cp-∂n-√.
Hcp km[m-c-W-°m-c-s\-t∏m-se, Ah-cn¬ Hcw-K-ambn Ign-™p-
Iq-Sp-I-bmWv sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬, GXp CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ°n-
S-bnepw aX-hn-[n-Iƒ hn´p Ifn-®n-cp-∂n-√. Ft∏mgpw P\-߃°m-
h-iy-amb \n¿t±-i-ßfpw D]-tZ-i-ßfpw \¬Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu
\m´nse C∂p ImWp∂ Ckvem-anI ssNX-\yw-Xs∂ CS-°n-
sS-bp≈ DkvXm-Zns‚ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ Imc-W-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xv
A\n-tj-[y-amb hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. Npcp-°-Øn¬, P\-߃°n-S-
bn-eqsS \S-∂v, hn⁄m-\o-b-ß-fpsS Akm-[m-cW hgn-Iƒ
Xm≠nb, Hcp alm {]ÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂p \mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zv.
B PohnXw ]I¿∂ shfn-®-amWv C∂pw Cu \Sp-I-fn¬ {]`
]c-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
 9

I∏-en¬ Hcp l÷v bm{X

1954. \mc- I - t »cn Dkv X mZv sImSp- h ≈n kndm- P p¬
lpZmbn¬ Z¿kv \S-Øns°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂ Imew. IqsS Jmcn-
Av sI.-hn. A–p¿d-“m≥ apkven-bm-cp-ap-≠v. B ka-b-ØmWv
Hcp l÷v bm{X-sb-°p-dn®v DkvXmZv Nn¥n-°p∂-Xv. Z¿knse
Ip´n-I-fpsS ]T-\-Øn\v bm{X hnLm-X-am-I-cp-sX∂v DkvXm-Zn\v
\n›-ba - p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂, Xncn-®phcp∂-Xp-hsc
X\n°p ]I-c-°m-c-\mbn hnJymX ]fin-X\pw Hcp-]mSv ÿe-
ß-fnse Jmkn-bp-am-bn-cp∂ Ico-‰n-∏-dºv sI.-hn. tambn≥ Ip´n
apkven-bmsc apZ-cn-kmbn- \n›-bn-®p-. bm{X-°p≈ Xøm-sd-Sp-
∏p-Iƒ \S-Øn.
Xs‚ Iq´p-Im-cpw \m´p-Im-cpamb kl-Im-cn-IfmWv bm{X-
°p-th≠ k÷o-I-c-W-ß-sf√mw Hcp-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Ben-∏-d-
ºØv Ben lmPn, Ip\-Øn≥]p-dØv A“Zv lmPn, Ip∆-°≠n
sambvXo≥ tImb lmPn XpS-ßn-b-h-cm-bn-cp∂p kwL-Ønse
Nne¿. IqSmsX Xs‚ Ifn-°q-´p-Im-c\pw IpSpw-_-°m-c-\p-amb
tat®-cn-∏-d-ºØv AlvaZv lmPn F∂ Ip™n-tam-\m-Pn-bp-ap-
≠m-bn-cp-∂p Iq´-Øn¬.
ZpB- I fpw NS- ß p- I - f p- s a√mw Ign™v kwLw
ho´n¬\n∂pw bm{X ]d-™n-d-ßn. As∂ms° l÷v bm{X
F∂Xv ac-W-Øn\p kam-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. I∏-en-em-bn-cp-∂p-ht√m
bm{X. Xncn-®p-h-cp-sa∂ bmsXmcp Dd-∏p-ap-≠m-In-√. AXp-sIm-
≠p-X-s∂, k¿∆ aps∂m-cp-°-ßfpw hnS-]-d-®n-ep-Ifpw \S-Øn-
bmWv bm{X ]pd-s∏-Sp-I. CS°v `£W km[-\-߃ Xøm-dm-
°m-\p≈ Iehpw ]m{X-ßfpw IqsS Icp-tX-≠n-bn-cp-∂p.
th≠ t]mse KXm-KX kuI-cy-ßf - n-√mØ Imew. I´m-
߬hsc kwLw Im¬\-S-bmbn´mWv t]mbn-cp-∂-Xv. Ahn-sS-
\n∂pw _kv am¿Kw tImgn-t°ms´Øn. {Sbn≥ kwhn-[m\w
km¿h-{Xn-I-amb ka-b-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. AXn-\m¬, {Sbn-\n-em-
bn-cp∂p t_mws_-bn-te-°p≈ bm{X. I∏¬am¿Kw l÷n\p
t]mIp-∂-h¿ t_mws_ hgn-bmWv A∂v t]mbn-cp-∂-Xv. Imc-
Ww, Ahn-sS-\n-∂m-bn-cp∂p I∏¬.
t_mws_-bn-se-Ønb DkvXmZpw Iq´p-Imcpw ]Øp-Zn-
hkw AhnsS Ign-®p-Iq-´n. tijw, Xß-fpsS Dugw h∂-t∏mƒ
I∏¬ Ibdn IS-en-eqsSbp≈ bm{X XpS-ßn. ZnIvdv, ZpB,
\nkvImcw t]mse-bp≈ k¬I¿a-ß-fn¬ hym]r-X-\m-bn-´m-bn-
cp∂p DkvXm-Zns‚ bm{X. Nne-t∏mƒ \mS≥ h¿Ø-am-\-ß-fnepw
Xam-i-I-fn-ep-sa√mw a‰p-≈htcmsSm∏w ]¶ptNcp-am-bn-cp∂p.
]Xn-\©p Znh-ksØ bm{X-s°m-Sp-hn¬ I∏¬ Pn±-bn-se-Øn.
AhnsS Cd-ßnb kwLw l∆m-_o-hn-bpsS aJv_d
kµ¿in-°m-\mWv BZy-ambn t]mb-Xv. DkvXm-Zns‚ t\Xr-Xz-
Øn- e m- b n- c p∂p knbm- d - Ø v . Bh- i y- a p≈ ÿe- ß - f n¬\n-
s∂√mw DkvXmZv IqsS-bp-≈-h¿°v am¿K-\n¿t±-i-ßfpw D]-tZ-
i-ß-fp-sa√mw \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. tijw, kwLw a°-bn-te°p
t]mbn. Ahn-sS-\n∂pw Yhm^pw kAbpw \n¿∆-ln-®p. hn{i-
an-°m-\p≈ Hcp apdn-bm-bn-cp∂p ]n∂oSv Ah¿°v Bh-iy-am-bn-
cp-∂-Xv. Ah¿ AXv sXc™p \mep-`m-Khpw \S-∂p. At∏mƒ
I≠ ImgvN Ahsc Ghscbpw Hcp \nanjw A¬`p-X-s∏-Sp-
Øp-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.
Xß-fpsS ]cn-N-b-°m-c\pw \m´p-Im-c-\p-amb hr≤-\mb
Hcmƒ AhnsS dqsa-SpØp IqSp-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kwkm-cn-®-t∏m-
gmWv \mc-I-t»cn apXp-Ip-øn¬ IΩp-lmPn F∂ hy‡n-bmWv
CsX∂v a\- n-em-b-Xv. ]≠v el-f-°m-eØv {_n´ojv ]cm-{Iaw
ImcWw \mSpw hoSpw shSn™v \mSp-hn-´-Xm-bn-cp∂phs{X At±-
lw.
kwLw At±-l-hp-ambn hnim-eambn kwkm-cn-°p-Ibpw
\mSp hn´-Xn\p tij-ap-≠mb kw`-h-ß-sf√mw At\z-jn-°p-
Ibpw sNbvXp. IΩp lmPn F√mw hnh-cn®p \¬In. Ic-f-en-
bn-∏n°p∂ hnh-c-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p At±lw ssIam-dn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
{_n´o-jp-Im¿ \m´n-endßn `oI-c-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-Øp-Ibpw
am∏n-f-amsc AdpsIme sNøp-Ibpw Ah-km\w Xs∂ D∂w
sh°p-Ibpw sNbvX-tXmsS At±lw \mSp-hn-´p-t]m-hp-I-bm-bn-
cp-∂p-h-s{X. I∏-en¬X-s∂-bmWv At±lw \mSp-hn-´n-cp-∂-Xv.
Iøn¬ ]W-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Bcpw klm-bn-°m-\p-an-√m-bn-cp-
∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, hfsc shj-an-°p-Ibpw {]bm-k-s∏-
Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Hcp h‰v `£Ww t]mepw Ign-°m-sX-bmWv
Znh-k-߃ X≈n-\o-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. A°-scsbØn-b-t∏m-tg°pw
Poh-—h - a
- m-bn°gn™n-cp-∂p. Ah-km\w I∏¬ A[n-Ir-X¿ ih-
߃ ]pdØp X≈p∂ t]mse ]nSn®v ]pdØp X≈p-I-bm-bn-cp-
∂p-h-s{X. \n -lm-b-Xbpw hni∏pw £oWhpw ImcWw acWw
apºn¬ ImWp∂ {]Xo-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂p At∏mƒ. H∂p-a-dn-bmsX
Hmhp-Nm-enepw sXcp-hn-ep-sam-s°-bm-bn-cp∂p ]n¬°me Pohn-
Xw. hgn-bm-{X°mcmWv `£-Whpw sh≈-hp-sa√mw \¬In-bn-
cp-∂-Xv. Aßs\ Pohn®v Pohn®v c£-s∏-´p-t]m-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-
∂p.
GXm-bm-epw, IΩp lmPn Ah¿°v Xs‚ Iogn-ep≈
]pc-bpsS Hcp apdn Hgn-™p-sIm-Sp-Øp. ]n∂o-Sv, DkvXmZpw
kwLhpw B apdn-bn-emWv Ign-®p-Iq-´n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. `£W km[-
\- ß sf√mw kz¥- a m- b n- Ø s∂ D≠m- ° n- b n- c p- ∂ p. Ip™n-
tam\mPn-sb-t∏m-se-bp-≈-h-cmWv AXv D≠m-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
DkvXmZv AXn-sem∂pw IqSn-bn-cp-∂n-√.
l÷n\p th≠n h∂-t∏mgpw DkvXm-Zns‚ ssIbn¬
Hcp InØm-_p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. bm{X-bn-se√mw DkvXmZv AXv
Xpd°pIbpw hmbn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p.
amk- ß tfmfw \o≠p- \ n¬°p- ∂ - X m- b n- c p∂p l÷v
bm{X. DkvXm-Zns‚ kl-hmkw kl-bm-{Xn-I¿s°√mw kt¥m-
jhpw kwXr-]vXnbpw \¬In. Xß-fpS Bcm-[-\-Iƒ IqSp-X¬
Imcy-£a - a
- m-°m\pw kwi-bß
- ƒ Xo¿Øv Ip‰-a‰- X- m-°m\pw AX-
hsc klm-bn-®p. l÷pw Dwdbpw Ign-™-tXmsS kwLw \m´n-
te°p Xncn-®p. t_mws_ hgn-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p aS-°-hpw.
 10

PohnXw IS∂pt]mb hgnIƒ

]g-b-Ime ]fin-X-∑m-cpsS PohnX ioe-ßfpw coXn-I-
fp-amWv \mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zns‚ Pohn-X-Ønepw \ng-en-®n-cp-∂-
Xv. henb ]fin-X\pw apZ-cn-kp-am-bn-cn-s°-Øs∂ a‰p tPmen-
Iƒ sNøm\pw Ah¿ aSn-®n-cp-∂n-√. sX‰p-Iƒ ]nW-bp-Itbm
Xs‚ kmaq-lnI ÿm\-Øn\p tIm´w hcp-Itbm sNøm-Øn-S-
tØmfw Imew AXn\p Ipg-∏-an-√m-sb-∂m-bn-cp∂p At±-l-
Øns‚ A`n-{]m-bw. Xs‚ hµy Kpcp IÆn-bØv DkvXmZv ac-
°-®-hSw \S-Øn- amXrI ImWn-®n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ AØcw PohnX
hgn-Iƒ At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-X-Ønepw IS-∂p-h-∂n-cp-∂p.
apX-A-√nw, DkvXm-Zv, apZ-cn-kv, Jmkn, kwhm-Z-I≥, {]`m-
j-I≥ XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv {][m-\-ambpw DkvXm-Zns‚ PohnXw
IS-∂p-t]mb HutZym-KnI hgn-Iƒ. F∂n-cp-∂m-epw, Hcp km[m-
cW \mS≥ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ P\n-®p-h-f¿∂ At±-l-Øn\v A∂v
Hcn-°epw Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm≥ ]‰mØ H∂m-bn-cp∂p Irjn-∏-Wn. Imc-
Ww, H∂m-a-Xmbn Xs‚ ]nXmhv \s√mcp I¿j-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p.
Xs‚ hoSns‚ kml-N-cyhpw AXm-bn-cp-∂p. c≠m-a-Xmbn, B
ImeØv ae-bΩ `mK-ß-fn-se√mw \√ Irjn \S-∂n-cp∂
kabam- b n- c p- ∂ p. IpSpw- _ - ° mcpw Ab¬hm- k n- I - f p- s a√mw
AXns‚ `mK-am-bn-´mWv Pohn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬, \mSpw ]cn-
k-chpw \¬Inb Cusbmcp Ignhpw Xm¬]-cyhpw DkvXm-Zns‚
D≈ns‚bp-≈n¬ F∂pw tijn-®p. Xs‚ Pohn-X-Øns‚ BZy
Ime-ß-fn¬ AXv {]I-S-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
]Tn-°m≥ t]mbn-cp∂ Ime-ØmWv DkvXmZv Im¿jnI
hrØn-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ {i≤ ]Xn-∏n-®n-cp-∂-sX-∂mWv a\- n-em-
Ip-∂-Xv. Z¿kp-I-fn¬ tim`n-®n-cp∂ ImeØv Hcn-°epw CXn¬
apgp-In-bn-cp-∂n-√. Ccp-]Xv apX¬ ap∏Xv hsc-bp≈ Ime-ß-fn-
em-bn-cn-°Ww {][m-\-ambpw Cu taJ-e-bn-te°p Xncn-™n-
´p≠mhp-I. ]T-\hpw hmg-°m-Sp-am-bp≈ _‘hpw A[ym-]-\-
Øns‚ sNdnb ]cn-N-bßfp-sa√mw XpS-ßnb Ime-am-bn-cp-∂-
Xn-\m¬, Hcp {]`m-j-I-\mbpw A∂v Adn-b-s∏-´p-Xp-S-ßn-bn-cp-
∂p. Cu `mKsØ {][m-\-s∏´ Hcp ]fin-X-\m-bn-´mWv P\w
A∂pw DkvXm-Zns\ I≠n-cp-∂-Xv.
`qan Dgp-Xp-I, aqcn-Isf I∂p-Iq-´pI XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬
henb ka¿∞\pw D’m-l-°m-c-\p-am-bn-cp∂p A∂v DkvXmZv.
Z¿kv hn´v ho´n¬ hcp-tºm¬ Xs‚ kplr-Øp-°-tfm-sSm∏w
]e-t∏mgpw CXn\p t]mIp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ hoSn-\-Sp-Øp-X-s∂,
ae-bΩ apX¬ Ipdp-ßm-´p-I-Shv hsc \o≠p-In-S-°p∂ henb
]mS-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ hfsc Ffp-∏-am-bn-cp∂p CXv. apºp
kqNn-∏n® tat®-cn-]-d-ºØv AlvaZv lmPn-bmWv CXn-s\√mw
]e-t∏mgpw DkvXm-Zn-t\mSp IqsS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
`qan ]m´-Øn-s\-SpØv Ir-jnbpw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-
Zv. s\¬Ir-jn-bmWv {][m-\-ambpw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. P∑n-I-
fn¬\n∂pw `qan ]m´-Øn-s\-Sp-°p∂ k{º-Zm-b-am-Wt√m A∂v
hym]-I-ambn D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Ipdp-ßm-´-°-Shv ]pg-tbmSSpØv
hb-en-em-bn-cp∂p CXv. A∂v AhnsS ]me-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.
henb IS-hm-bn-cp∂p Ahn-sS. IShv IS-∂m¬ ]mS-hc-ºn-eqsS
ae-bΩ hsc hcm-am-bn-cp-∂p. AsXmcp s]mXp-h-gnbpw IqSn-
bm-bn-cp-∂p. t]m°cpw A“Zv lmPn-bp-amWv DkvXm-Zn-t\m-sSm∏w
Irjn-∏-Wn-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
Hcn-°¬ hnkva-b-I-c-am-sbmcp kw`-hw \S-∂p. DkvXm-
Z-S-ßp∂ aqh¿ kwLw hb-en¬ tPmen-sN-øp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
DkvXmZv I∂p-Iq-´p-I-bm-Wv. aqcn-I-fn¬ LSn-∏n® h≈n-bn¬
Ibdn, ]mSsØ I´-bp-S-®v, s\√ns‚ hnØv hnX-°m≥ ]mI-s∏-
Sp-Øp-I-bm-Wv. Fßpw sNfnbpw sh≈hpw am{Xw. aqcn-Iƒ
]mS-Øn-eqsS Xeßpw hneßpw HmSp-∂p. DkvXm-Zns‚ ico-c-
Øn-emsI sNfn-]p-c-≠n-´p-≠v. H‰-b-Sn°v Bcp I≠mepw A¬`p-
X-s∏-´p-t]m-Ipw. Hcp km[m-cW I¿j-I≥ Xs∂!!
s]´-∂mWv B hgn Hcmƒ h∂-Xv. ]pg IS∂v hcn-I-bm-
bn-cp∂p Abmƒ.
 ""ae-bΩ A“Zv A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm-cpsS hosS-hn-
sS-bm-Wv...?'' Abmƒ ]mS-h-c-ºn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-h-tcmSp Xnc-°n.
""F¥n-\m-Wv DkvXm-Zns\...?'' Ah¿ tNmZn-®p.
""\m´n¬ Hcp hbfv ]cn-]m-Sn-bp-≠v. AXn-te°p £Wn-
°m-\m-Wv.''
Ah¿°v Imcyw a\- n-em-bn. ]s£, Cu `qan Dgp-Xn-
s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ hy‡n \n߃ tXSn-h∂ B alm-\mb
DkvXm-Zm-sW∂p ]d-bm≥ Ah¿ ss[cy-s∏-´n-√. Imcyw bp‡n-
tbmsS kao-∏n® Ah¿ ]d™p:
""\n߃ Cu ]mS-h-c-ºn-eqsS Iptd apt∂m-´p-t]m-bm¬
\mc-I-t»cn FØpw. AhnsS At\z-jn-°p-I. Ahn-sS-Ø-s∂-
bmWv At±-l-Øns‚ hoSv.''
BK-X≥ ]mS-h-c-ºn-eqsS apt∂m´p \S-∂p.
IqsS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂h - ¿ Dgp-Xp-Ib
- m-bn-cp∂ DkvXm-Zn-t\mSv
Imcy-ß-sf√mw hnh-cn®p sImSp-Øp. Xm¶sf hb-fn\p £Wn-
°m-\mWv Abmƒ h∂-sX∂pw ]d-™p.
Xma-kn-bmsX DkvXmZv hb-en¬\n∂pw Ic°p Ib-dn,
sh≈-sa-SpØp ssIIm-ep-Iƒ IgpIn hrØn-bm-°n, as‰mcp hgn-
bn-eqsS thK-Øn¬ ho´n-te°p \S-∂p. Abmƒ AhnsS FØp-
∂-Xn\papºv ho´n-se-Øp-Ibpw \√ hkv{X-ß-f-Wn™v AhnsS
Itk-c-bn-en-cn-∏p-d-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
At∏m-gmWv Abmƒ Xs∂ tXSn ho´n-se-Øp-∂-Xv.
]d™ t]mse, H∂p-a-dn-bm-sX, Abmƒ DkvXm-Zns\ hb-fn\p
£Wn-°p-Ibpw Xncn-®p-t]m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
DkvXm-Zns‚ Pohn-X-Ønse ck-I-c-am-sbmcp kw`-h-am-
Wn-Xv. B Pohn-X-Øns‚ \njvI-f-¶-Xbpw emfn-Xy-hp-amWv CXv
hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv. Hmtcm tPmen°pw AXn-s‚-Xmb ÿm\hpw
_lp-am-\hpw \¬I-W-sa-∂Xv DkvXmZns‚ \n¿_-‘-am-bn-cp-
∂p. hbfn\p t]mIp-tºmƒ hbfv tIƒ°p-∂-h-cn¬ {]`m-j-I-
cn-ep≈ aXn∏v C√m-Xmbn t]mI-cp-sX∂pw F¶nte {]`m-jWw
sIm≠v ^e-ap-≠mIq F∂p-am-bn-cp∂p DkvXmZv Nn¥n-®n-cp-∂-
Xv. Cß-s\, Irjn-`q-an-bn-ep≈t∏mgpw Xs‚ bYm¿∞ DØ-c-
hm-Zn-Ø-Øn¬\n∂pw Hcn-°epw ISp-InS ]nt∂m´p t]mbn-cp-
∂n√ DkvXm-Zv.
 Xs‚ ho´p-h-f-∏n¬ sNdnb Xcw Irjn-Iƒ Hcp-°p∂
Imcy-Ønepw {i≤n-®n-cp∂p DkvXm-Zv. sXßn≥ ssXIƒ \Sp-
Ibpw AXn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-am-bn-cp-∂p.
BZym-Ie - ß
- f
- n-sem∂pw ho´n¬ h∂v shdp-sX-bn-cn-°p∂
ioew Xs∂ DkvXm-Zn\v D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Fs¥-¶nepw tPmen-
Iƒ FSp-Øp-sIm-≠n-cn-°-Ww. Aß-s\-bmWv Irjn-∏-Wn-bn-
te°p Xncn-™n-cp-∂-Xv.
amln-bn¬ apZ-cn-kmbn t]mhp-Ibpw hmg°mSp-\n∂v hnc-
an-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-tXmsS ]ns∂ CØcw Imcy-ß-fn-sem∂pw
IqSp-X¬ apgp-In-bn-cp-∂n-√. kab Zu¿e-`y-X-bm-bn-cp∂p {][m\
Imc-Ww. ]n∂oSv \o≠-Im-esØ ka-{K-amb Z¿kp-Ifpw hmZ-
{]-Xn-hm-Zß
- f- p-sa√mw XpS-ßn-bt- XmsS Cu cwK-Øp-\n∂p Xs∂
]nt∂m´p t]mbn.
]n∂oSv, Ime-߃°p tijw. Z¿kp-I-fnse A[ym-]\
Pohn-X-sa√mw Ign™v, tcmK-ßfpw a‰pw h∂v, £oWn-®n-cn-
°p∂ ImeØmWv ho≠pw Cu cwK-sØ-°p-dn®v Nn¥n°p-∂-
Xv. hy‡-ambn ]d-™m¬, {]tal tcmKhpw a‰pw ]nSn-s]-´v,
]S-∂-bnse Z¿kv \n¿Øn ho´n¬ h∂v hn{i-an-°p∂ Imew.
DkvXmZv ae- b Ω Hcp XpWn- ° S Bcw- ` n- ® p. Ip´n-
Iƒ°pth≠nbp≈ Hcp kwcw-`-am-bn-´mWv CXv XpS-ßn-b-cp-∂-
Xv. F¶n-epw, Hgn-hp-≈-t∏mƒ DkvXmZpw AXn¬ t]mbn \n¬°p-
am-bn-cp-∂p. ]n∂o-Sv, Ipd-®p-Imew ]{¥≠mw ssaen¬ Hcp akm-
e-°-Sbpw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. a°-fmb laoZpw aPo-Zp-amWv CXv
ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv.
apt≠m´v Z¿kv XpS-ßn-bt- XmsS CXn¬\n∂pw ]nt∂m´p
t]mhp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zv. Z¿knepw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-ep-am-
bn-cp∂p ]n∂oSv apgp Nn¥-bpw. Ah-km\ \nanjwhsc ]n∂oSv
Z¿kn¬X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
 `mKw aq∂v
A≤ymb\]pecn
 11

hgnØncnhmb Zmdp¬ Deqw Imew

Hcp ImesØ Ckvem-anI hn⁄m-\o-b-ß-fpsS A\p-{K-
loX tI{µ-am-bn-cp∂p hmg-°mSv Zmdp¬ Deqw. tIcfw I≠ ]finX
{]ap-Jc - n¬ ]ecpw Xß-fpsS ssh⁄m-\nI temIw h - n-Ik
- n-∏n-s®-
Sp-ØXv Chn-sS-\n-∂m-Wv. JpYp_n apl-ΩZv apkveb - m¿, IÆn-bØv
AlvaZv apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ Ah-cn¬ Nne-¿ am{Xw. \mSns‚
\m\m `mK-Øp-\n∂pw Bfp-Iƒ ]Tn-°m-\mbn Ahn-sS-°mWv FØn-
bn-cp-∂X - .v
ac-°m¿ lmPnbpw Cu hnh-cw a\- n-em-°n. Xs‚ a°fpw
]Tn-®p-he - p-Xm-hW
- s - a∂v sImXn® At±lw aqØ c≠p a°-sfbpw
hmg-°m-t´-°p-Xs - ∂-bmWv ]d-™b - ®
- n-cp-∂X- v. aq∂m-a≥ A“-Zns‚
Imcy-Ønepw ]ns∂ adp-sØmcp Nn¥-bpsS Bh-iy-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p.
A∂v \ne-hn-ep≈ Z¿kp-I-fn¬ kp{]-[m-\hpw {]ap-J-cmb DkvXm-
Zp-am-cm¬ kº-∂-hp-am-bn-cp-∂- hm-°mSv Zmdp¬ Deqante-°p-Xs∂
Ahs\ ]d-™b - °- m≥ At±lw Xocp-am-\n-®p.
aI≥ A“-Zn\v A∂v A[n-Isam∂pw {]mb-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. IqSp-
X-sem∂pw AI∂p Xma-kn®p ]cn-Nb - h- p-an-√. H‰°v Xa-kn®p ]Tn-
°m≥, hoSp hn´v AI-te°p t]mIp-tºmƒ IqsS ]cn-Nb - °- m¿ Bsc-
¶n-ep-ap-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ F∂v B amXm-]nXm-°ƒ B{K-ln-®p.
sIm®p {]mb-am-bX - n-\m¬ At±lØn\pw AXv Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p.
At∏m-gmWv Xs‚ A\p-PØn Bbn-i-bpsS aI≥ A“-Zn-s\-°p-
dn®v DΩ Nn¥n-°p-∂-Xv. {]mb-Øn¬ sNdnb h¿j-ß-fpsS sNdp-∏-
ta-bp-≈q. F¶nepw IqsS t]mbm¬ \∂m-Ip-ab - n-cp-∂p-sh∂v Ah¿
B{K-ln-®p. Aß-s\, Ahcp-ambn _‘-s∏-´p-t\m-°n. ]s£, Ah-
cpsS Xocp-am\w as‰m-∂m-bn-cp-∂p. I¿jI IpSpw-_a - m-bn-cp∂p Ah-
cp-sS-Xv. D∏sb I¿jI hrØn-bn¬ klm-bn-°m\pw aqcn-Isf
I∂pIq´m\pw `qan Dgp-Xm\pw Hcmsf Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p. BbXn-
\m¬, Ahs\ ]Tn-°m≥ ]d-™b - °
- p-∂n-s√-∂m-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS
{]Xn-I-c-Ww. amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ \ncm-i-cm-bn. ]s£, aIs‚ ]T--
\Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ Ah¿ Hc-Snbpw ]nt∂m´p t]mbn-√. HSp-hn¬,
henb kz]v\-߃ a\- n¬ I≠v Ah¿ aIs\ H‰-°p-Xs∂ hmg-
°mSv Zmdp¬ Deq-an¬ sIm≠p-t]m-bn tN¿Øn.
A“-Zns\ kw_-‘n-®n-St- Ømfw Xs‚ Pohn-XØ - nse Hcp
Akm-[m-cW aplq¿Ø-am-bn-cp∂p CXv. {]ap-Jc - mb [mcmfw DkvXm-
Zp-am¿... {]ap-J-cmb [mcmfw kl-]m-Tn-I-fpw... {Ita-W, At±lw
]pXnb kml-Nc - y-ßf - p-ambn CW-ßn-t®¿∂p. Hcp km[m-cW apX-
A-√n-ambn Ah¿°n-Sb - n¬ ]T\w Bcw-`n-®p.
th≠-t]mse KXm-KX kuI-cy-ßf - n-√mØ A°m-eØv \S-
∂p-sIm-≠mWv hmg-°mSv t]mbn-cp-∂Xpw Ahn-sS-\n∂p aS-ßn-bn-cp-
∂-Xpw. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂, Ft∏m-sg-¶n-epw-am-{Xta ho´n¬ h∂n-cp-
∂p-≈q. h∂m¬Xs∂ Ipd-®p-Imew Xma-kn-°pw. ho≠pw Z¿kn¬
t]mIpw. CXm-bn-cp∂p ]Xn-hv.
XpS-°Ø - n-sem∂pw At±-lØ - n\v ]Tn°m≥ t]mIp-∂Xn¬
henb Xm¬]-cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. H‰°v ho´n¬\n∂pw AI∂p
\n¬°p∂Xv At±-lsØ shj-an-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. Z¿knse kuI-cy-°p-
dhpw ]cn-kc - ß
- f - p-am-bn-cp∂p a‰p Imc-W߃. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂,
ho´n¬ hcp-tºm-sgms° amXm-]n-Xm-°t- fmSv Ahn-SsØ Bh-em-Xn-
Iƒ ]d-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p.
"F∂pw ]®-cn-t®mdpw I¿aq-k-°-dn-bp-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬,
Rm≥ t]mIp-∂n-√.' CXm-bn-cp∂p Bh-em-Xn.
CXv tIƒ°p-tºmƒ DΩ Ban\ aIs\ kam-[m-\n-∏n-°pw.
Bizmk hmN-I-߃ ]d™v B a\- nse shj-a-X-Iƒ \o°n-
s°m-Sp-°pw. ]Tn-®m¬ In´p∂ t\´-ßfpw al-Xz-ßfpw ]d™p a\-
n-em-°n-s°m-Sp-°pw.
""\o Ct∏mƒ Ipd-®p-Imew IjvS-s∏´v C¬av ]Tn-®m¬,
Ft∏mgpw s\bvt®mdpw tImgnbpw Bfp-Iƒ \n\°p sh®p-\o-´p∂
Hcp Imew hcpw. Imdp-Iƒ h∂v \ns∂ Iq´n-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ipw.''
aIs\ Z¿kv ]T-\-Øn¬ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°m≥ DΩ Aß-
s\-bmWv ]d-™n-cp-∂X - v. ImXnse kz¿W-߃ hn‰v aIs\ ]Tn-∏n-
°m≥ apXn-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ho´n¬\n∂v amXm-]n-Xm-°f - psS i‡-
amb t{]m’m-l-\hpw kt∏m¿´pw e`n-®-tXmsS At±lw a\ m
]Tn-°m-\mbn Xocp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw AXn-\mbn Cd-ßn-Øn-cn-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. ]n∂oSv, XpS-sc-bp≈ ]Øntesd h¿j-߃ Ahn-sS-bm-
bn-cp-∂p.
AhnsS \n∂mWv A“Zv F∂ km[m-cW sNdp-∏-°m-c≥
Adn-hns‚ tKmh-Wn-∏-Sn-Iƒ Hs∂m-∂mbn Ibdn hn⁄m-\o-b-ß-
fpsS Bgn-Iƒ \o¥n-°S- ∂v, tIc-fa - pkvenw Ncn-{X-Øn¬ \n¿Wm-b-
I-amb CS-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb Hcp "apkven-bmcm'bn cwKØp hcp-
∂-Xv. DkvXm-Zp-am-cpsS DkvXm-Zm-hm≥ am{Xw hnZy A`y-kn-®n-cp-∂X
- v.
AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, "ac-°m¿ lmPnbpsS a°ƒ c≠p-t]¿ sam√m-
°-amcpw Hcmƒ apkven-b-cp-am-sW'∂v Bfp-Iƒ ]d-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p.
Ahn-sS-\n∂pw A{X-a{Xw At±lw hf¿∂p hep-Xm-bn F∂p Npcp-
°w.

]fin-Xsc hm¿sØ-SpØ aÆv

C¬an¬ Bghpw Ah-Km--l-hpap≈ ]finX {]ap-Jsc
hm¿sØ-SpØ A]q¿hw Z¿kp-If - n-sem-∂m-bn-c∂p A∂v hmg-°mSv
Z¿kv. "ae-_m-dnse A¬˛Akvl¿' F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°m≥am{Xw -
k-º∂ - a- m-bn-cp∂p AXnse A[y-b\ - ˛- A
- [- ym-]\ coXn-Ifpw kwhn-
[m-\ßfpw. 1871 embn-cp∂p CXns‚ Bcw-`w. Ahn-SsØ sImb-∏-
sØmSn IpSpw-_a - mWv CXn\p-th≠n ap∂n-´n-dß - nbn-cp-∂Xpw ]cn-]m-
en-®n-cp-∂-Xpw. sImb-∏-sØmSn A“Zv Ip´n lmPnbpw sambvXo≥
Ip´n lmPnbpw AXns‚ \S-Øn-∏n-\mbn [mcmfw ÿe-߃ hJ^v
sNbvXn-cp-∂p. tam-bn≥ Ip´n lmPnbpw Xs‚-Xmb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ
\¬In. X∑n-bØ - p¬ Deqw aZvdk F∂m-bn-cp∂p A∂v CXns‚ BZy-
t]-cv. kuI-cy-ß-fp-sSbpw kwhn-[m-\-ß-fp-sSbpw Imcy-Øn¬ ]c-
º-cm-KX hnZym-`ymk kwhn-[m-\ß - f - n¬\n∂pw `n∂-am-bn, ]pXn-sbmcp
A¥-co£w krjn-Sn-®p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp∂p CXns‚ XpS-°w. h≥
kzoIm-cy-Xb - mWv CXn\p P\-߃°n-Sb - n¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂X - v. AXp-
sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂, \mSns‚ \m\m-`m-Kß - f - n¬\n∂pw Bfp-Iƒ hnZy \pI-
cm-\mbn ChnsS HgpInsb-Øn-bn-cp-∂p.
tIc-f-Øn¬Xs∂ Gsd {]kn-≤nbpw JymXnbpw t\Snb
A∂sØ {]K¬`-cmb ]finXcpw ⁄m\n-If - p-amWv ChnsS Z¿kv
\S-Øn-bn-cp-∂X - v. AXm-bn-cp∂p Z¿kns‚ kzoIm-cy-X°pw BI¿j-
I-Xz-Øn\pw ]n∂nse henb cl-ky-hpw. apkven-bm-cI - Øv ssk\p-
±o≥ apkven-bm¿, Nmenbw Ip™m-en-°p´n apkven-bm¿, s]m∂m\n
_mh apkven-bm¿, Iogp-]-dºv C_vdmlow Ip´n apkven-bm¿, sNdp-
hmSn aΩZv apkven-bm¿, hmg-°mSv AlvaZv Ip´n apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-
b-h¿ hnhn[ Ime-ßf - n-embn CXn\p t\XrXzw \¬In-bh - c
- n¬ {]ap-
J-cm-Wv.
tIc-f-apkvenw hnZym-`ymk Ncn-{X-Ønse {it≤b km∂n-
[yhpw henb Nn¥-I\ - p-am-bn-cp∂ Nmen-eI - Øv Ip™-lΩ - Zv lmPn
(ln: 1283-˛1338/FUn: 1866-˛1919) bmWv ]n∂oSv Cu Z¿kns\ IqSp-
X¬ Db-cß - f- n-te°p Db¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h∂ - X - v. At±-lØ - ns‚ Ac-
tß-‰t- ØmsS Z¿kn\v ]pXn-sbmcp ]cn-thjw ssIh-cn-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p.
AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂, Nmen-eI - Ø
- ns‚ IY Zmdp¬ Deq-ans‚ IY IqSn-
bmWv; Zmdp¬ Deq-ans‚ IY Nmen-eI - Ø- ns‚ IY-bpw.
]c-ºc - m-KXambn ]fin-X∑ - m-cpsS IpSpw-_Ø - n-emWv Nmen-
e-IØv Ip™-lΩ - Zv lmPn P\n-°p-∂X - v. aºp-dw-Xß - f - psS injy-
\m-bn-cp∂ Nmen-e-IØv Jpkzøv lm-Pn-bpsS aIƒ ^mYn-a-bm-bn-
cp∂p amXm-hv. BZr-ticn aqØm´v sambvZo≥ Ip´n lmPn ]nXm-hpw.
]finX {]h-cc-- mb Nmen-eI - Øv Aen-lk - ≥ apkven-bmcpw Nmen-e-
IØv A–p√ apkven-bmcpw AΩm-h∑ - m-cm-bn-cp-∂p.
1887 ¬ Ip™-l-ΩZv lmPn sh√q¿ _mJn-bmØp zmen-
lm-Øn¬ tN¿∂p. Xs‚ ⁄m\-tem-IØ - n\v ]pXnb ]cn-Nb - ß
- fpw
Bg-Øn-ep≈ Ah-Km-lhpw \¬In. CXv At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-X-
Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ ]mT-߃ \¬Ip∂ bm{X-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]T\w Ign™v
Xncn-®p-h∂ tijw \m´n¬ Hcp hnZym-`ymk hnπhw Xs∂ Bcw-`n-
°-W-sa∂v At±lw B{K-ln-®p. ]s£, \m´n¬ AXn-\p≈ Hcp
Ah-kcw Hcp-ßn-°n-´p-I-sb-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øn\p apºnse
G‰hpw henb {]iv\w.
AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂, tIc-fØ- ns‚ Nnc-]c - n-Nn-Xa
- m-b, km[m-
cW hgn-I-fn-eqsS k©-cn-®v, {ItaW Akm-[m-c-W-am-sbmcp
ssh⁄m-\nI temIw krjvSn-s®-Sp-°p-Is - b-∂X - m-bncp∂p At±-l-
Øns‚ Dt±-iyw. AX-\p-k-cn-®v, A∂sØ Adn-hns‚ \K-cn-bmb
Xncq-cß
- mSn Xs∂- At±lw Xs‚ {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ°mbn sXc-s™-
Sp-Øp. AhnsS Xd-Ω¬ ]≈n \n¿Ωn-°p-Ibpw AXn\-SpØv Hme
ta™ sjUvVv sI´n AXn¬ Z¿kv Bcw-`n°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Xncq-cß- m-Sn-bn¬\n∂pw ]n∂oSv At±lw amlnbn-te°p amdn.
henb Z¿kp-Iƒ \S-∂n-cp∂ Hcp {][m\ tI{µ-am-bn-cp∂p amln
(]n¬°m-eØv \mc-It- »-cnbpw ChnsS Z¿kv \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p). AhnsS
Ipd®p Imew Z¿kv \S-Øn. {]K¬`cpw {][m-\n-I-fp-am-bn-cp∂ ]e
]fin-X-scbpw hm¿sØ-Sp-°m≥ C°m-eØv At±-l-Øn\v km-[n-
®p. JpXp_n apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿, Nmen-eI - Øv apl-ΩZv lmPn XpS-
ßn-bh - ¿ ChnsS \n∂pw At±-lØ - ns‚ Z¿kn¬ ]Tn-®h - c
- m-bn-cp-∂p.
amlnbn¬\n∂pw ]pfn-°e - n-te-°mWv ]n∂oSv Ip™-lΩ - Zv
lmPn h∂-Xv. ]pfn-°¬ Ppap-AØv ]≈n-bn¬ {][m\ apZ-cn-kmbn
tkh\w sNbvXp.
At∏m-tg°pw Ip™-l-ΩZv lmPn-bpsS JymXnbpw {]i-
kvXnbpw tIc-fa - msI {]N-cn-®p-Ig- n-™n-cp-∂p. AKm[ ]mfin-Xyhpw
F√m hnj-bß - f - nepw Ah-Km-lh - pw ImgvN∏ - m-Sp-ap≈ ]fin-X\ - m-bn-
´mWv F√m-hcpw At±-lsØ a\- n-em-°n-bn-cp-∂X - .v C°m-eØ - mWv
{]kn-≤a - mb Jn_vem X¿°w \S-°p-∂X - .v AtXmsS At±-lØ - ns‚
{]ikvXn IqSp-X¬ hym]-Ia - m-hp-Ib- m-bn-cp-∂p.
Ip™-lΩ - Zv lmPn Z¿kp-Isf tI{µo-Ic - n®v Xs‚ {]h¿Ø-
\-߃°v {]mtbm-KnI apJw \¬In-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ Imew. sNdp-
t»cn AlvaZv Ip´n apkven-bm-cm-bn-cp∂p hmg-°ms´ Cu Z¿kn¬
]Tn-∏n-®n-cp-∂X - v. Nmen-eI - Ø
- n-s\-°p-dn®v At±-lØ - n\v \√-t]mse
Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p. At±-lØ - ns‚ Ah-Km-lØ - nepw ]Tn-∏nepw \√
aXn∏pw kwXr-]vXn-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
Bbn-sS-bmWv Ip™-l-ΩZv lmPn Xs‚ Z¿kn¬ \n∂pw
Hgn-™p-hc - p-∂X - .v hnhcw s]s´-∂p-Xs∂ sImb-∏s - ØmSn sambvXo≥
Ip´n lmPn-bpsS ASp-sØ-Øn. Ip™-lΩv lmPnsb DSs\ hmg-
°m-t´°v sIm≠p-h∂ - m¬ sIm≈m-sa∂v At±-lØ - n\v tXm∂n. DS-
s\-, sNdp-t»cn AlvaZv Ip´n apkven-bmsc Xncq-cß - m-Sn-bn-te°v Ab-
°p-Ibpw At±-lsØ {][m-\m-≤ym-]-I-\mbn sIm≠p-h-cm-\p≈
{]h¿Ø-\ß - s - f√mw \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Cu ]pXnb £Ww Ip™lΩZv lmPnsb kw_-‘n-®n-S-
tØmfw {]Xo-£-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂,
At±lw AXv kzoI-cn-®p. X\n-°m-hp-∂t- ]mse ÿm]-\sØ Db-c-
ß-fn-te°v Db¿Øm≥ {ian-°m-sa∂v Dd∏v \¬In.
]pXnb kml-Ncyw ssIh-∂-tXmsS Ip™-l-ΩZv lmPn-
bpsS a\-°c - pØv h¿≤n-®p. Ime-ßf - mbn Xm≥ B{K-ln-®p-sIm-≠n-
cp-s∂mcp Np‰p-]mSv ChnsS hf¿Øn-s°m-≠p-hc - m≥ km[n-°p-sa∂v
At±lw Nn¥n-®p. ]n∂oSv AXn-\pth-≠n-bmbn {]h¿Ø-\ß - s - f-√mw.
1909 ¬ At±lw hmg-°ms´ X∑n-bØ - p¬ Deqw aZvdk - b - n¬
{][m-\m-≤ym-]I - \ - mbn ÿm\-ta-‰p. AtXmsS AhnsS D≠m-bn-cp∂
sNdp-t»cn c≠mw A≤ym-]I ÿm\w \ne-\n¿Øn. A≤ym-]I Xpey-
amWv At±-lw Nmen-e-I-Øns\ I≠n-cp-∂-Xv. Nmen-e-I-Øns‚
⁄m\ t[\p \pI-cm≥ At±-lhpw apt∂m´p h∂n-cp-∂p.
ÿm\tas‰-Sp-Ø-tXmsS Ip™-l-Ω-ZmPn Xs‚ {]h¿Ø-
\-߃ Hmtcm-∂mbn ]pdØpsIm≠p-hc - m≥ XpS-ßn. sImb-∏s
- ØmSn
IpSpw_w At±-l-Øns‚ Hmtcm {]h¿Ø-\-߃°pw ]q¿Æ
]n¥pW \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. CXv At±-lsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw
h≥ t{]m’m-l\ - a- mbn amdn. IqsS-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]fin-Xcpw CXns\
A\p-Iq-en-®p.
CtXm-sS, Nmen-e-IØv X∑n-b-Øp¬ Deqw aZvd-ksb
At±lw Zmdp¬ Deqw Ad-_nIv tImtf-Pm°n hnI-kn-∏n-®p. A[y-
b-\-˛-A-[ym-]-\-˛-Xm-ak taJ-e-I-fn¬ IqSp-X¬ kuI-cy-߃
sIm≠p-h-∂p. s_©v, UkvIv, t_m¿Uv, tNm°v XpSßn A[ym-]-
\-Øns‚ ]pXnb kwhn-[-\-߃ h∂p. CtXmsS Z¿kv IqSp-X¬
Imcy-£a - a
- m-bn. apX-A√ - n-ao-ßf- psS {]hmlw IqSp-X¬ i‡n-s∏-´p.
tIc-f-apkvenw hnZym-`ym-ksØ IqSp-X¬ anI-thmsS `mhn-bn¬
apt∂m´p \bn-°m≥ tijnbpw tiap-jn-bp-ap≈ A\-h[n ]fin-X-
∑m¿ Cu Ime-bf - h- n¬ ]pd-Øp-h∂ - p. hmg-°mSv Zmdp¬ Deqw tIc-
f-apkvenw hnZym-`ymk Ncn-{X-Ønse {it≤-b-amb Hcp A[ym-b-
ambn amdn. \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zns‚ Ip´n-°m-eØ - mWv Ch-sb√mw
\S-∂n-cp-∂X - .v
Nmen-e-I-Øn\p tijhpw tIc-f-Ønse {][m-\n-I-fmb
DkvXm-Zp-am-cmWv Zmdp¬ Deq-ans‚ ssh⁄m-\nI afi-esØ Ae-
¶-cn-°m-\mbn IS-∂p-h∂ - X- .v JpYp_n apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿, auem\m
A–p¬ JmZn¿ ^fv^-cn, IÆn-bØv AlvaZv apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-
b-h¿ Cu Ime-bf - h- nse {][m-\n-If - m-W.v Zmdp¬ Deq-ans‚ Cusbmcp
c≠mw Xe-ap-d-bn-te-°mWv alm-\mb \mc-I-t»cn DkvXmZv IS-∂p-
h-cp-∂-Xv. Zo¿L-Im-esØ ]T-\hpw Ipd™ ImesØ A[ym]-\-
hp-ambn At±-lhpw AhnsS ]pXn-sbmcp A[ymbw Ipdn-°p-Ib - m-bn-
cp-∂p.

Zmdp¬ Deq-anse Ime-߃

Bb-t©cn A–p¿d-“m≥ apkven-bm¿ (1880-˛1942), auem\m
A–p¬ JmZn¿ ^fv^c - n (1895-˛1944), ]d-hÆ aplvbn-±o≥ Ip´n apkven-
bm¿ (1898-˛1957), IÆn-bØv AlvaZv apkven-bm¿ (1900-˛1993) F∂n-
h-cm-bn-cp∂p \mc-It- »cn DkvXmZv hmg-°mSv sN√p-tºmƒ Ahn-SsØ
{][m\ DkvXm-Zp-am¿. JpYp_n apl-ΩZv apkven-bm-cp (1877-˛1966)sS
{]`m-hhpw AhnsS \nd-™p-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. Zmdp¬ Deq-ans‚ kph¿W
Ime-ß-fn-sem-∂m-bn-cp∂p CXv. tIc-f-Ønse Cu {]K¬`-cmb
DkvXm-Zp-am¿°p Iogn¬ \mc-I-t»cn ]Tn-°p-Ibpw Adn-hns‚ Bg-
߃ kzmb-Øa - m-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
C°m-eØv ]T-\-Øn¬ hfsc henb ka¿∞\pw henb
_p≤n-am-\p-am-bn-cp∂p \mc-It- »-cn. DkvXm-Zp-am-cpsS ¢mkp-Iƒ hfsc
Ffp-∏-Øn¬Xs∂ At±-l-Øn\p a\- n-em-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p. kwi-b-
߃ tNmZn®p Xo¿Øpw InØm-_p-Iƒ ho≠pw ho≠pw apXm-eA
sNbvXpw ]T\ Ime-Øp-Xs∂ At±lw Xs‚ Ignhns\ IqSp-X¬
aq¿®-bp-≈X - m-°n. k¿K-[\ - c
- mb [mcmfw ]fin-X∑ - m¿ Pohn®ncp∂
Ime-am-bn-cp∂p CXv. Ah-cn¬ ]e-cp-ambpw _‘w ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw
hnhn[ hn⁄m\ imJ-I-fn¬ Ignhv t\Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Hmtcm
hnj-bØ - nepw ka-{Khpw Kl-\h - p-amb ]T-\a
- mWv DkvXmZv \S-Øn-
bn-cp-∂X - v. AXn\p DkvXm-Zp-am-cpsS klmbw \√-t]mse D]-tbm-K-
s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Ah-cpsS Xr]vXn ssIh-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p.
Cu Xr]vXn-bmWv Xs‚ ssh⁄m-\nI bm{X-bn-ep-S-\ofw DkvXm-
Zn\v ssIsh-fn-®a - mbn D≠m-bn-cp-∂X - v.
 12

A\p-{Klw s]bvX
Kpcp-Xz-Øns‚ XW-en¬
HmØp-]≈n°p tijw hmg-°mSv Zmdp¬ Deq-an-te-Xm-bn-cp∂p
\mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zns‚ Pohn-X-Ønse G‰hpw {][m-\-s∏´ ]T\
Imew. ]Øn-tesd h¿j-߃ \o≠p-\n∂ A[ym-b\ aplq¿Øw.
AXn-\m¬, Ahn-SsØ kap-∂-X-cmb A[ym-]-I-cmWv B Pohn-X-
Øn¬ hgn-Øn-cn-hp-≠m-°nbncp-∂-Xv. km[m-cW IpSpw-_-Øn¬
]nd∂ At±-lsØ ]mfin-Xy-Øns‚ CS-\mgnI-fn-eqsS tIc-f-ap-
kvenw-If
- psS t\Xr-]Z- h- n-bn-te°p Db¿Øns°m≠phcm≥ Ah¿°p
\njv{]-bmkw km[n-®p. A{X-am{Xw {]K¬`cpw tIc-fa - pkvenw \thm-
∞m-\-Øn\p aqe-ine ]mIn-b-h-cp-am-bn-cp∂p Ah¿. `mhn-bpsS
hmKv[m-\-ß-fmbn Ah¿ _m°n-sh® alm \nt£-]-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p
CØcw ]fin-X∑ - m¿.
hmg-°ms´ DkvXm-Zp-am¿ Ign-™m¬, A∂sØ s]mXp-sh-
bp≈ coXn-t]m-se, hnhn[ hn⁄m\ imJ-If - n¬, AXn¬ \n]p-W-
cmb A[ym-]-Isc tXSn-bp≈ GIm¥ bm{X-bn¬, DkvXmZv D≠m-
°n-sb-SpØ Kpcp-P-\-ßfpw B ]mfin-XysØ ]pd-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-
cp-∂-Xn¬ henb ]¶v hln-®-h-cm-Wv. Aß-s\bpw [mcm-f-am-fp-Iƒ
D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cub-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ t\m°p-tºmƒ, Bb-t©cn
A–p¿d-“m≥ apkven-bm¿, JpYp_n apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿, auem\m
A–p¬ JmZn¿ ^fv^-cn, ]d-hÆ aplvbn-±o≥ Ip´n apkven-bm¿,
IÆn-bØv A“Zv apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-bh - c
- m-bn-cp∂p At±-lØ - ns‚
G‰hpw {][m-\-s∏´ A[ym-]-I¿. Ah-cpsS \nc-¥-c-amb D]-tZ-i-
ßfpw {]m¿∞-\I - f- p-amWv ae-bΩ A“Zv A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿
F∂ Hcp alm-]-fin-Xs\ Db-c-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Db-c-ß-fn-te°p
hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-Øn-cp-∂X - v.
Bb-t©cnbpsS in£-WØ - n¬
\mc-It- »cn DkvXmZv hmg-°mSv FØnb ImeØv Ahn-SsØ
{][m\ DkvXm-Zm-bn-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv Bb-t©cn A–p¿d-“m≥
apkven-bm-cm-Wv (1880-˛1942). AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, HutZym-KnI
Z¿kns‚ BZy ]mT-߃ e`n®p XpS-ßn-bXv hµycmb Bb-t©cn
DkvXm-Zn¬\n-∂m-bn-cp-∂p. XpS-°-Im-e-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw hfsc
i‡-amb Bfl-_‘ - hpw kvt\l-hp-ambncp∂p Ah¿ XΩn¬. \mc-
I-t»cn ]e-t∏mgpw Xs‚ B hµy Kpcp-hns\ ¢mkp-I-fn¬ A\p-
kvac- n-°m-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
henb ]fin-X\pw ⁄m\n-bp-am-bn-cp∂p A–p¿d-lvam≥
apkven-bm¿. 1916 ¬ _mJn-bm-Øn¬\n∂pw _ncpZw t\Sn. ssiJv
A“Zv iodm-kn, shfn-b-t¶mSv X´m-ßc Ip´ymap apkve-bm¿, ]pXn-
bmπ A–p¿d-“m≥ apkven-bm¿, A–p¬ hlm_v l{kØv XpS-
ßn-bh - cmbn-cp∂p {][m\ Kpcp-\m-Y∑ - m¿. Z¿kv Pohn-XØ - ns‚ BZy-
]m-Tß- ƒXs∂ B hµy-ht- bm-[n-I≥ Bcw-`n-®p-sIm-Sp-Øt- XmsS \mc-
I-t»-cn-bpsS PohnXw A\p-{K-lo-Xa - m-hp-Ib
- m-bn-cp-∂p.

A–p¬ JmZn¿ ^fv^c - n-bpsSIqsS

hmg-°mSv Zmdp¬ Deq-an¬\n∂pw \mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zns‚
kp{][m\ A[ym-]-I-\mbncp∂p auem\m A–p¬ JmZn¿ ^fv^-
cn. h¿j-ß-tfmfw At±-l-Øn\p Iogn-emWv DkvXmZv ]Tn-®n-cp-∂-
Xpw hf¿∂n-cp-∂X - pw. B ]mfinXy [\y-Xbpw A[ym-]\ Nmcp-X-
bp-amWv DkvXm-Zns\ D∂-Xn-If - n¬\n∂pw D∂-Xn-If
- n-te°p sIm≠p-
t]m-bn-cp-∂X
- v.
tIc-f-Ønse {]apJ ]finX IpSpw-_-Øn¬ P\n® alm-
flm-hm-bn-cp∂p A–p¬ JmZn¿ ^fv^-cn (1895-˛1944). ae-∏pdw Pn√-
bnse a¶-S-°-SpØ ]≈n-∏p-d-Øm-bn-cp∂p P\\w. {]apJ ]fin-
X\pw kq^n-h-cy-\p-amb ]≈n-∏pdw bqkp^v apkven-bm-cmWv ]nXm-
hv. {]mYanI hnZym-`ym-kØ - n\p tijw ap≈ym-Ip¿in, ae-∏pdw, hmg-
°mSv F∂n-hn-Sß - f - n¬\n-∂m-bn-cp∂p Z¿kv ]T-\w. ]nXmhv bqkp^v
apkven-bm¿, ]nXr-hy-]p-{X≥ A√mam apl-ΩZv _n≥ aplvbn±o≥
apkven-bm¿, ]mßn¬ AlvaZv Ip´n apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cmWv
{][m\ DkvXm-Zp-am¿. tijw, _mJn-bmØn¬ t]mbn _ncpZw t\Sp-
Ibpw hnhn[ hn⁄m\ imJ-I-fn¬ hyp¬]Øn hcn°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. tijw, X©m-hq-cn-\-SpØ cmP-Kn-cn, ]≈n-∏p-dw, Xan-gv\m-
´nse alvaqZv _≥Z¿, Xncq-c-ßm-Sn-bnse \Sp-hnse ]≈n F∂n-hn-S-
ß-fn¬ apZ-cn-km-bn. tij-amWv hmg-°mSv Zmdp¬ Deq-an¬ apZ-cn-kmbn
IS-∂p-hc - p-∂X- .v A∂v AhnsS At±-lt- Øm-sSm∏w c≠mw apZ-cn-kmbn
IÆn-bØv A“Zv apkven-bm-cp-ap-≠m-bncp∂p. XpS¿®-bmb Ggp
h¿j-°mew ChnsS tkh\w sNbvXp. Cu Ime-f-hn-emWv \mc-I-
t»cn DkvXmZv ChnsS ]T\w \S-Øp-∂X - v.
^fv^-cn-bp-ambn hfsc ASp-∏-Ønepw Bfl _‘-Øn-ep-
am-bn-cp∂p \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zv. Kpcp-hn\v Xs‚ injy-t\mSpw kam-
\-amb ASp-∏hpw _‘hpap≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Zo¿L ImesØ A[ym-
]\ Pohn-X-Øn¬ X\n°p e`n® AXy-]q¿∆w hnZym¿∞n-I-fn-sem-
cm-fm-bn-´mWv ^fv^cn \mc-It- »-cnsb I≠n-cp-∂X - pw. InØm_v a\-
n-em-°p-∂X - nepw akvA - e
- I
- ƒ sI´-gn-°p-∂X - nepw ¢mkn¬ a‰p≈
F√m-h-sc-°mƒ At±lw anI-®p-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂,
At±-lØ - n\v DkvXm-Zns‚ F√m-hn[ kt∏m¿´pw e`n-®p.
Hcn-°¬ apYm-eA sNøm-\mbn \mc-It- »cn ^fv^cn DkvXm-
Zns‚ Hcp InØm_v FSp-Øp. DkvXmZv Xs‚ Bh-iy-Øn-\mbn AXv
t\m°p-tºmƒ ImWm-\n-√.
""A_q-_-Ivd-√msX Fs‚ InØm-_v a‰m-sc-Sp-°m≥?''
DkvXmZv Xami cqt]W tNmZn-®p.
t\m°p-tºmƒ InØm_v FSp-ØXv \mc-I-t»cn Xs∂-bm-
bn-cp-∂p. hnh-ca - d- n™ ^fv^cn ]p©n-cn-®p. At±l-Øn-\mWv InØm-
_ns‚ Bh-iy-ap-≠m-hp-I-sb∂v DkvXm-Zn\v t\c-sØ-Øs∂ Adn-
bm-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\m-emWv DkvXmZv Aßs\ ]d-™n-cp-∂X - .v A{X-
am{Xw ASp-∏hpw Bfl-_‘ - h- p-am-bn-cp∂p Ah¿ XΩn¬. AXp-sIm-
≠p-X-s∂, ]n¬°m-eØv Ahn-SsØ Akn-Â v apZ-cn-kmbnhsc
\mc-It- »-cnsb ]cn-KW - n-°p-Ib- p-≠m-bn.
a≥Jq-emØv hnj-b-ß-fnepw aAvJq-emØv hnj-b-ß-fn-ep-
sa√mw \mc-It- »cn Ah-Km-lhpw ss\]p-Wyhpw t\Sn-bXv ^fv^c - n-
bn¬ \n∂m-Wv. k¿∆ hn⁄m-\-ß-fnepw h≥ ]mfin-Xy-ap-≠m-bn-
cp∂ Kpcp-hns\ AtX-]Sn ]I¿Øp-Ib - m-bn-cp∂p \mc-It- »-cn Xs‚
Pohn-XØ - n¬. F√m hn⁄m\ imJ-If - nepw Htc-t]mse Ah-Kmlw
t\Sp-Ibpw F√m-‰n-sebpw Ducm-°p-Sp-°p-Iƒ A\m-bmkw \nh¿Øn-
®p-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp At±-lw. ^fv^-cn-bpsS ]mfin-Xy-
Øns‚ {]`-bmWv \mc-It- »-cn-bnepw {]Xn-^e - n-®n-cp-∂X- v.
IÆn-bØv DkvXm-Zn-t\m-Sp-IqsS
Htc kabw IÆn-bØv DkvXm-Zns‚ injy\pw kl-{]-
h¿Ø-I\ - p-am-bn-cp∂p \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zv. hmg-°m-´p-\n-∂mWv CXv
c≠pw \S-°p-∂-Xv. ^fv^-cn-bpsS Ime-Øp-Xs∂ IÆn-bØv
DkvXmZv Ahn-SsØ apZ-cn-kmbn D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-h-t√m. C°m-eØv
c≠p t]cp-sSbpw injy-\m-bn-cp∂p \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zv. Ah-km\
Ime- ß - f m- b - t ∏m- t g°pw \mc- I - t »- c n- s bbpw At±- l - Ø ns‚
kma¿∞yhpw anIhpw I≠v Ahn-SsØ apZ-cn-km-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.
AtXmsS Ccp-hcpw kl-{]-h¿Ø-Ic - pam-hp-Ib- m-bn-cp-∂p.
tIcfw I≠ ]fin-X-∑m-cn¬ \nkvXp-e-\pw A{K-K-Wy-\p-
ambn-cp-∂p- IÆn-bØv A“Zv apkven-bm¿ (1900-˛1993). at©-cn-°S- pØ
tXm´-°mSv IÆn-bØv Ahdm≥ Ip´n-bpsS aI-\m-bn-´mWv P\-\w.
sNdp-∏-Øn¬Xs∂ ]nXmhv ac-W-s∏-´-tXmsS B IpSpw_w 1912 ¬
hmg-°m-t´°v Xmakw am‰n-. Zcn-{Z-cmb Cu IpSpw-_sØ sImb-∏-
sØmSn IpSpw-_a - mWv klm-bn-®n-cp-∂X - .v ]Wn-°¿ ]pdm-bnse {]kn-
≤-amb sImb-∏s - ØmSn IpSpw_ Z¿kn-em-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zns‚ ]T-
\m-cw-`w. Xe-s∏-cp-a-Æ, s\√n-∏-d-ºv, samd-bqcv XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-
fnepw HmXn-∏T - n-®n-cp-∂p. 1914 ¬ At±lw D]-cn-]T - \
- Ø
- n-\mbn Zmdp¬
Deq-an¬ tN¿∂p. Nmen-e-IØv Ip™-l-ΩZv lmPn, JpYp_n apl-
ΩZv apkven-bm¿, ssiJv A–p¬ Akokv theq-cn, sNdp-t»cn
AlvaZv Ip´n apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cm-bn-cp∂p AhnsS At±-l-
Øns‚ DkvXm-Zp-am¿. 1926 ¬ JpYp_n apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿ hmg-
°m´v kzZ¿ apZ-cn-kmbn h∂-tXm-sS-bmWv At±lw Zmdp¬ Deq-anse
Xs‚ ]T\w Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂X - v. AtXmsS JpYp_n At±-lsØ
Xs‚ Iogn¬ Zmdp¬ Deq-anse c≠mw apZ-cnkmbn \nb-an-®p. ]n∂o-
Sv, Bb-t©cn –¿d-ln-am≥ apkven-bm¿, A–p¬ JmZn¿ ^fv^cn
XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS Iognepw c≠mw apZ-cn-kmbn tkh\w sNbvXp.
]n∂oSv AhnsS kzZv¿ apZ-cn-kmbpw At±lw {]h¿Øn-°p-Ib - p-≠m-
bn. Cu Ime-ßfn-em-bn-cn-°Ww \mc-I-t»cn DkvXmZv AhnsS ]Tn-
°m-s\-Øp-∂Xpw tijw Ipd®p Imew kl-{]-h¿Ø-I\ - m-Ip-∂X- pw.
1933 hsc IÆn-bØv hmg-°mSv D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
\mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zns‚ CjvS-s∏´ DkvXmZpw hfsc ASp-
∏-ap≈ kl-Im-cn-bp-am-bn-cp∂p IÆn-bØv DkvXm-Zv. IqsS Ipd™
Imew {]h¿Øn-®n-´p-s≠-¶nepw Xs‚ hµy Kpcp F∂ \ne-°p-X-
s∂-bm-Wv \mc-I-t»cn IÆn-b-Øns\ Xs‚ Pohn-X-Øn-ep-S-\ofw
I≠n-cp-∂-Xv. Z¿kv Ime-Øp-Xs∂ Ccp-hcpw XΩn¬ henb ASp-∏-
Ønepw kvt\l-Øn-ep-am-bn-cp-∂p. IÆn-b-Øn\v henb Imcy-am-bn-
cp∂p \mc-It- »-cn-tbm-S.v At±-lØ - ns‚ InØm-t_m-Øn-ep≈ Ignhpw
{Kmly-i‡ - n-bp-sa√mw IÆn-bØ - ns\ h√msX BI¿jn-®n-cp-∂p.
\mc-I-t»-cn-bpsS I¿a-imkv{X Ign-hns\ IÆn-bØv
DkvXmZv ]e XhW AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw {]iw-kn-°p-Ibpw hsc
sNbvXX - mbn ImWmw. Hcn-°¬ Hcp akvA - e- b- p-ambn hmg-°mSv sN∂
ka-bw. Iptd t\csØ N¿®°pw kwhm-Z-Øn-\p-sam-Sp-hn¬ \mc-I-
t»-cn-bpsS sNhn ]nSn-®p-sIm≠v DkvXmZv ]d™p:
""A_q-_-Ivtd, \obmWv apkven-bm¿... \n\-°nXv C{Xbpw
thK-Øn¬ Xncn-™p-ht- √...''
hen-sbmcp Xncn-®d
- n-hns‚ {]Xn-^e - \- hpw AwKo-Im-cØ - ns‚
km£y-]-{X-hp-am-bn-cp∂p CXv. \mc-I-t»-cn-bpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬
CØcw kw`-h-߃ ]e XhW D≠m-bn-´p-≠v.
{]mbw-sIm≠v \mep hb- ns‚ hyXymkw am{Xta IÆn-
bØpw \mc-It- »-cnbpw XΩn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. IÆn-bØv DkvXm-
Zm-bn-cp∂p aqØXv. At±lw 1900 epw \mc-It- »cn 1904 epamWv P\n-
°p-∂X - .v F∂n-cp-∂mepw IÆn-bØ - n¬\n∂pw X\n°p In´nb DkvXm-
Zn-øØ
- ns\ \mc-It- »cn hfsc BZ-cn-°p-Ipbw _lp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXn-cp-∂p.
\mc-I-t»-cn-bpsS Pohn-X-Ønse Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm-\m-hmØ Hcp
A[ym-bam-bn-cp∂p IÆn-bØv DkvXm-Zv. \nc-¥c - a
- mbn At±lw hmg-
°mSv kµ¿in-°p-Ibpw hnhn[ akv-A-e-Iƒ N¿® \S-Øp-Ibpw
sNbvXn-cp-∂p. hnhn[ Ime-ßf - n-embn IÆn-bØv hmg-°m´v [mcmfw
h¿j-߃ tkh\w sNbvXn-cp-∂p-ht- √m. GI-tZiw ae-bΩ - , ap°w
`mK-tØ°p tN¿∂p \n¬°p∂ ae-∏pdw Pn√-bnse Hcp {]tZ-i-
amWv hmg-°mSv F∂-Xn-\m¬, Cu Ime-ß-fn-se√mw hmg-°mSv
t]mIm\pw DkvXm-Zp-ambn \nc-¥cw _‘-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°m\pw \mc-
I-t»-cn°p km[n-®p. CXn-\n-Sb - n¬, IÆn-bØv DkvXmZv ae-bΩ - b
- n¬
\mc-I-t»cnbpsS ho´n¬ h∂v cm{Xn Xma-kn-°p-I-hsc sNbvXn-´p-
≠v. Xs‚ hfsc ASpØ sshb-‡nI _‘-Øn-eqsS Xs‚ \mSn-
s\bpw \m´p-Im-scbpw IÆn-bØv DkvXm-Zn-te°v ASp-∏n-°m\pw \mc-
I-t»-cn°p Ign-™n-cp-∂p. Cu Hcp ASp∏w ae-b-Ω F∂ {]tZ-
ihpw IÆn-bØv DkvXmZpw Ime-ßt- fmfw ImØp kq£n-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXn-´p-≠v.
 A\-h[n akvA- e N¿®-If - nepw BZ¿i thZn-If
- nepw IÆn-
bØpw \mc-I-t»-cnbpw H∂n-®n-cp-∂n-´p-≠v. kakvX tbmK-ß-fnepw
Ah¿ H∂n-®mWv ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp-∂-Xv. IÆn-bØv {]kn-U‚mb ka-
kvX-bpsS sshkv{]-kn-U‚m-bn-cp∂p \mc-I-t»cn F∂-Xp-Xs∂
Ah¿°n- S - b nse _‘hpw ASp- ∏ hpw hy‡- a m- ° n- Ø - c p- ∂ p.
Cusbmcp kvt\l hmbv]m-bn-cp∂p \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zns‚ Pohn-
X-Ønse hen-sbmcp Icp-X-epw.

]d-h-Æ- DkvXm-Znt\mSp-IqsS
\mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zns‚ Kpcp-]-c-º-c-bn¬ Is≠-Øp∂
as‰mcp {][m-\n-bmWv ]d-hÆ aplvbn-±o≥ Ip´n apkven-bm¿
(1898˛1957). Zmdp¬ Deq-an¬\n-∂p-Xs - ∂-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu injy-Xzhpw.
JpYp-_n-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ ]d™t]mse, A∂sØ ssh⁄m-\nI
afi-e-Øn¬ {]tim-`n-®p-\n-∂ ]fin-X-\m-bn-cp-∂p-ht√m ]d-h-Æ
DkvXmZv. kp∂Øv Pam-AØ - ,v I¿a-im-k{v Xw, X¿°-imkv{Xw t]mse-
bp≈ BZ¿i hnj-b-ß-fn¬ DkvXmZn\v At±-l-Øns‚ injyXzw
henb t\´-am-bn-cp-∂p. hnin-jym, _nZCu I£n-Iƒ Xe-s]m-°n-
s°m-≠n-cp∂ B ImeØv CØcw hn⁄m-\o-bß - ƒ A\n-hm-cy-am-
bn-cp-∂p.
Xm\q-cn-\S- p-Øp≈ ]d-hÆ - b - n¬ ac-°m-cI
- Øv IΩ-Ze - n-bpsS
aI-\m-bn-´mWv ]d-h-Æ-bpsS P\-\w. {]mY-anI ]T-\-Øn\p tijw
]d-hÆ Z¿knepw aÆm¿°mSv Nmen-e-IØv Ip™-l-ΩZv lmPn-
bpsS Z¿knepw Iq´mbn _mh-ap-ke v n-bm-cpsS Z¿knepw ]Tn-®p. tijw,
theq¿ eYo-^n-øb - nepw _mJn-bm-Ønepw ]T\w \SØn Xncn-s®Øn.
AXns\ XpS¿∂v 1928 ¬ ]d-h-Æ-bn¬ aZvd-k-Øp-∂q-cnø ÿm]n-
°p-Ibpw Z¿kv Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]pfn-°¬, IÆq¿, s]cn-
ß-Øq¿, ]d-ºØ - v, ]c-∏\
- ß- m-Sn, Xm\q¿ XpS-ßnb ÿe-ßf - nepw
hnhn[ Ime-ß-fn-embn At±lw Z¿kv \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\n-S-
bn¬ c≠p Xh-W-I-fn-embn \mep h¿j-tØmfw hmg-°mSv Zmdp¬
Deq-an¬ kzZv¿ apZ-cn-kmbn tkh\w sNøp-I-bp-≠m-bn. Cu ka-b-
ØmWv \mc-I-t»cn DkvXmZv At±-l-Øns‚ injyXzw hcn-°p-∂-
Xv.
]pØ≥ {]ÿm-\° - m¿s°-Xn-sc-bp≈ Hcp ]S-hm-fm-bn-cp∂p
]d-hÆ DkvXm-Zv. \mSp-\osf _nZCu I£n-I¬ {]N-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-
cp∂ ImeØv At±lw cwK-Øn-d-ßp-Ibpw Ahsb i‡n-bp‡w
t]mcmSn tXm¬]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ad-_n, D¿Zp, ^mcn-kn, Cw•o-
jv, Xangv XpS-ßnb `mj-Iƒ A\m-bmkw ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp∂
At±lw FXn-¿I£n-I-fpsS ]pkvX-I-ß-fn¬\n∂pw sXfn-hp-Iƒ
\nc-Øn-bmWv Ah-s°-Xnsc t]mcm-Sn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. BZ¿i cwKsØ
DkvXm-Zns‚ Cu ]mShw Xs‚ ]T-\I - m-eØ- p-Xs∂ \mc-It- »-cnsb
h√msX BI¿jn-®n-cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬, ]T-\t- Øm-sSm∏w kp∂Øv
Pam-AØv hnj-bß - f- n¬ At±lw IqSp-X¬ Du∂¬ \¬In. Xs‚
hµy Kpcp-hns‚ ]mX ]n¥p-S¿∂p. CXn\p DkvXm-Zns‚ ]n¥p-Wbpw
klm-bhpw At±-lØ - n\p e`n-®n-cp-∂p.
Xs‚ ]n¬°me Pohn-X-Øn-se, _nZCu I£n-Iƒs°-Xn-
sc-bp≈ BZ¿i t]mcm-´ß - f- n¬ ]d-hÆbpsS kzm[o\w \√-t]mse
\mc-It- »-cn°v t{]c-Ih- pw klm-bI - h
- pambn-cn-°W
- w. kp∂Øv Pam-
AØv hnj-bß - ƒ FgpXn sh®n-cp∂ Hcp t]mbn‚ v ]pkvXIw \mc-
I-t»cn DkvXm-Zns‚ ASpØv D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-hs{X. ]d-hÆ - sb t]mse-
bp≈ BZ¿i [oc-cmb DkvXm-Zp-am-cmWv Xo¿®-bmbpw CØcw D±y-
a-߃°v t{]m’m-l\w \¬In-bn-cp-∂X - v.
Cß-s\, tIc-f-°-c-bnse {]ap-Jcpw {][m-\n-I-fp-amb
At\Iw DkvXm-Zp-am-cpsS injyXzw t\cn´p hcn-°m≥ `mKyw e`n®
Hcp alm hy‡n-Xz-am-bn-cp∂p \mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zv. D≤rX DkvXm-
Zp-am¿°p ]pdsa AXXp Ime-ßfn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ c≠mw apZ-cn-kp-
amcpw aq∂mw apZ-cn-kp-am-cp-sa√mw At±-l-Øns‚ Kpcp-]-´n-I-bn¬
s]Sp-∂p. Ah-cn¬\n∂pw e`n® Adn-hns‚ A£b J\n-Ifpw Kpcp-
Xzhpw s]mcp-Ø-hp-am-bn-cp∂p \mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zns\ Hcp alm
{]ÿm-\a - m°n hf¿Øn-bn-cp-∂X - v. B XW-em-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zns‚
F∂-sØbpw Icp-Øpw.
 13

alm∑m-cpsS Bio¿hm-Z-߃
Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-]m-Xn-bn¬ hnZym-`ymkw sNøp-
Ibpw c≠mw ]mXn-bpsS BZy-`m-Kß - f
- n¬ aX kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-
cnI taJ-eI- f
- n¬ \nd-™p-\n¬°p-Ibpw sNbvX Hcp ]finX {]ap-
J≥ F∂ \ne°v, \mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zn\v B Ime-b-f-hn¬ Pohn-
®n-cp∂ ]e {]ap-Jc - p-ambpw t\cn´p≈ _‘-ap-≠m-hpI kzm`m-hn-I-
am-Wv. kmaq-lnI taJ-e-bn¬ Cd-ßn-{]-h¿Øn® Hcp hy‡n-sb∂
\ne°v CXv A\n-hm-cy-hp-am-Wv. Xs‚ aX kmaq-lnI hnZym-`ymk
Pohn-X-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ _‘-s∏-Sp-Itbm Bio¿hmZw t\Sp-Itbm
AwKo-Imcw kzmb-Ø-am-°p-Itbm sNbvX Nne {]ap-Jsc am{Xw
]cm-a¿in-°p-Ib - m-Wn-hn-sS.

imen-bm-Øn-bpsS km-ao]yw
\mc-It- »cn hf¿∂p-hc - p-tºmƒ tIc-f° - c- b- n¬ {]tim-`n-®p-
\n∂ {]K¬`-\m-sbmcp ]fin-X-\m-bn-cp∂p AlvaZv tImb imen-
bmØn (1884-˛1954). A∂v Pohn-®n-cp∂ ]e ]fin-Xc - p-ambpw _‘w
ÿm]n® Iq´-Øn¬ DkvXmZv At±-lh - p-ambpw kl-hmkw ÿm]n-
°p-Ibpw _‘w ]pe¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. A∂v At±-l-
Øns‚ Bio¿hmZhpw {]m¿∞-\bpw DkvXm-Zn\p e`n-®p.
tIc-fØ - n¬am-{X-a√
- , C¥y-bn¬Xs∂ t]cp-tI´ hy‡n-Xz-
ß-fn-sem-cm-fm-bn-cp∂p imen-bm-Øn. kq^n-hc - y-\mb Ip™m-en-°p´n
apkven-bm-cpsS aI-\mbn Nmen-bØ - mWv At±-lØ - ns‚ P\-\w. {]mY-
anI ]T-\-Øn\p tijw Jnem-^Øv t\Xmhv Ben apkven-bm¿,
Nmen-e-IØv Ip™-l-ΩZv lmPn XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS Iogn¬ ]Tn-®p.
tijw a{Zm-knepw sh√q¿ eYo-^n-øb - nepw D]-cn-]T - \w \S-Øn. \mep
aZvl-_nepw ^Xvh \¬In-bn-cp∂ At±lØns‚ ]mfinXyw ]cn-
K-Wn®v tijw sslZ-cm-_mZv ss\kmw At±-lsØ sX∂n-¥y-bnse
ap^vXn-bmbn \nb-an-°p-Ib - p-≠m-bn. tijw, sh√q¿ eYo-^n-ø, Xncq-
c--ßm-Sn, sImSn-bØ - q¿, a{Zm-kv, \mKq¿, _SvI¬ XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-
fn-se√mw apZ-cn-kmbn tkh\w sNbvXp. tijw, {]tal tcmK-_m-
[n- X - \ mb At±lw ]≈nbpw JpXp- _ v J m- \ bpw ÿm]n®v
\m´n¬Xs∂ Xma-kn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. tIc-f-apkvenw ]fin-X-
∑m¿°n-Sb - nse kap-∂X km∂n-[yhpw tNmZyw sNø-s∏-SmØ t\Xm-
hp-am-bn-cp∂p imen-bm-Øn. Bio¿hm-Zhpw ^XvhI - fpw NnIn-’bpw
tXSn Bbn-c-ß-fmWv At±-l-Øns‚ ASpØv h∂n-cp-∂-Xv. ]fin-
X-∑m-cpsS t]mepw B{ib tI{µ-am-bn-cp∂p A∂v At±-l-Øns‚
hoSpw ]≈n-bpw.
AXp-sIm-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww ]Tn-®p-hf - ¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cns° \mc-
I-t»cn DkvXm-Zns‚ ]nXmhv ac-°m¿ lmPnbpw Xs‚ aI-s\bpw
Iq´n Nmen-bØv imen-bm-Øn-°-SpØv t]mIp-∂-Xv. hmg-°mSv
At±lw ]Tn®v {]tim-`n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Ime-Øm-bn-cp∂p kw`-
hw. Bscbpw Akq-b-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ \ne-°m-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zns‚
hf¿®. C°m-eØv DkvXm-Zn\p i‡-amb tcmKw ]nSn-s]-Sp-Ibpw
shj-a-k‘n h∂p-s]-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu kabw NnIn’ tXSn
imen-bm-Øn-bpsS ASpØp t]mIm-\mWv ]nXmhv Xocp-am-\n-®X - .v AX-
\p-k-cn®v Nmen-bØp t]mhp-Ibpw At±-l-tØmSv Imcy-ß-sf√mw
]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. imen-bmØn NnIn-’m-ap-dI - ƒ ]d-™p-sIm-Sp-
°p-Ibpw AXn\p kao-]n-t°-≠-hsc \n¿t±-in-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Cu NnIn-’m-ap-dI - ƒ ]men-®t- XmsS DkvXm-Zns‚ tcmKw t`Z-am-hp-I-
bm-bn-cp-∂p.
sNdp-∏-Im-eØp \S∂ Cusbmcp kw`-h-tØm-sS-bmWv
imen-bm-Øn-bp-am-bp≈ \mc-I-t»cnbpsS _‘w cqV-aq-e-am-Ip-∂-
Xv. ]n¬°m-eØnXv ssh⁄m-\nI taJ-e-bn-te-°mbn amdp-Ibpw
IqSp-X¬ Imcy-£-a-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. hnhn[ akv-A-e-Iƒ°pw
a‰p-ambn ]n¬°m-eØpw DkvXmZv ]e-X-hW Ahsc ImWm≥
t]mbn-´p-≠v. ¢mknepw imen-bm-Øn-sb-°p-dn®v DkvXmZv ]d-bp-am-bn-
cp-∂p. "inlm-_p-±o≥ acn-®m¬ Fs‚ kwi-b-ß-sf√mw Bcv
Xo¿°pw' F∂v IÆn-bØv ]d-™Xv At±lw Hcn-°¬ A\p-ak - va-
cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. B alm-flm-hn¬\n∂pw e`n® {]m¿∞-\-Ifpw
Bio¿hm-Z-ßfpambn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zns‚ hf¿®-bnse henb \mgn-
I-°√ - p-If - mbn amdn-bn-cp-∂X- v.
JpYp_nbpsS AwKo-Imcw
\mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zns\ hfsc Bg-Øn¬ kzm[o-\n®
DkvXm-Zp-am-cn¬ Hcm-fmWv JpYp_n apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿ (1877-˛1966).
hmg-°m-´p-\n∂pw t\cn´p ]Tn-®n-´n-s√-¶nepw Ahn-SsØ ap≥ DkvXm-
Zp-am-cn¬ Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂p JpYp-_n. AtXm-sSm∏w, CS-°nsS ]co£
\S-Øm\pw At±lw Zmdp¬ Deq-an¬ hcm-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-
≠p-X-s∂, AhnsS ]T\w Bcw-`n-®-Xp-ap-X¬ XpS-ßn-b-Xm-bn-cp∂p
Cu Bfl _‘w. ]n∂oSv Pohn-XØ - n-ep-S\
- ofw Cu _‘w ImØp-
kq-£n-°p-Ibpw CS-°nsS t]mbn ]pXp-°pbpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. At±-
l-sØ ]e-hpcp kµ¿in-°p-Ibpw akv-A-e-Iƒ N¿® \-Øp-Ibpw
sNøp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Aß-s\-bmWv B KpcpXzw e`n-°∂--Xv. JpYp_n
Xpd-∂p-sIm-SpØ ssh⁄m-\nI \n[n-I-ƒ \mc-I-t»-cn-bpsS
ssh⁄m-\nI Zmlw ian-∏n-°m≥ aXn-bm-bX - m-bn-cp-∂p.
tIcfw I≠ ]fin- X - ∑ m- c n¬ A{K- K - W y- \ m- b n- c p∂p
JpYp_n apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿. ae-∏pdw Pn√-bnse F.-B¿. \K-dn-
em-bn-cp-∂p P\-\w. {]mY-anI ]T-\Ø - n\p tijw Xe-°S- Ø - q¿ Ppap-
AØv ]≈n-bn¬\n∂v Z¿kv ]T\w Bcw-`n-®p. kzZ-JØ - p≈ apkven-
bm-cpsS ]nXmhv t]m°¿ apkven-bm-cm-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zv. Bbn-sS-
bmWv Nmen-eI - Øv Ip™-lΩ - Z- v lmPn Xncq-cß - mSn Xd-Ω¬ ]≈n-
Z¿kv XpS-ßnb hnhcw e`n-®X - .v Xma-kn-bm-sX, AhnsS t]mhp-Ibpw
At±-l-Øns‚ injyXzw hcn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]n∂o-Sv, Ime-ß-
tfmfw Nmen-eI - Ø- n-s\m-∏a
- m-bn-cp∂p At±-lØ - ns‚ Pohn-Xw. Nmen-
e-IØv Xncq-c-ßmSn hn´v amln-°-SpØv s]cp-ßm-Sn-bn-te°p amdn-b-
t∏mƒ At±-lhpw IqsS t]mbn. Ahn-sS-\n-∂mWv "JpYp_n' F∂
t]cv kn≤n-®-Xv. X¿°-imkv{X {KŸ-amb JpYp-_n-bn¬ At±-l-
Øns‚ A]m-ca - mb Ignhpw Bg-hpw-I≠v DkvXmZv hnfn-®X - m-bn-cp∂p
Cu t]cv. tijw, DkvXm-Zn-t\m-Sp-Iq-sS-Øs∂ ]pfn-°e - n-te°pw h∂p.
AhnsS-\n-∂mWv Nmen-eI - Øv hmg-°m-t´°p IS-∂p-hc - p-∂X - .v DkvXm-
Zn-t\m-sSm∏w hmg-°m-s´-Ønb JpYp_n aq∂p h¿jw AhnsS HmXn-
∏-Tn-®p. A°m-e-Øp-X-s∂, apZ-cn-kmbn AhnsS ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXn-cp-∂p. At∏mtg°pw ssh⁄m-\nI temIsØ Hcp alm
km∂n-[y-ambn amdn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p JpYp_n. tijw, DkvXm-Zns‚
kΩ-X-{]-Imcw ]m\q-cn-te°p Xncn-°p-Ibpw (1911/1331) ]Xn-\©p
h¿j-°mew AhnsS Z¿kv \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. tijw, 1926
(ln. 1345) Ime-ß-fn¬ At±lw hmg-°mSv Zmdp¬ Deq-an-¬ kzZv¿
apZ-cn-kmbn Xncn-s®Øn. ss_Øe A“Zv Ip´n apkven-bm¿, Nmen-
b-∏pdw henb aΩZv Ip´n apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cmbncp∂p A∂v
Ahn-SsØ a‰p DkvXm-Zp-am¿. IÆn-bØv A“Zv apkven-bm¿, h≠q¿
kzZ-J-Øp≈ apkven-bm¿, ssI∏‰ _ocm≥ Ip´n apkven-bm¿, Ico-
‰n-∏-dºv tambn≥ Ip´n apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ hnhn[ ÿe-ß-
fn¬\n-∂p≈ At±-lØ - ns‚ {][m\ injy-∑m-cn¬ Nne-cm-Wv.
JpXp_n apl-ΩZv apkven-bm-cp-ambn henb kvt\l-Ønepw
ASp-∏-Øn-ep-am-bn-cp∂p \mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zv. C¬an-s‚bpw akv-A-
e-I-fp-sSbpw Imcy-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p Ah¿ IqSp-X¬ _‘-s∏-´n-cp-
∂Xpw kwkm-cn-®n-cp-∂X - pw. X\n°v C¬ans‚ AIw-hm-Xn-ep-Iƒ Xpd-
∂p-X∂ DkvXm-Zns\ \mc-It- »cn h√msX BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw _lp-am-
\n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
JpYp-_n-bp-ambn Hcp akvA - e N¿®
\mc-I-t»cn DkvXmZv Xe-t»-cn-°-SpØ s]cn-ß-Øq¿ ]p√q-
°c Z¿kn¬ apZ-cn-kmbn tkh\w sNøp∂ Imew. Xplv^-bn¬
Hcp kwi-b-ap-≠m-bn. acWw hsc apX-A-√n-ao-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p-ht√m
]g-b-Ime DkvXm-Zp-am¿. Ft∏mƒ F¥p kwibw h∂mepw AXv
Xs‚ DkvXm-Zns‚ ASp-Øp-t]mbn tNmZn-°p-∂-Xn¬ B¿°pw
bmsXmcp aSn-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. DkvXmZv Xplv^ Hcp XpWn k©n-
bn¬ sI´n ae-∏pdw F.-B¿. \K-dnse JpYp-_n-bpsS ho´n-te°p
]pd-s∏-´p. IqsS Xs‚ injy-∑m-cn-sem-cm-fm-bn-cp∂ ]md-∂q¿ ]n.-]n.
C_vdmlow apkven-bm-scbpw Iq´n. At±lw A∂v \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-
Zn\p Iogn¬ ]p√q-°c Z¿kn¬ HmXn-∏-Tn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
GI-tZiw ]Xn-s\m∂p aWn-°mWv Ccp-hcpw JpYp-_n-bpsS
ho´n-se-Øn-b-Xv. At∏mƒ DkvXmZv AhnsS Hcp Nmcp-I-tk-c-bn¬
Ccn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. apZ-cn-kp-am-cpsS Hcp \o≠ \nc-Xs∂ Np‰p-ap-
≠v. hnhn[ Zn°p-I-fn¬\n∂pw kwi-b-߃ Xo¿°m≥ h∂-h-cm-bn-
cp-∂p Ah¿. Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw h∂v InØm-_p-Iƒ hmbn-°p-∂p.
CivIm-ep-Iƒ Xo¿°p-∂p. kabw Aßs\ apt∂m´p \oßp-I-bm-
Wv.
\mc-It- »cn DkvXmZv ho´n-te°p Ib-dn, JpYp-_n-°p-ap-ºn¬
hfsc AI-eØ - n-embn \n∂p. A∂sØ DkvXm-Zp-am¿ Aß-s\-bm-
bn-cp-∂p. Xß-fpsS Kpcp-P-\-ßsf h√msX BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw _lp-
am-\n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Kpcp-in-jy-_‘ - Ø- n\v henb hnebpw
I¬]n-®n-cp-∂p.
 ""AXm-cmWv?'' CXp I≠ JpYp_n tNmZn-®p.
""Rm≥ ae-bΩ A_q-_-Ivdm...'' DkvXm-Zns‚ adp-]-Sn.
""B...'' JpYp-_nbpsS apJØv ]p©n-cn.
C\n amdn \n¬°-Ww. h∂-h-cp-sS-sb√mw kwi-b-߃
Ign™v Xs‚ Dugw hc-Ww. F∂n´v DkvXm-Zns‚ hnfn-bm-f-hp-ap-
≠m-hW - w. F∂n-t´, DkvXm-Zn-\S- p-tØ°p t]mhm≥ ]mSp-≈q. AXp-
h-sc, a‰p-≈h¿°v akvA - e- I- ƒ ]d-™p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂Xv tI´p-]T - n-°p-
I-bmWv th≠-Xv. AXm-bn-cp∂p Ahn-SsØ ssien.
\mc-It- »cn DkvXmZv F√mw {ihn®v `hy-Xt- bmsS ImØn-cp-
∂p. Znhkw H∂pw c≠pw Ign-™p. aq∂mw Znhkw {]`m-Xw. JpYp_n
fplm \nkvImcw Ign™v ]pd-Øn-d-ßn.
""A_q-_I - tv d, hcq. \o F¥n-\mWv h∂Xv?'' At±lw tNmZn-
®p.
""kzem-Øp¬ Ppap-A-bn¬ Xncn-bm-Ø-Xp≠v.'' DkvXmZv
Xplv^ Iøn¬ ]nSn®v ASp-Øp-sN-∂p.
""Rm≥ \nt∂mSv ]t≠ ]d-™-X-t√, ]Tn-°p∂ ImeØv
\∂mbn ]Tn-°Ww; Ae-™p-Xn-cn™v \S∂v kabw If-b-cp-sX-
∂v.'' JpYp_n Xam-i-bmbn ]d-™p. ""Bh-s´, ]dbq; F¥m \ns‚
kwibw?'' At±lw Xnc-°n.
""Hcp AYv^v˛- a - A- vYq^ns‚ {]iv\a - m-Wv.'' DkvXmZv ]d-™p.
]ns∂, Iptd t\cw ]c-kv]c kwhm-Z-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ccphcpw
Xß-fpsS hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ ap∂n¬ \ncØn hni-Zo-I-cn-®p. a-Wn-°q-dp-
Itfmfw AXv XpS¿∂p. (Jp-Yp_n apl-ΩZv apkven-bm-cpsS kao-
]\ coXn AXm-bn-cp-∂p. B¿°pw Xß-fpsS hmZ-KX - n-Iƒ khn-iZw
DkvXm-Zn\p apºn¬ Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°m\pw \ymb-߃ \nc-Øm-\p-ap≈
kzmX-{¥y-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.). Ah-km\w JpYp_n ]d™p:
""A_q-_-Ivtd, At∏m, F\n°mWv ChnsS Xncn-bm-Ø-Xv.
\o ]d-™-XmWv icn.''
CtXmsS F√mw Ign-™p. DkvXmZv kwXr-]vXn-tbmsS
XncnsI bm{X-bm-bn.
\mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zn\p e`n® hen-sbmcp AwKo-Im-c-am-bn-
cp∂p CXv. tIc-f-Ønse {]K¬`-\m-sbmcp ]fin-X-\n¬\n∂pw
D≠mb hne-s∏´ AwKo-Im-cw. Cßs\ A\-h[n kw`-h-߃ B
Pohn-X-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Bflob hn⁄m-\-ß-fpsS DØpwK
tkm]m-\-ß-fn¬ hncm-Pn-®ncp∂ ]ecpw B ]mcm-hmc kam-\-amb
Adn-hn\p apºn¬ inc v \an-®n-cp-∂p.
Xs‚ hµyKpcp JpYp-_n-bpsS AtX coXn Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p
InØm-t_m-Øn-s‚bpw A[ym-]-\-Øn-s‚bpw hnj-b-Øn¬ \mc-I-
t»cn DkvXmZpw kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. B s]mcp-Ø-tØm-sSm∏w B
AwKo-Im-chpw Cu al¬ Pohn-XsØ kº-∂-am-°n.

kzZ-JØ - p≈ aue-hn-bpsS IqsS

tIcfw Z¿in® ]finX {]ap-J-cn¬ A{K-K-Wy-cm-bn-cp∂p
sI.-sI. kzZ-J-Øp≈ aue-hn (a. 1985). \mc-I-t»cn DkvXmZv At±-
l-hp-ambpw ASpØ _‘w ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw akv-A-e-Iƒ N¿®
\SØpIbpw sNøp-am-bn-cp-∂p.
Icn-º-\-°¬ t]m°¿ apkven-bm-cpsS aI-\m-bn-´mWv kzZ-
J-Øp√ aue-hn-bpsS P\-\w. {]mY-anI ]T-\Ø - n\p tijw hS-t°-
aÆ Ip™n-t∏m°p apkven-bm¿, ]g-bßmSn Z¿kv \S-Øn-bn-cp∂
]nXmhv t]m°¿ apkven-bm¿ F∂n-h¿°p Iogn¬ ]Tn-®p. tijw,
aÆm¿°m-Sv, s]m∂m-\n, Xmg-t°mSv F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse Z¿kp-I-fn¬
]Tn-°p-Ibpw tijw sh√q-cn¬ t]mbn _ncpZw t\Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
InØm-_p-I-fn¬ AKm-[-amb Ignhpw ]mfin-Xy-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p
At±-lØ - n-\v. hmf-°pfw A–p¬ _mcn apkven-bm¿°ptijw ka-
kvXb- psS {]kn-U‚ v ]Zw Ae-¶c - n®p. 1966-˛67 Ime-bf
- h
- n-em-bn-cp∂p
CXv. A∂v \mc-It- »cn DkvXmZv ]S∂ Z¿kn¬ apZ-cn-km-bn tkh\w
sNøpIbm-bn-cp-∂p.
{]kn-U‚ v ÿm\-ta-s‰-SpØ kzZ-J-Øp√ auehn, ka-
kvX-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf IqSp-X¬ Imcy-£-a-am-°pI F∂ Dt±-
iy-tØmsS, {]apJ ]fin-X-∑msc t\cn¬ sN∂p I≠v N¿®
sNøm≥ tIc-f-Øn-ep-S-\ofw Hcp bm{X \S-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. Iq´-
Øn¬, ka-kvX-bpsS kap-∂-X-\mb Hcp t\Xmhv F∂ \ne°v
At±lw ]S-∂b - nepw h∂p. \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zp-ambn Zo¿L-t\cw
kwh-Zn-°p-Ibpw At\z-jWw \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. cmhnse ÿe-
sØ-Ønb kzZ-JØ - p√ aue-hnbpw kwLhpw D®-°mWv ]ncn-™p-
t]m-bX- .v AXphsc, ka-kX v b- p-ambn _‘-s∏-´Xpw A√m-ØX - p-amb
hnhn[ N¿®-Iƒ \S-∂p. Iq´-Øn¬ ]e-Xc - Ø- n-ep≈ akvA - e N¿®-
Ifpw IS-∂p-h-∂p. _Zvep¬ aPvlq-Zns‚ cN-bn-Xm-hmb apl-ΩZv
C¬bm-kn-s\bpw At±-l-Øn-s‚bpw \ne-]m-Sp-I-sfbpw Ipdn-®m-bn-
cp∂p Iptd-t\cw N¿®. kp∂Øv Pam-A-Øns‚ Bi-b-ß-tfmSv
At±-lØ - ns‚ Nn¥-Iƒ Fhn-sS-sb√mw tbmPn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw Fhn-
sS-sb√mw hntbm-Pn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw Ah¿ kwkm-cn-®p. Npcp-ßnb ka-
b-am-sW-¶nepw Imcy-£a - a
- mb N¿®-Ifpw kwhm-Zß - f - p-am-Wv B IqSn-
°m-gvNb- n¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂X - v.
ssh⁄m-\n-I- taJ-eb - nse Cusbmcp AKm[ _‘w Ime-
ß-tfmfw i‡-am-bn-Øs∂ \ne-\n-∂p. JpYp-_-bn¬ D®-`m-jnWn
D]-tbm-Kn-°mtam F∂ tIc-f° - c - n-bnse NqtS-dnb N¿®-bn¬ ]¶m-
fn-If
- mb c≠p hy‡n-If - m-bn-cp-∂X - n-\m¬ C∆n-jb - I
- a - mbpw Ah¿°n-
S-bn¬ At\z-jW - ß
- fpw kwhm-Zß - fpw \S-∂n-cn-°W - w. HSp-hn¬, D®-
`m-jnWn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]iv\-Øn¬, akv-
Aem]c-amb hntbm-Pn∏v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn, kzZ-JØ - p√ DkvXmZv tIcf
kwÿm\ PwC-øØ - p¬ De-ab - p-≠m°n t]mhp-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p.

_m^-Jn-Xß - f- psS apºn¬

P\-\w-sIm≠pw acWw sIm≠pw {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒsIm≠pw
[mcmfw kmZr-iy-XI - ƒ \ne-\n¿Ønb c≠p-t]-cm-bn-cp∂p \mc-It- »cn
DkvXmZpw _m^Jn Xß-fpw. 1903 emWv _m^Jn X߃ P\n-°p-
∂-Xv. DkvXmZv 1904 epw. c≠p-t]cpw temI-tØmSv hnS-]-d-bp-∂Xv
1973 ¬ Xs∂. c≠p-t]cpw Htckabw kakvX apim-hd saº¿am-
cmbn {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw tbmK-ßf - n¬ kw_-‘n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXncp-
∂p. kzm`m-hn-IX - t- ]m-se-Øs - ∂, Xß-fp-ambpw \mc-It- »cn DkvXmZv
ASp∏w ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw _‘w \ne-\n-dp-Øn-t∏m-cp-Ibpw sNbvX-
Xmbn ImWmw.
1945 se Imcy-h´w ktΩ-f-\-Øn\p tijw ka-kvX-bn¬
\nd-™p-\n∂ Hcp al¬ hy‡n-Xz-am-bn-cp∂pht√m _m^Jn X߃.
tIc-f-ap-kvenw-I-fpsS ]ptcm-bm\ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ hfsc \n¿Wm-b-I-
am-sbmcp ]¶p-Xs∂ X߃ hln-®n-´p-≠v. hnZym-`ymk t_m¿Uns‚
D¬`-h-Ønepw aZvdkm {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ hf¿®-bnepw Xß-fmWv
]n∂n¬ {]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂X - v. AtX-ka - b
- w, tIc-fa
- p-kvenw-If
- psS aX
kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-cnI Xe-ß-fnse Ah-km\ hm°pw k¿∆-cp-
sSbpw B{i-bhpw AØm-Wn-bp-am-bn-cp∂p X߃. B hoSv k¿∆
{]iv\ß - f- p-sSbpw tImS-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. \qdp-°W - ° - n\v Bfp-If - mWv
AhnsS ssZ\w-Zn\w Ib-dn-bn-d-ßn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. aX-]-fin-X-∑mcpw
cmjv{So-b-{]-ap-Jcpw hyh-kmb taem-f-∑m-cp-sa√mw AXn-ep-≠m-bn-
cp-∂p. aX-ta-Je - b- nse {]iv\ß - f
- p-ambn _‘-s∏´pw Xocp-am-\ß - ƒ
ssIsIm-t≈≠ hnj-bß - f- p-ambn _‘-s∏´pw \mc-It- »cn DkvXmZpw
AhnsS t]mhm-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
Xs‚ Jmkn hnem-b-Øn¬s]´ Hcp ÿesØ \nImlv
kw_-‘-amb {]iv\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´mWv At±lw Hcn-°¬
AhnsS FØp-∂-Xv. IqsS \m´nse Nne {]h¿Ø-I-cp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-
∂p. {]iv\w Xß-fp-ambn N¿®-sNbvXv ]cn-lmcw ImWp-Is - b-∂X- m-
bn-cp∂p Dt±-iyw. {]mb-]q¿Øn-sb-ØmØ Hcp Ip´n-bpsS hnhm-l-
hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´X - m-bn-cp∂p {]iv\w. hnhmlw A\n-hm-cy-amb L´w
h∂p-s]-Sp-Ibpw F∂m¬ Ip´n°v {]mb-]q¿Øn BhmØ ÿnXn°v
FXn-cn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Nne¿ tIkp-sIm-Sp-°p-sa∂v `ojWn apg-°p-
Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂ ka-b-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. Jmkn F∂ \ne°v
DkvXm-Zns‚ Ic-ßf - n-em-bn-cp∂p \nImlv sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-t°≠ DØ-
c-hm-Zn-Øw. ]s£, {]iv\w Kpcp-X-c-am-b-Xn-\m¬ as‰mcm-fpsS
\n¿t±iw tXSm≥ DkvXmZv Xocp-am-\n-®p. Aß-s\-bmWv X߃°p
apºn¬ hcp-∂X - v.
DkvXmZpw kwLhpw sImbn-em≠nbnse Xß-fpsS ho´n-se-
Øp-tºmƒ hm¶v Db-cp-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kemw aS-°nb X߃ "\ap°v
\nkvI-cn®p hcmw' F∂p ]d™v t\sc \nkvI-cn-°m≥ t]mbn.
\nkvIc - n-®p-h∂ tijw F√m-hcpw X߃°p apºn¬ Hcp-an-®p-Iq-Sn.
DkvXmZv hn-j-b-a-h-X-cn-∏n-®p. N¿® sNbvXp. cmjv{S-\n-b-a-hp-ambn
_‘-s∏´ hnj-b-am-b-Xn-\m¬, HutZym-KnI `mK-Øp-\n-∂p≈ \nb-
tam-]-tZ-i-amWv ChnsS AXym-h-iy-ambn th≠n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. X߃
sslt{Zmkv h°o-ens\ ImWm\pw At\z-jn-°m\pw ]d-™p. AX-
\p-k-cn®v kwLw At±-lsØ ImWp-Ibpw kwkm-cn-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. {]iv\Ø - n\p ]cn-lm-ca - m-bn. Jmkn \n°mlv sNbvXp-sIm-
Sp-°p-∂X - n\p ]Icw, _‘-s∏-´h - ¿ \n°m-lns‚ hmN-Iß - ƒ kzbw
]d™v t\cn´p hnhmlw sNbvXp sImSp-°p-Is - b-∂X
- m-bn-cp∂p AXv.
{]iv\w Xo¿°m\pw Imcyw \S-°m\pw CXv \s√mcp t]mwh-gn-bmbn
F√m-h¿°pw tXm∂n. kwLw Xncn-®p-t]m-∂p. tijw, DkvXmZv _‘-
s∏-´h- ¿°v \n°m-lns‚ hmN-Iß - ƒ Fgp-Xn-s°m-Sp-Øp. Ah-cXv ]Tn-
°p-Ibpw Ip´nsb t\cn-´p-Xs∂ hnhmlw sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp.
\mc-It- »cn DkvXmZv _m^Jn Xß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´X - ns‚
Hcp DZm-lc - Ww am{X-am-Wn-Xv. Cßs\ A\-h[n kw`-hß - ƒ Is≠-
Øm-hp-∂t- X-bp-≈q.
 14

Xncp-\-_n-h-sc-bp≈ Kpcp-]-c-ºc
hmg-°mSv Zmdp¬ Deq-an¬ \∂pw Adnhv t\Sn Xs‚ Kpcp-P-
\-ßf - psS s]mcpØw kºm-Zn-®n-dß - n-bt- XmsS \mc-It- »cn DkvXmZv
hn⁄m-\Ø - ns‚ Ckvem-anI Kpcp-]c - º
- c- b
- p-ambn Xs‚ _‘w Du´n-
bp-d-∏n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. C_v\p lP-dn¬ sslØ-an-bn-eqsS {]hm-
NI `qan IS-∂p-h∂ Cu ]c-ºc alm-∑m-cmb aJvZq-an- ]fin-X-
∑mcneqsS, Nmen-eI - Øpw JpYp-_nbpw IÆn-bØpw Ign™v DkvXm-
Zn-se-Øptºmƒ AXns‚ hnip-≤nbpw ta∑bpw thsd-Ø-s∂-bm-
Wv. hnJym-Xc - mb kq^n-If - p-sSbpw B[ym-flnI ⁄m\n-If - p-sSbpw
XW-en¬ DkvXmZv km[n-s®-SpØ Cusbmcp t\´w A¿l-X° - p≈
AwKo-Im-cw X--s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ \o≠ ImesØ A[ym-b\
Pohn-X-Øn\p tijw, A≤ym-]\ Pohn-X-Øn-te°p IS-∂-t∏mƒ
X\n°p e`n® IcpØpw B¿÷-hhpw Xncp-\-_n-h-sc-bp≈
Cusbmcp ]c-º-c-bp-sS-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. tIcfw t\csØ Xncn-®-dn-bp-
Ibpw Bkz-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX Cu ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ Icp-ØmWv
DkvXm-Zh - ¿Iƒ°p Icp-Ømbn F∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂X - v.
Xncp-\_n hsc-bp≈ \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zns‚ Kpcp ]c-ºc
Cßs\ hmbn-°m-hp-∂X - mWv:
1. \mc-It- »cn AlvaZv A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿, ae-bΩ
2. IÆn-bØv A“Zv apkven-bm¿, hmg-°mSv
3. iwkp¬ Deam JpYp_n apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿
4. Nmen-eI - Øv Ip™-lΩ - Zv lmPn
5. hf-∏n¬ A–p¬ Akokv apkven-bm¿, s]m∂m\n
6. tImb-°p´n apkven-bm¿ aJvZq-an, s]m∂m\n
7. A“Zv _mh apkven-bm¿, s]m∂m\n
8. shfn-bt- ¶mSv Da¿ Jmkn
9. Jmkn aΩn-°p´n apkven-bm¿, s]m∂m\n
10. Jmkn Aen lk≥ aJvZq-an, s]m∂m\n
11. A“Zv aJvZqw H∂m-a≥, s]m∂m\n
12. Jmkn JmPm A“Zv aJvZqw
13. Jmkn \qdp-±o≥ aJvZqw, s]m∂m\n
14. Jmkn A–p¬ Akokv aJvZqw aq∂m-a≥
15. Jmkn A–p¿d-“n≥ aJvZqw kzKo¿
16. Dkvam≥ aJvZqw, s]m∂m\n
17. A–p¿d-“m≥ I_o¿
18. sNdnb ssk\p-±o≥ aJvZqw (^-Xl - p¬ apCu-\ns‚ I¿Øm-hv)
19. Camw C_v\p lP-dp¬ sslØan (a-°)
20. Camw apl-ΩZv kI-cnø A¬-˛A - ≥kzmcn A¬˛ankvcn
21. Camw Pem-ep-±o≥ apl-ΩZv A¬ al√n A¬˛ankvcn
22. lm^nfv A–p¿dlow A¬˛C-dmJn
23. Camw Iam-ep-±o≥ A¬-˛A - Øzm¿
24. Camw aplvbn±o≥ blvb _n≥ id^v A∂-hhn
25. Camw Iam-ep-±o≥ k√m¿ A¬-˛C - ¿_en
26. Camw apl-ΩZv _n≥ apl-ΩZv A¬-˛J - k- vho\n
27. Camw A–p¬ K^m¿ A¬˛Jkvho\n
28. Camw A–p¬ Icow A¬-˛d - m-^nCu A¬-˛_ - K- vZmZn
29. Camw A_p¬^fv¬ apl-ΩZv _n≥ blvb Ass∂-km-_qcn
30. Camw A_q-lm-anZv apl-ΩZv A¬˛K- men
31. Camw A_p¬ aBen Cam-ap¬ ld-ssa\n
32. Camw apl-ΩZv A¬ Ppssh\n
33. Camw A_q-_Iv¿ A¬-˛J - ^- v^m¬ A¬˛a-dqkn
34. Camw apl-ΩZv A_q sskZv A¬-˛-a-dqkn
35. Camw AlvaZv _n≥ kpssdPv A¬-˛_ - K- vZmZn
36. Camw A_q kCuZv A¬-˛a - mYn
37. Camw A_q C_vdmlow Ckvam-Cu¬ A¬-˛a - pkv\n
38. Cam-ap\m apl-ΩZv _n≥ CZvcokv A»m-^nCu
39. Camw apkvenw _n≥ Jmen-Zn- ≥Pn
40. Camw A_p¬ amenIv _n≥ PpssdPv A¬-˛-A-ehn
41. Camw AYm-Av _n≥ A_o d_mlv
42. Camw A–p-√m-ln_v\p A∫mkv (d)
43. køn-Zp\m apl-ΩZv kz√-√mlp Asseln hk√w
 15

{]`m-j-W-th-Zn-I-fn¬
Hcp D÷ze hm‹nbpw Bflm¿∞-X-bp-s≈mcp hmC-fp-am-
bn-cp∂p \mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zv. Hcp ImeØv tIc-f-Øn¬ Atßm-f-
an-tßmfw \nd-™p-\n-∂n-cp∂p Ah-cpsS {]kw-Kß - ƒ. Z¿kpImew
apX¬Xs∂ Cu cwKØv {i≤-bq-∂n-bn-cp-∂p. hnhn[ Z¿kp-I-fn¬
apZ-cn-kmbn tkh\w XpS-ßn-b-Xn\p tij-amWv IqSp-X-embpw hb-
fn\p t]mbn-Øp-Sß - p-∂X - v. sImSp-h≈n N¥-bn¬ ]≈n-bnepw kndm-
Pnepw Z¿kv \S-Øp∂ Ime-ßf - n-se√mw CS-°nsS hb-fn-\mbn t]mIp-
am-bn-cp-∂p. AXn\p tijw, DkvXm-Zns‚ {]`m-jWw Gsd {]kn-≤-
am-hp-Ibpw XpS-sc-Øp-Ssc ]e ÿe-ßf - nepw t]mhp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
ae-_m-dn\p ]pdØpw tIc-f-Øn\p ]pdØpw hsc {]kw-K-Øn\p
t]mbn-cp-∂-Xmbn injy-∑m¿ Hm¿°p-∂p. BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬Xs∂
{]kw-KØ - n-\mbn At±-lsØ tXSn Bfp-Iƒ ho´n¬ hcm-dp-≠m-bn-
cp-∂p.
I\-s∏-´Xpw kmc-kº - q¿W-hp-amb {]kw-Ka - m-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-
Zn-s‚-Xv. ^nJvlo akv-A-e-Ifpw \nXy-Po-hn-X-Ønse I¿a-im-kv{X-
hp-amWv AXn¬ IqSp-X-embpw ]cm-a¿in-®n-cp-∂-Xv. \mS≥ hb-fp-
Iƒ°-∏pdw I\-s∏´ ¢mkp-If - m-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zns‚ {]kw-Kß - ƒ.
DkvXm-Zp-am¿°pw AXym-hiyw t_m[-ap-≈h - ¿°pamWv AXv Gsd
D]-Im-cs - ∏-´n-cp-∂X- v. Ah-sc-bmWv Xs‚ {]kw-KØ - n-eqsS DkvXmZv
{][m-\-ambpw Dt±-in-®n-cp-∂-Xpw. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, henb Ben-
ao-ßf - mWv At±-lØ - ns‚ {]kw-Kß - f
- n¬ kw_-‘n-°p-I.
Xm≥ Imeßtfmfw Jmknbpw JYo_pw apZ-cn-kp-am-bn-cp∂
ae-bΩ apt≠m´p ]≈n-bnepw At±lw CS-°nsS kmtcm-]t- Zi {]`m-
j-Wß - ƒ \S-Ømdp≠m-bn-cp-∂p. C≥ X≥kzpdp √ml b≥kzp-dpIpw
h bpk-∫nØp AJvZm-a°pw (\n-߃ A√m-lp-hns\ klm-bn-®m¬
Ah≥ \nß-sfbpw klm-bn-°pw. \nß-fpsS ]mZ-߃ Dd-∏n-®p-
\n¿Øpw.) XpS-ßnb Jp¿-B≥ kq‡-߃ HmXn-bmWv At±lw
km[m-cW {]kwKw Bcw-`n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. ]p≈-\q¿ R≠m-bnepw aS-
hq-cp-sams° At±lw \S-Ønb {]`m-j-W-߃ {]kn-≤-am-Wv.
henb {]`m-jW ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°pw a‰pw t]mIp-tºm¬ \√-
t]mse Ccp∂p Xøm-dm-hp-Ibpw Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°p-Ibpw sNbvX
tij-amWv At±lw t]mbn-cp-∂X - .v sImSp-h≈n Z¿kn¬ ]Tn-∏n-°p∂
Imew. Cß-s\-sbmcp {]kw-K-Øn\p t]mbn-cp-∂-Xmbn injy-∑m¿
A\p-kva-cn-°p-∂p. Ah-km\ Ime-ß-fn-se√mw hml-\-hp-am-bmWv
]ecpw At±-lsØ ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn-te°p Iq´m-\mbn h∂n-cp-∂-Xv.
DkvXmZv ]e-Xn-te°pw t]mhp-Ibpw {]kw-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNøm-dp-≠m-
bn-cp-∂p.
BZ¿i {]kw-K-cw-KsØ K¿÷n-°p∂ knwl-am-bn-cp∂p
\mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zv. bp‡-amb ]Z-{]-tbm-K-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw hy‡-
amb akvA - e A\m-hc - W
- Ø - n-eq-sSbpw Xs‚ FXn-cm-fnsb Ccp-Øm-
\p≈ Akm-[m-cW - a- m-sbmcp Ignhv DkvXm-Zn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kwhm-
Z-ßf - p-sSbpw Jfi-\ß - f - p-sSbpw tÃPp-If - n¬ D÷ze hm‹n-Xs- ∂-
bm-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zv.
F∂n-cp-∂mepw, tIhew {]kwK߃°-∏pdw cl-ky-amb
D]-tZ-i-ßsfbpw kmµ¿`n-I-amb kmtcm-]-tZ-i-ß-sf-bp-amWv
DkvXmZv IqSp-X¬ CjvSs - ∏-´n-cp-∂X- .v Ah-bmWv DkvXmZv Xs‚ Pohn-
X-Øn¬ IqSp-X-embn \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xpw. BcpsS ASpØv F¥p
sX‰p I≠mepw AXn-s\-sØm´v au\n-bm-hm≥ DkvXm-Zn\p km[n-
®n-cp-∂n-√. ]s£, Bfp-Iƒ°p-ap-ºn¬ AXv hnfn-®p-]d - ™v Abmsf
hjfm-°pIbpw sNøn-√. adn-®v, cl-ky-ambn hnfn®v AXv Xncp-Øn-
s°m-Sp-°p-I-bmWv sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv. ]≈n-bn¬ Pam-AØv \nkvI-cn-
°p-tºmgpw ZpB-bn-c° - p-tºmgpw JpYp_ \n¿h-ln-°p-tºm-gp-sa√mw
AXn¬ ]nW-bp∂ sX‰p-Iƒ tijw DkvXmZv _‘-s∏-´h - sc hnfn®v
Xncp-Øp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ Z¿knse hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬
CXv {]tXyIw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. A√m-Ø-h-cm-sW-¶nepw shdpsX
hn´n-cp-∂n-√.
Bi-b-߃°-∏pdw {]mtbm-Kn-I-X-°mWv DkvXmZv Xs‚
Pohn-X-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ {][m\yw \¬In-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Iptd ]d-bp-I-
sb-∂-Xn-e-∏pdw kzbw sNbvXp-Im-Wn-°p-Ibpw sX‰p-Iƒ Xncp-Øp-
Ibpw sNøpI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zns‚ coXn.
 `mKw \mev
A≤ym-]\ shfn®w
 16

]mfin-Xy-Øns‚ Pzme-Iƒ
]T\w Ign™v ]pd-Øn-d-ßn-b-t∏m-tg°pw ]fin-X-tem-
IsØ Hcp D÷ze km∂n-[y-am-bn- amdn°-gn-™n-cp∂p \mc-I-
t»cn DkvXm-Zv. tIc-f-Ønse hnJym-X-cmb ⁄m\n-I-fm-bn-cp-
∂p-ht√m At±-l-Øns‚ KpcpP-\-߃. Xs‚ \o≠ ]T-\-Im-
e-b-f-hn¬ Ah-cn¬\n∂pw aXn-h-tcmfw \pI-cp-Ibpw ]c-am-h[n
B¿÷n-s®-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]T\w Ign-™t- ∏m-tg°pw tIc-
f-Ønse "DkvXm-Zp¬ Akm-XoZv' Bbn Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-h¿
At±-lØ - ns‚ ]mfin-XysØ AwKo-Ic - n-°p-Ibpw At±-lsØ
]Tn® ÿm]-\-Øn¬Xs∂ Xß-fpsS kl-{]-h¿Ø-\-I-\mbn
]cn-K-Wn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. CXp-Xs∂ DkvXm-Zns‚
]mfin-Xy-Øns‚ Bgw hy‡-am-°p-∂p. ]fin-Xt- emIw AwKo-
I-cn-®, ]fin-X-cpsS XW-en¬ hf¿∂p-h∂ Hcp alm {]Xn-`-
X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p \mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zv.
tIc-f-Ønse ]fin-X-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ {]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠m-
bn-cp∂ F√m hn⁄m\imJ-I-fnepw (^-∂p-Iƒ) Htc-t]mse
]mfinXyw t\Snb A]q¿∆w hy‡n-I-fn-sem-cm-fm-bn-cp∂p
DkvXm-Zv. tIc-f-Ønse hfsc Ipd-®p-am{Xw ]fin-X-∑m¿°p
ssIh∂ Hcp `mKy-am-Wn-Xv. F√m hnj-b-ßfpw Htc-t]mse
ssIImcyw sNøm-\p≈ A¬`p-X-I-c-amb Ign-hv. GsXm-cmsf
FSpØp t\m°n-bmepw ^nJvlv, Xkz∆p^v t]mse-bp≈ Nne
hnj-b-ß-fn¬ am{X-amWv Bg-Øn-ep≈ Adnhv ImWm≥ km[n-
°p-I. B hj-b-ß-fn-emWv Ah¿ IqSp-X¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xpw. F∂m¬, DkvXm-Zns‚ ]mfinXyw Aß-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂n-
√. F√m hnj-b-ß-fnepw kq£vahpw AKm-[-hp-amb Adnhv
At±-l-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X-bm-bn-cp-∂p. k¿∆ hn⁄m\ imJ-
I-fnepw Htct]mse Ah-Kmlw t\Snb Hcp ]fin-Xs\ ImW-
W-sa-¶n¬ \mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zns\ t\m°s´ F∂mWv injy-
∑m-sc-t∏m-se-Øs∂ A°m-esØ ]fin-X-∑m¿t]mepw ]d-
™n-cp-∂-Xv. AXv \qdp iX-am\w bmYm¿∞y-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p.
Hmtcm hnj-b-Øn-ep-ap≈ IrXy-Xbpw IWn-iX (X-
lvJo-Jv) bpam-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zns‚ {]tXy-I-X. ]Tn-°p∂ hnj-
b-߃ \qdp iX-am\w IrXy-X-tbm-sS-Øs∂ XlvJo-Jmbn
]Tn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp kwi-bw-t]mepw _m°n-sh-°m-Ø-hn[w
X±zn-j-b-I-amb k¿∆ InØm-_p-Ifpw Ah-bpsS hymJym-\-
ßfpw lmin-b-I-fp-sa√mw At\z-jn®p ]nSn-®p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp∂p
]Tn-®n-cp-∂X - v. DkvXm-Zp-amsc ]c-am-h[n D]-tbm-Ks- ∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw
Ah-cpsS ASp-Øp-t]mbn kwi-b-߃ Xo¿°p-Ibpw sNøpam-
bn-cp-∂p.
Cusbmcp ]T\ coXn kzoI-cn-®X - p-sIm-≠p-Xs- ∂, henb
XlvJo-Jns‚ Bfm-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zv. AXn-\m¬, Xs‚ A[ym-
]-\-Ønepw Cusbmcp kº-∂X apdp-sI-∏n-Sn-°m≥ DkvXmZv
{]tXyIw {i≤n-®p. Xs‚ hnZym¿∞n-Ifpw Cusbmcp coXn
]n¥p-S¿∂v F√m-hn-j-b-ß-fnepw Ah-Km-l-ap≈ ]fin-X-cmbn
hf-c-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ B{K-lw. DkvXm-Zns‚
injy-∑msc ho£n-°p-tºmƒ AXv ]q¿Wm¿∞-Øn¬ ^ew
I≠n-cp-∂-Xmbpw a\- n-em-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
_pJm-cn, apkvenw, Xplv^, al-√n, PwAv, ss_fmhn
t]mse-bp≈ henb henb InØm-_p-I-fmWv DkvXmZv Z¿kv
\S- Ø n- b n- c p- ∂ - X v . A¬^n-b °p Xmsg- b p- ≈ Xv a‰p- ≈ hsc
G¬]n-°pI-bmWv sNøp-I. ]e-t∏mgpw Z¿knse apXn¿∂ apX-
A-√n-ao-ß-fmWv ]pXnb Ip´n-Iƒ°v AXv ¢msk-Sp-Øn-cp-∂-Xv.
\nc-¥-c-ambn henb InØm-_p-Iƒ ¢msk-Sp-Øn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬
hfsc kc-f-ambn AXnse GXp akv-A-e-Ifpw ssIImcyw
sNøm\pw ]d-™p-sIm-Sp-°m\pw At±-l-Øn\p km[n-°p-am-bn-
cp-∂p. k¿∆ i¿lp-Ifpw hmbn-®p-sIm-≠mWv At±lw GsXmcp
InØm_pw ¢msk-Sp-Øn-cp-∂-Xv. Xm≥ ]e XhW ¢msk-SpØ
hnj- b - a m- s W- ¶ nepw icn, i¿lp- I sf hkv X p- \ n- j v T - a mbn
At±lw ]Tn®p AhXcn-∏n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p.
DkvXmZv HmXn-s°m-Sp-°m≥ Ah-ew-_n-®n-cp∂ InØm-
_p-I-fp-sS-sb√mw ]m¿iz-ß-fn¬ hnim-e-ambn i¿lp-Iƒ Fgp-
X-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. ]Tn-°p∂ ImeØv Xs‚ hnJym-X-cmb DkvXm-
Zp-am-cn¬\n∂pw e`n® Adn-hp-Iƒ A∂p-Xs∂ Ipdn-®p-sh-°-
s∏-´X - m-bn-cp∂p AXv. hnhn[ InØm-_p-Iƒ apYm-eA sNbvXpw
InØm-_p-I-fpsS sskUp-I-fn¬ At±lw Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Fgp-Xn-
h-®n-cp-∂p. Xm≥ kz¥-ambn FgpXn sh°p∂ i¿lp-Iƒ°p
apI-fn-¬ sNdp-Xmbn Ad-_n-bn¬ Alv F∂v tcJ-s∏-SpØn.
A“Zv A_q-_Iv¿ F∂ Xs‚ t]cns‚ Npcp-°-cq-]-am-bn-cp∂p
AXv. DkvXmZv HmXn-s°m-Sp-Øn-cp∂ InØm-_p-Iƒ FSp-Øp-
t\m-°n-bm¬ Alv F∂p tN¿Øv InØm-_p-I-fpsS ]n≥_-e-
Øn¬ kz¥w A`n-{]m-b-߃ Fgp-Xn-t®¿Ø [mcmfw ÿe-
߃ ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. PwAv, al-√n, Xplv^, A¬^n-b,
bm^nCu XpS-ßn-b-h-bn-se√mw CXv [mcm-f-am-bn-´p-≠v.
CsX√mw hmbn-®p-sIm-≠mWv At±lw ¢msk-Sp-Øn-
cp-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, hnZym¿∞n-Isf kw_-‘n-®n-S-
tØmfw At±-l-Øns‚ ¢mkp-Iƒ hen-sbmcp A\p-`q-Xn-bm-
bn-cp-∂p. ]e i¿lp-Iƒ hmbn®p hni-Zo-I-cn-®-tijw GsXmcp
akv-Ae N¿® sNøp-tºmgpw "F\n°p tXm∂p-∂Xv CXmWv'
F∂p ]d™v GsX-¶n-ep-samcp A`n-{]m-b-Øn\p {]mapJyw
(X¿Po-lv ) \¬In ]d™psImSp- ° p- a m- b n- c p- ∂ p. GsXmcp
hnjbw ¢msk-SpØpIgn-™mepw AXns‚ Hcp BsI-ØpI
(h¬lm-kzn¬) Npcp-°n-∏-d-bpIbpw sNøp-am-bn-cp-∂p.
F√m InØm_p-Ifpw hnim-e-amb i¿lp-Ifpw hymJym-
\-ßfpw t\m°n \∂m-°n-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-XmWv DkvXm-Zns‚ hen-
sbmcp {]tXy-I-X. B Ime-L-´-Ønse DkvXm-Zp-am-cpsS Hcp
ssien-bm-sW-¶n¬Iq-Sn, Xs‚ DkvXm-Zns\ AtX-t]mse A\p-
I-cn-°m-\p≈ B{K-l-am-bn-cp∂p Ahsc CXn\p t{]cn-∏n-®n-cp-
∂-Xv. DkvXmZv \∂m-°nb InØm-_p-Iƒ°v injy-∑m¿°n-S-
bn¬ h≥kzoIm-cy-X-bmWv \¬I-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv. ]ecpw ]n¬°m-
eØv Z¿kv FSp-°p∂ thf-bn¬hsc AXv sIm≠p-t]m-bmWv
HmXn-s°m-Sp-Øn-cp-∂X- v. DkvXm-Zns‚ h^m-tØm-Sp-IqsS DkvXmZv
\∂m-°nb InØm-_p-I-sf√mw ]e-cpsS Ic-ß-fn¬ AI-s∏-´p-
t]m-hp-Ibpw \jvSs∏-´p-t]m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
henb henb DkvXm-Zp-am-cmWv \mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zns‚
Z¿kn¬ ]e-t∏mgpw apX-A-√n-ao-ß-fmbn D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Bg-
ap≈ InØm-_p-Iƒ ka-{K-ambn ]Tn-°m\pw Kl-\X t\Sm-\p-
amWv Ah¿ h∂n-cp-∂-Xv. ]e-bn-S-ß-fnepw Z¿kv \S-Øp-∂-
hcpw Nne {]tXyI hnj-b-ß-fn¬ injyXzw tXSn DkvXm-
Zns‚ Z¿kn¬ hcp-am-bn-cp-∂p. B ]mfin-Xy-Øns‚ Bghpw
BI¿j-I-Xz-hp-am-bn-cp∂p CXn\p Imc-Ww.
\lvhv, kz¿^v hnj-b-ß-fn¬ AKm[ Ign-hm-bn-cp∂p
DkvXm-Zn-\v. AXv Adn-bp-∂-h¿t° InØm_v Xncnbq F∂m-
bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-{]m-bw. Xs‚ injy-∑m¿°pw
CØcw hnj-b-ß-fn¬ IqSp-X¬ Du∂¬ \¬In ¢mkp-Iƒ
\¬In-bn-cp-∂p.
a≥Jq-em-Øv, aAvJqemØv hnj-b-߃ tIc-f-Ønse
B hnj-b-Ønse Xe-sb-Sp-∏p≈ ]fin-X-cn¬\n∂p e`n-®-Xp-
sIm-≠p-Xs∂, A\m-bmkw DkvXmZv CXp c≠pw ssIImcyw
sNbvXp. Xkz-∆p-^v, X^vko¿, lZokv t]mse-bp≈ a≥Jq-
emØv hnj-b-߃ ^fv^-cn-bpsS ASp-Øp-\n∂pw a≥YnJv
t]mse-bp≈ aAvJqemØv hnj-b-߃ IÆn-bØv DkvXm-
Zn¬\n-∂p-amWv DkvXmZv ]Tn-®ncp∂-Xv. ]T-\-Øn¬ {]mhoWyw
sXfn-bn-°p-Ibpw Ccp-h-cp-sSbpw Xr]vXn Ic-ÿ-am-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXn-cp-∂p.
lZo-knepw A]m-c-amb Ign-hm-bn-cp∂p \mc-I-t»cn
DkvX-Zn-\v. Ah-cpsS ]mfin-Xyhpw ⁄m\hpw a\- n-em-°nb
A∂sØ _mJn-bm-Ønse {]ap-J≥ ssiJv lk≥ l{kØv
Hcn-°¬ ]md-∂q¿ C_vdmlow apkven-bm¿s°m∏w \mc-I-t»cn
hcp-Ibpw DkvXm-Zp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX Ncn{Xw {]kn-
≤-am-Wv.
hfsc BZ-c-thmSpw _lp-am-\-tØm-Sp-amWv DkvXmZv
InØm-_p-Isfbpw Xs‚ Kpcp-P-\-ß-sfbpw kao-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xv.
¢msk-Sp-°p-∂Xv lZo-km-sW-¶nepw ^nJvlm-sW-¶nepw a≥Yn-
Jm-sW-¶n-ep-sa√mw Ah°v Ah-bp-sS-Xmb ]cn-K-W-\bpw
{]m[m-\yhpw \¬In-bn-cp-∂p.
 17

A[ym-]\ ssien
\mc- I - t »cn Dkv X m- Z ns‚ PohnXw {][m- \ - a mbpw
c≠mbn hn`-Pn-°mhp∂XmWv; Z¿kp-I-fnse A[ym-]\ Pohn-
Xhpw ]pØ-\m-i-bm°m¿s°-Xn-sc-bp≈ Bib kac Pohn-
X-hpw. c≠pw Htc-t]mse {][m-\hpw {]k-‡-hp-am-bn-cp∂p
At±-l-Øn-\v. Xs‚ Pohn-X-Ønse Gdnb ka-bhpw Cu c≠p
Imcy-߃°mWv At±lw \o°n-sh-®n-cp-∂-Xv. kΩn-{i-am-bn-
´m-bn-cp∂p CXp c≠pw \S-∂p-t]m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Z¿kp-I-fn¬ ]Tn-
∏n-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ apPm-ln-Zn\pw Pam-A-Øn-\p-sa-Xn-sc-bp≈
Bib kwhm-Z-߃°pw t]mbn-cp-∂p.
F∂n-cp-∂m-epw, Z¿kp-Ifpw Ahn-SsØ {]K¬`cpw
ka¿∞-cp-amb hnZym¿∞n-I-fp-ambn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zns‚ Pohn-X-
Ønse G‰hpw henb kt¥m-j߃. AXn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv
DkvXmZv Pohn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. GI-tZiw \¬]-tXmfw h¿j-߃
kaq-l-Øn\p Adnhp ]I¿∂v \¬In DkvXmZv Pohn-®p. \qdp-
°-W-°n\v injy-∑msc ]fin-tXm-Nn-X-ambn CXn-\n-S-bn¬
hm¿sØSp-Øp. {]K¬`cpw ka¿∞-cp-am-bn-cp∂p CXn¬ Gsd-
t]-cpw.
Hcp henb kw`-h-am-bn-´mWv DkvXmZv InØm_v HmXn-
s°m-Sp-°ens\ I≠n-cp-∂-Xv. hen-b, kp{]-[m-\-amb Hcp
ImcysØ kao-∏n-°p-∂t- ]m-se-bmWv ¢mkv Bcw-`n-°p-I. HmØv
XpS-ßn-bm¬ ]ns∂ InØm-_ns‚ \m\m-h-ihpw {i≤n-°pw.
Hcp C_m-dØv hmbn-®m¬ AXns‚ \lvhv, kz¿^v, a≥Yn-Jv,
aB\n XpSßn \m\m hi-ßfpw hni-Z-ambn N¿® sNøpw.
i¿lp-Iƒ Hs∂m-gn-bmsX hmbn-°pw. Cß-s\, Hmtcm akv-A-
e-Ifpw ]q¿W-ambpw sI´-gn-®mWv apt∂m-´p-t]m-hp-I. AXp-sIm-
≠p-X-s∂, kp{]-[m\ hnj-b-߃ hfsc kmh-[m\w am{Xta
apt∂m-´p-t]m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. ]s£, Aßs\ Hcp InØm_v HmXn-
°-gn-™m¬ ]ns∂, A∆n-jb - I
- a
- mb as‰mcp InØm_v HmtX≠
Bh-iy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. A{X-am{Xw Bg-Ønepw ka-{K-Xbn-
epambn-cp∂p InØm-t_m-Øns‚ t]m°v. apX-A-√n-ao-ßsf
kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw CXv hfsc D]-Im-c-s∏-´n-cp-∂p.
Ccp-∂p-sIm-≠mWv Z¿kp-I-fn¬ ¢mkv FSp-Øn-cp-∂-Xv.
Hcmƒ InØm- _ nse C_m- d - Ø p- I ƒ hmbn- ® p- s Im- S p- ° pw.
DkvXmZv A¿∞w ]d-bpw. AXm-bn-cp∂p coXn. hfsc IrXy-am-
bn-´mWv A¿∞-߃ ]d-™n-cp-∂-Xv. Xs‚ DkvXm-Z-am¿ ]d-
™-Xn\v IqSp-X¬ {]mapJyw \¬In FSp-Øp-]-d-bm-dp≠m-bn-cp-
∂p. IÆn-bØv DkvXm-Zn-s\bpw ^fv^-cn-sb-bp-sa√mw CS-
°nsS ]cm-a¿in-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. henb {]bm-k-ta-dnb akv-A-e-
Iƒ h∂m¬ hfsc Iqe-¶-i-ambn Nn¥n-®p-sIm-≠mWv DkXmZv
AXns‚ Bg-ß-fn-te°p Cd-ßn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. ]d-™v, ]d™v
InØm-t_m-Øns‚ ckw e`n®p XpS-ßn-bm¬ ]ns∂ ¢mkn-
eqsS Fgp-t∂‰p \S-∂p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp∂p ]Tn-∏n-°¬. ]ns∂,
Iptd t\c-tØ°v InØm-_n¬ t\mt°≠ Bhiyap≠m-b-cp-
∂n-√. F√mw ImWm-sX-b-ßs\ ]d-™p-sIm-≠n-cn-°pw. Xs‚
hµy-Kpcp IÆn-bØv DkvXm-Zns‚ ioe-ß-fmWv ]e-Xnepw
DkvXmZv A\p-h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.
DkvXm-Zns‚ Xm¬]-cy-ap≈ Gcn-bb - m-cp∂p a≥Jq-emØv
hnj-b-߃. hfsc ckm-h-lhpw ka-{K-hp-am-bn-´mWv AXv
¢msk-Sp-Øn-cp-∂-Xv. Xplv^ (H∂mw Ppkv-Av), al-√n, kznlm-
lp- nØ (_p-Jm-cn, apkvenw, \km-Cu, Xp¿ap-Zn, C_v\p amP,
A_q-Zm-hq-Zv) XpS-ßn-h-sb√mw DkvXmZv Xs‚ Z¿kp-I-fn¬
¢msk-Sp-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. IqSmsX, l\^o Dkzq-ep-I-fmb Xufo-
lv, X¬holv XpS-ßn-b-hbpw ]Tn-∏n-®p. XPvho-Zn¬ Pkvcn-øbpw
imØ-_n-bp-amWv ]Tn-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. A∂v hym]-I-ambn e`y-a-
√m-Xn-cp∂ imØ_n F∂ InØm_v DkvXmZv Zqc-sØ-hn-sS-
\nt∂m hcp-Øn-°m-dm-bn-cp∂p ]Xn-hv. Adqf C\-Øn¬ aXv\p¬
Im^obpw Xkz-∆p-^n¬ C¿im-Zp¬ bm^n-Cubpw ]T\ hnj-
b-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. thsdbpw [mcmfw InØm-_p-Iƒ hnhn[ L´-
ß-fnepw ka-b-ß-fn-ep-ambn DkvXm-Zns‚ Z¿kn¬ ]Tn-∏n-°-
s∏-´p.
 aAvJqemØv (X¿°-im-kv{X]cw) hnjbß-fn¬ hfsc
Bg-Øn-ep≈ Adn-hm-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zn-\v. C_m-d-Øp-I-fpsS
sI´n-°p-Sp-°p-aqew ]ecpw am‰n-sh-°p∂ ]e InØm-_p-Ifpw
DkvXmZv hfsc emL-h-tØmsS HmXp-Ibpw HmXn-s°m-Sp-°p-
Ibpw sNøp-am-bn-cp-∂p. hfsc bp‡hpw Ip‰-a-‰-Xp-amb coXn-
bn-emWv DkvXmZv CXv HmXn-s°m-Sp-Øn-cp-∂-Xpw. AXp-sIm-≠p-
X-s∂, CØcw hnj-b-߃ am{Xw ]Tn-°m-\mbpw kwib-߃
Xo¿°m\pw ]ecpw DkvXm-Zns\ tXSn hcp-am-bn-cp-∂p.
an¿Jm-Øv, i¿lp-Ø-lvZo-_v, JpYp_n t]mse-bp≈
X¿°-imkv{X hnj-b-ßfpw DJvsse-Zn-kv, Xivco-lp¬ A^vem-
°v, N‹o\n t]mse-bp≈ KWn-X-˛-tKmf imkv{X hnj-b-ßfpw
DkvXm-Zns‚ CjvS taJ-e-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. hfsc efn-X-am-bmWv
CsX√mw ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv.
i¿lp-Ø-lvZo-_ns\ Hcp kw`-h-am-bn-´mWv DkvXmZv
FSpØp ImWn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. F√m Adn-hn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm\w
AXm-sW-∂m-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS `mjyw. th≠-t]mse CXv HmXn-
∏-Tn-®m¬]n-s∂, GXp IØm_pw Ffp-∏-Øn¬ -a\ n-em-Ip-sa-
∂mWv DkvXmZv ]d-™n-cp-∂-Xv. ]d-bp-tºmgpw hmbn-°p-tºm-
gp-sa√mw i¿lv F∂v dmC\v kp°q-\m-bn-Øs∂ hmbn°p-am-
bn-cp-∂p. DkvXm-Zns‚ IrXy-Xbpw IWn-i-X-bp-am-bn-cp∂p AXv.
^fv^-cn-bn¬\n∂pw e`n® XlvJo-Jm-bn-cp∂p CXn\p Imc-
Ww. Ad_n hmb-\-bnse kv^pS-Xbpw IrXy-Xbpw A[ym-
]\w Gsd BI¿j-I-Xz-ap-≈-Xm°n am‰n-bn-cp-∂p. Z¿knse
henb ¢mkp-I-fn-te°v Bcp h∂mepw \o i¿lp-Ø-lvZo_v
HmXn-bn-´pt≠m F∂mWv DkvXmZv tNmZn-°p-I. HmXn-bmepw
Cs√-¶nepw hfsc IWn-i-ambn AXv HmtX-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-
IX DkvXmZv Ahsc t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Xs‚tbm Iq´-
Øn¬ Bcp-sStbm Iogn¬ AXv HmXm≥ Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-°p-
Ibp sNøpw. Aß-s\, DkvXm-Zn\p Iogn¬ AXv Hcp XhW
HmXn- b m¬ ]ns∂ a≥YnJv C\- Ø n¬ as‰mcp InØm_v
HmtX≠ Bh-iy-ap-≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]ns∂, JpYp-_nbpw
ap√mlk\pw HmXp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Xs∂, thK-Øn¬ hmbn-®p-
hn-Sp-I-bmWv DkvXmZv sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv. Imc-Ww, AXns‚ Bh-
iyta ]n∂oSv D≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. JpYp-_n-sbms° ¢msk-
Sp-°p-tºmƒ "hmbn-°v... hmbn-°v...' F∂p ]d™v DkvXmZv thK-
Øn-em-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. t\c-sØ-Øs∂ A{Xbpw kc-f-am-°n-
Ø-cp-am-bn-cp∂p AXnse N¿®m-hn-j-b-߃. apJvX-kz¿ ]T-
\hpw hfsc {][m-\-am-bmWv DkvXmZv I≠n-cp-∂-Xv.
cnkm-e-bmWv DkvXmZv hfsc CjvS-s∏-´n-cp∂ as‰mcp
hnj-bw. AXn¬ henb Ah-Km-lhpw DƒIm-gvN-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p.
AXnse IW-°p-Ifpw KWn-X-ß-fp-sa√mw hfsc emL-h-Xz-
tØm-sS-bmWv DkvXmZv ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp-∂X - v. hfsc hnim-
e-ambn i¿lpw hni-Zo-I-c-W-ßfpw FgpXnsh® cnkm-e-bpsS
Hcp tIm∏nXs∂ AhcpsS ASpØv D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. DkvXm-Zn\v
CXn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ BgØn-ep≈ Adnhv ImcWw ]ecpw Cu
hnjbw DkvXm-Zn¬\n∂v t\cn´p ]Tn-°m-\mbn hcp-am-bn-cp-∂p.
alm-\mb iwkp¬ De-abpw ]n.-kn. Ip™m-e≥ Ip´n apkven-
bm-cp-sa√mw cnkme HmXn-bXv DkvXm-Zn¬\n-∂m-Wv.
DkvXm-Zns‚ ASp-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ \∂m-°nb cnkme
apYm-eA sNøm-\mbn Ip™m-e≥ Ip´n DkvXmZv CS-°nsS
\mc-I-t»cn hcm-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Hcn-°¬ h∂-t∏mƒ cnkme
ImWm-\n-√. tNmZn-®-t∏mƒ DkvXm-Zns‚ adp-]Sn Cß-s\-bm-
bn-cp∂p:
""AXv C.-sI. A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿ h∂v sIm≠p-
t]m-bn. Ah¿°v HmXm\pw HmXn-s°m-Sp-°m-\p-sams° D≠-
s{X.''
iwkp¬ Dea h∂v "C\n CXv DkvXm-Zn\v Bh-iy-an-
√t√m' F∂pw ]d™v sIm≠p-t]m-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. \mc-I-t»-
cn-bpsS \∂m-°nb cnkm-e°v A{X-am{Xw henb Unam‚m-bn-
cp∂p ]finX temI-Øv.
]´n-°mSv PmanA \qcn-ø-bn¬ cnkme ¢mkv XpS-ßnb
Imew. iwkp¬ De-a-bmWv ¢mkv FSp-Øn-cp-∂-Xv. Hcn-°¬
\mc-I-t»-cn-bpsS Z¿kn¬ Btcm CXv ]cm-a¿in-®p. At∏mƒ
DkvXmZv Ah-cpsS Adn-hns\ {]iw-kn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
\mc-I-t»-cn-bn¬\n∂pw e`n® hnim-e-amb Adnhpw
]mfin-Xyhpw a‰p A\p-`-h-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv ]n¬°m-
eØv iwkp¬ Dea cnkm-eØp¬ amd-Zo-\n-bpsS hymJym\ambn
A¬˛A¿_-A-Øp¬ aap-X-\m-kn_ ^o _bm-\n¬ HuJmØn
h¬ Jn_ve F∂ t]cn¬ ]pkvXIw t]mepw Fgp-Xn-bncp∂Xv.
CXm-bn-cp∂p \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ F√m
hnj-b-ß-fp-sSbpw Ah-ÿ. F√m hnj-b-ß-fn-ep-ap≈ Hcp
k¿∆ hn⁄m\ tImi-am-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zv. B shfn®w e`n-
®mWv ]n¬°m-eØv ]ecpw henb ]finX-∑m-cm-bXpw {]i-
kvX-cmb {KŸ-Im-c-∑m-cm-b-Xpw.
Xs‚ hnZym¿∞n-I-sfbpw akv-A-e-Iƒ tNmZn®v ASp-
Øp-h-cp-∂-h-scbpw Ffp-∏-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°m-\p≈ Ignhv
DkvXm-Zn\v D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. sNdnb kwkm-c-Øn-eq-sS-Øs∂
InØm-_n-ep≈ Ah-cpsS Ignhv DkvXmZv Xncn-®-dn-™p. AXv
Ahsc t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂,
DkvXm-Zn\p apºn-se-Øp∂ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v "X߃ H∂pw
t\Sn-bn-´n-s√∂pw C\nbpw Hcm-]mSv t\Sm-\p≠v' F∂p-ap≈
Hcp t_m[w P\n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ht∂m ct≠m h¿jsØ ]T\w
Ign-bp-tºm-tg°v Cusbmcp A]-I¿j t_m[w \oßn, InØm_v
"Xncn-bp∂' Hcp Ahÿ ssIh-cp-Ibpw sNøpw. CXm-bn-cp∂p
DkvXm-Zns‚ Z¿kns‚ G‰hpw henb {]tXy-IX. "X\n°v Xncn-
™n-´n-√m-sb∂p Xncn-bWw; A√m-Ø-sX√mw s]mI-bmWv.'
F∂mWv CXn-s\-°p-dn®v Xs‚ kzX-kn-≤-amb `mj-bn¬
DkvXmZv ]d-™n-cp-∂-Xv. InØm_v D≈n-te-°n-dßn a\- n-em-
°msX, {]Xy-£-Øn¬ am{Xw ]Tn-°p∂hsc "AXv tIhew
]pI am{X-amWv' F∂mbncp∂p DkvXm-Zns‚ {]tbm-Kw. "Hcm-
fpsS fmln¿ J^n-øm-sW-¶n¬ Ah≥ AJ^v^m-bn-cn°pw'
F∂pw DkvXmZv ]d-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p.
InØm-t_m-Øns\ Hcp Bkzm-Z-\-ambn ImWp-Ibpw
AXns\ Atß-b‰w {]tbm-Kh - ¬I-cn-°p-Ib- p-am-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-
Zv. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, {]ap-Jcpw ka¿∞-cp-amb ]fin-X-cmWv
Cu Z¿kp-I-fn¬\n∂pw ]pd-Øp-h-∂n-cp-∂-Xv.
 18

A≤ym-]-\-Øns‚ Zn\-߃
tIc-fØ - nse {][m-\s - ∏´ ]tØmfw Z¿kp-If - n-embn \m¬]-
tXmfw h¿jw A[ym-]\ PohnXw \bn-°m≥ `mKyw e`n® A\p-{K-
loX hy‡n-Xz-Øn-\p-Sa - b - m-bn-cp∂p \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Z.v tImgn-t°m-
Sv, IÆq¿, Imk¿tImSv Pn√-If - n-em-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zns‚ Z¿kp-Iƒ.
apkvenw D∂X hnZym-`ym-kØ - ns‚ {][m\ tI{µ-ßf - mbn ]≈n-Z¿kp-
Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-´n-cp∂ Hcp Ime-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. DkvXm-Zp-am-
cpsS Ignhpw {]m]vXnbpw t\m°n-bm-bn-cp∂p A∂v Z¿kp-If - psS Imcy-
£-a-Xbpw ta∑bpw a\- n-em-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv. tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-
cm-KX - a
- mbn Z¿kv \S-∂n-cp∂ ]e tI{µ-߃°pw Ah-bpsS {]Xm]w
t]mepw \jvSa - m-bn-Øp-Sß - n-bn-cp∂p A∂v. Ahn-Sß - f - n¬\n∂pw ]pd-
Øn-dßn, tIc-f-Øns‚ H‰-s∏´ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ tkh\w \S-
Øn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂, {]K¬`-aX - n-Ifpw k¿K-[\ - c
- p-amb ]fin-X∑ - m-cpsS
Z¿kp-If - m-bn-cp∂p A∂sØ kp{]-[m-\a - mb ssh⁄m-\nI tI{µ-
߃. tIc-f-Øn¬ Atßm-f-an-tßmfw H‰-s∏´ \ne-bn¬ ImW-s∏-
´n-cp-∂, CØcw ssh⁄m-\nI tI{µ-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Hcp ImeØv
apkvenw tIc-fØ - n\p hgn-sh-fn®w \¬In-bn-cp∂ Ckvem-anI tI{µ-
߃. CØcw tI{µ-ßf - n¬ ]cn-KW - n-°s - ∏-Sm-hp∂ H∂m-bn-cp∂p \mc-
I-t»cn DkvXm-Zns‚ Z¿kp-Ifpw.
\m´n≥ {]tZ-i-ß-fnse km[m-cW ]≈n-Z¿kp-I-fn¬\n∂v
]T-\w Ign-™v, sh√q¿ _mJn-bm-Øntem Zbq-_¥v Zmdp¬ Deq-
antem t]mbn D]-cn-]-T\w \S-Øn, Xlvkzo¬ t\Sp∂ Ime-am-bn-
cp∂p CXv. ]e ]fin-X∑ - mcpw Aß-s\-bmWv sNbvXn-cp-∂X - pw. Cß-
s\-sbmcp ImeØv ChnsS \n∂p-Xs∂ ]mfin-Xy-Øns‚ k¿∆
koa-Ifpw Iog-S-°n, IÆn-bØv DkvXm-Zns‚ ]mc-ºcyw A¿∞-
Ønepw {]mtbm-Kn-IX - b
- nepw apdpsI ]nSn®p Pohn® A]q¿∆w alm-
∑m-cn¬ Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂p \mc-I-t»-cn DkvXmZv. IÆn-b-Øv, ^fv^-cn,
]d-hÆ t]mse-bp≈ k¿K-[\ - c- psS ka-Im-en-I\ - mbn Pohn® Hcm-
fm-bn-cp-∂X - p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp∂p CXv. Cusbmcp ]mc-ºcyw Xs‚ Z¿kp-
I-fpsS Imcy-Ønepw D≠m-°n-sb-Sp-°m≥ km[n-®p-sh-∂X - mWv \mc-
I-t»-cn-bpsS {]tXy-I-X.
tIc-fØ - nse hnhn[ Z¿kp-If - n¬ ]T\w Ign-™v, D]-cn-]T - -
\hpw Xlvkzoepw Dt±-in-°p-∂-h¿ am{X-amWv \mc-I-t»-cn-bpsS
Z¿kn¬ FØn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, {]K¬`cpw {][m-\n-
I-fp-am-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ Z¿knse apX-A-√n-ao-߃. as‰mcp
A¿∞-Øn¬ ]d-™m¬, ]e Z¿kp-I-fn-sebpw apZ-cn-ko-ß-fmWv
At±-lØ - ns‚ Z¿kn¬ ]Tn-°m≥ h∂-Xv. Nne {]tXyI hnj-bß - -
fnse Xlvkzo¬ Dt±-in-®mWv Ah¿ h∂n-cp-∂-Xv. Xß-fpsS Adn-
hp-Isf IS-s™-Sp-°m\pw aq¿® Iq´m-\p-ap≈ d{^jv tImgvkp-I-
sf-t∏m-se-bm-bn-cp∂p At±-lØ - ns‚ ¢mkp-Iƒ. AXv F√m-h¿°pw
Hcp-t]mse D]-Im-cs - ∏-´n-cp-∂p. AXn¬, BZ¿iw-sIm≠v tbmPn-°p-
∂-hcpw A√m-Øh - cpw FXn-cm-fn-If - p-sa√mw km[m-cW - a - m-bn-cp-∂p.
\mc-It- »-cn-bpsS Z¿kn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂h - ¿°v ]ns∂ _mJn-bm-
Øn-tet°m at‰m t]mth≠ Bh-iy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂p Npcp-°w.
AhnsS apY-∆e - n¬ ]Tn-∏n-°s - ∏-´n-cp∂ k¿∆ InØm-_p-Ifpw DkvXmZv
t\cn-´p-Xs∂ HmXn-s°m-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. ]ns∂, tIhew t]cn\p Hcp
Xlvkzoev F∂ \ne-°mWv ]ecpw ]pd-Øp-t]m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. A{X-
am{Xw ka-{K-X-bpsS ⁄m\ {]]-©-am-bn-cp∂p \mc-I-t»-cn. B
ssh⁄m-\nI temIw AXn-cp-If - n-√mØ ]mcm-hmcw IW-s°- A\-
¥-am-bn-c∂ - p.
1930 IfpsS a[yØnem-bn-cn-°Ww DkvXm-Zns‚ A[ym-]\
PohnXw Bcw-`n-°p-∂X - v. tIc-f° - c - b- nse A∂sØ G‰hpw henb
apkvenw hn⁄m\ tI{µ-amb hmg-°m-´p-\n-∂p-Xs∂ kam-cw`w Ipdn-
°-s∏´p B A[ym-]\w F∂Xp Gsd hnkvab - I- c- a
- mb Hcp hkvXp-
X-bm-Wv. AtXm-sSm-∏w, G‰hpw hen-sbmcp `mKyhpw AwKo-Im-ch - p-
am-W.v hnJym-Xc - mb ]fin-X∑ - m-cpsS Bio¿hm-Zt- Øm-sSbpw AwKo-
Im-ct- Øm-sS-bp-am-bn-cp∂p CsX-∂Xv as‰mcp {]tXy-IX - . Ah-km\w
Xs‚ kztZ-ihpw P∑-tZ-ih - p-amb ae-bΩ apt≠m-Sn-\mWv B ⁄m\
\n¿≤cn \pI-cm\pw Bkz-Zn-°m\pw `mKy-ap-≠m-Ip-∂X - v. A⁄m-X-
am-bn, Dd-ßn-°n-S∂ - n-cp∂ \mSp-If - psS DW¿∆pw ssh⁄m-\nI apt∂-
‰-hp-amWv DkvXm-Zns‚ Z¿kn-eqsS \S-∂n-cp-∂X - .v DkvXmZv Z¿kv Bcw-
`n-°p-∂-tXmsS B ÿe-߃ tIc-f-apkvenw ssh⁄m-\nI Ncn-
{X-Ønse Bÿm\ CS-ßf - mbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øs - ∏-Sp-Ib
- m-bn-cp-∂p.
DkvXmZv hnhn[ ÿe-ßf - n¬ \S-Ønb Z¿kp-Is - f-°p-d®pw
Ahn-Sß
- f- nse DkvXm-Zns‚ CS-s]-Se - p-Is
- f-°p-dn®pw ssh⁄m-\nI
ta∑-sb-°p-dn-®p-amWv ChnsS At\z-jW hnt[-ba - m-°p-∂X - v.

1. hmg-°mSv Zmdp¬ Deqan¬

\mc-It- »cn DkvXmZv BZy-ambn Z¿kv \S-Øn-bXv hmg-°mSv
Zmdp¬ Deq-anem-Wv. Xs‚ DkvXm-Zp-am-cmb A–p¬ JmZn¿ ^fv^c - n-
bp-sSbpw IÆn-bØv DkvXm-Zn-s‚bpw Iogn-em-bn-cp∂p CXv. A∂v
Ahn-SsØ G‰hpw sNdnb apZ-cn-km-bn-cp∂p \mc-It- »-cn. 1930 IfpsS
a[yßfn-em-bn-cn-°Ww CXv.
]T\ Ime-Øp-Xs∂ ^fv^c - n°v \mc-It- »-cnsb henb ]nSp-
Ø-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]T-\Ø - n-ep≈ At±-lØ - ns‚ Ignhpw kma¿∞y-hp-
am-bn-cp∂p CXn\p Imc-Ww. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂, ]T-\m-\¥ - cw At±-
lsØ Chn-SsØ apZ-cn-kmbn \n›-bn-°Ww F∂v ^fv^cn B{K-
ln-®p.
]T\ Ime- Ø p- X s∂ \mc- I - t »cn InØm- _ p- I - f nse
kwib߃ Xo¿°p∂ hnjb-Øn¬ Ahn-SsØ hnZym¿∞n-If - psS
B{ib tI{µ-am-bn-cp-∂p. ^fv^c - nbpw IÆn-bØv DkvXmZpw ]I¬
¢msk-SpØ hnj-bß - ƒ cm{Xn-bn¬ \mc-It- »-cn-bn¬\n∂pw Hcn-°-
eqsS HmXn-t°ƒ°pI A∂v Ahn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ apX-A-√n-ao-ß-
fpsS ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂ph-s{X. t\csØ \mc-I-t»-cnbpw ]s¶-SpØ
¢mkm-bn-cn°pw AXv. cm{Xn-bm-hp-tºm-tg°pw Ip´n-I-sf√mw At±-
l-Øn\p Np‰pw IqSn-bn-cn-°pw. DkvXm-Zp-am¿ A¿∞w sh®p-X∂ AtX-
t]mse At±lw Ah¿°mbn ¢msk-Sp-Øp-sIm-Sp-°pw. hnZym¿∞n-
Iƒ°n-Sb - n¬ A∂p-Xs∂ At±lw t\Sn-sb-SpØ AwKo-Im-cØ - n\p
DZm-l-c-W-am-Wn-Xv. (Cu kw`hw At≠mW A–p√ apkven-bm¿
Xs‚ ¢mkp-If - n¬ A\p-kvac - n-°m-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.) hnZym¿∞n-bm-bn-
cn-s°-Øs∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ A\u-tZym-KnI DkvXm-Zmbn
At±lw amdnbn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Npcp-°w.
\mc-I-t»cn DkvXmZv ]T-\m-\-¥cw hmg-°ms´ apZ-cn-kmbn
\nb-an-°s - ∏-SW
- s - a-∂Xv A∂v Ahn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ
hfsc B{K-ln® Imcy-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\p-th≠n Ah¿ Hcp H∏p-
ti-Jc - Ww \SØn _‘-s∏-´h - sc ImWp-Ih - sc sNbvXn-cp-∂X- mbn
]d-bs - ∏-Sp-∂p. Xs‚ ]mfin-Xyw-sIm≠pw A[ym-]\ ssien-sIm≠pw
am{Xw \mc-It- »cn Ah¿°n-Sb - n¬ D≠m-°n-sb-SpØ kzm[o-\Øns‚
{]Xn-^e- \-am-bn-cp∂p CXv.
HSp-hn¬, F√m-hc- p-sSbpw B{Klw t]mse At±lw Ahn-
SsØ apZ-cn-kmbn \nb-an-°-s∏-´p. henb DkvXm-Zp-am¿°p Iognse
Hcp km[m-cW apZ-cn-km-bn-´m-bn-cp∂p \nb-a-\w. hnZym¿∞n-
Iƒs°√mw kwXr-]vXn-bm-bn. At±lw ]fin-tXm-Nn-Xa - mbn Xs‚
A[ym-]\w XpS¿∂p. ]e injy-∑m-scbpw Ahn-sS-\n-∂p-Xs∂
hm¿sØ-Sp-Øp. iwkp¬ Dea C.-sI. A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿
AXn¬ Hcm-fm-bn-cp-∂p. Aß-s\, Xs‚ CjvS hrØn-bmb A[ym-
]-\-Øn¬ apgpIn Pohn-®p.

2. amln ]≈n-Z¿kn¬
hmg-°ms´ A[ym-]\ PohnXw IqSp-X¬ \o≠p-t]m-bn-√.
DkvXm-Zns‚ ]nXmhv ac-°m¿ lmPnbpw tPyjvT kplr-Øp-°fpw
amln-bp-ambn \nc-¥cw _‘-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ ka-ba - m-bn-cp∂p
AXv. AXn-\nsS AhnsS Hcp Z¿kn¬ Hcp apZ-cn-kns\ Bh-iy-ap-
≈-Xmbn ac-°m¿ lmPn°p hnhcw In´n. Xs‚ aIs\ AhnsS apZ-
cn-kmbn \n›-bn-®mtem F∂v At±lw Nn¥n-®p. AX-\p-k-cn®v,
At±lw hmg-°mSv t]mhp-Ibpw aIs\ Iq´n-t]mhpIbpw sNbvXp.
hmg-°mSv Zmdp¬-De- q-an¬ \mc-It- »cn t{]mPz-en-®p-\n¬°p∂
ka-ba - m-bn-cp∂p CXv. F√m-hc - p-sSbpw {]nb-s∏´ A[ym-]I - \pw IÆn-
ep-Æn-bp-ambn hncm-Pn-®n-cp∂ Imew. DkvXmZv ^fv^-cn-bp-sSbpw
B{Klw At±lw Ahn-sS-Øs∂ XpS-cp-Is - b-∂X
- m-bn-cp-∂p.
]s£, Hcp kp{]-`m-XØ - n¬ apf-s]m-´nb D∏-bpsS B{K-l-
Øn\p XS-bn-Sm≥ B¿°pw km[n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂n-√; DkvXm-Zn\p t]mepw.
amln-bn-se-Ønb At±lw AhnsS henb Z¿kv Bcw-`n-®p. C°m-
eØv ]e {]ap-Jcpw AhnsS At±-lsØ tXSn-h-cn-Ibpw At±-l-
Øns‚ Z¿kn¬ ]Tn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p.
hmg-°m-´p-\n∂pw amln-bn-te-°p≈ am‰w At±-lØ - n\p imco-
cn-Ia
- mb ]e Akz-ÿX - I
- f- p-ap-≠m-°n. Ahn-SsØ A¥-co£w At±-
l-Øn\p Xosc ]nSn-®n-cp-∂n-√. AXns\ XpS¿∂v i‡-amb tcmKw
]nSn-s]-Sp-Ibpw InS-∏n-em-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. a©-en¬ Npa-∂mWv
A∂v At±-lsØ Ahn-sS-\n∂pw ho´n¬ sIm≠p-h∂ - n-cp-∂X - v.
hmg-°m-Sp-\n∂pw amln-bn-te°p t]mb-Xn¬ ^fv^cn DkvXm-
Zns‚ CjvSt- °-Sm-bn-cn-°ptam Cu Ah-ÿ°p ImcWw F∂p t]Sn®
At±lw DS-s\-Øs∂ hmg-°mSv t]mhp-Ibpw DkvXm-Zns\ I≠v
am∏v ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ^fv^-cn°p kt¥m-j-am-bn. At±lw
Xs‚ injy\p th≠n {]m¿∞n-®p. DkvXm-Zns‚ tcmKw t`Z-am-bn.
AtXmsS B Kpcp-injy _‘w IqSp-X¬ i‡ns∏´p. kvt\lhpw
BZ-chpw H∂p-IqSn h¿≤n®p. ]≠v ^fv^c - n-bn¬\n-∂mWv DkvXmZv
PwD¬ PhmanAv HmXn-∏T - .v ]n∂oSv PwD¬ PhmanAv ¢msk-
- n-®n-cp-∂X
Sp-°p-tºmƒ AXn¬ Jme¬ ^fv^c - nøp F∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ DkvXm-
Zns‚ IÆp-I-fn¬ IÆp-\o¿ \nd-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. kvt\l-Øn-s‚bpw
BZ-c-hn-s‚bpw A{X-am{Xw aq¿≤-\y-am-sbmcp Ah-ÿ-bm-bn-cp∂p
]n∂oSv D≠m-bn-cp-∂X - v.
]n¬°m-eØv Pam-AsØ Ckvem-an-bp-sSbpw \Zvh-Øp¬
apPm-ln-Zo-s‚bpw t\Xm-°-∑m-cmbn h∂ ]ecpw \mc-I-t»-cn-bpsS
Iogn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂Xv Chn-sS-\n-∂m-Wv. sI.-kn. A–p√ aue-hn, sI.-
kn. A_q-_Iv¿ auehn XpS-ßn-bh - ¿ AXn¬ {][m-\n-If - m-W.v X¿°-
imkv{X hnj-bß - ƒ ]Tn-°m-\mWv Ah¿ \mc-It- »-cnsb tXSn h∂n-
cp-∂X - .v JpYp-_n, ssa_Zn t]mse-bp≈ hnj-bß - ƒ ]Tn-°m≥ A∂v
tIc-f-Øn¬ {]K¬`-cm-bp≈ ]e-scbpw Ah¿ kao-∏n-s®-¶nepw
AXn-sem∂pw Ah¿°v kwXr]vXn ssIh-∂n-√. Aß-s\-bmWv
aAvJqem-Øn¬ {]K¬`-\mb Hcp ]fin-Xs\ tXSn Ah¿ Cd-ßp-
∂-Xv. Aßs\ HSp-hn¬ \mc-It- »-cn-bpsS Z¿kn¬ FØn-s∏-Sp-Ib - m-
bn-cp-∂p.
]Xn-hp-t]mse "\n߃ id-lp-Ø-lvZo_v HmXn-bn-´pt≠m'
F∂v \mc-It- »cn Ah-tcmSpw tNmZn-®p. "AsX' F∂m-bn-cp∂p {]Xn-
I-cW- w. "hfsc \∂mbn HmXn-bn-´pt≠m' F∂v Bh¿Øn®p tNmZn-
®p. Ah¿ Aß-s\-Øs∂ adp-]Sn \¬In. \mc-I-t»cn id-lp-Ø-
lvZo-_nse Nne tNmZy-߃ tNmZn-®p. Ah-cX - n\p \√ t]mse adp-
]Sn \¬In. AXn\p tijw am{X-amWv Ah¿°v JpYp_n HmXn-
s°m-Sn-°m≥ At±lw Xøm-dm-bX - v.
tijw, Ah¿°v JpYp_n ¢mkv XpS-ßn. \√ \√ N¿®-
IƒsIm≠pw kwhm-Z-߃sIm≠pw kº-∂-am-bn-cp∂p B ¢mkp-
Iƒ. X¿°-im-kv{X-Øns‚ D≈-dI - f - n-te-°n-dß- nb A\-h[n tNmZy-
߃ C°m-eØv Db¿∂p-h∂ - p. tNmZy-ßfpw kwhm-Zß - fpw DkvXm-
Zn\p hfsc CjvSa - m-bn-cp-∂p. DkvXmZv Ah°v hfsc IrXy-amb adp-
]-Snbpw \¬In.
AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂, \mc-It- »cnbpsS Ign-hnepw ]mfin-Xy-
Ønepw sI.-kn-am¿°v henb aXn∏pw kwXr-]vXn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. At±-
l-Øns‚ A]m-c-amb ssh⁄m-\nI {]h-©sØ Ah¿ a‰p-≈-h-
tcmSv {]iw-kn®p ]d-bp-Ibpw sNøp-am-bn-cp-∂p.
kp∂nkw hn´v apPm-ln-Zn-te°pw Pam-AØ - n-te°pw tNt°-
dn-bX
- n\p tijhpw Ch¿ \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zp-am-bp≈ _‘w \ne-
\n¿Øn. apt≠m´p ]≈n-bn¬ Z¿kv \S-Øp∂ Ime-Øp-t]mepw Ch¿
AhnsS DkvXm-Zns\ ImWm≥ h∂n-cp-∂p. DkvXmZv apA-X-√n-ao-
߃°v Ahsc ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-Sp-°pIbpw Ah-tcmSv Iptd
t\cw kwkm-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpambn-cp-∂p.
GI-tZiw \mep h¿j-tØm-fa - m-bn-cp∂p amln-bnse A[ym-
]\ Pohn-Xw. hen-sbmcp injy kº-Øp-Xs∂ Chn-sS-\n∂pw At±-
l-Øn\p D≠m-°n-sb-Sp-°m≥ km[n-®p.

3. aS-hq¿ Z¿kn¬
aS-hq¿ Ppap-AØv ]≈n-bn-emWv tijw \mc-It- »cn DkvXmZv
Z¿kv \S-Øn-bncp-∂-Xv. 1940 Ifn-em-bn-cp∂p CXv. aS-hq¿ tN°p´n
apkven-bm-cpsS £W-{]-Im-c-amWv Cu DØ-c-hm-ZnØw Gs‰-Sp-°p-
∂-Xv. AXn\p apºv AhnsS ]fin-X\pw kq^nhcy-\p-amb Ip™n-
am-ln≥ tImb apkven-bmcp (kn.-Fw. hen-øp-√m-ln-bpsS ]nXm-hv)
sS Z¿kmWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂X - v.
\mc-It- »cn apZ-cn-kmbn ÿm\-ta-s‰-Sp-Øt- XmsS Z¿kv Gsd
Imcy-£a - a- m-hp-Ibpw At±-lØ - ns‚ injyXzw tXSn \m\m-`m-KØ
- p-
\n∂pw Bfp-Iƒ Hgp-In-sb-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. C°m-esØ {]K¬`-
\m-sbmcp injy-\m-bn-cp∂p At≠mW A–p√ apkven-bm¿. 1948 ¬
D]-cn-]-T-\m¿∞w _mJn-bm-Øn-te°p t]mIp-∂-Xp-h-scbmWv
At±lw aS-hq-cn¬ ]Tn®ncp∂-Xv.
KXm-KX kuIcyw Gsd-bn-√mØ Ime-am-bn-cp∂p CXv.
AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, aS-hq-cn¬ Z¿kv \S-Øm≥ Im¬\-S-bm-bn-´mWv
DkvXmZv t]mbn-cp-∂X - v. ap≥Ime ]fin-X∑ - m¿ C¬av ]Tn-°m-\mbn
IjvSs - ∏-´X - n-s\-°p-dn®p ]d-bp-tºmƒ, Xs‚ hµy Kpcp \mc-It- »cn
DkvXmZv Cßs\ sNbvXn-cp-∂X - mbn At≠mW DkvXmZv CS-°nsS
A\p-ka v c - n-°m-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kz¥w ho´n¬\n∂v Im¬\-Sb - mbn h∂v,
sImSp-h≈ - n-°S- hv IS-∂v, Nmb-°S- b - n¬ Ibdn Nmb IpSn-®v, £oW-
a-I-‰n, ho≠pw \S-∂v, ho≠pw \S∂v aS-hq¿ Ppap-AØv ]≈n-bn-se-
Øp-I-bm-Ws{X At±lw sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv. A{Xbpw {]bm-k-߃
kln-®m-bn-cp∂p C°m-eØv At±-lØ - ns‚ A[ym-]\ - w. C¬an-t\m-
Sp≈ AXn-bmb B{K-lhpw InØm-t_m-Xn-s°m-Sp-°p-∂X - n-t\m-Sp≈
AS-ßmØ XrjvW-bp-am-bn-cp∂p CXn\p At±-lsØ t{]cn-∏n-®n-
cp-∂-Xv. Cß-s\-sb-√m-am-sW-¶nepw BgvN-bntem c≠m-gvN-bntem
Bbn DkvXmZv \m´n¬ hcm-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
Cu Ime-b-f-hn¬ cm{Xn \S-°p∂ sNdnb Z¿kn¬ HmXn-∏-
Sn-°m≥ kn.-Fw. hen-øp-√mln hcm-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kn.-FΩpw \mc-I-
t»-cnbpw XΩn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ At`Zy _‘-Øn\p XpS°w Ipdn-°p-
∂Xv Chn-sS-\n-∂m-Wv. B Ip´n-bnse Akm-[m-c-WXzw DkvXmZv
ChnsS sh®p-Xs∂ I≠p-Xp-Sß - n-.
\o≠ h¿j-߃ \mc-I-t»cn DhnsS Z¿kv \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
Xs‚ ¢mkp-Ifpw A[ym-]-\-ßfpw {]tim-`n®p \n∂ Ime-am-bn-cp-
∂-Xn-\m¬ A∂sØ Z¿kv hfsc {]ikvXn t\Sp-Ibpw injy-∑m-
cm¬ kº-∂a - m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

4. sImSp-h≈n Ff-h-©m-en¬ Z¿kn¬

aS-hq-cn\ptijw sImSp-h≈n N¥-bn¬ ]≈n (am¿°‰v ]≈n)
F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Ff-h-©m-en¬ ]≈n-Z¿kn-emWv DkvXmZv apZ-cn-
kmbn hcp-∂-Xv. 1940 IfpsS Ah-km-\-Ønepw 1950 IfpsS XpS-°-
Øn-em-bn-cp∂p CXv. sImSp-h≈ - n-bnse ]uc-{]-ap-Jcpw \m´p-Im-cW- -
h-∑m-cp-amb Sn.-sI. A“Zv Ip´n lmPnbpw Sn.-sI. ]cn-tbbn°p´n
A[n-Im-cn-bp-sam-s°-bm-bn-cp∂p A∂v Cu ]≈n-bpsS \S-Øn-∏p-Im¿.
\mc-I-t»cn DkvXmZv apZ-cn-kmbn h∂-tXmsS Z¿kv Gsd
Imcy-£-a-am-hp-Ibpw kPo-h-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. hnhn[ `mK-ß-
fn¬\n∂pw [mcmfw apX-A√ - n-ao-߃ h∂p. Jmcn-Av sI.-hn. A–p¿d-
“m≥ apkven-bm¿ A∂v Ahn-SsØ hnZym¿∞nbmbn-cp-∂p. 1950˛1952
Ime-b-f-hn-emWv At±lw Ahn-sS- D≠mbncp-∂-Xv. tijw, Ahn-
SsØ c≠mw apZ-cn-kmbn At±lw Nm¿s÷-Sp-Øp. kPo-h-ambn
{]h¿Ø\ taJ-e-bn¬ \nd-™p-\n-∂n-cp∂ At±-l-amWv ]n∂oSv
DkvXm-Zn-t\m-sSm∏w Z¿kns\ kPo-ha - m-°m≥ IqsS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂X- v.
DkvXm-Zns‚ Btcm-Ky-ap≈ Z¿kv Ime-am-bn-cp∂p CXv. hfsc
D®-Øn¬ i–-ap-b¿Øn-s°m-≠mWv DkvXmZv As∂ms° ¢msk-
Sp-Øn-cp-∂X- .v ^nJvlnse akvA - e - I
- ƒ kmhImiw Hs∂m-∂mbn hni-
Zo-I-cn®v ka¿∞n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. ^nJvln¬ ^dm-Cfv (A-\-¥-cmh-
Imi \nb-a-߃) ]Tn-∏n-®n-c∂ Imew. DkvXmZv ]≈n°p apI-
fn¬\n∂pw i_vZ-Øn¬ ¢msk-Sp-°p-∂Xv Xmsg N¥-bn¬ hcp∂
Bfp-Iƒ°v \√ t]mse tIƒ°m-am-bn-cp-∂p. Hcmƒ acn-®m¬ Abm-
fpsS A\-¥-cm-h-Im-in-I-fn¬ kzØv hn`-Pn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®m-bn-
cp∂p A∂v N¿®. ¢mkn-\nsS DkvXmZv Ah-Im-in-I-fmbn acn®
hy‡n-bpsS hm∏-sbbpw hm∏-bpsS hm∏-sbbpw hm∏-bpsS hm∏-
bpsS hm∏-sbbpw D®-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv tI´v N¥-bn-te°p h∂
CXc aX hnizm-kn-Iƒ A¥w hn´p-\n-∂p-t]mb IY ]g-a° - m¿ Xam-
i-bmbn ]d-bm-dp-≠.v A{X-am{Xw apg-ßn-t°ƒ°p-∂X - m-bn-cp∂p A∂v
At±-lØ - ns‚ ¢mkp-Iƒ. GXp Ignhp Ipd-™h - ¿°pw AXv Ffp-
∏-Øn¬ kp{Km-ly-am-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p.
{]K¬`-cmb A\-h[ - n-bm-fp-Iƒ C°m-eØv Z¿kn¬ ]Tn-°m-
s\-Øn-. ]md-∂q¿ A“Zv tImb apkven-bm¿ (]m-d-∂q¿ C_vdmlow
apkven-bm-cpsS tPyjvT≥), F.-sI. apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿ Icp-hs - ºm-
bn¬, sI.-sI. A–p√ apkven-bm¿ Ing-t°m-Øv, ]n.-]n. Xn¿anZn
apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-¿ AXn¬ {][m-\n-I-fmWv. aS-hq¿ kn.-Fw.
hen-øp-√mln \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zns‚ Bg-Øn-ep≈ injyXzw hcn-
°p-∂Xpw ChnsS-sh®m-bn-cp-∂p.

eoKn-\p-th≠n Hcp ]cn-XymKw

i‡-\m-sbmcp eoKv A\p-Iq-en-bm-bn-cp∂p \mc-I-t»cn
DkvXm-Zv. {]Xy-£Ø - n¬ Cd-ßn{]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂n-s√-¶nepw am\-kn-
I-ambn AXn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv \ne-sIm-≠n-cp-∂X - .v At±-lØ - ns‚ ]e
\ne-]m-Sp-Ifpw kao-]-\-ßfpw CXv IqSp-X¬ hy‡-am-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXncp-∂p.
sImSp-h≈n Ff-h-©m-en¬ Z¿kn¬ ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ Imew.
Xs‚ kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-\mbn D≠m-bn-cp∂ sI.-hn. A–p¿d-“m≥
apkven-bmcpw Cu hnj-bØ - n¬ H´pw ]n∂n-em-bn-cp-∂n-√. i‡-\mb
eoKv {]h¿Ø-I-\m-bn-cp∂ At±lw A∂p-Xs∂ AXns‚ D∂X
ÿm\-ß-fn¬hsc FØn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p. 1950 ¬ tImgn-t°mSv
Xmeq°v apkvenw eoKv sshkv{]-kn-U‚pw 1951 ¬ sImSp-h≈n
afiew sk{I-´d - n-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p At±lw. kn.-F® - v. apl-ΩZv tImb
kmln-_p-ambn t]mepw hfsc ASp-∏Ø - n-em-bn-cp∂p.
1952 se Cusbmcp ]›m-X-e-ØnemWv a{Zmkv Akw-ªn-
bn-te°v sXc-s™-Sp∏v \S-°p-∂X - .v tIm¨{Kkv ÿm\m¿∞n-bmbn
tImgn-∏p-dØv am[-h-ta-t\m-\m-bn-cp∂p a’c cwK-Øv. At±-l-Øn-
s\-Xnsc apkvenw-eoKv hfsc i‡-am-bn-Øs∂ cwK-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-
∂p. _m^Jn X߃ \mSp-I-fn-ep-S-\ofw k©-cn®v eoKns‚ {]N-
cWw \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. Cu ka-bØv Cu `mK-ßf - nse tÃPp-
I-fn-se√mw Xß-tfm-sSm∏w \S∂v {]kw-Kn-®n-cp-∂Xv sI.-hn. A–p¿d-
“m≥ apkven-bm-cm-bn-cp-∂p.
(_m^Jn X߃ Cu ImeØv eoKns‚ {]N-c-Wm¿∞w
ae-bΩ Aßm-Sn-bn¬ hsc h∂n-cp-∂-Xmbn ]g-a-°m¿ Hm¿°p-∂p.
Imf-h≠n am{Xw k©-cn-®n-cp∂ tdmUn-eqsS Imdn¬ k©-cn-®mWv
X߃ FØn-bn-cp-∂X - .v A∂v BZy-am-bn-´m-bn-cp-∂p-hs{X B hgn°v
Hcp Im¿ h∂n-cp-∂X - v. ae-bΩ A∂v ct≠m aqt∂m sNdnb IS-Iƒ
am{Xta D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. Im¿ \n¿Øn, X߃ ]pd-Øn-dß - n. Ahn-
sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ hnc-en-se-Æm-hp∂ Bfp-It- fmSv A¬]-t\cw kwkm-
cn-®p. eoKn\v thm´p sNø-Ws - a∂mbn-cp∂p X߃ AXn¬ Du∂n-∏-
d-™n-cp-∂X - v.)
sImSp-h≈n ]≈n-bpsS `c-W-Im-cy-߃ Sn.-sI. ]cn-tb-tb-
°p´n A[n-Im-cn-bpsS \nb-{¥-WØ - n-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p ]d-™p-ht- √m.
At±lw i‡-\mb tIm¨{K-kp-Im-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ Iognse
]≈n-bn¬ tPmen sNøp∂ c≠v apkven-bm°∑m-cp-sSbpw \ne-]mSv
At±-lØ - n\v Xosc CjvSs - ∏-´n-√. eoKn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ sI.-hn-bpsS
{]kw-K-ßfpw a‰pw At±-lsØ sNmSn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Xma-
kn-bmsX Abmƒ Bsf hn´p sI.-hnsb ho´n-te°p hcp-Øn.
""cmjv{So-b-Ønse \n¿Wm-b-I-amb ka-b-am-Wn-Xv. AXn-
\m¬, eoKns\ ssIsh-Sn™v \n߃ tIm¨{K-kn¬ tN¿∂p
{]h¿Øn-°-Ww. AXn-\p-th≠n {]kw-Kn-°-Ww.'' A[n-Imcn ]d-
™p.
sI.-hn. kΩ-Xn-®n-√. apkvenw-Iƒ°v Xß-fpsS Imcyw ]d-
bm\pw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m\pw Hcp cmjv{Sob ]m¿´n A\n-hm-cy-am-sW∂pw
AXmWv apkvenw eoKv F∂pw At±lw Dd-∏n-®p-]-d-™p.
A[n-Imcn Bsf-hn´v \mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zns\ hnfn-®p-h-cp-
Øn. Ah-tcmSpw CtX Bh-iyw-Xs∂ Bh¿Øn-®p. sI.-hn-bpsS
AtX adp-]Sn Xs∂-bmWv DkvXmZpw At±-lØ - n\p \¬In-bX - v.
CXpwIqSn tI´-t∏mƒ A[n-ImcnbpsS D≈v Xnf-®p. Ip]n-X-
\mb At±lw ]d™p:
""Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ \n߃ c≠p-t]cpw Fs‚ ]≈n-bn¬
tPmen sNtø-≠X - n-√. \n߃°v Ct∏mƒXs∂ t]mhmw.''
 BZ¿iw ]Wbw sh®v, tPmen-°p-th≠n am{Xw as‰m-cmsf
B{i-bn®p Ign-bp-I-sb-∂Xv \mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zn\pw sI.-hn°pw
Hm¿°m≥ t]mepw Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. A[n-Im-cn-bpsS [n°m-csØ
Ah-scmcp sh√p-hn-fn-bmbn Gs‰-Sp-°p-Ibpw At∏mƒXs∂ Ip´n-
I-fp-ambn ]≈n-hn-´n-dß
- p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
\mc-It- »cnbpsSbpw sI.-hn-bp-sSbpw A[y-b\ - ˛- A
- [
- ym-]\
Ncn-{X-Ønse {it≤-ba - mb Hcp A≤ym-ba- m-bn-cp∂p CXv. eoKn-t\m-
Sp≈ Aan-Xm-`n-\n-thiw ImcWw hnP-b-I-c-ambn \S-Øn-h-∂n-cp∂
]≈n-Z¿kp-t]mepw ]cn-Xy-Pn-t°≠n hcn-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p.
(Cusbmcp ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p sImSp-h≈n kndm-
Pns‚ DZ-bhpw \mc-It- »-cnbpw sI.-hnbpw AhnsS DkvXm-Zp-am-cmbn
IS-∂p-hc- p-∂X
- pw.)

5. Im¥-]pcw Z¿kn¬
CS°p e`n® Cu sNdn-sbmcp CS-th-f-bn¬ \mc-I-t»cn
DkvXmZv Z¿kv \S-Øm≥ t]mbn-cp-∂Xv Im¥-]pctØ°mbncp-∂p.
{]K¬`-cmb [mcmfw ]fin-X∑ - m¿ Ime-ßf- mbn Z¿kv \S-Øn-s°m-
≠n-cp∂ Hcp kp{]-[m\ ssh⁄m-\nI tI{µ-am-bn-cp∂p A∂v Im¥-
]pcw Z¿kv. laoZv apkven-bmcmWv AhnsS BZyw-ap-Xte Z¿kv \S-
Øn-bn-cp∂ {][m\nbmb Hcp DkvXm-Zv. tijw, ae-∏pdw A–p¬
JmZn¿ apkven-bm¿, sI.-sI. l{kØv XpS-ßn- ]ecpw AhnsS Z¿kv
\S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p.
B Hcp ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv \mc-I-t»cn Im¥-]p-cØv
Z¿kn-s\-Øp-∂-Xv. ]s£, A∂v ]pØ≥ho-´p-Im-cp-am-bp≈ {]iv\-
߃ ImcWw Z¿kv \S-∂n-cp∂ ]≈n AS-®n-Ss - ∏-´X
- m-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-
\m¬, AXn¬ ¢msk-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-
s∂, sXm´-SpØ apdn-°-b-Øn¬ aΩp-°-bpsS ho´n¬sh-®mWv
DkvXmZv Z¿kv \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. ]p√m-fq¿ apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿,
hmhmSv Ip™n-t°mb apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-bh - ¿ Cu ImeØv DkvXm-
Zn-t\m-sSm-∏a
- p-≠m-bn-cp∂ {][m\ injy-∑m-cm-Wv.
hfsc Npcp-ßnb Imew am{Xta At±lw AhnsS Z¿kv
\SØnbn-cp-∂p-≈q. tIhew Bdp amk-tØmfw am{Xw. sNdnb Ime-
am-sW-¶nepw AXn-\p-≈n¬Xs∂ henb am‰-߃ sIm≠p-h-cm\pw
hnZym¿∞n-Isf BI¿jn-∏n-°m\pw DkvXmZn\p km[n-®n-cp-∂p.
sImSph≈n kndmPp¬ lpZm Xøm-dm-bt- XmsS \mc-It- »cn DkvXmZv
Atßm´p Xncn-®p.
6. sImSp-h≈n kndmPp¬ lpZm-bn¬
sImSp-h≈n Ff-h© - m-en¬ A[n-Im-cn-bpsS ]≈n-bn¬\n∂pw
Cd°n hn´-Xn-t\m-Sp≈ (C-dß - n-t∏m-∂X- n-t\m-Sp-≈) adp-]S- nsb-t∂mWw
DS-s\-Øs∂ Xmsg sImSp-h≈ - n-bn¬ Db¿∂p-h∂ Hcp ÿm]-\a - mWv
kndm-Pp¬ lpZm. sI.-hn. A–p¿d-“m≥ apkven-bm-cmWv CXn\p
]n∂n¬ {]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂X - .v A[n-Im-cn-bpsS ASp-Øp-\n∂pw ]pd-Øn-
d-ßnb At±lw t\sc \m´nse a‰p Imc-W-h-∑msc t]mbn ImWp-
Ibpw Hcp Z¿kv ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xns‚ kuI-cy-ß-sf-°p-dn®v N¿®
\S-Øp-Ibpambn-cp-∂p. Imc-Ww, apkvenw `qcn-]£w A∂v _m^Jn
Xß-tfm-Sp-Iq-sSbpw Xm≥ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn® BZ¿i-tØm-Sp-Iq-sS-bp-am-
sW-∂-Xn¬ At±-l-Øn\p Xcnºpw kwi-b-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. CX-
\p-k-cn-®v, {]ap-J-cmb Fw.-]n. A“Zv kmln-_v, Fw.-]n.-Sn. Ben-
°p™n lmPn, Fw.-]n.-Sn. Ckvam-Cu¬ Ip´n lmPn XpS-ßn-b-h-cp-
ambn Btem-Nn-°p-Ibpw Xmsg sImSp-h-≈n-bn¬ Fw.-]n.-Sn. Ben-
°p™n lmPn \n¿an® {kmºy hn]p-eo-I-cn®v AhnsS Z¿kv XpS-
ßm≥ Xocp-am-\a - m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. sI.-hn. Xs∂ th≠-hs - c-sb√mw
ImWp-Ibpw kmº-ØnI t{kmX- p-Iƒ Hcp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
BZy-ambn sImSp-h≈n A≥km-dp¬ lpZm kwLw ÿm]n-®v AXn\p
Iogn-emWv aZvdk - bpw Z¿kp-sa√mw kwhn-[m-\n-®n-cp-∂X - v.
1952 am¿®v amk-Ønembn-cp∂p Cu sI´n-S-Øns‚ D¬Lm-
S\w. _m^Jn Xß-fpsS A≤y-£-X-bn¬ Xma-c-t»cn C≥kvs]-
IvS¿ kn°-µ¿ BWv AXv \n¿h-ln-®n-cp-∂X - .v kzmK-X{- ]-kw-KØ - n¬
sI.-hn. hnim-ea- mbn kwkm-cn-®p. tijw ]d™p: ""\mw C∂v ChnsS
Z¿kv Bcw-`n-°m≥ t]mhp-I-bm-Wv. amk-߃°p apºv Ff-h-©m-
en¬ ]≈n-bn¬ \S-∂p-h-∂n-cp∂ AtX Z¿kv Xs∂-bmWv ChnsS
\S-Øm≥ t]mIp∂-Xv. Nne kmt¶-XnI Imc-W-ß-fm¬ AhnsS
\n¿Øn-sh-t°≠n h∂ B Z¿kv C\n ChnsS XpS¿∂p-t]m-hp-∂-
Xm-bn-cn-°pw. Fs‚ hµy Kpcp IqSn-bmb \mc-I-t»cn A“Zv A_q-
_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿X-s∂-bmWv AXn\p t\XrXzw hln-°p-I.'' P\w
XIv_o¿ apg°n AXv kzoI-cn-®p.
Xma-kn-bmsX kndm-Pn¬ \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zns‚ Z¿kv XpS-
ßn. hnh-c-a-dn™ apX-A-√n-ao-߃ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Hgp-
In-h-∂p. Imcy-£-ahpw kPo-h-hp-amb Z¿kv. CtXmsS kndmPns‚
{ipXn \m´n-emsI {]N-cn-®p. Adn-hns‚ hen-sbmcp tI{µ-ambn AXv
]cn-Wa - n-®p.
 tIc-f-Ønse aZvdkm {]ÿm-\-Øn\p kam-cw`w Ipdn-°-
s∏-Sp∂ Hcp ka-b-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. hnZym-`ymk t_m¿Un-s\-°p-
dn® Nn¥-Ifpw IW-°p-Iq-´-ep-Ifpw \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. AXp-
sIm-≠p-X∂ - , CXn-t\m-S\ - p-_‘ - n®v sI.-hn. ÿm]n® kndm-Pp¬ lpZm
aZvdk henb kw`-ha - m-bn. kakvX BZy-ambn AwKo-Imcw \¬Inb
9 aZvdk
- I
- f - n¬ H∂mbn AXv cPn-ÿ sNø-s∏-´p. sI.-hn. Ahn-SsØ
kzZvdmbn {]h¿Ø-\ß - f - n¬ hym]r-X\ - m-bn.
Xs‚ Hmtcm {]h¿Ø-\-߃°pw ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°pw {]tNm-Z-
\-ambn sI.-hn°v D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv Xs‚ hµy Kpcphpw kl-{]-h¿Ø-
I-\p-amb \mc-It- »cn DkvXmZv Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ahcp-ambn N¿®-
Iƒ \S-Øn-bmWv At±lw ]e Imcy-ßfpw sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv. B
Iq´p-sI´v \mSn\pw kaq-l-Øn\pw Gsd D]-Imcw sNbvXp. kap-Zm-
b-Øn\p {]tbm-P-\-{]-Z-amb ]eXpw AXp-hgn ]pd-Øp-h-∂p.
1954 Ime-L´- w. Ccp-hcpw Hcp l÷v bm{X-sb-°p-dn®v Nn¥n-
°pIbpw AXn-\p-th≠ Hcp-°-߃ \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. sI.-hn.-
bpsS ]nXmhpw Hcp-]mSv {]tZ-iß - f - psS Jmkn-bp-amb sI.-hn. tambn≥
Ip´n apkven-bmsc Z¿kns‚ Npa-Xe G¬]n-®p-. Aß-s\-bmWv
\m´nse hen-sbmcp kwL-tØm-sSm∏w sI.-hnbpw \mc-I-t»-cnbpw
l÷n\p t]mIp-∂X - v.
\mc-It- »-cn-bpsS injy\pw ]fin-X\ - p-amb Icp-hs
- ºm-bn¬
F.-sI. apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿ A∂v _mJn-bm-Øn¬ ]Tn-°p-I-bm-bn-
cp-∂p. l÷v Ign™p Xncn-s®-Ønb \mc-It- »cn At±-lØ - n\p sh√q-
cn-te°p Hcp IsØ-gp-Xn.
""sImSp-h≈n kndm-Pnse ASpØ apZ-cn-kmbn Rm≥ \ns∂-
bmWv ImWp-∂X - .v AXn-\m¬, ]T\w Ign™v Xncn-®p-h∂ - m¬ ChnsS
Nm¿÷v Gs‰-Sp-°W - w.''
l÷v Ign™p Xncn-®p-h∂ \mc-I-t»cn ]ns∂ IqSp-X¬
kndm-Pn¬ \n∂n-√. Xs‚ apZ-cnkv Npa-Xe injys\ G¬]n®v
AhnsS \n∂pw t]mhp-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p.
{]K¬`-cmb [mcmfw ]fin-Xsc hm¿sØ-Sp-°m≥ kndm-
Pnse A[ym-]\ - hpw DkvXm-Zn\p Ah-kcw \¬In. hmhmSv Ip™n-
t°mb apkven-bm¿, Zzo]p-Im-c-\mb Hcp tImb-Ω-Ø-߃, ae-bΩ
tImbmap aue-hn, sI.-hn. apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿, Ben-°p™n apkven-
bm¿ XpS-ßn-bh - ¿ AXn¬ {][m-\n-If - mb Nne-cm-Wv.
7. Ipµ-aw-Kew ]≈n-Z¿kn¬
Ipµ-a-Kew SuWn-ep≈ ]gb Ppap-AØv ]≈n-bmWv \mc-
I-t»cn DkvXmZv Xs‚ ]mfin-Xyw-sIm≠v Ae-¶-cn® as‰mcp
ssh⁄m-\nI tI{µw. a‰p ]≈n-Z¿kp-Iƒt]mse At±-lØ - ns‚
BK-a-\w-sIm≠v CXpw t]cpw {]i-kvXnbpw t\Sn. A°m-eØv
AhnsSsh®v apPm-ln-Zn-s\-Xnsc Hcp kwhm-Zhpw \S-∂n-cp-∂p.

8. ]p√q-°c ]≈nZ¿kn¬
Xe-t»-cn-°S- pØ ]p√q-°c - b
- mWv ]n∂oSv DkvXmZv Z¿kv \S-
Øn-bn-cp-∂X - v. ]gb ]e {]K¬`-cmb DkvXm-Zp-amcpw Z¿kv \S-Ønb
ÿe-am-bn-cp∂p CXv. ]fin\pw kq^n-bp-am-bn-cp∂ Acn{] kn.-sI.
sambvXo≥ lmPn-bmWv sXm´p-apºv ChnsS Z¿kv \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
1956-˛57 Ime-ßf - n-em-bn-cp∂p CXv. tcmKw ImcWw ÿm\-sam-gn™
At±lw AtX h¿jw Xs∂ ac-Ws - ∏-Sp-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p.
Aß-s\-bmWv \mc-I-t»cn DkvXmZv ]p√q-°c Z¿kn¬
FØp-∂-Xv. c≠p h¿j-tØmfw ChnsS apZ-cn-kmbn {]h¿Øn-®p.
{]ap-Jc - mb ]e ]fin-Xs - cbpw Cu Ime-bf - h- n¬ At±lw hm¿sØ-
Sp-Øn-´p-≠v. ]md-\q¿ ]n.-]n. C_vdmlow apkven-bm¿, sI.-hn.
Ip™napl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-bh - ¿ Cu Ime-bf - hnse injy-
∑m-cn¬ s]Sp-∂p. GI-tZiw c≠p h¿j-amWv DkvXmZv ChnsS Z¿kv
\S-Øn-bn-cp-∂X - v.

9. ]S∂ ]≈n-Z¿kn¬
Imk¿tImSv Pn√-bnse Ncn-{X-{]-kn-≤hpw {][m-\-s∏-´-Xp-
amb Hcp ]≈n-Z¿kmWv ]S∂ ]≈n-Z¿kv. 1925 apX¬Xs∂ hfsc
hyh-ÿm-]n-X-ambn CXv \S-∂p-h-cp-∂p. AXn\p apºp≈ Ncn{Xw
A⁄m-Xa - m-Wv. hnhn[ Ime-ßf- n-embn tIc-fØ- nse {]K¬`-cmb
A\-h[n ]fin-X-∑m¿ Cu ]≈n-Z¿kn¬ A[ym-]\w \S-Øn-bn-´p-
≠v. 1937 ¬ Ip‰q¿ IΩp apkven-bm-cm-bn-cp∂p Chn-SsØ A[ym-]-
I≥. tijw, hyXykvX ka-b-ß-fn-embn ]mßn¬ A“Zv Ip´n
apkven-bm¿, ssI∏‰ _ocm≥ Ip´n apkven-bm¿, Im∏mSv Ip™map
apkven-bm¿, sI.-sI. A_q-_Iv¿ l{k-Øv, Nmenbw A–p¿d-“m≥
apkven-bm¿, Ab-\n-°mSv C_vdmlow apkven-bm¿, Ic-ß-\mSv sI.-
]n. apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿, Imc-°p∂v ]n. apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿ XpS-
ßn-bh- ¿ DZm-lc- W
- w. hfsc hyh-ÿm-]n-Xa - mb kuI-cy-ßfpw Imcy-
£-aX - b
- p≈ t\Xr-XzhpamWv Cu Z¿kn\v Cß-s\-sbmcp ]mc-ºcyw
\ne-\n¿Øm≥ Ah-kc - a- p-≠m-°n-bX - v.
1960 IfpsS XpS-°-Øn-emWv \mc-I-t»cn DkvXmZv ]S-∂-
bn¬ Z¿kn-s\-Øp-∂X - v. XpS¿∂v GI-tZiw 5/6 h¿j-߃ At±lw
AhnsS \nd-™p-\n¬°p-Ibpw kº-∂-amb Z¿kv \S-Øp-Ibpw
sNbvXp.
]S∂ ]≈n-°SpØp≈ henb lmfn¬sh®mWv Z¿kv \S-
∂n-cp-∂X - .v s_©p-Iƒ \nc-Øn-bmbncp∂p ¢mkns‚ k÷o-Ic - Ww.
A∂v Ir°-cn-∏q¿, ]S∂ XpSßn ]cn-kc {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬\n-∂mbn
{]K¬`-cmb Cc-]Ø - n-bt- ©mfw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ Z¿kn¬ ]Tn-°ms\-
Øn-bn-cp-∂p. IqSm-sX, ]cn-k-c-ß-fn¬\n∂pw apA-√n-ao-ßfpw apZ-cn-
ko-ßfpw {]tXyIw ¢mkp-Iƒ°mbpw FØp-am-bn-cp-∂p.
InØm-_nse C_m-d-Øp-Iƒ i_vZ-Øn¬ hmbn-®p-sIm-
≠mWv A∂v DkvXmZv ¢msk-Sp-Øn-cp-∂-Xv. iwkp¬ De-a-bpsS
{]kwKw t]mse-bm-bn-cp∂p {]Xy-£-Øn¬ B ¢mkv. AtX
i_vZhpw AtX ssien-bpw. Hcmƒ InØm_v hmbn-°pI; DkvXmZv
AXn\p A¿∞w ]d-bpI; hni-Zo-I-cn-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p
A∂sØ ¢mkv ssien. Zqsc-\n∂pw tI´m¬ iwkp¬ De-a-bpsS
{]kw-Ka - m-sWt∂ tXm∂p-Ib - p-≈q. {]ap-J\ - mb ]n.-sI.]n. A–p¬
JmZn¿ lmPn-bpsS ho´n¬\n-∂m-bn-cp∂p A∂v DkvXm-Zn\v `£Ww.
kPo-hhpw Du¿÷kze-hp-am-bn-cp∂p ]S∂ Z¿kp-Im-esØ
DkvXm-Zns‚ Pohn-Xw. Z¿kv ¢mkp-Iƒ°-∏p-dhpw At±lw AhnsS
]e aX-{]h¿Ø\-߃ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. JYo-_p-am-scbpw DkvXm-
Zp-am-scbpw hnfn-®p-Iq´n \p_m-Ønø JpYp_ ¢msk-SpØp sImSp-
°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. JpYp_ HmXp-tºmƒ {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-߃ hnh-cn-
°p-∂t- Xm-sSm∏w JpYp-_b - psS A¿∞-Xe - ß
- fpw DkvXmZv Ah¿°v
]d-™p-sIm-Sp-Øp. JpYp_ A‘-ambn HmX-s∏-tS-≠X - s- √∂pw HmXp-
∂-hs - c-¶nepw AXn-s\-°p-dn®v t_m[-hm-∑m-cm-bn-cn-°W - s- a-∂p-amWv
DkvXmZv CXn-eqsS ]Tn-∏n-®n-cp-∂X - v.
]e {]ap-Jcpw A∂v Ah-cpsS Z¿kn¬ ]Tn-®n-cp-∂p. Zzo]nse
tImb-Ω-Ø-߃, Xr°-cn-∏q¿, a™-\mSn XpS-ßnb `mK-ß-fn¬\n-
∂p≈ Bfp-Iƒ, s]cp-ap-Jw Fw.-sI.-Fw. tImb apkven-bm¿, tX™n-
∏ew sI.-Sn. apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-bh - ¿ AXn¬s]-Sp-∂p.
i‡-amb {]tal tcmKsØ XpS¿∂mWv ]n∂oSv DkvXmZv
AhnsS \n∂pw hnc-an-°p-∂X - .v GI-tZiw 1966/67 Ifn-em-bn-cp∂p CXv.
10. ]p≈-\q¿ (ap-t≠m-´v)]≈n-Z¿kn¬
\mc-It- »-cn- DkvXm-Zns‚ A[ym-]\ Pohn-XØ - nse G‰hpw
Ah-km-\sØ kwcw-`-am-bn-cp∂p ae-bΩ ]p≈-\q-cnse apt≠m-´p-
t]m-bn¬ Ppap-AØv ]≈n-bn¬ \S-∂n-cp∂ Z¿kv. sNdnb \ne°v
CS-°nsS hn´p-t]m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw 1973 ¬ ac-Ws - ∏-Sp-∂X
- p-hsc Ahn-
sS-Øs - ∂-bmWv At±lw ]Tn-∏n-®n-cp-∂X - v. F√m A¿∞-Ønepw Dd-
ßn-°n-S∂- n-cp∂ Hcp \mSns\ Ckvem-an-Ia - mbn DW¿Øm≥ Cu Z¿kv
At±-lsØ klm-bn-®p. Cu Z¿kn-eq-sS-bmWv \m´p-Im¿ At±-l-
Øns‚ al-Xzhpw Hu∂Xyhpw Xncn-®d - n-bp-∂X - v.

11. \mc-I-t»cn ho´nse Z¿kv

Ah-km\ Ime-ß-fn¬ tcmK_m[n-X-\m-bn, Ah-i-\mb
DkvXmZv ho´n¬sh-®p-Xs - ∂-bmWv Z¿kv \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂X - .v 1972-˛73 Ime-
ß-fn-em-bn-cp∂p CXv. hyh-ÿm-]n-Xhpw {Ia-\n-_≤ - h- p-am-bn-cp-∂n-s√-
¶nepw CS-°nsS apX-A√ - n-ao-߃ InØm-_p-ambn AhnsS HmXm-s\-
Øp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ hoSns‚ sNcphn¬sh-®mWv Z¿kv \S-∂n-cp-∂-
Xv. A∂v Nne-t∏m-sgms° Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ahn-sS-\n-∂p-Xs∂ `£Ww
Xøm-dm°n sImSp-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ahkm\ \nan-jw-hsc Z¿kv \S-
Ø-W-sa∂ DkvXm-Zns‚ B{K-l-Øns‚ ^e-am-bn-´mWv Cßs\
\S-Øn-bn-cp-∂X - v.
Cß-s\, ae-_m-dns‚ hyXykvX `mK-ß-fn¬ NnX-dn-°n-S-
∂n-cp∂ {][m-\-s∏´ ]tØmfw Z¿kp-I-fn-em-bn-cp∂p \mc-I-t»cn
DkvXm-Zns‚ Hcp ]pcp-jm-bp v apgp-h≥ Nne-hg- n-°s- ∏-´n-cp-∂X - v. \qdp-
°-W-°n\v k¿K-[-\-cmb hnZym¿∞n-Isf Cu Ime-b-f-hn¬ ]pd-
Øp-sIm-≠p-hc - m≥ DkvXm-Zn\v Ign-™n-´p-≠v. tIc-fa - pkvenw \thm-
∞m\ Ncn-{X-Øn¬Xs∂ X¶-en-]n-If - m¬ Dt√-J\w sNø-s∏-tS-≠-
XmWv Cu ]Øp Z¿kp-Ifpw AXn¬ At±lw \S-Ønb ssh⁄m-
\nI hnπ-hß - f - pw.
 19

apt≠m´v ]≈n-Z¿kpw
Hcp \mSns‚ Ckvem-anI DW¿hpw
\mc-It- »cn DkvXmZv ]S-∂b - n¬ Z¿kv \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cp∂
Imew. Ie-iemb {]tal tcmKw ]nSn-s]-´p. Hcn-°¬ km[m-cW
t]mse \m´n¬ t]mb-Xm-Wv. ]ns∂ Xncn-®p-h∂ - n-√. Znh-kß
- ƒ Ign-
™p-t]m-b-t∏mƒ IΩn-‰n-°m¿°p t]Sn-bm-bn. Ah¿ At\z-jWw
XpS-ßn. Bbn-sS-bmWv t]mì hgn Hcp IØv h∂Xv:
""F\n°v \m´n¬ \n∂v NnIn-’n-t°≠ Nne tcmK-ßf - p-≠v.
Bb-Xn-\m¬ Atßm´p hcm≥ ]‰n-√. \n߃°p thsd apZ-cn-kns\
At\z-jn-°m-hp-∂X - m-Wv.''
IΩn-‰n-°m¿ BsI Bi-b-°p-g-∏-Øn-em-bn. Ime-ß-fmbn
hfsc tIa-ambn \S-∂p-h∂ Z¿kmWv. B B`n-PmXyw ImØp-kq-
£n-°m≥ hfsc A\p-tbm-Py-\mb Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂p \mc-It- »-cn. F√m-
h¿°pw \√ A`n-{]m-ba - m-bn-cp-∂p. A]m-ca- mb ]mfin-Xyhpw AKm-
[-amb ⁄m\hpam-bn-cp-∂p. apX-A-√n-ao-߃°pw {]nb-¶-c-\mb
A[ym-]I - ≥.
A{]-Xo-£n-Xa - mbn, CS-°p-sh®v DkvXmZv Z¿kv \n¿Øn-t∏m-
hp-Is- b-∂Xv B¿°pw Hm¿°m≥t]mepw Ign-bp-∂n-√. HSp-hn¬ IΩn-
‰n-°m¿ Iq´-ambn ae-bΩ - °- p h≠n Ib-dn. AhnsS DkvXm-Zns‚ hoSv
At\z-jn®p Is≠-Øn. ]S-∂-bn-te-°p-Xs∂ Xncn-®p-h-cm≥ Ah¿
DkvXm-Zn-t\mSv InW™v At]-£n-®p. AhnsS F√m hn[ kuI-cy-
ßfpw sNbvXp-Xc - m-sa∂pw iºfw F{X-th-Ws - a-¶nepw h¿≤n-∏n-®p-
X-cm-sa∂pw Ah¿ ]d-™p-t\m-°n.
]s£, DkvXm-Zn¬ bmsXmcp am‰-hp-ap-≠m-bn-√. c≠p Imc-
W-ß-fm-emWv Ah¿ Cß-s\-sbmcp Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
H∂v, {]mbhpw hm¿≤-Iyhpw h∂p-Xp-S-ßn-b-Xn-\m¬ ho´n¬Xs∂
Ign-™p-Iq-Sm-\p≈ B{K-lw, c≠v, h¿≤n®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂
BtcmKy {]iv\-߃. Cu c≠p {]iv\-ßfpw ]cn-l-cn-°m≥
Hcmƒ°pw Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. c≠pw B al¬ hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚
imco-cn-Ia - mb Akz-ÿX - I- f
- p-ambn _‘-s∏-´X
- m-bn-cp-∂p.
bmsXmcp ^e-hp-an-s√∂p I≠-t∏mƒ, HSp-hn¬, ]cn-lm-c-
taXpam-ImsX kwLw \ncm-i-tbmsS aS-ßn-t∏m-bn. \ne-hn-ep≈
hnZym¿∞n-Isf kam-[m-\n-∏n-°m≥ ]e-hn[ am¿K-ßfpw kzoI-cn-®p-
t\m-°n.
]s£, apX-A-√n-ao-߃°v bmsXm∂pw Xs∂ kwXr-]vX-
am-bn-√. \mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zns‚ ssh⁄m-\nI t[\p \pI¿∂p
Ign-™X - n-\m¬ Ah-sc-Øs∂ XncnsI Int´-≠n-bn-cp-∂p.
AXn-\nsS IΩn-‰n-°m¿ D∂X am¿t°msS hnP-bn® DkvXm-
Zp-am-sc-hsc sIm≠p-h∂ - p-t\m-°n. ^ew \mkvXn Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
At∏m-tg°pw hnZym¿∞Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ ]ehn[ Nn¥-Ifpw
IS-∂p-h∂p Ign-™n-cp-∂p. DkvXmZv Ctßm´p h∂n-s√-¶n¬ DkvXm-
Zns\ tXSn Atßm´p t]mhp-I-sb∂ Xocp-am-\-tØmsS Nne¿ cwK-
sØ-Øn. Ah-cn¬ {][m-\n-I-fm-bn-cp∂p s]cp-apJw Fw.-sI.-Fw.
tImb apkven-bmcpw tX™n-∏ew sI.-Sn. apl-ΩZv apkven-bm-cpw. B{K-
ln-®s - Xm∂pw th≠-t]mse \S-°p-∂n-s√∂p I≠-t∏mƒ Kpcphns‚
hoSv At\z-jn®v ]pd-s∏-Sm≥Xs∂ Ah¿ Xocp-am-\n-®p.

DkvXm-Zns\ tXSn Hcp bm{X

AsXmcp hymgmgvN Znh-ka - m-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-cm-hn-se-Øs∂
Ah¿ DkvXm-Zns\ e£yw-sh®v ]S-∂b - n¬\n∂pw ]pd-s∏-´p. sshIp-
t∂-ca- m-bt- ∏mƒ ae-bΩ
- s
- b-Øn. \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zns‚ hoSv At\z-
jn®p I≠p-]n-Sn-®p. DkvXmZv At∏mƒ am¿°-‰n¬\n∂pw a’yw hmßn
hcn-Ib- m-bn-cp-∂p.
ho´n-se-Øn-b-t∏m-gp-≠mb ImgvN I≠v DkvXmZv A¬`p-X-
s∏-´p-t]m-bn. Ah¿ IÆp-I¬ XpS®v icn°psam∂v t\m°n. Xs‚
c≠p {]nb injy-∑m¿ apºn¬ h∂n-cn-°p-∂p. sI.-Snbpw tImb-bpw.
AXm-bn-cp∂p DkvXmZv Ahsc hnfn-®n-cp∂ t]cv.
""\nß-sf-¥n\m Cu ka-bØv Ctßm´p h∂Xv?'' DkvXmZv
tNmZn-®p.
""R߃ DkvXm-Zns\ tXSn h∂-Xm-Wv. R߃°v DkvXm-
Zns‚ ASp-Øp-\n∂pXs∂ ]Tn-°-Ww.'' Ah¿ ]d-™p.
 ""Rm\n\n Atßm´p hcp-∂n-√. Chn-sS-bm-sW-¶n¬ ]Tn-∏n-
°m-\p≈ kuI-cy-hp-an-√. \n߃°v as‰-hn-sS-sb-¶nepw t]mIp-∂-
Xm-bn-cn°pw DØ-aw. As√-¶n¬, a‰m-sc-¶n-ep-ambpw _‘-s∏´v Rm≥
icn-s∏-Sp-Øn-Øc - mw. Fs‚ injy-∑m-cmb At≠mW A–p√ apkven-
bm-cp-sStbm s\Sn-b-\mWv kn. A–p¿d-“m≥ apkven-bm-cp-sStbm
ASpØv \n߃°v t]mbn ]Tn-°m-hp-∂X - m-Wv.''
injy-∑msc kw_-‘n-®n-St- Ømfw DkvXm-Zns‚ {]Xn-Ic - Ww
Xo¿Øpw \ncm-im-P\ - I
- a - m-bn-cp-∂p. CXp tI´v Ah¿°v k¶Sw h∂p.
HSp-hn¬ Ffn-a-tbmsS Ah¿ ]d™p:
""DkvXm-tZ, R߃ Fhn-sSbpw t]mIm≥ Dt±-in-°p-∂n-√.
A°mcyw R߃ Nn¥n-°p-∂p-an-√. DkvXmZv Xs∂ R߃°v
InØm_v HmXn-Ø-c-Ww. AXmWv Rß-fpsS B{K-lw. AXn\p
]≈nbpw kuI-cy-ßs - fm∂pw th≠. Cu hoSns‚ sNcp-hn¬\n∂p
Xs∂ Aßv HmXn-Ø-∂m¬ aXn. Rß-fpsS `£-Whpw Xma-k-hp-
sa√mw R߃ Xs∂ t\m°n-s°m-≈mw.''
""AsXm∂pw thKw \S-°p∂ Imcy-a-√. Nn¥n-®n-´p-thWw
CXn-sems° Xocp-am-\s - a-Sp-°m≥...'' DkvXm-Zns‚ {]Xn-Ic- Ww Aß-
s\-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
CsX√mw tI´-t∏m-tg°pw B Acpa injy-∑m-cpsS kz]v\-
ß-sf√mw No´p-sIm-´mcw t]mse XI¿∂-Sn™p Ign-™n-cp-∂p.
]s£, DkvXm-Zns‚ Iogn¬ Xs∂ InØm-t_m-Xm-\p≈ B{K-l-
Øn\p Xcnºpw aß-te-‰n-cp-∂n-√.
""DkvXmZv HmXn-Ø-cp-∂n-s√-¶n¬ CtXmsS R߃ InØm-
t_mØv \n¿Øp-Ib - m-Wv.'' Ah¿ KZvKZ- J - W
- vTc
- m-bn.
CXp tI´-t∏mƒ B ]finX Kpcp-hns‚ D≈n¬ Fs¥m-
s°tbm Nn¥-Iƒ an∂n-a-d-™p. C¬av ]Tn-°m≥ C{X-am{Xw B{K-
l-ap≈ Xs‚ Acpa injy-∑m-tcmSv C\nbpw Cs√∂p ]d-bm≥ B
a\- n\p Ign-™n-√. B a\- I-ß-fpsS hnip-≤nbpw \n›-b-
Zm¿Vyhpw t\c-sØ-Øs∂ a\- n-em-°nb At±lw Hcp \nanjw
Nn¥-bn-em-≠p. tijw, Hcp Zo¿L \nizm-k-tØmsS Fgp-t∂-‰p-
sIm≠p ]d™p: ""hcq, Fs¥-¶nepw hgn-bp-t≠m-sb∂v \ap°v
t]mbn-t\m-°mw.''
\m´nse Imc-Wh - ∑
- m-cp-ambn kwkm-cn®v CXn\p Fs¥-¶nepw
Hcp ]cn-lmcw Is≠-Øn-bmtem F∂mWv DkvXmZv Nn¥n-®X - v. AX-
\p-k-cn-®v, ho´n¬\n∂pw ]pd-Øn-dßn apt≠m´v ]≈n-bpsS `mK-
tØ°p \S-∂p. AhnsS Bsc-sb-¶n-ep-sams° I≠p-ap-´n-sb-¶ntem
F∂ {]Xo-£b - p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. sNΩ¨ \nc-Øn-eqsS A©p ]Øv -
an-\n´v \o≠ bm{X. D≈n¬ Hcm-bncw Nn¥-Iƒ...
]≈n-°S- pØv sNdn-sbmcp Nmb-°S- b - p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. DkvXm-
Zns‚ AI-s∂mcp _‘p-hmWv AXv \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. DkvXmZv
t\sc \S∂v AXn-te°p Ib-dn. tijw, Ben-°p™n apkven-bmsc
hnfn®p ]d™p: "\o Chsc sIm≠p-t]mbn ]≈n ImWn®p sImSp-
°p-I.'
apkven-bm¿°v Imcy-Øns‚ s]mcpƒ ]nSn-In-´n-bn-√. F¶nepw
DkvXm-Zns‚ I¬]\ am\n®v Ahscbpw-sIm≠v ]≈n-∏d - º
- n-te°p
\S-∂p. ae-aq{X hnk¿÷-\Ø - nt\m at‰m BIp-sa-∂mWv At±lw
{]Xo-£n-®-Xv. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, \S-Ø-Øn-\nsS AXv kqNn-∏n-
°p-Ibpw sNbvXp: "ChnsS I°q-kn-√. F√mcpw B ae-bn-te°p
t]mhm-dmWv ]Xn--hv.' CXp tI´-t∏mƒ tImbbpw sI.-Sn.bpw apJw
s]mØn AS-°n-®n-cn-®p. Imcyw a\- n-em-ImsX Ah¿ ]≈n-bn-te°p
\oßn.
tImb-bp-sSbpw sI.-Sn.-bp-sSbpw D≈Iw {]m¿∞\m \n¿`-c-
am-bn-cp-∂p. ]≈n Z¿kn\v A\p-tbm-Py-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ F∂v Ah¿
D≈p-cpIn A√m-lp-hn-t\mSv tNmZn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.
HSp-hn¬, ]≈n-bn-seØn. c≠p X´p≈ sNdnb ]≈n-bm-bn-
cp-∂p AXv. tase ]m°v ]mIn-bmWv c≠mw \ne D≠m-°n--bn-cp-∂X - v.
Np‰pw tLmc-amb ImSpw. Ccp-hcpw AXns‚ D≈n¬ Ib-dn- t\m-°p-
tºmƒ I≠ ImgvN AXn-`b - m-\I
- a
- m-bn-cp-∂p. s]mSn-]S- e
- ß- fpw N∏p-
N-hd- p-Ifpw \nd-™n-cn-°p∂p. Ac-WI - fpw Hm¥p-Ifpw CjvSw-t]mse
sskzc-hn-lmcw \S-Øp-Ib - m-Wv. k¿∏-߃hsc Xe-s]m-°n-tb-°m-
hp∂ {]Xo-Xn. apI-fn-emsI \nd™p Xqßn-bn-cn-°p∂ Nne-¥n-he - .
Hcp P\-hmk kv]¿iw t]mepw A\p-`h - s
- ∏-Sp-∂n-√. A{X-am{Xw ]≈n-
bpsS c≠mw \ne Dt]-£n-°s - ∏´ \ne-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p.
H‰-b-Sn°v ]≈n I≠v ]cn-{`-an-®p-t]m-sb-¶nepw Ah-cpsS
D≈n-s‚-bp-≈n¬ {]Xo-£b - psS sNdn-sbmcp ssIØn-cn-sh´w {]Im-
in-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. CsXm∂p crØn-bm-°n-sb-Sp-°p-I-bm-sW-
¶n¬ Hcp Z¿kn-\p≈ km[yX sXfn-bp-∂X - mbn Ah¿ I≠p. tijw,
Ccp-hcpw XncnsI DkvXm-Zns‚ ASp-°t- e°p \S-∂p.
Nmb-°S- b - nse alm N¿®
At∏m-tg°pw Nmb-°S Hcp N¿®m-th-Zn-bmbn amdn-°g- n-™n-
cp-∂p. DkvXmZv Bsf hn´v \m´nse Imc-Wh - ∑- m-scbpw ]≈n-`m-ch- m-
ln-Is- fbpw hnfn-∏n®p. tN°p´n lmPn, A“-Ip´n lmPn, I√n-Spºn¬
A_q-_Iv¿ Ip´n lmPn, X´-ß-t®cn A_vZp√ XpSßn ]ecpw B
kZ-kn-ep-≠v.
Xs‚ apºn¬ \n¬°p∂ apX-A√ - n-ao-ßsf Nq≠n DkvXmZv
Z¿kns‚ Imcyw ]d™p XpS-ßn:
""Ch¿ ]S-∂-bn¬ Fs‚-b-SpØv HmXn-∏-Tn-®n-cp-∂-h-cm-Wv.
Rm≥ Ahn-sS-\n∂pw ]ncn-s™∂p tI´-t∏mƒ Chcpw Ahn-sS-\n∂pw
]ncn™v Cßv h∂n-cn-°p-∂p. Ch¿°v ChnsS ]Tn-°m-\mWv B{K-
lw. AXn-\m¬, Ch¿°p th≠n \ΩpsS Cu ]≈n-bn¬ Hcp Z¿kv
XpS-ßn-bmtem F∂v hnNm-cn-°p-∂p. AXn-\m¬, \nß-fpsS kl-I-
cWw A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.''
Bcp-sSbpw Nn¥m-afi - e
- Ø
- n¬ DZn-°p-It- ]mepw sNømØ
Hcp Imcy-am-bn-cp∂p CXv. DkvXm-Zns‚ Cusbmcp Bhiyw tI´
am{X-bn¬ Hcmƒ°p-anXv DƒsIm-≈m-\m-bn-√. \nkvIm-cw-t]mepw th≠
t]mse \S-°mØ ]≈n-bn¬ ]≈n-Z¿kv Fßs\ \S-°p-sa-∂-Xm-
bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS Bi-¶. Cusbmcp Imcyw apºn¬sh®v Ah¿
]e Hgn-hp-Ig- n-hp-Ifpw ]d-™p-t\m-°n. ]≈n-bnse Aku-Ic - y-ßfpw
\mSn-s‚bpw \m´p-Im-cp-sSbpw {]iv\ß - fpw apºn¬ sh®p.
]s£, DkvXm-Zns\ kw_-‘n-®n-St- Ømfw AsXm∂pw Hcp
hnj-ba - m-bn-cp-∂n-√.
""apZ-cn-kns‚ `£-Whpw iº-fhpw \n߃ Adn-tb-≠-Xn-
√. IØn-°m-\p≈ asÆ-Æbpw \n߃ \¬tI-≠. Cu c≠p apX-
A-√n-ao-߃°p th≠ `£-WØ - n\p am{Xw hgn I≠m¬ aXn. AXp-
Xs∂ \n߃ km[m-cW Ign-°m-dp≈ N°tbm tNtºm t]mse-
bp≈ km[-\-߃. A{X-am-{Xw. _m°n-bp-≈-sX√mw Ah-k-cw-
t]mse Hcp-ßn-s°m-≈pw.'' DkvXmZv ]d-™p.
CXp tI´-t∏mƒ B¿°p-aXv H‰-b-Sn°v X≈n-°-f-bm≥ Ign-
bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. c≠mƒ°p-th≠ km[m-cW `£Ww am{X-amWv
tNmZn-®n-cn-°p-∂X - v. AXpw X≈n-°f - b - p-∂Xv `qj-Wa - √
- .
Ah-km\w Ah¿ DkvXm-Zns‚ Bh-iy-Øn\p hg-ßn.
Z¿kn\p kΩXw aqfn. IqSn-bn-cp-∂h - c- n¬ Nne¿ At∏mƒ Xs∂ Ip´n-
I-fpsS Nmbbpw tNmdp-sa√mw Gs‰-Sp-Øp. Imcy-ßs - f√mw `wKn-bmbn
Ah-km-\n-®p. Z¿kv t]cn¬ km£m¬I-cn-°s - ∏-´p.
C\n ¢mkv XpS-ßp-I-bmWv th≠-Xv. Imcy-ß-sf√mw icn-
bm-sb-¶nepw Z¿kv sImXn-®p- h∂ apX-A-√n-ao-ßsf shdpsX Xncn-
®-b-°p-∂Xv icn-b-√. Z¿kv Ct∏mƒ Xs∂ kam-cw`w Ipdn-°-Ww.
DkvXmZv B{K-ln-®p.
""\nß-fpsS ASpØv GXv InØm_mWv D≈Xv?'' DkvXmZv
tNmZn-®p.
Ah-cpsS ASpØv DJvsse-Zn-kns‚ Hcp tIm∏n am{Xta D≠m-
bn-cp-∂p-≈q. AXp-Xs∂ _mKn¬ Fhn-sStbm IpSp-ßn-t∏m-bX - m-Wv.
Ah¿ AsX-SpØp sImSp-Øp. DkvXmZv AXn¬\n∂pw A¬]w
hmbn®v Z¿kv D¬Lm-S\w sNbvXp.
""C\n \n߃ t]mbn, Xn¶-fmgvN InØm-_p-I-fp-ambn hcn-
I. \ap°v A∂papX¬ HutZym-Kn-I-ambn ¢mkv Bcw-`n-°mw.''
DkvXmZv kt¥m-jtØmsS Ahsc Xncn-®b - ®
- p. Ccp-hcpw \n¿hr-Xn-
tbmsS Xncn-®p-t]m-bn. A√m-lp-hn\v Bbn-c-am-bncw kvtXm{X-߃
A¿∏n-®p-sIm-≠v.
ASpØ Xn¶-fmgvN Znh-kw. Xocp-am-\n® t]mse Ccp-hcpw
ae-bΩ \mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zns‚ ho´n¬ h∂p. ssIbn¬ InØm-
_p-If - psS `mfi-ßf - p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
""\n߃ t]mbn ]≈nbpw ]cn-kc - hpw hrØn-bm-°p-I.'' AXm-
bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zns‚ BZysØ \n¿t±-iw.
Ccp-hcpw apt≠m´v ]≈n-bn-te°p t]mbn. ASn-®p-hmcn hrØn-
bm-°n. amdme X´n. \new Igp-In. XpS-®p. Z¿kv \S-Øm≥ Bh-iy-
amb kuI-cy-߃ hcp-Øn. aWn-°q-dp-Iƒ \o≠p \n¬°p∂
ip≤nIe-iw.
F√mw Ign-™-tXmsS DkvXmZv ho´n¬\n∂pw ]≈n-bn¬
h∂p. HutZym-Kn-Ia - mbn ]≈n°p apI-fn¬ Z¿kv Bcw-`n-®p.
ImSv aqSn-°n-S-∂v, hnP-\-ambn-cp∂ ]≈n-bn¬ Z¿kv XpS-ßn-
b-tXmsS AXv henb N¿®m-hn-jb - a
- m-bn. \mSmb \mSp-If - n-sems°
Im´p Xo t]mse hm¿Ø {]N-cn-®p. \mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-ZmWv apZ-
cnkv F∂p-IqSn Adn-™t- XmsS \mSns‚ \m\m `mK-Øp-\n∂pw Bfp-
Iƒ Hgp-In-h-cm≥ XpS-ßn. B Z¿knencp∂v _¿°Øv t\Sp-I-sb-
∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS Bh-iyw. CXv \m´p ImcpsS Imcyw. F∂m¬
\mSn\p]pdsØ henb DkvXm-Zp-am-sc kw_-‘n-®n-St- Ømfw \mc-I-
t»-cn-bpsS Z¿kv hen-sbmcp kw`-h-am-bn-cp-∂p. CX-dn™ Ah¿
DkvXm-Zns‚ Z¿kn¬ IqSm≥ Bth-it- ØmsS hcm≥ XpS-ßn.
F√mw-IqSn Bb-t∏mƒ ]≈nbpw ]cn-k-chpw hyh-ÿm-]n-
X-ambn \ho-Ic - n-°m\pw Bh-iy-Øn\p hnI-k\ - {- ]-h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ \S-
Øm\pw \m´p-Imcpw ]≈n-]-cn-]m-e-Icpw \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-bn. CX-\p-
k-cn®v Ah¿ tbmKw tNcp-Ibpw ]≈n-bpsS hnI-k\ - {- ]-h¿Ø-\ß - -
sf-°p-dn®v Nn¥n°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
XpS¿∂v Z¿kns\ hf¿Øp-Ibpw {]N-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-
I-sb∂ Dt±-iy-tØmsS apt≠m´v ]≈n-bpsS ]cn-kc - Ø
- v Hcp aX-{]-
kw-K-]-c-ºc \S-Øn. A∂sØ {]K¬`-cmb ]e {]`m-j-Icpw
AXn¬ kw_-‘n-®p. s\Sn-b\ - mSv A–p¿d-“m≥ apkven-bm¿, s]cp-
apJw ssk\p-±o≥ apkven-bm¿, At≠mW A–p√ apkven-bm¿ XpS-
ßn-b-h¿ AXn¬ {][m-\n-I-fm-Wv. ]mXn-cm-{Xn-tbmfw \o≠p-
\n¬°p∂ {]`m-j-W-߃. CtXmsS Z¿kns‚ ktµiw \mSmsI
{]N-cn-®p. ]ecpw klmb lkvXh - p-ambn cwK-sØ-Øn. Ip´n-If - psS
Hcp t\csØ `£Ww Gs‰-Sp-°m-\mWv Nne¿ Xøm-dm-b-Xv. Nne¿
c≠p t\csØ `£Ww Gs‰-Sp-Øp. ]ecpw sXßp-Iƒ ]≈n°v
kw`m-h\ \¬In. F√mw IqSn-bm-b-t∏mƒ Hcp Z¿kv tami-an-√msX
\S-∂p-t]m-hm-\p≈ Ah-kcw ssIh-∂p. \m´p-Im-cpsS ]cn-]q¿W-
amb ]n≥_-ehpw klmb kl-I-c-W-hp-amWv CXn\p AØm-Wn-
bmbn D≠m-bn-cp-∂X - v.
DkvXmZv kt¥m-j-tØmsS Z¿kv XpS¿∂p. kao] {]tZ-i-
ß-fn¬\n∂pw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ Hgp-In-hc - n-Ib
- m-W.v \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-
Zns‚ Z¿knse hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ F∂m¬ Ah¿ km[m-cW hnZym¿∞n-
I-fm-bn-cp-∂n-√. a‰p ]e ]≈n-If - nepw Z¿kv \S-Øp∂ henb henb
apZ-cn-ko-ßf- m-bn-cp-∂p Ah¿. DkvXm-Zns‚ Z¿kn¬ Kl-\a - mb Nne
InØm-_p-Iƒ HmXm\pw kwi-bß - ƒ Xo¿°m-\p-amWv Ah¿ h∂n-
cp-∂X- v.
]pXn-tbmØv ]n.-kn. Ip™m-e≥ Ip´n apkven-bm¿, sI.-kn.
apl-ΩZv ap-kven-bm¿, bp.-sI. A–p-√Ø - o^v apkven-bm¿, Xe-s∏-cp-
aÆ tate-Nm-en¬ apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-bh - ¿ apt≠m´p ]≈n-
Z¿kn¬ DkvXm-Zn\p Iogn¬ HmXm≥ h∂-h-cn¬ Nne-cm-Wv. IqSm-
sX, sNm¢n, amln, ae-∏pdw XpSßn hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬\n∂pw
hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ AhnsS HmXm-s\-Øn-bn-cp-∂p.
ka-{Kam-sbmcp ssh⁄m-\nI tI{µw t]mse
Znh-k-߃ Ign-™p-t]mIpw tXmdpw Z¿kv Kw`o-c-am-bn.
DkvXm-Zp-am-sc-s°m≠pw ]fin-X-∑m-sc-s°m≠pw ]≈nbpw ]cn-k-
chpw \nd-™p. A`q-X] - q¿∆-amb P\-{]-hmlw I≠v \m´p-Im¿ A¬`p-
X-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßn. \m´p-Im-c\ - m-b, \mc-It- »cn DkvXmZv F∂v X߃
hnfn-°p-∂, A“Zv A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm-cpsS al-Xzhpw ÿm\hpw
At∏m-gmWv Ah¿ icn°pw a\- n-em-°p-∂X - .v AXp-hsc Hcp km[m-
cW apkven-bm-cmbn am{Xta Ah¿ I≠n-cp-∂p-≈q. CXv DkvXm-Zp-
am-cpsS DkvXm-Zm-sW∂v CtXmsS Ah¿ Xncn-®d - n-™p.
apt≠m´p ]≈n-bnse Cu Z¿kv A°mesØ ae-_m-dn-se-
Xs∂ {]apJ ]≈n-Z¿kp-I-fn-sem-∂mbn amdp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. {]ap-J-
\mb A[ym-]-Is‚ km∂n-[yw-sIm≠pw ]fin-X-cmb hnZym¿∞n-
I-fpsS t]m°p-hc - h
- p-sIm≠pw AXv {]kn≤n t\Sn. InØm_v HmXm≥
am{X-a-√, ^Xvh-Iƒ tNmZn-°m\pw \m\m`mK-Øp-\n∂pw Bfp-Iƒ
]≈n-bn-te°p h∂p. Adn-hns‚ A]q¿∆ tI{µ-am-bn-Øs∂ CtXmsS
\mSv amdn.
ChnsS Z¿kv XpS-ßm≥ ASn-ÿm\ Imc-W-°mcpw \mc-I-
t»cn DkvXm-Zns‚ {]nb injy-∑m-cp-amb tImb apkven-bmcpw sI.-
Sn. apl-ΩZv apkven-bmcpw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p Z¿kns‚ ]ptcm-KX - n-bnepw
hf¿®-bnepw G‰hpw henb ]¶v hln-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Z¿kn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ
IqSn-h∂- X- n-\\ - p-kc - n®v Ah¿ \m´nse Hmtcm hoSp-If - nepw Ib-dn-bn-
d-ßp-Ibpw Ah-cpsS `£-Whpw kuI-cy-ßfpw Xc-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. X߃ Imc-Wa - mbn Bcw-`n® Z¿kn\v Hcp ImeØpw Hcp
£bhpw hc-cp-sX-∂m-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS B{K-lw. AXn-\p-th≠n
Ahn-SsØ PohnX Ime-a{- Xbpw Ah¿ ITn-\m-≤zm\w sNbvXp. AXp-
sIm-≠p-X-s∂, sI.-Sn.bpw tImbbpw C∂pw ae-b-Ω-bnse ]g-a-°m-
cpsS \mhp-If - n¬ XØn-°f - n-°p∂ c≠p t]cp-If - m-W.v ImcWw A{X-
am{Xw Cu \mSns‚ Ckvem-anI \n¿an-Xn-bn¬ C∂-se-I-fn¬ \nd-
™n-cp∂ hy‡n-Xz-ßf - m-bn-cp∂p Ah¿. Ah¿ Ib-dn-s®-√mØ hoSp-
Iƒ Cu {]tZ-iØv Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂p. \m´nse DΩm-aa - m¿°p t]mepw
Ahsc kp]-cn-Nn-X-am-Wv. Imc-Ww, \mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zns‚ ktµ-
i-hp-am-bmWv Ah¿ Hmtcm hoSp-If - nepw Ib-dn-bn-dß - n-bn-cp-∂X - v.
1965-˛66 Ime-ßf - n-em-bn-cp∂p apt≠m´v ]≈n-Z¿kns‚ DZ-bw.
2/3 h¿j-ß-fmWv \mc-I-t»cn DkvXmZv AhnsS kPo-h-ambn Z¿kv
\S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. sXm´-SpØ hoSp-I-fn¬\n-∂m-bn-cp∂p Ip´n-Iƒ°v
`£-Ww. ]s£, DkvXmZv kz¥w ho´n¬\n∂p Xs∂-bmWv `£Ww
Ign-®n-cp-∂-Xv. cmhn-se-bmWv ¢mkn-te°p hcn-I. D®°v ¢mkv
Ign™v ho´n¬ t]mIpw. `£Ww Ign®v ho≠pw hcpw. CXm-bn-
cp∂p ]Xn-hv. Xma-k-hp-ambn _‘-s∏t´m `£-W-hp-ambn _‘-
s∏t´m Ip´n-I-fpsS kuI-cy-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw {]iv\-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw
tNmZn-®-dn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. h√ {]iv\-ß-fp-ap-s≠-¶n¬ AXv ]cn-l-cn-
°m-\p≈ hgn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°pw.
DkvXm-Zns‚ ap≥Ime Z¿kp-Isf At]-£n®v apt≠m´p
]≈n-bnse Z¿kv A{X-am{Xw Xo{h-Xt- b-dn-bX - m-bn-cp-∂n-√. ImcWw
DkvXm-Zns‚ Ah-km\ Ime-ßf - m-bn-cp∂p AXv. i‡-amb {]tal
tcmKw ImcWw ico-ca - m-kI - ew £oWn-°p-Ibpw Akz-ÿX A\p-
`-h-s∏´p XpS-ßp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬, ap≥ Ime-ß-fnse
Z¿kp-Iƒ At\zjW-ßf - p-sSbpw XlvJo-Jn-s‚bpw K¿÷-\ß - f
- m-
bn-cp-∂p. DkvXmZv Xs∂ C°mcyw Xs‚ CjvS injy-∑m-tcmSv kqNn-
∏n-°m-dp≠v: "\nß-sf-sbms° F\n°v Fs‚ Bb Ime-ß-fn¬
e`n-®n-cp-s∂-¶n¬....! F∂v. GI-tZiw c≠c/aq∂p h¿j-am-b-t∏m-
tg°pw DkvXm-Zn\p Z¿kn¬ \n∂p hn´p \n¬t°≠n h∂p.
£oWhpw tcmK kw_-‘a - mb Aku-Ic - y-ßf- p-am-bn-cp∂p {][m\
Imc-Ww. ]n∂oSv ho´n¬\n-∂mWv ]e-t∏mgpw DkvXmZv Z¿kv \S-Øn-
bn-cp-∂-Xv. ]e hnZym¿∞n-Ifpw AhnsS hcn-Ibpw hoSns‚ sNcp-
hn¬\n∂pw InØm-t_m-Xp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p.

apt≠m´p Z¿kv: \mc-I-t»-cn°p tijw

\mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zns‚ Cu kabw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p
apt≠m´p Z¿kns‚ kph¿W-Im-ew. A∂mWv Z¿kv D≠m-bXpw
hf¿∂Xpw AXns‚ aq¿≤-\yX {]m]n-®-Xpw. ]s£, B A\p-
{Kl]q¿W-amb kam-cw`w ImcWw DkvXm-Zn\p tijhpw apt≠m´p
Z¿kv Ime-ß-tfmfw kPo-h-ambn \ne-\n-∂p. apkvenw tIc-f-Øn\p
{]K¬`-cmb ]e ]fin-Xs - cbpw kw`mh\ sNøm≥ AXn\p km[n-
®p. k¿K-[-\-cmb ]e ⁄m\n-Ifpw ¢msk-Sp-°m-\mbn AhnsS
IS-∂p-hc - n-Ibpw sNbvXp.
\mc-It- »-cn-bpsS injy-\mb sI.-Sn. apl-ΩZv apkven-bm-cmWv
DkvXm-Zn\p tijw BZy-ambn ChnsS Z¿kv \S-Ønb {]apJ hy‡n-
Xzw. 1970 embn-cp∂p CXv. DkvXmZv ]≈n-bnse Z¿kn¬\n∂pw hnc-
an®v ho´n¬ Z¿kv \S-Øp∂ ka-bw. F¶nepw, ]e-t∏m-gmbn DkvXmZv
]≈n-bnepw hcm-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ip´n-Iƒ°v am¿K-\n¿t±-i-߃
\¬Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p.
sI.-Sn. ]T\w Ign™v _mJn-bm-Øn¬ t]mbn Xlvkzo¬
t\Sn h∂ ka-b-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. DkvXmZv At±-lsØ hnfn-°p-
Ibpw apt≠m´v Z¿kns‚ Npa-Xe G¬]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Hcp
h¿j-tØmfw At±lw Z¿kv \S-Øn. tijw, DkvXm-Zns‚ Xs∂
injy-\mb Icp-h-sºm-bn¬ F.-sI. apl-ΩZv apkven-bmcpw ChnsS
Z¿kv \S-Øn. sNm¢n apl-ΩZv apkven-bm-cmWv Cu Ime-ß-fn¬
ChnsS Z¿kv \S-Ønb as‰mcp hy‡n. tijw, hnhn[ Ime-ß-fn-
embn A\-h[n apZ-cn-kp-am¿ ChnsS Z¿kv \S-Øp-Ibpw \m´n¬
ssh⁄m-\n-Ihpw Bfln-Ih - p-amb Hcp A¥-co£w \n¿ans®-Sp°p-
Ibpw sNbvXp.
1979-˛80 Ime-b-f-hn¬ Hma-t»cn sI.-hn. apl-ΩZv apkven-bm-
cp-sS-Xm-bn-cp∂p Z¿kv. aq∂v h¿jhpw ]Xn-s\m∂v amk-hp-amWv
At±lw ChnsS Z¿kv \S-Øn-b-Xv. \m´n¬ auen-Zp-Ifpw \_n-Zn\
]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw kPo-ha - m-°p-∂X- n¬ At±lw hfsc ]cn-{i-an-®n-´p-≠v.
a∏pdw A–p√ apkven-bm¿, apSn-t°mSv sI.-]n. apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿,
Hma-t»cn ]n.-Sn. A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿, hmg-°mSv A–p√ apkven-
bm¿, ]d-ºØ - vImhv lpssk≥ apkven-bm¿, ]pXp-∏mSn A_q-_Iv¿
apkven-bm¿, At≠mW A–p√ apkven-bm-cpsS aI≥ apl-ΩZv
_mJ-hn XpS-ßn-b-h-cmWv tijw hnhn[ ka-b-ß-fn-embn ChnsS
Z¿kv \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. aºpdw kønZv Aehn Pa-ep-ss√en Xß-
fmWv Ct∏m-gsØ apZ-cn-kv. \ma-am-{X-am-sW-¶nepw Hcp ]mc-ºcyw
t]mse C∂pw ChnsS Z¿kv XpS¿∂p-hc - p-∂p.

Hcp \mSns‚ DW¿hv

GI-tZiw Ac \q‰m-t≠m-S-SpØncn-°p∂p apt≠m´v ]≈n-
Z¿kv \ne-hn¬h∂n-´v. kmaq-ln-Ia
- mbpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ia- mbpw hfsc
]n∂m°w \n∂n-cp∂ Hcp {]tZ-i-Øv, Hcp kp{]-`m-X-Øn¬ kam-
cw`w Ipdn® Cu Z¿kv Gsd \thm-∞m-\m-fl-I-amb am‰-ß-fmWv
ae-b-Ω-bnepw ]cn-k-c-ß-fnepw km[n-s®-Sp-Ø-Xv. apt≠m-Sv, \mc-I-
t»-cn, ]p≈-\q¿, shÆ-t°mSv XpS-ßnb {]tZ-iß- s- f√mw Cusbmcp
{]Xm-]-Øns‚ XW-en¬ aX-]-c-ambn kar≤n hcn® \mSp-I-fm-Wv.
{kmºy-Ifpw HmØp-]-≈n-Ifpw am{Xw aX-]-T-\-Øn\p B{i-bn-°-
s∏-´n-cp∂ Hcp ImeØv Cß-s\-sbmcp Z¿kns‚ DZbw hen-sbmcp
kam-izm-ka - m-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂, A∂sØ kaq-lØ - n¬
AXn\p hen-sbmcp ZuXyw-Xs∂ \n¿h-ln-°m≥ km[n-®p.
]p≈-\q-cnepw ]cn-kc - ß
- f
- n-ep-ap≈ km[m-cW P\-ßf - n-te°v
Ckvem-anI Nn¥ Du¿∂n-dß - p-∂X - n¬ apt≠m´v Z¿kns‚ ]¶v hfsc
hep-Xm-Wv. ]≈n-If - n¬\n∂pw \¬I-s∏-´n-cp∂ ¢mkp-If - psS Imcy-
Øn¬ am{X-am-bn-cp-∂n√ CXv. AhnsS-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]finX km∂n-
[yw-Xs∂ Cu \mSn\p Hcp Ckvem-anI {]Xn-—mb ]I¿∂p \¬In.
Ah-cpsS \nc-¥-c-amb {]`m-j-W-ßfpw D]-tZ-i-ßfpw CS-s]-S-ep-
Iepw \mSns\ A`nhr-≤n-bn-te°p \bn-®p. hoSp-ho-Sm-¥cw Ib-dn-bn-
d-ßn-bn-cp∂ apX-A-√n-ao-ß-fmWv \mSn\p sFizcyw ]I¿∂n-cp∂
as‰mcp kº-Øv. AhcpsS km∂n[yw hoSp-I-fnepw kv{XoI-
fnepwhsc Ckvem-anI ssNX\yw ssIh-cm≥ Imc-W-am-bn-´p-≠v.
{][m-\-ambpw c≠p ¢mkp-I-fmWv ]≈n-Z¿kn¬ A∂v \S-
∂n-cp-∂-Xv. ]pd-Øp-\n∂pw h∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°p≈ ka-{K-amb InØm-
t_mØpw aKvcn-_n\p tijw \S-Ø-s∏-Sp∂ \m´p-Im-cmb bphm-
°ƒ°pw Ip´n-Iƒ°p-ap≈ aX ]cn-io-e\ kwcw-`h - pw. ]≈n-Z¿kns\
\m´p-Im¿°n-Sb - n¬ Gsd kPo-ha - m-°n-bXv Cu c≠m-asØ kwcw-`-
am-bn-cp-∂p. GI-tZiw ]Øp h¿jw apºp-h-sc, aZvdkm ]T\w Ign-
™m¬ ]ns∂, Cu \m´nse Ip´n-I-sf√mw \oßn-bn-cp-∂Xv Z¿kv
]T-\Ø - n-te-°m-W.v ]Øp-In-Øm_pw cnbm-fp- zm-en-lo\pw ^Xvlp¬
apCu-\p-sa√mw Ah¿ HmXn-bn-cp-∂p. CXv \mSns‚ Hcp km[m-cW
coXn-bmbn KWn-°s - ∏-´p. c£n-Xm-°ƒ Xß-fpsS a°sf aZvdk Ign-
™m¬ \n¿_-‘] - q¿hw AhnsS sIm≠p-t]mbn tN¿Øn. Z¿kns‚
BZy Ime-ßf - n¬ Cusbmcp kwcw`w hfsc Imcy-£a - a
- m-bn-cp-∂p.
\m´nse AºXp hb- n\p apI-fn-ep≈ Bfp-Isf ]cn-tim-[n®p
t\m°n-bm¬ ]ecpw CXn¬ ]e {KŸ-ßfpw HmXn-bn-cp-∂X - mbn a\-
n-em-°m≥ ]‰pw. \qdp¬ A_vkzm-dn-s‚bpw apX-^c - n-Zn-s‚bpw hcn-
Iƒ C∂pw Cu {]tZ-i-ß-fnse ]g-a-°m-cpsS Np≠p-I-fn¬ XØn-
°-fn-°p-∂Xv ImWmw. Hcp Ime-Øns‚ aXm-flI kar-≤nbpw kuIp-
am-cy-Xb- p-amWv CXv hy‡-am-°p-∂X - v.
\mc-I-t»cn DkvXmZv sImfp-Øn-sh® Cu ssh⁄m-\nI
Zo]w Hcp AW-bm-{]-`-bmbn C∂pw shfn®w ]c-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°-
bm-Wv. Xs‚ th¿]m-Sn\p tijhpw B {]` kaq-lØ - n\p hgn-Im-´n-
s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.
 20

DkvXm-Zp¬ Akm-XoZv
tIc-f-Ønse k¿K-[-\-cmb ap≥\nc ]fin-X-∑m-cn¬ Hcp
\o≠ \nc-bpsS Kpcp-hm-Im≥ `mKyw e`n® tIc-f-Ønse A]q¿hw
]fin-X-∑m-cn¬ Hcm-fmWv \mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zv. JpYp_n apl-ΩZv
apkven-bm-scbpw IÆn-bØv DkvXm-Zn-s\bpw t]mse, sXm´p-]n-∂n-
em-bn, DkvXm-Zp¬ Akm-XoZv F∂ A]-c-\m-a-Øn¬ hnfn°-s∏-
Sm≥am{Xw A\p-tbm-Py-\mb ]fin-X≥. tIc-fØ - nse {]K¬`-cmb
A\-h[n ]fin-X-∑m¿ At±-l-Øns‚ injy-∑m-cm-bn-c∂psh∂v
Is≠-Øm-\mhpw. hnin-jym, tImgn-t°mSv Pn√-bnse ]gb Ime
]fin-X∑ - mcn¬ hen-sbmcp hn`mKw Adnhv \pI¿∂Xv DkvXm-Zns‚
ASp-Øp-\n-∂m-Wv. ]n¬°m-eØv apPm-ln-Z˛v- P- a
- m-AØv ]mf-bØ
- n¬
Xnf-ßn-\n-∂h - ¿t]mepw Hcp ImeØv DkvXm-Zns‚ Z¿kn¬ ]Tn-°m-
s\-Øn-bhcmbn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂, ]£tam hn`m-Ktam GXp-
X-s∂-bm-bmepw, k¿∆¿°pw Hcp-t]mse shfn®w ImWn-®, ]mfin-
Xy-Øns‚ A{Kn-aÿ - m-\Øp hnf-ßn-\n∂ Hcp alm km∂n-[y-am-bn-
cp∂p \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zv.
]n¬°m-eØv kakvX apim-hd saº¿am-cmbn h∂ Ac
Uk-\n-tesd ]fin-X-∑m¿ DkvXm-Zns‚ injyXzw hcn-®-h-cmbncp-
∂p-sh-∂-XmWv Gsd hnkva-b-I-c-amb hkvXp-X. IqSm-sX, tIc-f-
Ønse {]K¬`-cmb kq^n-Ifpw I¿a-imkv{X ]fin-Xcpw {]`m-j-
Icpw kwhm-ZI - cpw {]h¿Ø-Icpambn hen-sbmcp hyql-sØ-Øs∂
hm¿sØ-Sp-°m≥ DkvXm-Zn\p km[n-®p. Ch-sc-√m-hcpw Hcp \ne-°-
s√-¶n¬ as‰mcp \ne°v a‰p-≈hsc-°mƒ anI-®p-\n¬°p-∂-h-cp-am-
bn-cp-∂p. DkvXm-Zns‚ am{Xw {]tXy-I-X-I-fn-sem-∂mbn Is≠-Øm-
hp∂ hen-sbmcp Imcy-am-Wn-Xv.
]mfin-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw Ckvem-anI t_m[-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-
ÿm-\-Øn¬ DkvXm-Zns‚ injy-∑m¿ {][m-\-ambpw \mep Im‰-K-dn-
bn-em-sW∂p Is≠-Øm-\m-hpw. H∂v, ]mfin-Xy-Øns‚ A{Kna
ÿm\Øp hncm-Pn-®n-cp∂ apl-Jn-Jo-߃; c≠v, B≤ym-flnI
⁄m\n-Iƒ; aq∂v, kwkvIr-X-cmb km[m-cW DkvXm-Zp-am¿; aq∂v,
ASn-ÿm\ InØm-_p-If - d
- n-bp-∂, aX-t_m-[a
- p≈ km[m-cW - °- m¿.
DkvXmZv Z¿kv \S-Ønb {]tZ-i-ß-fntem ssh⁄m-\nI kZ-kp-I-
fntem \nco-£n-®m¬ Cu hkvXpX icn°pw t_m[y-am-Ipw. ae-bΩ
apt≠m´pw ]cn-k-c-ß-fnepw DkvXm-Zn¬\n∂pw InØm-t_m-Xnb
km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS Hcp \o≠ \nc-Xs∂ Is≠-Øm-\m-hpw. C∂pw
B Hcp {]Xm-]-Øns‚ Kcn-abpw {]uVnbpw \ne-\n¿Øn, \mS≥
Pohn-X-Ønse ASn-ÿm\ akv-A-e-Iƒ ]d-bm≥ Ign-hp-≈-h-cm-W-
h¿.
]finX temIØv hncm-Pn® DkvXm-Zns‚ {]apJcmb injy-
∑m-scbpw Ah-cp-am-bp≈ DkvXm-Zns‚ _‘-ßs - fbpw CS-s]-Se
- p-I-
sfbpw Cßs\ kw{K-ln-°m-hp-∂X - mWv:

1. iwkp¬ Dea C.-sI. DkvXmZv

\mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zns‚ kp{]-[m\ injy-∑m-cn-sem-cm-fmWv
iwkp¬ Dea C.-sI. A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿ (1914-˛1996). hmg-°mSv
Zmdp¬ Deq-an¬sh-®m-bn-cp∂p Cu injy-Xzw. IÆn-bØv DkvXmZpw
^fv^cn DkvXmZpw AhnsS {][m\ DkvXm-Zp-am-cmbn tkh\w
sNøp∂ Ime-Øm-bn-cp∂p CXv. A∂v \mc-I-t»cn AhnsS Xs‚
]T\ Pohn-XØ - n\p tijw A[ym-]\ Pohn-XØ - n-te°p IS∂ ka-
b-am-bn-cp-∂p.
B ka-b-ØmWv iwkp¬ De-a-bpsS ]nXmhv aI-s\bpw
Iq´n hmg-°m-s´-Øp-∂-Xv. Zmcn-{Zy-Øn-s‚bpw hdp-Xn-bp-sSbpw Ime-
am-bn-cp∂p AXv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂, AhnsS IqSp-X¬ hnZym¿∞n-
Iƒ°v Xma-kn-°m-\p≈ kuI-cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. At±lw FØn-
b-t∏m-tg°pw Ip´n-Iƒ Bh-iy-Øn\p Bbn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p. Bb-
Xn-\m¬ ]pXn-sbmcp hnZym¿∞n-°p-IqSn {]th-i\w \¬Ip-Is - b-∂Xv
A[n-Ir-X¿°p {]bm-k-am-bn. Ah¿ B hnhcw Ip´n-bpsS ]nXm-
hns\ Adn-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ah¿°v h√msX {]bm-k-am-bn.
\mc-I-t»cn A∂v Ahn-SsØ G‰hpw sNdnb DkvXm-Zm-bn-
cp-∂p. hnh-c-a-dn™ At±lw apt∂m-´p-h-cn-Ibpw ]pXnb Ip´nsb
Gs‰-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. X\n°p e`n-®n-cp∂ kuI-cy-ßf - n¬\n∂p
Hcp `mKw Ah¿°pw \¬Im≥ Xøm-dm-bn. `£-Wh - pw InS-°m-\p≈
kuI-cy-ßfpw hsc ]Ip-Øp. Ccp-hcpw ]¶n-´p. ]n∂oSv Iptd Imew
Aß-s\-bmWv Ign-™n-cp-∂X - v. A°m-eØv At±-lØ - n\p InØm-
t_m-Xn-s°m-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
A∂pw Xs‚ Kpcp-hc - y∑m-cn¬\n∂pw henb InØm-_p-Iƒ
HmXp-∂Xv DkvXmZv \n¿Øn-bn-cp-∂n√. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, Htc-k-
abw Ahn-SsØ hnZym¿∞nbpw A[ym-]-I\p-am-bn-´mWv At±lw
Ign-™n-cp-∂X - .v AXn-\m¬, hmg-°m-Sp-sh®v Htc-ka - bw iwkp¬ De-
a-bpsS ico°pw Kpcp-hp-am-bn-cp∂p \mc-I-t»-cn. C.-sI.-sbbpw \mc-
I-t»-cn-sbbpw kzZ-J-Øp√ aue-hn-sbbpw Ipdn®v "Ch-cmWv apX-
A-√n-ao-߃' F∂v IÆn-bØv DkvXmZv ]d-bm-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂phs{X.
Cusbmcp _‘w iwkp¬ Dea Xs‚ Pohn-XØ - n-ep-S\
- ofw
\ne-\n¿Øn. Hcp Kpcp F∂ \n°v Ahsc BZ-cn-°p-Ibw _lp-am-
\-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F√m-‰n-ep-ap-]cn Ahsc ]e-t∏m-gmbn kµ¿in-
°p-Ibpw B _‘w sISmsX kq£n°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A°m-
eØv DkvXm-Zns\ tXSn Xs‚ ho´n¬hsc iwkp¬ Dea h∂n-´p-
≠v. ]e Jfi-\-߃°pw a‰pw t]mIp-tºmgpw A\p-{Klw tXSn
DkvXm-Zn-\S- pØv hcn-Ibpw kwi-bß - ƒ Xo¿°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p.
\∑≠ kwhm-ZØ - n\p t]mIp-tºmƒ sImSp-h≈n Z¿kn¬ h∂v DkvXm-
Zp-ambn Iptd t\cw N¿®-Iƒ \S-Øn-bXv DZm-lc - W
- a - m-Wv. DkvXmZv
\∂m-°nb cnkm-ebpw Hcn-°¬ iwip¬ Dea h∂v hmßn-s°m-≠p-
t]m-bn-. ka-kvX-bnepw Cu _‘w hy‡-ambn {]I-S-am-bn-cp-∂p.
Ah-km\w DkvXmZv h^m-Øm-b-t∏mgpw aønØv \nkvIm-c-Øn¬
]s¶-Sp-°m-\mbn iwkp¬ Dea \mc-I-t»cn hcn-I-bp-≠m-bn. A{X-
am{Xw Bg-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p B lrZb _‘-߃.
2. ssk\p¬ Dea At≠mW A–p√ apkven-bm¿
aS-hq-cn¬sh®mWv At≠mW DkvXmZv (1922-˛1995) \mc-I-
t»cnbpsS injyXzw hcn-°p-∂-Xv. ]n∂oSv Xs‚ Pohn-X-Im-e-Øp-S-
\ofw Cu Kpcp-XzsØ At±lw aß-te¬°msX kq£n-®p. akv-
A-e-]-c-ambpw A√m-sXbpw DkvXm-Zp-ambn \nc-¥cw CS-s]-´p-sIm-
≠n-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Hcp alm-`m-Ky-ambn´mWv At≠mW \mc-It- »-cn-bpsS Kpcp-
XzsØ I≠n-cp-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, Z¿kn¬ ¢msk-Sp-°p-
tºmƒ CS-°nsS DkvXm-Zns\ A\p-kva-cn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. At±-l-
Øns‚ XymKa\- n-s\bpw ka¿∏-Wt- _m-[s - Øbpw Xs‚ injy-
∑m¿°v ]d-™p-sIm-Sp-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p.
 At≠mW ]≈n-bn¬ Z¿kv \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ Imew.
Hcn-°¬ At±lw Xs‚ hµy-Kp-cp-hns\ Atßm´p £Wn-®p.
Z¿knse Xs‚ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v ]co£ \S-Øm\m-bn-cp∂p £Ww.
\mc-I-t»cn DkvXmZv £Ww kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw \n›nX Znhkw
At≠mW ]≈n-Z¿kn¬ FØpIbpw sNbvXp. ]co£ \S-Øm≥
h∂ ap^-Øn-ins\ I≠v hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ t]Sn-®p.
DkvXmZv Hmtcm Ip´n-Iƒ°pw ]co£ \S-Øn. anivImØpw
a‰pw hmbn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp∂p ]co-£. AXns‚ X¿°o_v sh∏n-
°p-Ibpw tNmZy-߃ tNmZn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Hcp hnZym¿∞n
lZokv hmbn-°sh A≥ A_o lpssdd (d) F∂p hmbn-®p. DSs\
h∂p ASpØ tNmZyw. F¥mWv A_q-lp-ssd-db - psS bYm¿∞ t]cv?
Ah-km\w DkvXmZv Xs∂ AXv ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. A–p¿d-
“m≥ _n≥ kzJv¿ F∂v. lZokv hmb-\-bn-se√mw henb IWn-i-
X-bm-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zn-\v. A_q-lp-ssdd (d) hns\ hmbn-°p-tºmƒ
AhcpsS t]cv ]q¿W-ambn ]d-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. A∂v DkvXmZv ]co-
£°p h∂ kw`hw Ahn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ hnZym¿∞nIfpsS a\-
n¬ C∂pw ]®-bmbn _m°n \n¬°p-∂p.

3. ]q\q¿ Ip™n C_vdmlow apkven-bm¿

{]apJ ]fin-X\pw henb injy-k-º-Øn\p DS-a-bp-amb
]q\q¿ F.-sI. Ip™n C_vdmlow apkven-bmcmWv \mc-It- »-cn-bpsS
{]K¬`-\mb as‰mcp injy≥. Ime-ßt- fmfw ]q\q¿ Ppap-AØv ]≈n-
bn-emWv At±lw Z¿kv \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. \mc-I-t»-cn-bpsS henb
apln∫pw ASpØ injy-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p.
DkvXm-Zn\pw injy\pw ]c-k]
v cw \√ aXn-∏m-bn-cp-∂p. IÆn-
b-Øn\pw iwkp¬ De-a°pw t]mse k¿∆ hnj-b-ß-fnepw Hcp-
t]mse ]mfin-Xy-ap≈ Hcp alm-{]-Xn-`-bm-Wv \mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-
sZ∂v At±lw ]d-bm-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Nne-t∏mƒ Nne InØm-_p-Iƒ
Z¿kv \S-Øp∂ ka-bw. \mc-It- »cn DkvXmZv \∂m-°nb InØm_v
In´n-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ F∂v B{Klw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p.
]q\q-cn¬ Z¿kv \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ Imew. PwD¬ Phm-
an-Av ¢mkv \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cns° Xs‚ DkvXm-Zns‚ \∂m-°nb
InØm_v In´n-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ F∂v B{K-ln®p. AXv In´ntb Xocq
F∂m-b-t∏mƒ Xs‚ injycn¬ Hcmsf hnfn®v, \mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-
Zns‚ ho´n¬ t]mbn AXv hmßn-s°m-≠p-h-cm≥ ]d-™p. ]pXn-
tbmØv sI.-]n. A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm-cm-bn-cp∂p B injy≥.
DkvXm-Zns‚ \n¿t±-i-{]-Imcw At±lw \mc-I-t»cn h∂p. ho´n-se-
Øn-bt- ∏mƒ DkvXmZv AhnsSbp≠m-bn-cp-∂p. DkvXmZv At±-lsØ
Nmb \¬In kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw h∂ hnh-ca - t- \z-jn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
InØm-_n-\m-sW∂p ]d-™t- ∏mƒ AXv sImSp-h≈n kndm-Pn-emWv
D≈-sX∂pw AhnsS t]mbn ssI∏-‰n-s°m-≈p-I-sb∂pw ]d-™p.
AX-\p-kc - n®v sI.]n AhnsS t]mhp-Ibpw InØm_v ssI∏‰n ]q\q¿
DkvXm-Zn\p sIm≠p-t]mbn \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. tijw, AXp
t\m°n-bmWv At±lw Xs‚ Ip´n-Iƒ°v ¢mkv FSp-Ø-Xv. A{X-
am{Xw lrZb _‘-am-bn-cp∂p \mc-It- »-cnbpw Ip™n C_vdmlow
apkven-bmcpw XΩn¬.

4. aS-hq¿ kn.-Fw. hen-øp-√mln

kn.-Fw. hen-øp-√m-ln- (1929-˛1991) bpsS {][m\ DkvXm-Zp-am-
cn-sem-cm-fm-bn-cp∂p \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Z.v sImSp-h≈n Ff-h© - m-en¬
]≈n Z¿kn¬sh®m-bn-cp∂p Cu injy-Xzw. apºv aS-hq¿ Z¿kn¬
]Tn-∏n-°p∂ Imew apX¬Xs∂ DkvXmZpw At±-lhpw XΩn-ep≈
_‘w Bcw-`n-®n-cp-∂p. A∂v sNdnb Ip´n-bm-bn-cp∂ kn.-Fw. \mS≥
Ip´n-Iƒ°mbn sh°p∂ cm{Xn Z¿kn¬ Nne-t∏m-sgms° hcm-dp-≠m-
bn-cp-∂p.
sImSp-h≈n Z¿kn-se-Øn-b-tXmsS Cu _‘w IqSp-X¬
i‡-am-bn. ]T-\Ø - nepw A®-S° - Ø
- nepw _≤-{i-≤\ - m-bn-cp∂p kn.-
Fw. Bflo-b-X-bnepw AZvIm-dnepw F√m-h-scbpw Ih-®p-sh-®p.
AhnsS ]Tn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ Ime-Øp-Xs∂ Xs‚ hy‡n-Xz-Øn¬
Hcp Akm-[m-c-WXzw {]I-S-am-°n-bn-cp-∂p. \mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zn\v
AXv icn°pw t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂,
"Fs∂ \o alvi-d-bn¬ ad-°-cpXv' F∂v DkvXmZv At±-l-tØmSv
CS-°nsS ]d-™n-cp-∂p-hs - {X.
]≈n-Z¿kn¬\n∂pw Bcw-`n® Cu Kpcp-injy _‘w ]n∂oSv
i‡-amb kvt\l _‘-ambn ]cn-W-an-®p. Pohn-X-Im-e-Øp-S-\ofw
AXv ]Xn-∑S- ßv {]`-tbmsS IØn-\n¬°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CS-°nsS
ImWm\pw kwkm-cn-°m-\p-ambn At±lw DkvXm-Zn-\-SpØv hcm-dp-
≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
Xs‚ k©mc Ime-Ønepw Cu kµ¿i-\-Øn\p Ipd-hp-
≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. kn.-Fw. ]e XhW ae-b-Ω, ]p≈-\q¿ `mK-ß-fn¬
h∂-Xmbn ]g-a-°m¿ C∂pw Hm¿°p-∂p-≠v. kn.-FΩpw Cu `mKhpw
XΩn-ep≈ At`Zy _‘-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ ImcWw Xs‚ hµy
Kpcp-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Kpcp-hns\ kµ¿in-°m-\mbn hcp-tºm-gmWv
Cu `mK-ßf - n-se√mw At±lw Np‰n\S-∂n-cp-∂X - v.
\mc-I-t»cn DkvXmZv ae-bΩ IS-bn¬ \n¬°p∂ Imew.
A∂v kn.Fw knbm-l-Øns‚ L´-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. Hcn-°¬ A{]-
Xo-£n-X-ambn IS-bn-te°p Ib-dn-h-∂p. "DkvXm-tZ, F\n-s°mcp
knk¿ thWw' At±lw ]d-™p. DkvXmZv knk¿ hmßn-s°m-Sp-
Øp. injys‚ Bflo-bm-h-ÿ-I-sf-°p-dn®v Ah¿°v \√]-t]mse
Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p. At±lw AXv hen-®p-sIm≠v Xncn®p t]mbn.
Cßs\ A\-h[n kw`-h-߃ DkvXm-Zns‚ Pohn-X-hp-ambn _‘-
s∏´v D≠m-bn-´p-≠v.
Hcp da-Zm≥ amk-°m-ew. DkvXmZv i‡-amb {]talw aqØv
ho´n-en-cn-°p-Ib- m-W.v t\mºv ]nSn-®n-cp-∂n-√. Aß-s\-bn-cn-s°, Akz-
dns‚ t\c-am-b-t∏mƒ kn.-Fw. \mc-I-t»cnbnse Xs‚ ho´n-se-Øp-
∂p. "DkvXmtZ, Nmb thWw' At±lw Bh-iy-s∏-´p. DkvXmZv thKw
Nmbbpw ]Øn-cnbpw Xøm-dm°n \¬In. "DkvXmZpw Ccn-°q. \n߃
t\mºv t\m‰n-´n-√t√m' At±-l-Øns‚ {]Xn-I-c-Ww. kn.-F-Ωns‚
Bhiyw \nc-kn-°m≥ DkvXm-Zn\p Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. tijw, Ccp-
hcpw Ccp∂v Nmb IpSn-®p. kn.-Fw. Np‰pw IqSn-\n-∂-h¿s°√mw
]Øncn IjvWw apdn®p \¬In. ]ecpw AXv Ign-®p. ]ecpw t\mºp-
Im-sc∂ `mh-Øn¬ Ign-°msX \n∂p. NmbIpSn Ign-™t- ∏mƒ kn.-
Fw. ]d™p: "t\mºp apdn-®-h-sc√mw tijaXv t\m‰p-ho-´p-I.'
Bfp-If - psS lrZ-bØ
- n-te-°m-bn-cp∂p ChnsS kn.-FΩ - ns‚
t\m´w. Xß-ƒ t\mºp-Im-cm-sW∂ `mh-Øn¬ Ccn-°p∂ Nne-bm-fp-
Iƒ°v AXv th≠-t]mse Bbn-´n-s√∂pw Akm-[p-hm-b-Xn-\m¬
c≠m-aXpw t\m‰p-ho-´-W-sa∂pw t_m[-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-Sp-°p-I-bm-bn-
cp∂p ChnsS At±-lw. aKvcn-_ns‚ _m¶v hnfn-°pw-apºv At±lw
Ahn-sS-\n∂pw ÿew hnSp-Ibpw sNbvXp. "\n߃s°m∂pw Ahs\
a\- n-em-bn-´n√; Ah≥ D∂-Xa - mb Hcp Ah-ÿb - n-emWv' F∂mWv
\mc-It- »cn DkvXmZv At±-ls - Ø-°p-dn®v ]d-™n-cp-∂X - v.
DkvXmZv Ah-km\w tcmK-_m-[n-X-\m-Ip-∂-Xns‚ ]Øp
Znhkw apºpw kn.-Fw. Ahsc kµ¿in-°m≥ h∂n-cp-∂p-hs - {X. C\n
ChnsS Aßsb Rm≥ kµ¿in-°m≥ hcn-√m-sb∂ Hcp kqN-\-
tbm-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p-hs{X A∂v ]ncn-™p-t]m-bX - .v AXv ]s£, DkvXm-
Zns‚ h^m-Øn-te-°p≈ kqN-\-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Bcpw \n\-®n-cp-
∂n-√. ]d-™-Xp-t]m-se-Øs∂ kw`-hn-®p. Xma-kn-bmsX DkvXmZv
h^m-Øm-bn. A∂v kn.-Fw. h∂n-cp-∂n-√. acn®v aq∂mw Znhkw
At±lw \mc-It- »cn h∂p. t\sc, BtcmSpw tNmZn-°msX apt≠m´p
]≈n-°-SpØv t]mhp-Ibpw Ipd®p t\cw DkvXm-Zns‚ J_-dn-\-Sp-
Øp-sh®v {]m¿∞n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tijw, DkvXm-Zns‚ hoSn\p
apºn¬ h∂p. Ipd®pt\cw AhnsS \n∂v, Ib-dmsX Xncn-®p-t]m-bn.
Xs‚ {]kvXm-h\ kXy-ambn ]pe¿∂p.
Cßs\ A\-h[n kw`-h-߃. Xs‚ sIm®p Imew apX¬
DkvXm-Zns‚ Ah-km\ \nan-jw-hsc Hcp \ng¬t]mse D≠m-bn-cp∂p
kn.-Fw. B kvt\l _‘w Cu \mSns‚ Ckvem-anI DW¿hn-\p-
hsc \an-Øa - m-bn´p-≠v.

5. aS-hq¿ apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿

kn.-Fw. hen-øp-√m-ln-bpsS aqØ ktlm-Z-c≥ aS-hq¿ apl-
ΩZv apkven-bmcpw \mc-I-t»-cn-bpsS ASpØv HmXn-∏-Tn® {]ap-J-\m-
Wv. aS-hq¿ Z¿kn¬\n-∂m-bn-cp∂p CXv. tijw, tamßw Ah-dm≥
apkven-bm¿ XpSßn ]e-cp-sSbpw Iogn¬ ]Tn® At±lw tijw 1960
hsc aS-hq¿ Ppap-AØv ]≈n-bn¬ JYo_pw apZ-cn-kp-ambn {]h¿Øn-
°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Xøn¬, ap´m-t©cn F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnepw At±lw
tkh\w sNbvXn-´p-≠v.

6. ]n.-kn. Ip™m-e≥ Ip´n apkven-bm¿

\mc-It- »-cn-bpsS {]nb-s∏´ kl-{]-h¿Ø-I\pw injy-\p-am-
bn-cp∂p kakvX tI{µ apim-hd saº-dm-bn-cp∂ ]pXn-tbmØv ]n.-
kn. Ip™m-e≥ Ip´n apkven-bm¿ (a. 1997). hfsc t\c-sØ-Øs∂
Cu _‘w Bcw-`n-®n-cp-∂p. Xm≥ apt≠m´v Z¿kv Bcw-`n® Imew.
]n.-kn.sb hnfn-®p-hc - pØn N¿®-Iƒ \S-Øn-bX - n\p tijamWv AXv
XpS-ßn-bn-cp-∂X- v. A{X-am{Xw ASpØ _‘hpw kvt\l-hp-am-bn-cp-
∂p Ah¿ XΩn¬.
\mc-I-t»cn DkvXmZv apt≠m´p ]≈n-bn¬ Z¿kv Bcw-`n-®-
t∏mƒ ]n.-knbpw AhnsS Hcp apX-A-√n-ambn IS-∂p-h-∂p. ]pXn-
tbmØv ]≈n-bn¬ [mcmfw hnZym¿∞n-If - p-ambn Z¿kv \S-Øn-s°m-
≠n-cn-°p∂ ka-b-Øm-bn-cp∂p CXv. Ahn-SsØ ¢mkv Ign-™m¬
apt≠m-t´°p hcm-dm-bn-cp∂p ]Xn-hv. \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zn¬\n∂pw
InØm_v HmXm-\p≈ Aan-Xa - mb A`n-\n-th-ia - m-bn-cp∂p CXn\p \nZm-
\w. cnkm-ebpw Xplv^b - psS Nne `mK-ßf - p-amWv A∂v \mc-It- »cn
DkvXm-Zn¬\n∂pw HmXn-bn-cp-∂X - v.
cnkm-e-bn¬ \mc-I-t»cn A{K-K-Wy-\m-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-
≠p-Xs - ∂, DkvXm-Zn¬\n∂pw t\cn´v cnkme HmXp-Is - b∂ B{K-l-
tØm-sS-bmWv ]n.-kn. DkvXmZv apt≠m´v Z¿kn¬ hcp-∂-Xv. sI.-Sn.
apl-ΩZv apkven-bmcpw Fw.-sI.-Fw. tImb apkven-bmcpw a‰pw IqsS-
bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. a‰p-≈-h-cpsS Z¿kn-t\m-sSm∏w DkvXmZv Ch¿°pw
¢msk-Sp-Øp-sIm-Sp-Øp. Jpemkz HmXn-bn-´pt≠m F∂m-bn-cp∂p \mc-
I-t»-cn-bpsS BZysØ tNmZyw. AXv ]Tn-®mte cnkme Ffp-∏a - mhq
F∂m-Wv At±lw ]d-™n-cp-∂X - v.
GXm-bm-epw, cnkme ¢mkv XpS-ßn. hfsc IWn-ihpw
kq£vah - p-am-bn-cp∂p ¢mkv. Hcp Znhkw DkvXmZv Hcp IW°v sImSp-
Øp. CXv sNbvXp-hc - p-∂h - ¿°mWv \msf saU¬ \¬Ip-Is - b∂pw
]d-™p. ]n.-kn. DkvXm-Zn-t\m-sSm∏w sI.-Sn.bpw tImb apkven-bmcpw
¢mkn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F√mcpw IW°v a\- n¬sh-®mWv A∂v ¢mkv
]ncn-™X - v.
]pXn-tbmØv ]≈n-bn¬ Xncn-s®-Ønb ]n.-kn. DkvXmZv A∂p
cm{Xn apgp-h≥ AXv sNbvXp-Xo¿°m-\p≈ X{X-∏m-Sn-em-bn-cp-∂p. ]e
\ne°pw sNbvXpt\m°n. DØcw In´n-bn-√. F√m-hcpw Dd-ßn.
DkvXmZv cnkm-e-bn¬ apgp-In-b-ßs\ Ccp-∂p. aWn c≠pw aq∂pw
IS-∂p-t]m-bX - d- n-™n-√. DØcw In´ntb ASßq F∂v ]n.-kn. DkvXm-
Zpw. Ah-km\w DØcw e`n-®p. t\m°p-tºmƒ kabw kp_vln
_m¶n-\S- p-Øp-Ig - n-™n-cp-∂p.
ASpØ Znhkw ho≠pw ¢mkn¬ sN∂p. \mc-I-t»cn
DkvXmZv IW°v sNbvXh - ¿ Bscm-s°-sb∂v At\z-jn-®p. Bcp-ap-
≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]n.-kn. DkvXmZv am{Xw Fgp-t∂-‰p-\n-∂p. sI.-Snbpw
tImb apkven-bmcpw Iptd ]cn-{i-an-®n´pw DØcw In´n-bn-s√-∂-dn-bn-
®p. DkvXmZv ]n.-kn.sb ASp-Øp-hn-fn-®p. C{Xbpw ]Wn-s∏´ IW°v
icn-bmw-hn[w sNbvXp-Xo¿Ø-Xn¬ a‰p-≈-h¿°p apºn¬ Ahsc
{]iw-kn-®p. Ah-cpsS ]mfin-Xyw AwKo-Ic - n-°p-Ibpw C∂v Ahm¿Uv
\n߃°m-sW∂v Adn-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
apt≠m´p Z¿knse injy-Xz-tØm-Sp-IqSn Cu A[ym-]-I-˛-
hn-Zym¿∞n _‘w IqSp-X¬ i‡-am-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]n∂oSv ]e
alm-∑msc ImWm≥ t]mIp-tºmgpw DkvXmZv ]n.-kn-sb-bmWv IqsS
Iq´n-bn-cp-∂X
- v. 1968 \hw-_¿ Ggn\v DkvXm-Zn-t\m-sSm∏w IÆn-bØv
DkvXm-Zns\ kµ¿in-°p-Ibpw ZpB sNøn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]n∂o-
S-tßm´v \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zns‚ Pohn-XØ - nse Hcp Ahn-`mPy LS-
I-am-bn-cp∂p ]n.-kn. F√m-‰nepw IqsS-\n¬°p-Ibpw akvA - e
- I
- f
- nepw
a‰pw ]c-kv]cw N¿®-Iƒ \S-Øp-Ibpw sNøpw. ]e kwhmZ ]cn-]m-
Sn-If
- nepw ]n.-kn-bmWv IqsS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂X - .v Ah-km\ Ime-ßf - n¬
\ng¬t]mse DkvXm-Zn\p IqsS-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p ]n.-kn. Ah-km\w
h^m-Øm-b-t∏mƒt]mepw A\-¥c {Inb-Iƒ°v t\XrXzw \¬In-
bn-cp-∂Xv ]n.-kn. DkvXm-Zm-bn-cp-∂p.
Cusbmcp _‘hpw hniz-kvX-bpw-sIm-≠mWv Xs‚ aI≥
lao-Zns\ \mc-I-t»cn ]pXn-tbmØv Z¿kn¬ ]n.-kn. DkvXm-Zn\p
Iogn¬ ]Tn-°m-\mbn sIm≠m-°p-∂X - .v aIs\ ]Tn-∏n®p hep-Xm-°m≥
A\p-tbm-Py≥ ]n.-kn. DkvXmZv am{X-am-sW∂ XnI™ hnizmkw
sIm≠m-bn-cp∂p CXv.

7. Jmcn-Av sI.-hn. A–p¿d-“m≥ apkven-bm¿

\mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zns‚ {]nb-s∏´ Hcp kl-{]-h¿Ø-I\pw
injy-\p-am-bn-cp∂p Ico-‰n-∏d - ºv sI.-hn. A–p¿d-“m≥ apkven-bm¿.
1951-˛52 ImeØv sImSp-h≈n Ff-h©men¬ ]≈n-bn¬\n∂mWv
At±lw DkvXm-Zns‚ injyXzw t\Sp-∂-Xv. AtX-Xp-S¿∂v Ahn-sS-
Øs∂ c≠mw apZ-cn-kmbpw {]h¿Øn°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. DkvXm-
Zns‚ B{K-l{- ]-Im-ca - m-bn-cp∂p Cu \nb-a\ - w.
Ahn-S∂ - n-tßm´v Cu _‘w Gsd i‡-ambn \ne-sIm-≠p.
eoKns\ kt∏m¿´p sNbvXpsh∂ t]cn¬ c≠pw t]cpw H∂n-®mWv
]n∂oSv Ff-h© - m-en¬ ]≈n-bn¬\n∂v Cd-ßn-t∏m-cp-∂Xpw kndm-Pn¬
A[ym-]\w Bcw-`n-°p-∂X - pw. kndm-Pnse A[ym-]\ ImeØv Ccp-
hcpw hfsc ASp-∏-Ønepw kulm¿±-Øn-ep-am-bn-cp-∂p. c≠p
ASpØ kplr-Øp-°-sf-t∏m-se-bm-bn-cp∂p A∂v F√m Imcy-ß-
fnepw CS-s]-´n-cp-∂X - .v ]n¬°m-eØv \S∂ ]e kwhmZ thZn-If - nepw
\mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zn-t\m-sSm∏w sI.-hn-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. k¿°m¿
iºfw ]‰p-∂-h¿°v JpYp_ \n¿∆-ln-°m¬ km[y-amtWm F∂
N¿®-bn¬ DkvXm-ZmWv sI.-hn.sb kt∏m¿´v sNbvXv Icp-hs - ºm-bn¬
{]kw-Kn-®n-cp-∂X - v. A≈m-˛A - √m N¿®-bnepw sI.-hn-bpsS ]£-Øm-
bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zv.
Jp¿-B≥ ]mcm-bW hnj-b-Ønepw henb A{K-K-Wy-\m-
bn-cp∂p \mc-It- »-cn. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂, C∆n-jb - I
- a
- mb Xs‚ ]e
kwi-b-ßfpw sI.-hn. tNmZn-®p-Xo¿Øn-cp-∂Xv DkvXm-Zn-t\m-Sm-bn-cp-
∂p. apt≠m´v Z¿kv \S-°p∂ ImeØv sI.-hn. CS-°nsS AhnsS
hcn-Ibpw Jndm-AØv ]c-amb N¿®-Iƒ \S-Øp-Ibpw sNøm-dp-≠m-
bn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ hnJymX IrXn-bmb Cufmlv t]mepw CØcw _‘-
s∏-Se - p-Iƒh-gnbpw N¿®-Iƒh-gn-bp-amWv At±lw bmYm¿∞y-am-°p-
∂-Xv. DkvXm-Zns‚ Imcy-£a - hpw ^e-{]-Zh
- p-amb CS-s]-Se- p-If- m-bn-
cp∂p Ch-bp-sS-sb√mw ]n∂nse henb Nme-I-i-‡n-bmbn h¿Øn-
®n-cp-∂X - .v h Kp∂-Øp≥ aJvdP - p-l¬ ssJkqap F∂ Pkvcn-øb - nse
hcn-Iƒ A∂v Ah¿°n-Sb - n¬ henb N¿®-bmbn amdn-bn-cp-∂p. Kp∂-
Øn-s\-¥n-\mWv aJvd-Pns‚ Bhiyw F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p hnj-bw.
DkvXmZv CXns\ hfsc bp‡-ambn At±-lØ - n\p a\- n-em-°n-s°m-
Sp-°p-Ib - p-≠m-bn.

8. s\Sn-b\- mWv kn. A–p¿d-“m≥ apkven-bm¿

tImgn-t°mSv Pn√-bnse {]apJ Ckvem-anI ]fin-X\pw
kakvX tI{µ apim-hd saº-dp-am-bn-cp∂ s\Sn-b-\mWv A–p¿d-
“m≥ apkven-bmcpw (1919-˛2002) \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zns‚ {]apJ injy-
∑m-cn¬ Hcm-fm-W.v hmg-°ms´ A[ym-]\ Ime-Øm-bn-cp∂p Cu injy-
Xzw. A–p¬ JmZn¿ ^fv^-cn-bmWv as‰mcp A[ym-]-I≥. ]T-\m-\-
¥cw ]∂q-cv, ]me-ßm-Sv, s\Sn-b-\mSv F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ tkh\w
sNbvXn-´p-≠v.
kakvXbpsS Adp-]Xmw hm¿jnI ImeØv apim-h-d-bn¬
]Ømw \º-dp-Im-c\mbn-cp∂p s\Sn-b\ - m-Sv DkvXm-Z.v 1954 apX¬ hnZym-
`ymk t_m¿Uv saº-dm-bn-cp-∂p. \s√mcp {]`m-j-I-\m-bn-cp∂
At±lw apt≠m´v ]≈n-Z¿kv Bcw-`n® ImeØv AXns‚ {]N-c-
am¿∞w kwL-Sn-∏n® {]`m-jW ]c-ºc - b- n¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p.

9. ]md-∂q¿ A“Zv tImb apkven-bm¿

sImSp-h≈n Ff-h©- m-en¬ ]≈n-Z¿kn¬\n∂pw \mc-It- »cn
DkvXm-Zns‚ injyXzw hcn® ]fin-X-\mWv A“Zv tImb apkven-
bm¿. ]md-∂q¿ ]n.-]n. C_vdmlow apkven-bm-cpsS tPyjvT ktlm-Z-
c-\m-Wv. ]T-\m-\-¥cw Xe-s∏-cp-aÆ ]≈n-bn¬ Z¿kv \S-Øn-bn-cp-
∂p. DkvXm-Zp-ambn hfsc ASp-∏Ø - nepw kvt\l-Øn-ep-am-bn-cp-∂p.
10. ]md-∂q¿ ]n.-]n. C_vdmlow apkven-bm¿
1989 \p tijw ka-kvX-bpsS tImgnt°mSv Pn√ {]kn-
U‚mbn Ime-ßt- fmfw {]tim-`n-®p\n∂ ]md-∂q¿ ]n.-]n. C_vdmlow
apkven-bmcpw \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zns‚ injyXzw t\Sm≥ `mKyw e`n®
Hcm-fm-Wv. ]p√q-°c Z¿kn¬sh-®m-bn-cp∂p CXv. ]n∂oSv hfsc ASp-
∏-Ønepw kvt\l-Øn-ep-am-bn-cp-∂p.
As∂ms° \mc-I-t»cn DkvXmZv h√ ]fin-X-∑m-scbpw
ImWm≥ t]mhp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ apX-A-√n-amb ]md-∂q¿ DkvXm-
Zns\bmWv IqsS Iq´n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. apºv JpYp_n apl-ΩZv apkven-bm-
tcmSv akvA- e ]c-amb Hcp kwibw Xo¿°m≥ t]mb-t∏mgpw IÆn-
bØv DkvXm-Zn-s\ kµ¿in-°m≥ t]mb-t∏mgpw ]md-∂q¿ DkvXmZv
Xs∂-bmWv DkvXm-Zn-t\m-sSm∏w t]mbn-cp-∂-Xv. InØm_v ]c-amb
]e Xocp-am-\ß- f - nepw ]md-∂q¿ DkvXm-Zns‚ Dƒ°m-gN v I
- sf DkvXmZv
]pI-gvØp-Ibpw {]iw-kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v.
]p¬]-dº - n¬ A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm-cpsS aI-\mbn ]md-∂q-
cn¬ P\n-®p. 12 h¿jsØ Z¿kv ]T-\Ø - n\p tijw _mJn-bm-Øn¬
t]mbn _ncpZw t\Sn. tijhw, Xma-c-ti-cn-°-SpØ IS-hq¿, IØ-d-
Ω¬, Imk¿tIm-Sv, Nmen-bw, Imh-\q¿, Xncp-h-≈q-cv, sImSph≈n,
Ip‰n-°m-´q¿ XpS-ßnb CS-ßf - n¬ Z¿kp-If- nepw tImtf-Pp-If - n-ep-ambn
A[ym-]\w \S-Øn. 1981 ¬ kakvX tI{µ apim-hd saº-dm-bn.
kwip¬De-ab - psS h^m-Øn\p tijw kakvX {Sj-dd - m-bn. 2013 ¬
ac-W-s∏-´p. (Cu ]pkvXIw Xøm-dm-°m-\mbn DkvXm-Zns\ t\cn-´p-
t]mbn ImWp-Ibpw kwkm-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. ]s£,
]pkvXIw shfn®w ImWp-∂-Xn\p apºv DkvXmZv A√m-lp-hns‚
hnfn°v DØcw \¬In.)

11. hmhmSv Ip™n-t°mb apkven-bm¿

\mc-It- »cn DkvXmZv Im¥-]pcw Z¿kv \S-Øp∂ Ime-ØmWv
hmhmSv Ip™n-t°mb apkven-bm¿ injy-\mbn AhnsS FØp-∂-
Xv. tijw, DkvXmZv kndm-Pn-te°p h∂-t∏mƒ Ip™n-t°mb apkven-
bmcpw DkvXm-Zns\ A\p-Ka - n-®p. Ahn-sS-sh-®mWv DkvXm-Zp-ambn IqSp-
X¬ ASp-°p-∂Xpw kvt\l-_‘ - Ø
- n-em-Ip-∂X- pw.
DkvXmZv kwhm-Zß - ƒ°pw a‰p {]kw-Kß - ƒ°pw t]mIp∂
Ime-am-bn-cp∂p CXv. AXn-\mbn InØm-_p-I-fn¬\n∂pw a‰pw
t]mbv‚p-Iƒ kam-l-cn-°p∂ Hcp ioew DkvXm-Zn\v D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
hnin-jym, _nZ-CI- ƒs°-Xn-sc-bp≈ kwhm-Zß - ƒ°p t]mIp-tºmƒ
[mcmfw InØm-_p-Iƒ t\m°n sXfn-hp-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°pw. Cu ka-
b-ß-fn-se√mw Ah Fgp-Xn-sh-°m-\mbn A∂v hnZym¿∞n-I-
fn¬\n∂pw hnfn-®n-cp-∂Xv Ip™n-t°mb apkven-bmscbm-bn-cp-∂p.
sNdp∏w apXte Ah¿ \ne-\n¿Øn-t∏m∂ A®-S° - hpw DkvXm-Zp-am-
tcm-Sp≈ ASp-∏h- p-am-bn-cp∂p CXn\p Imc-Ww.

12. Fw.-sI.-Fw. tImb apkven-bm¿, s]cp-apJw

Ah-km\ Ime-ß-fn¬ \mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zns‚ Pohn-X-
Øn¬ \nd-™p-\n∂ Hcp al¬ hy‡n-Xz-am-bn-cp∂p s]cp-apJw Fw.-
sI.-Fw. tImb apkven-bm¿ (1945-˛2006). ]S-∂b - nse Z¿kv apX-emWv
Cu _‘w Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv. aAvJqemØv hnj-bØ - n¬ {]K¬`-\m-
sbmcp A[ym-]I - s\ Is≠-ØW - s - a∂ Aan-Xa
- mb A{K-lØ - n-em-
bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\n-S-bn-emWv s]cp-apJw ssk\p-±o≥ apkven-bm-cpsS
\n¿t±-i-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. Imk¿tImSv Pn√-bnse ]S-∂-bn¬ ae-bΩ
AlvaZv A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿ Z¿kv \S-Øp-∂p≠v; AhnsS t]mh-
W-sa-∂v. tXSnb h≈n Imen¬ Np‰nb Hcp {]Xo-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂p CXv.
IqsS sI.-Sn. apl-ΩZv apkven-bm-cp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]S-∂b - n-se-Øn-b-
t∏mƒ DkvXm-Zns\ h√msX ]nSn-®p. DkvXm-Zns‚ ]mfinXyw
icn°pw D]-tbm-Ks - ∏-Sp-tØ-≠X - m-sW∂v Xncn-®d - n-™p.
]s£, Hcp kp{]-`m-X-Øn¬ DkvXmZv AhnsS Z¿kv \ndp-
Øp-Ibpw \m´n-te°p hcn-Ibpam-bn-cp∂p. CtX XpS¿∂v Ccp-hcpw
DkvXm-Zn-s\-tØSn \m´n-se-Øn. R߃°v Aßv Xs∂ Z¿kv sNm√n-
Ø-c-W-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏-´p. AXns\ XpS¿∂mWv apt≠m´v ]≈n-
bn¬ Z¿kv Db¿∂p-h-cp-∂Xpw B \m´n¬ Ckvem-anI Nn”-߃
Ifn-bm-Sm≥ Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xpw. tImb apkven-bmcpw sI.-Sn. DkvXm-
Zp-am-bn-cp∂p CXn-s‚-sb√mw ]n∂n¬ {]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂X - v.
Z¿kv XpS-ßn-b-Xn¬ ]ns∂, DkvXm-Zns‚ CSw Iøpw hew-
I-øp-am-bn-cp∂p Ccp-hc - pw. Ah-sc-s°m-≠mWv DkvXmZv Xs‚ Imcy-
ß-sf√mw \n¿∆-ln-®n-cp-∂X - v. ]T-\Ø- nepw At\z-jW - Ø
- nepw {]`m-
j-WØ - nepw kwLm-S\ - Ø- n-ep-sa√mw Ah¿ apº-¥n-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p.
AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂, Z¿kv hfsc s]´∂p {]kn≤n t\Sp-Ibpw k¿∆
{]Xn-k-‘n-Ifpw XcWw sNbvXp kap-∂-X-am-sbmcp \ne-hm-c-Øn-
te°p Db¿∂p-hc - n-Ibpw sNbvXp.
DkvXm-Zns‚ {]nb injy≥ F∂-tXm-sSm∏w clky kq£n-
∏p-Im-c≥ IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂p tImb apkven-bm¿. Hcp \ng¬ t]mse
DkvXm-Zns\ ]n¥p-S¿∂ At±lw DkvXm-Zn-t\m-sSm-∏-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂
Ime-a-{Xbpw Ah-cpsS JmZnw (]-cn-Nm-c-I≥) Bbn \ne-sIm-≠p.
hkv{X-߃ Ae-°n-s°m-Sp-°m\pw `£-Ws - a-Sp-Øp-sh-°m\pw bm{X-
bn¬ ]n¥p-Sc - m-\p-sa√mw Ah-cmWv ]e-t∏mgpw IqsS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-
Xv. DkvXmZv ho´n¬ t]mIp-tºmƒ Ahn-sS-\n-∂p-hsc tkh-\-߃
sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-°m≥ apt∂m´p h∂p. Ah-km\ Ime-ß-fn¬
ho´n¬\n∂v Z¿kv Bcw-`n-°m-\p≈ Imc-W° - mc\pw Ahcm-bn-cp-∂p.
A∂v Bcm-cp-ambpw ]¶p-sh-°mØ shj-a-߃t]mepw
DkvXmZv tImb apkven-bm-cp-ambn ]¶p-sh-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. A{X-am{Xw
ASp-Øp-t]m-bn-cp∂p B kvt\l _‘w. Hcp ]nXmhpw aI\pw
t]mse-bmWv Ah¿ Ign-™n-cp-∂X - .v Hcn-°¬ ho´n¬ kµ¿in-°m≥
t]mb- ka-bw. DkvXmZv Ft¥m shj-aØ - n-eI- s- ∏´v Ccn-°p-Ib - m-bn-
cp-∂p. H‰ t\m´-Øn¬Xs∂ tImb apkven-bm¿°v Imcyw ]nSn In´n.
DkvXm-Zns\ Ft¥m Ae-´p-∂p-s≠∂v Ah¿ Xncn-®d - n-™p.
""DkvXm-Zn\p F¥mWv shja-w. Ft¥m h√msX ]nSn-Iq-
Snb t]mse tXm∂p-∂p...'' At±lw tNmZn-®p.
""tImtbm, Fs‚ shjaw \nt∂mSv ]d-™n´v h√ Imcy-hp-
ap-t≠m...'' DkvXm-Zns‚ adp tNmZyw.
tImb apkven-bm¿°v kwKXn a\- n-em-bn. Ft¥m kmº-
Øn-Ia - mb shj-aß - f
- mWv DkvXm-Zns\ Zp:JnX-\m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂X - v.
AXn\p A√m-lp-hn-t\mSv {]m¿∞n-°p-I-b-√msX thsd am¿K-an-√.
Xncn-®p-t]mb tImb apkven-bm¿ hpfq FSpØv ]≈n-bn¬ Ib-dn.
tijw, DkvXm-Zn\p th≠n Iptd t\cw {]m¿∞n-®p. B {]m¿∞\
A√mlp kzoI-cn-®-Xp-t]m-se-bp≠v. ASpØ Znhkw DkvXm-Zns\
I≠Xv Gsd apJ {]k-∂-X-tbm-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p. "tImtbm, shj-a-
ß-sf√mw amdn' At±lw ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Cß-s\, kpJ-Ønepw Zp:Ønepw DkvXm-Zns‚ \ng-em-bn-cp∂p
tImb apkven-bm¿. apt≠m´v Z¿kv \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Imew.
Hcn-°¬ D® `£Ww Ign™v ]≈n-bpsS Db¿∂ ]Sn-Iƒ Ibdn
Xncn-®p-h-cn-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. `£WØn\p≈ t]m°pw hchpw A{X
Xr]vXn-Ic - a
- √
- m-Xn-cp-∂X- n-\m¬ a\- n¬ Fs¥m-s°tbm shj-aß - ƒ
an∂n-ad- b
- p∂ t]mse. A{]-Xo-£n-Xa - m-bmWv ]≈n-°I - Ø
- p-\n∂pw
DkvXmZv CsX√mw ho£n-°p-∂-Xv. ASp-sØ-Øn-b-t∏mƒ lrZ-b-a-
dn™ Hcp kq^n-sb-t∏mse DkvXmZv AcnsI hnfn®v ]d™p:
"tImtbm, shj-an-t°-≠. CsX√mw \ΩpsS ap≥Km-an-Iƒ IS-∂p-
t]mb am¿K-am-Wv. \Ωfpw CXn-eq-sS-Ø-s∂-bmWv t]mtI-≠-Xv.'
tImb apkven-bm¿°v A¬`pXw tXm∂n. Xs‚ D≈nse s\mº-c-
߃ DkvXmZv Xncn-®-dn-™n-cn-°p-∂p. DkvXm-Zns‚ `mK-Øp-\n∂pw
X\n°p e`n® hen-sbmcp kam-[m-\n-∏n-°-em-bmWv ]n∂oSv Ah-cn-
Xns\ I≠n-cp-∂X - v.
Cßs\ A\-h[n kw`-hß - ƒ. C°m-eb - f- h
- n¬ ]eXhW
DkvXm-Zns‚ {]iw-kbpw AwKo-Im-chpw tImb apkven-bm¿°v e`n-
®n-´p-≠v. apt≠m´p Z¿kv ]T\w Ign™v _mJn-bm-Øn¬ _ncp-Z-sa-
Sp-°m≥ t]mb ka-bw. DkvXm-Zn-\S- pØv Ft¥m Hcp akvA - e N¿®
h∂p. AXn\p A\p-tbm-Py-amb InØm-_p-Iƒ Ahn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-
∂n-√. tImb apkven-bm¿ CXv a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw _mJn-bm-Ønse
IpØv_vJm\ ]cXn B InØm_v Is≠-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
AXn¬\n∂pw B {]iv\-Øn-\p≈ hy‡-amb ]cn-lmcw a\- n-
em°n DkvXm-Zns\ Adn-bn-®p. CXv Ah¿°v h√mØ kt¥mjw
\¬In. Xs‚ injys‚ `mK-Øp-\n∂pw Cß-s\-sbmcp klmbw
Ah-sc-°p-dn®v aXn∏v h¿≤n-°m≥ Imc-Wa - mbn. CXn\p≈ Hcp {]iw-
k-sb-t∂mWw DkvXmZv ]d™p: "tImtbm, \ns‚ \mep h¿jw
a‰p-≈h - c
- psS \m¬]Xp h¿j-Øn\p Xpey-am-W'v . CXns\ Xs‚ Kpcp-
hn¬\n∂pw X\n°p e`n® G‰hpw hen-sbmcp Ahm¿Um-bn-´mWv
tImb apkven-bm¿ a\- n¬ kq£n-®Xv.
]T\ tijhpw tImb apkven-bm¿ CS-°nsS DkvXm-Zns\
kµ¿in- ° m- \ mbn ho´n¬ hcm- d p- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ p. hm¿≤- I yhpw
tcmKhpambn ho´n¬Xs∂ Ign™pIqSn-bn-cp∂ Imew. ]Xn-hp-t]mse
tImb apkven-bm¿ DkvXm-Zns\ kµ¿in-°m≥ sN∂p. DkvXmZv
Ft¥m Nn¥-bn-eI - s - ∏´p shj-an-®n-cn-°p-Ib- m-bn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ Acpa
injys\ I≠-t∏mƒ DkvXmZv ]d™p:
""tImtbm, c≠p {]iv\ß - ƒ Fs∂ h√msX Ae-´p-∂p. AXn-
\m¬ F\n°v ]pd-Øp-t]m-hm≥ km[n-°p-∂n-√.''
""F¥mWv B Imcy-߃...?'' injy≥ At\z-jn-®p.
""H∂v \nkvIm-c-Ønse hkvhm-km-Wv. AsXmcp henb
{]iv\-ambn amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p...'' DkvXmZv ]d™p XpS-ßn.
tImb-ap-kev n-bm¿ hm¿≤Iy tcmK-߃sIm≠v shj-an-°p∂
Xs‚ hµy Kpcp-hns\ kam-[m-\n-∏n-®p. AsXmcp henb hnj-b-a-
s√∂pw thKw am‰mhp∂tX-bp-≈q-sh∂pw ]d™v Nne ZnIvdp-Iƒ
]d-™p-sIm-Sp-Øp. DkvXm-Zn\v henb kam-[m-\h - p-am-bn.
""c≠m-asØ {]iv\w, IS-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. tImgn-
t°mSv Hcmƒ°v A¬]w Imjv \¬Im-\p-≠v. AXv Fßs\ ho´p-
sa∂v Nn¥n-°p-tºmƒ ]nSn In´p-∂n-√.'' DkvXmZv XpS¿∂p.
tImb apkven-bm¿ km¥z\ hN-\-ß-fp-ambn DkvXm-Zns\
kam-iz-kn-∏n-®p. "AXn¬ Aßv H´pw shj-an-t°-≠-Xn-√. B ISw
tImb Gs‰-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. AXv \¬In ho´n-bn-´√ - msX AXn-\nsS
Aßv acn-®m¬ Aßsb ad-am-Sp-I-bn-√. AXn-\m¬, C°m-cy-Øn¬
H´pw thZ-\n-t°-≠-Xn-√.' tImb apkven-bm¿ Xo¿Øp ]d-™p.
DkvXm-Zns‚ kt¥m-j-Øn\p AXn-cp-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.
Xs‚ {]nb-s∏´ injys‚ ]n≥_-e-Ønepw Bfl-hn-izm-k-Ønepw
DkvXmZv D≈-dn™v kt¥m-jn-®p. D≈p-cpIn {]m¿∞n-®p.
Imcy-ß-sf√mw ]d-™-Xp-t]m-se-Øs∂ kw`-hn-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. DkvXmZv h^m-Øm-b-t∏mƒ tImb apkven-bm¿ B ISw
ho´m-\p≈ k¿∆ hgn-I-fp-sam-cp-°n. HSp-hn¬ Hcp IShpw _m°n-bn-
√m-sX-bmWv DkvXm-Zns\ ad-am-Sn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Xs‚ hµy Kpcp-hn-t\m-
Sp≈ tImb apkven-bm-cpsS \µn-{]-I-S-\-am-bn-cp∂p CXv. B alm
]fin-X\ - p-th≠n A√m-lp-Xs∂ \ntbm-Kn® hen-sbmcp Imh¬°m-
c-\m-bn-cp∂p tImb apkven-bm¿.
_mJn-bm-Ønse ]T\w Ign™v Xncn-®p-h∂ tImb apkven-
bm¿°v Ico-‰n-∏-dºn¬ Z¿kv Hcp-°n-s°m-Sp-°p-∂Xpw AXn¬
hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v ]T-\m-cwºw Ipdn-®X - p-sa√mw \mc-It- »cn DkvXmZv
Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ {]nb-s∏´ injys‚ Hmtcm Ne-\-Ønepw
B hµy Kpcp IqsS-\n-∂p-sh-∂p-thWw Icp-Xm≥. Xs‚ Ah-km\
\nanjw hsc; F∂√ ac-W-Øn\p tijw t]mepw B A\p-{Kl
h¿jw XpS-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. tIc-f-Øn-\-IØpw ]pdØpw {]kn-≤-
\mb Fw.-sI.-Fw. tImb apkven-bm¿ F∂ ]fin-Xs - \bpw {]`m-j-
I-s\bpw hm¿sØ-Sp-ØXv hµy-cmb \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zm-bn-cp-∂p.
B ]mfin-Xy-Øns‚ {]k-cn-∏mWv Xs‚ PohnX Ime-Øp-S-\ofw
tImb apkven-bm-cnepw {]Xn-^e- n-®n-cp-∂X - v.

13. sI.-Sn. apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿, tX™n-∏ew

tImb apkven-bm-tcm-sSm∏w ]S∂ Z¿kv apX¬ \mc-It- »cn
DkvXm-Zns‚ Pohn-X-Øns‚ Ahn-`mPy LS-I-ambn amdnb as‰mcp
hy‡n-Xz-am-bn-cp∂p tX™n-∏ew sI.-Sn. apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿. sI.-
Sn. F∂mWv DkvXmZv At±-lsØ hnfn-®n-cp-∂X - v. tImb apkven-bm-
cpsS Hmtcm Nph-Sp-I-fnepw DkvXm-Zn-t\m-sSm∏w At±-l-hp-ap-≠m-bn-
cp-∂p. ]S-∂-bn¬\n∂p h∂v apt≠m´v Z¿kv Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xnepw
AXns\ hf¿Øn hep-Xm-°p-∂-Xnepw hfsc henb ]¶mWv
At±lw hln-®n-´p-≈X - v.
DkvXmZpambn hfsc ASp-∏-Ønepw kvt\l-Øn-ep-am-bn-cp-
∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, DkvXm-Zn\p JnZvaØv FSpØp sIm≠pw
InØm_v t\m°p-∂X - n¬ kln-bn-®p-sIm-≠p-amWv Ign-™n-cp-∂X - v.
Ah-cpsS ]mfin-Xy-Ønepw aX-t_m-[-Øn-ep-sa√mw DkvXm-Zn\v
henb aXn-∏p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
A∂v Xm≥ Jmkn-bm-bn-cp∂ ]e ÿe-ßf - n-te°pw sh≈n-
bm-gNv I
- f- n¬ JpYp_ \n¿h-ln-°m-\mbn DkvXmZv ]d-™b - ®
- n-cp-∂Xv
sI.-Sn. DkvXm-Zn-s\-bm-Wv. ]e-t∏mgpw, Aßs\ Xe-s∏-cp-aÆ ]≈n-
bn¬ JpYp-_°p t]mbn-´p-≠v. cma-¥fn apl-ΩZv tImb Xß-fm-bn-
cp∂p A∂v Ahn-SsØ apZ-cn-kv. DkvXm-Zns\ A\p-Ic - n®v AtX-t]m-
se-bmWv A∂v sI.-Sn. AhnsS JpYp_ \n¿h-ln-®n-cp-∂Xpw tijw
\nkvI-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xpw. DkvXmZv km[m-cW KXn-bn¬ kqd-Øp¬
AAvem HmXp-tºmƒ k∫n-lnkva d∫n-°¬ AAvem F∂p ]d-
™-Xn\p tijw kp_vlm\ d∫n-b¬ AAvem F∂p ]d-bp-am-bn-
cp-∂p. kp∂-Ømb Hcp ZnIvdv F∂ \ne-°mWv CXv sNm√n-bn-cp-∂-
Xv. CXp tI´ sI.-Sn. AtX-t]mse Xe-s∏-cp-aÆ ]≈n-bn¬\n∂pw
HmXp-I-bp-≠m-bn. cma-¥fn Xßfpw A∂v \nkvI-cn-°m-\p-≠m-bn-cp-
∂p. \nkvImcw Ign-™t- ∏mƒ At±lw sI.-Sn.sb hnfn-®p. B ZnIvdv
D®-Øn¬ ]d-tb-≠X - pt≠m F∂p tNmZn-®p. DkvXmZv Aß-s\-bmWv
sNm√m-dp-≈Xv F∂m-bn-cp∂p sI.-Sn.-bpsS adp-]S- n. JpYp_ Ign™v
Z¿kn¬ Xncn-s®-Ønb tijw \S∂ kw`-hß - s
- f√mw sI.-Sn., DkvXm-
Zns\ ]d™p tIƒ]n-®p. DkvXmZv InØm-_p-I-sf-SpØv AXn\p
sXfnhv ImWn-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. C\n Bcp tNmZn-®mepw AXv Dds°
]d-b¬sIm≠v hntcm-[-an-s√∂v ]d-bm≥ I¬∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
CXn\p tijw, CØcw ]cn-]m-Sn-If - n-te-s°√mw DkvXm-Zns‚ {]Xn-
\n-[n-bmbn t]mIm≥ sI.-Sn.°v {]tXyIw Bfl-hn-izm-khpw ss[cy-
hp-am-bn-cp-∂p.
sI.-Sn.°v DkvXm-Zn-t\m-Sp-IqsS ]e bm{X-Iƒ \S-Øm\pw
`mKyw e`n-®n-´p-≠v. X\n°p Ftßm´p t]mh-W-sa-¶nepw DkvXmZv
sI.-Sn.-sb-bmWv IqsS Iq´pI. hoSn\pw ]≈n°pw ÿew \n¿Æ-bn-
°m\pw Ip‰n-b-Sn-°m\pw t]mhpI A∂v DkvXm-Zns‚ ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-
∂p. At∏m-sg√mw IqsS sIm≠p-t]m-bn-cp-∂Xv sI.-Sn.-sb-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
bm{X-bn-se√mw IqsS-bp-≈-h-cpsS Imjpw DkvXmZv Xs∂-bmWv
\¬In-bn-cp-∂-Xv. ]e-t∏mgpw _kntem at‰m Bbn-cp∂p CØcw
bm{X-Iƒ. Bfp-Iƒ hml-\h - p-ambn h∂m¬ am{Xta AXn¬ t]mIm-
dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. ]e-t∏mgpw tImgn-t°mSv DkvXm-Zn-t\mSp IqsS ka-
kvXb - psS apim-hd tbmK-ßf - n¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m≥ t]mbn-cp-∂Xpw sI.-
Sn. Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂, B al¬ Pohn-XØ - ns‚
AcnIpw aqebpw icn°pw H∏n-sb-Sp-°m≥ sI.-Sn. apl-ΩZv apkven-
bm¿°v km[n-®n-´p-≠v.
_mJn-bm-Øn¬t]mbn D]cn]T\w Ign-™p-h-∂-Xn\p
tijw apt≠m´p ]≈n-Z¿kn¬ DkvXm-Zn\p tij-ap≈ {]Ya apZ-cn-
kmbn hcp-∂Xpw sI.-Sn.bm-W.v DkvXm-Zns‚ Bio¿hm-Zt- ØmSpw A\p-
{K-l-tØm-Spw-Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp∂p CXv. B ]mfin-Xy-Øn\p DkvXm-
Zn¬\n∂pw e`n® hen-sbmcp AwKo-Im-ca - m-bn-cp∂p CsX-∂p-thWw
Icp-Xm≥. DkvXm-Zns‚ Ah-km\ Ime-ß-fn¬ \S-∂n-cp∂ ]e
kwhmZ thZn-I-fnepw Ah-tcm-Sp-IqsS Xs‚ CjvS injy-∑m-cmb
sI.-Sn.bpw tImb apkven-bm-cpw ÿnc-ambn D≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p.
¢mkv thf-bn¬ DkvXmZv ]d-bp∂ Hmtcm t]mbv‚p-Ifpw
AtX-t]mse Fgp-Xn-sh-°p∂ ioe-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p sI.-Sn.bpw
tImbbpw. hnin-jym, ]fin-X-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ {]tXyIw N¿®-Ifpw
At\z-jW - ß- fpw \S-°p-tºmƒ DkvXmZv AXn¬ CS-s]-Sp-Ibpw ka-
{K-ambn ]Tn®v hnj-b-a-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-am-bn-cp-∂p. CØcw
Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬ Cu c≠p injy-∑mcpw CØcw hnj-b-߃ ]cn-
]q¿W-ambpw Fgp-Xn-sh-°pw. kp∂Øv Pam-AØ - p-ambn _‘-s∏´
sXfn-hp-Ifpw DkvXmZv kam-lc - n-®Xv AtX-t]mse ]I¿Øn-sh-°pw.
Cßs\, Xs‚ hµy Kpcp-hn¬\n∂pw ]I¿Øn-sb-SpØ A\-h[n
tcJ-Iƒ C∂pw sI.-Sn. apl-ΩZv apkven-bm-cpsS s]mSn-]n-Sn® InØm-
_p-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬\n∂pw Is≠-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. X\n°v DkvXm-
Zn¬\n∂pw e`n® Hcp alm \n[n-t]mse kpc-£n-Xa - mbn Ah kq£n-
®p-sh-®n-cn-°p-Ib
- mWv B hµy-ht- bm-[n-I≥.

14. F.-sI. apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿, Icp-h-sºm-bn¬

sImSp-h≈n Ff-h-©m-en¬ ]≈n-bn¬\n∂v DkvXm-Zns‚
injyXzw hcn® Hcp ]fin-X\ - m-bn-cp∂p Icp-hs
- ºm-bn¬ BWn-¶≠n
apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿. Icp-hs
- ºm-bn¬-˛a - m-tXm-eØp IShv tdmUn-emWv
At±-lØ - ns‚ hoSv ÿnXnsNøp-∂X - .v \∑≠ kwhm-ZØ - n\p t]mIp-
tºmƒ sImSp-h≈n ]≈n-bn¬\n∂pw iwkp¬ De-a-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-
Øn¬ InØm_v t\m°m≥ At±-lh - p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. X\n°p tijw,
sImSp-h≈n kndm-Pnse A[ym-]I - \
- mbn At±-lsØ \nb-an-®p-sIm-
≠mWv \mc-I-t»cn DkvXmZv Ahn-sS-\n∂pw ]ncn-bp-∂-Xv. tijw,
apt≠m´v Z¿knepw apZ-cn-kmbn h∂n-cp-∂p. DkvXm-Zns‚ {]nb-s∏´
injy-∑m-cn¬ Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂p F.-sI.

15. F.-]n. tImbmap auehn ae-bΩ

sImSp-h≈n kndp-Pp¬ lpZm-bn¬\n∂pw DkvXm-Zns‚
injyXzw hcn-°m≥ `mKyw e`n® {]ap-Jc - n-sem-cm-fm-bn-cp∂p ae-bΩ
F.-]n. tImbmap apkven-bm¿. At≠mW A–p√ apkven-bm-cpsS
Z¿kn¬ ]Tn® At±lw InØm-_p-I-fn¬ henb A{K-K-Wy\pw
X¿°-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ henb ]mfin-Xy-Øn-\p-S-a-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. \mc-
I-t»cn DkvXm-Zns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Icp-h-sºm-bn¬ sh®p-\-S∂
Jfi-\Ø - n\p Ah-kc - s
- am-cp-°n-bXv At±-la - m-W.v apPm-ln-Zp-If - psS
{]kw-Kß - ƒ \S-°p∂ Znhkw kp∂Øv Pam-AØ - n-s\-°p-dn® ]Øv
tNmZy-ßf - S- ß
- p∂ Hcp tNmZym-hen tÃPn¬ sIm≠p-t]mbn \¬In-
s°m-≠m-bn-cp∂p CXn\p hmXn¬ Xpd-∂X - v. Ah-cX - n\p adp-]Sn ]d-
bm≥ {ian-s®-¶nepw Fhn-sS-bp-sa-Øn-bn-√. AXns\ XpS¿∂mWv \mc-
I-t»cn DkvXmZv Ah¿°v adp-]S- nbp-ambn cwK-Øp-hc - p-∂X - v.
apt≠m´p ]≈n-bp-sSbpw aZvd-k-bp-sSbpw al-√n-s‚bpw
hf¿®-bnepw hnIm-kØ - nepw henb ]¶v hln®, henb Nn¥-I\ - m-
bn-cp∂p tImb apkven-bm¿. Ad_n `mj-bn¬ A{K-KW - y-\m-bn-cp∂
At±lw AXn¬ teJ-\ß - fpw Ihn-XI - fpw A\m-bmkw Fgp-Xp-am-
bn-cp-∂p. Ad_n ae-bm-f-Ønepw ae-bm-f-Ønepw At±lw ]e
krjvSn-Ifpw Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. ]g-b-Ime A¬ apA√nw e°-ß-sf-
SpØv ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ CØcw cN-\-Iƒ Is≠-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
apt≠m´v Ab-t©-‰n¬\n∂pw ae-b-Ω-bn-te°p amdn-Øm-a-kn®
At±lw ae-bΩ - b
- nse a¨ad-™p-t]mb {]Xn-`m-im-en-If - n¬ {]ap-
J\m-W.v ae-bΩ - , ]p≈-\q¿, apt≠mSv `mK-ßf - psS ]g-bI - me Ckvem-
anI {]Xm]w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - n¬ At±-lØ - ns‚ ]¶v A\n-tj-[y-
a-s{X. \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zn¬\n∂pw t\cn´p ]I¿Ønb ssh⁄m-
\nI shfn-®-am-bn-cp∂p At±-lsØ CXn\p {]m]vX-\m-°n-bn-cp-∂
kp{]-[m-\-amb Hcp LS-Iw.
Cßs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ, {]Xn-`m-[\ - cpw k¿K-im-en-If - p-amb
hen-sbmcp ]S-Xs∂ \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zns‚ injy-∑m-cmbn ImWm-
hp-∂X- m-W.v H∂-s√-¶n¬ as‰mcp \ne°v ]mfin-Xyhpw {]mK¬`yhpw
sXfn-bn-®-h-cm-bn-cp∂p Ah-sc-√mw. B \o≠ \nc-bn¬\n∂pw hnc-
en-se-Æm-hp∂ Nnesc am{X-amWv ChnsS ]cn-Nb - s
- ∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-
∂-Xv. CXn\p ]pdsa thsdbpw {]K¬`-cmb A\-h[n injy-∑m¿
Ah¿°v D≠mbncp-∂p. _nZ-C-Iƒs°-Xnscbp≈ [oc i_vZ-ambn
C∂pw t{]mPz-en-®p-\n¬°p∂ bp.-sI. A–p-√-Yo^v apkven-bm¿
CØcw {][m-\n-If - n¬ Hcm-fm-W.v IqSm-sX, hmg-°mSv A–p√ apkven-
bm¿, Ico-‰n-∏-dºv sI.-hn. apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿, tate-Nm-en¬ apl-
ΩZv apkven-bm¿, sI.-hn. Ip™-l-ΩZv apkven-bm¿, Ben-°p™n
apkven-bm¿ XpSßn thsdbpw A\-h[nt]sc Cu KW-Øn¬ \ap°v
Is≠-Øm≥ km[n-°pw. Hcp Xc-Øn¬ As√-¶n¬ as‰mcp Xc-Øn¬
DkvXm-Zp-ambn hfsc ASp-∏hpw _‘hpw ]pe¿Øn-bhcpw A\-
h[n A\p-`h kº-Øp-I¬ kam-l-cn-®-h-cp-am-bn-cp∂p Ch-sc-√mw.
CXn¬, Ime-ß-tfmfw DkvXm-Zns‚ JmZn-ambn {]h¿Øn® hy‡n-
bmWv Ben-°p™n apkven-bm¿. Xs‚ \m´p-Im-c≥Iq-Sn-bmb
At±lw \m´n-ep≈ DkvXm-Zns‚ kIe {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw Hcp
A\n-hmcy LSIw t]mse D≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p. DkvXm-Zns‚ hkv{Xw
\nXy-ambn CkvXn-cn-bn´p \¬In-bn-cp-∂Xv Ben-°p™n apkven-bm-
cm-Wv. Z¿kns‚ D¬`hw apX¬ Cu `mK-Øp-\-S∂ Ncn-{X-{]-kn-≤-
amb ]e kw`-hß - ƒ°pw DkvXm-Zn-t\m-sSm∏w Hcp \nXy-km-£n-bmbn
D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv Ben-°p™n apkven-bm-cm-W.v sImSp-h≈n kndm-Pn¬
sh®mWv Ben-°p™n apkven-bm¿ DkvXm-Zns‚ injyXzw t\Sp-∂-
Xv. ]n∂o-Sv, Ah-km\ \nan-jw-hsc At±lw DkvXm-Zn-t\mSpIqsS
D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
IqSm-sX, ]n¬°m-eØv ]e I£n-I-fp-sSbpw t\Xr-ÿm-
\Øv hne-kn-bn-cp∂ ]e {]ap-Jcpw Ah-cpsS \√ Ime-ßf - n¬ \mc-
I-t»cn DkvXm-Zns‚ ASpØp h∂v ]Tn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWm≥ Ign-
bpw. tijw, I£nXzw IS-∂p-h-∂-tXmsS Ah¿ AXn-te°p amdn-
t∏m-hp-Ib- m-bn-cp-∂p. Pam-AsØ Ckveman t\Xm-hm-bn-cp∂ sI.-kn.
A–p√ auehn, apPm-ln-Zv-˛-eoKv t\Xm-hm-bn-cp∂ sI.-kn. A_q-
_Iv¿ auehn, ssiJv apl-ΩZv, ]pXn-tbmØv C_vdmlow Ip´n
apkven-bm¿, Ip\n-bn¬ apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ CXn¬
s]Sp-∂p. tNI-\q¿ aue-hnbpw hmg-°m-Sp-\nt∂m at‰m DkvXm-Zns‚
injyXzw t\Sn-bn-´p-s≠-∂mWv ]d-bs- ∏-Sp-∂X
- v.
Cßs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ tIc-f-Ønse DkvXm-Zp¬ Akm-
ØoZv AYhm DkvXm-Zp-am-cpsS DkvXmZv Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p \mc-It- »cn
F∂Xv kpXcmw hy‡-am-Ip-∂p.
 21

shfn®w ]I¿∂ ]cn-kc Z¿kp-Iƒ

tIc-f-apkvenw ]ptcm-bm\ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ {it≤-b-amb CSw
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb A\-h[n ]≈n-Z¿kp-Iƒ Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚
a≤y ]mX-ß-fn¬ tImgn-t°mSv Pn√-bpsS Ing-°≥ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬
t{]m÷z-en-®p-\n-∂ncp-∂-Xmbn ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. t\csØ \ne-\n-
∂n-cp-∂tXm ]pXp-Xmbn P∑w-sIm-≠tXm Bbn-cp∂p CXn¬ ]e-
Xpw. H∂-s√-¶n¬ as‰mcp \ne°v \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zp-ambn _‘-
s∏-´p-\n¬°p-∂-h-bm-bn-cp∂p Ch-sb-√mw. Kpcp-Xzw-sImt≠m
injyXzwsIm≠pw Ahn-sS-\n∂pw ssIam-d-s∏-´n-cp∂ B¥-cnI
shfn®w Ch-bpsS hf¿®-bnepw {]k-cn-∏nepw \√-t]mse {]Xn-^-
en-®-Xmbn a\- n-em-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂p. ae-b-Ω-bp-sSbpw ]cn-k-c-
Øn-s‚bpw Ckvem-anI hy‡nXzw cq]o-Ic - n-s®-Sp-°p-∂X- n¬ Cu ]≈n-
Z¿kp-If - psS ]¶v A\n-tj-[y-am-Wv.
tIc-f-ap-kvenw-Iƒ°p-Xs∂ k¿K-[-\-cmb Hcp ]finX
\ncsb kw`m-h\ sNbvX-Xn¬ tImgn-t°m-Sns‚ Ing-°≥ {]tZ-i-
߃ hfsc hyh-ÿm-]n-Xa - mbn {]h¿Øn-®n-´p-s≠-∂Xv Cu ]≈n-
Z¿kp-Is - fbpw Ahn-SsØ D¬]-∂ß - s- fbpw Ipdn®v ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ
GsXmcmƒ°pw icn°pw t_m[y-am-Ipw. A{X-am{Xw tIc-fØ - n-sem-
∂msI ka-{K-ambn N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw kvacn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw
sNbvX hen-sbmcp ]finX hyql-amWv Cu `mK-ßf - n-eqsS IS-∂p-
t]m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. as‰mcp\ne°p ]d-™m¬, tImgn-t°mSv Pn√-bnse
]finX kncm-tI{µw F∂v \ap°v Cu `mKsØ hnti-jn-∏n-°m-hp-
∂-Xm-Wv. A{X-ta¬, Cu Pn√-bpsS ssh⁄m-\nI A®p-X≠v \nb-
{¥n-®n-cp∂ bpK-{]-`m-h-∑m¿ Pohn-®p-t]m-bXpw A[ym-]\w \S-Øn-
bXpw Cu {]tZ-iß - f- n-em-bn-cp-∂psh∂v Is≠-Øm-\mhpw. hnin-jym,
NmØ-aw-Ke - w, Hma-t»-cn, sImSp-h≈n aS-hq¿ t]mse-bp≈ `mK-߃
Hcp ImesØ kPo-hX - b- psS {]tZ-iß - f - m-bn-cp-∂p. t]cp-tI´ A\-
h[n ]≈n-Z¿kp-If - mWv Cu `mK-ßf
- n¬ A∂v D≠m-bn-cp-∂X
- v. Ch-
s°ms° {]Xn-`m-im-en-I-fmb hnhn[ ]fin-X-cp-sSbpw ]Xn-‰m-≠p-
Iƒ \o≠ Ah-cpsS ssh⁄m-\nI hncp-∂n-s‚bpw A\-h[n IY-
Iƒ ]d-bm-\p-≠v. Ah-bn-te-°p≈ sNdn-sbmcp FØn-t\m-´-amWv
ChnsS \S-Øp-∂X - v.

1. At≠mW ]≈n-Z¿kv
]Xn-‰m-≠p-If - psS kar-≤a - mb Ncn-{X ]mc-ºcy-ap≈ {]apJ
Z¿kp-If- n-sem-∂mWv At≠mW ]≈n-Z¿kv. k¿K-[\ - c
- mb [mcmfw
]fin-X-∑m¿ Chn-sS-\n∂pw ]Tn-®p-]p-d-Øn-d-ßn-bn-´p-≠v. 1949 Ime-
ß-fn¬ t]m°¿ Ip´n apkven-bmcmbn-cp∂p Chn-SsØ {][m-\m-[ym-
]-I≥. 1950 ¬ _mJn-bm-Øn¬\n∂pw ]T\w Igns™Ønb hmhmSv
Ip∂p-Ω¬ ]finX Xd-hm-´nse sI. A–p√ apkven-bm¿ ChnsS
A[ym-]-I-\mbn ÿm\-ta-‰p. aS-hq-cn¬\n∂pw \mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-
Zns‚ injy-\m-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. ]n∂oSv c≠p ]Xn-‰m-≠n-tesd Imew
At±-la- m-bn-cp∂p Chn-SsØ apZ-cn-k.v AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂, Cu ÿe-
Øn-te°p tN¿Øn At≠mW A–p√ apkven-bm¿ F∂ t]cn-
emWv At±lw ]n∂oSv Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv. Cu \mSn\v ssh⁄m-
\nI {]Xm]w t\Sn-s°m-Sp-ØXv At±-lhpw At±-l-Øns‚ Cu
Z¿kp-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]n.-kn. Ip™m-e≥ Ip´n apkven-bm¿, hmhmSv
Ip™n-t°mb apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-bhsc t]mse-bp-≈-h¿ Cu
Z¿kns‚ kºm-h\ - I
- f- m-W.v ]n¬°m-eØ- ,v tNe-°mSv apl-ΩZv apkven-
bmcpw ChnsS Z¿kv \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

2. ]pXn-tbmØv ]≈n-Z¿kv
\q‰m-≠p-If
- psS Ncn-{X-]m-cº
- c
- y-ap≈ Z¿kp-If
- n-sem-∂mWv
]pXn-tbmØv ]≈n-Z¿kv. hfsc h¿j-߃°p apºp-Xs∂ hen-sbmcp
{]tZ-iØ - ns‚ B{i-bt- I-{µ-ambn Cu ]≈nbpw Chn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-
∂p. F¶nepw \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ apºp≈ CXns‚ Ah-ÿ-I-sf-°p-dn®
hnh-c-߃ kp⁄m-X-a-√. GI-tZiw \q‰n AºXv h¿jw apX¬
Ctßm-´p≈ Ncn{Xw am{Xta sNdnb \ne-s°-¶nepw ]pd-Øp-sIm-
≠p-hc - m≥ km[n-®n-´p-≈q.
lnPvd h¿jw 1291 ¬ P\n® ]me-°mw-sXm-SpI A_q-_Iv¿
apkven-bm¿ h¿j-ßt- fmfw Chn-SsØ Jmknbpw k¿∆mw-Ko-Im-ca- p≈
]fin-X-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p. henb t]cp-tI´ Hcp Z¿kpw A∂v kPo-h-
ambn At±lw ChnsS \S-Øp-Ib - p-≠m-bn. hnhn[ `mK-ßf - n¬\n-∂p≈
\qtdmfw hnZym¿∞nI-fmWv A∂v ChnsS ]Tn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. hoSp-Iƒ
hfsc Ipd-®p-am{Xw D≠m-bn-cp∂ A°m-eØv Intem-ao-‰d- p-Iƒ k©-
cn-®mWv apX-A√ - n-ao-߃ `£Ww Ign-°m≥ t]mbn-cp-∂X - v. kn.-Fw.
hen-øp-√m-ln-bpsS ]nXmhv aS-hq¿ Ip™n-am-ln≥ apkven-bm¿,
iwkp¬ De-a-bpsS ]nXmhv Fgp-Ø-—≥I≠n tImb-°p´n apkven-
bm¿, At≠mW A–p√ apkv-en-bmcpsS ]nXmhv sambvXo≥ Ip´n
apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-bh - ¿ ]gb ImeØv Cu Z¿kn¬ ]Tn® {]ap-J-
cm-bn-c-∂p. AXn\p tijw {]K¬`-cmb hen-sbmcp Xe-apd Xs∂
ChnsS ]Tn-°p-Ib - p-≠m-bn.
1960 ¬ ]n.-kn. Ip™m-e≥ Ip´n DkvXmZv Chn-SsØ apZ-cn-
kmbn Nm¿PPv Gs‰-Sp-Øp. 1956 apX¬Xs∂ At±lw Chn-SsØ
JYo-_mbn \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. XpS¿∂v 1997 ¬ acn-°p-∂X - p-hsc
\m¬]Xv h¿j-°mew At±lw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p Ahn-SsØ {][m\
apZ-cn-k.v Hma-t»cn sI.-hn. apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿, F.-bp. apl-ΩZv apkven-
bm¿, ]pXn-tbmØv sI.-]n. A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-sc-
t∏mse Zi-I-°-W-°n\v ]fin-X-∑msc At±lw Chn-sS-\n∂pw
hm¿sØ-S-Øn-´p-≠v. ]n.-kn. DkvXmZv Z¿kv \S-Øp∂ ImeØv Hcn-
°¬ -kn.-Fw. hen-øp-√mln AhnsS hcn-Ibpw At±-lsØ {]iw-
kn°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zns‚ {]apJ injy-
∑m-cn¬ Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂p ]n.-kn. DkvXm-Zv.

3. Ico-‰n-∏-dºv ]≈n-Z¿kv
t\c-sØ-Øs∂ Z¿kv \S-∂p-h∂ - n-cp∂ Hcp {]tZ-ia- m-bn-cp∂p
Ico-‰n-∏-d-ºv. 1904--˛06 Ime-L-´-Øn-emWv ChnsS ]≈n Db-cp-∂Xpw
hyh-ÿm-]nX al√v kwhn-[m\w hcp-∂X - pw. CXn\p tijw, hnhn[
Ime-ß-fn-embn Z¿kv ]T-\hpw ChnsS \S-∂p-t]m-∂p. \mc-I-
t»cnbpsS injy-\m-bn-cp∂ A“Zv Ip™n apkven-bm¿ ChnsS Ah-
km\ Imeßfn¬ Z¿kv \S-Ønb {]ap-Jc - n-sem-cm-fm-Wv.
1970/71 Ime-ßf - n¬ Chn-SsØ ]≈n ]pXp°n \n¿an-°s - ∏-
Sp-Ibpw hn]p-ea - mb kuI-cy-ßt- fmsS Hcp Z¿kv Bcw-`n-°m≥ ]≤-
Xn-bp≠mhp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Bbn-sS-bmWv Fw.-sI.-Fw. tImb apkven-
bm¿ Aco-°mSv Z¿kn¬\n∂pw Hgn-bp∂ hnh-c-a-dn-bp-∂Xpw _‘-
s∏-´h
- ¿ At±-lsØ t]mbn ImWp-∂X - pw. \mc-It- »cn DkvXmZv ]d-
bp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Xm≥ Ico-‰n-∏-d-ºn¬ apZ-cn-kmbn hcmw F∂m-bn-
cp∂p At±-lØ - ns‚ {]Xn-Ic - W- w. _‘-s∏-´h - ¿ DSs\ \mc-It- »cn
DkvXm-Zns\ t]mbn ImWp-Ibpw Imcyw t_m[n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
"tImbsb F\n-°d- nbmw; AhnsS Z¿kv XpS-ßm≥ tImb aXn' F∂m-
bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zns‚ {]Xn-hN - \ - w. Z¿kns‚ D¬Lm-S\ Znhkw Xm≥
hcm-sa∂pw DkvXmZv G‰p.
AX-\p-k-cn®v \n›nX Znhkw hs∂-Øn. \mc-I-t»cn
DkvXmZv Ico-‰n-∏-dºv Ppam akvPn-Zn¬ h∂p. h≥P-\m-h-en-bpsS
km∂n-[y-Øn¬ tImb apkven-bm-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ Z¿kn\v
kam-cw`w Ipdn-®p. ]Xn-\©p hnZym¿∞n-If - p-am-bn-´m-bn-cp∂p XpS-°w.
]n∂oSv hfsc s]´-∂p-Xs∂ Z¿kns‚ {]ikvXn \mSp-\osf {]N-cn-
°p-Ibpw hnhn[ `mK-Øp-\n∂pw Ip´n-Iƒ Hgp-In-sb-Øp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. hfsc kPo-ha - m-sbmcp Z¿kmWv ]n∂oSv AhnsS \S-∂n-cp-
∂-Xv. Ico-‰n-∏-dºv tImb apkven-bm¿ F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sm≥am{Xw
At±lw AhnsS P\-Io-b-\m-bn. 1971 apX¬ 1982 hsc-bm-bn-cp∂p
Cu kph¿W Ime-L-´w. AXn\p tijw Hma-t»-cn-bn-te°p apZ-cn-
kmbn t]mhp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 1980 ¬ Xm≥ l÷n\p t]mb kµ¿`-
Øn¬ injy≥Iq-Sn-bmb ]pXp-∏mSn A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm-cmWv
ChnsS Z¿kv \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂X - v.

4. Xe-s∏-cp-aÆ ]≈n-Z¿kv
\q‰m-≠p-I-tfmfw ]g-abpw ]mc-º-cy-hp-ap≈ kao-]-tZi
]≈n-If - n-sem-∂mWv Xe-s∏-cp-aÆ ]≈n. A{X-Xs∂ ]g-°hpw ]mc-
º-cy-hp-ap≠v Ahn-SsØ ]≈n-Z¿kn-\pw. F¶nepw CXns‚ ]g-b-
Ime Ncn-{X-߃ kp⁄m-Xa - √
- . Ico-‰n-∏d
- ºv sI.-hn. tambn≥ Ip´n
apkven-bm¿ JYo_pw Jmkn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂Xp apX-ep≈ hnh-cß - f- mWv
IqSp-X¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. At±lw AhnsS Z¿kpw \S-Øn-bp-cp-
∂p. tijw, \mc-It- »-cn-bm-bn-cp∂p Ipd®p Imew Chn-SsØ Jmkn.
IÆn-bØv DkvXm-Zns‚ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ At±lw Xe-s∏-cp-
aÆ ]≈n-Z¿kn¬ HmXn-∏T - n-®X- mbn ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂p-≠v. Ah-sc-
t∏m-se-bp≈ k¿K-[\ - c
- mb ⁄m\n-Iƒ°v P∑w \¬Inb kar-≤-
am-sbmcp ssh⁄m-\nI ]mc-ºcyw CXn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v CXv
a\- n-em-°n-Øc - p-∂p.
Imem-¥-c-ß-fn¬ ]fin-X-∑m-cpsS Hcp \o≠ \nc-Xs∂
ChnsS apZ-cn-ko-ßf - mbn IS-∂p-h∂ - p. \mc-It- »-cn-bpsS injy-\m-bn-
cp∂ ]md-∂q¿ A“Zv tImb apkven-bm¿ (]n.-]n. C_vdmlow apkven-
bm-cpsS ktlm-Z-c≥), \¥n-bn¬ apZ-cn-km-bn-cp∂ ]p√mc sI.-]n.
A“Zv Ip´n apkven-bm¿, D≈Ww Fw. apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿, If-cm-
¥ncn A–p¿d-“m≥ apkven-bm¿ F∂ tIm°p apkven-bm¿, ap°w
Sn.-Fw.kn apl-ΩZ- en apkven-bm¿, cma-¥fn apl-ΩZv tImb X߃,
aÆm¿°mSv kn.-]n. apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿, ap°w A–p¿d-“m≥
apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-bh - ¿ AXn¬ {]ap-Jc - m-Wv. C∂pw ChnsS Z¿kv
\S-°p∂p-≠.v ]ga ap‰n-\n¬°p∂ hnim-ea- mb J_vdn-ÿm\pw hJ^v
`qan-Ifpw CXns‚ ]mc-ºc - ysØ hnfn-®d- n-bn-°p-∂p.

5. ]q\qcv ]≈n-Z¿kv
hfsc Ncn{X ]mc-º-cy-ap≈ ]≈n-Z¿kp-I-fn-sem-∂mWv
]q\q¿ Ppap-AØv ]≈nbnep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Z¿kv. 1940 Ifn¬Xs∂
ka-{Khpw kº-∂h - p-amb \ne°v ChnsS Z¿kv \S-°p∂p-≠m-bncp-
∂p.
\mc-I-t»-cn-bpsS injy-\m-bn-cp∂ ]q\q¿ Fw.-sI. Ip™n
C_vdmlow apkven-bm-cm-bn-cp∂p \o≠ h¿j-ßt- fmfw Chn-SsØ
apZ-cn-kv. hmg°mSp-\n∂pw ^fv^-cn-bpsS injyXzw t\Snb tij-
amWv At±lw ChnsS h∂v Z¿kv Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. At≠mW
A–p√ apkven-bm-¿ t]mse-bp≈ {]ap-J-cmb A\-h[n ]fin-X-
∑m¿ Cu Z¿kns‚ kw`m-h\ - b
- m-W.v Ip‰n-°m-´q¿ Cºn®ymen apkven-
bm-cm-bn-cp∂p (1922-˛1992) ]n¬°m-eØv Chn-sS Z¿kv \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-
Xv. Ip‰n-°m-´q¿ Ifn-bmØv ]≈n J_vdn-ÿm-\n-emWv At±-lØ - ns‚
J_¿. F.-]n. A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿ A∂v At±-l-Øns‚
Z¿knse apX--√n-ao-ßf - n¬ Hcm-fm-bn-cp-∂p. tijw F.-]n. ChnsS Z¿kv
\S-Øn-bn-´p-≠.v A∂sØ At±-lØ - ns‚ {][m\ injy-∑m-cn¬ Hcm-
fm-bn-cp∂p Icp-hs - ºm-bn¬ F.-]n. apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿.

6. Im¥-]pcw ]≈n-Z¿kv
1950 Iƒ°p apºv Gsd t]cp-tI´ Z¿kp-If - n-sem-∂m-bn-cp∂p
Im¥-]pcw ]≈n-Z¿kv. Ing-t°mØv Iogva-T-Øn¬ A–p¬ laoZv
apkven-bm¿, ae-∏pdw A–p¬ JmZn¿ apkven-bm¿, ]n¬Im-eØv ka-
kvXb - psS {]kn-U‚m-bn-h∂ sI.-sI. A_q-_Iv¿ l{kØv XpSßn
{]K¬`-cmb A\-h[ - n-bm-fp-Iƒ ChnsS A[ym-]\w \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
1950-˛51 Ime-ßf - n¬ \mc-It- »cn DkvXmZpw ChnsS Ipd-®p-Imew Z¿kv
\S-Øm-s\-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. [mcmfw ]fin-X∑ - msc hm¿sØ-SpØ Cu
Z¿kv Cu `q`m-KsØ ssh⁄m-\n-Ia - mbn DW¿Øp-∂X - n¬ henb
]¶v hln-®n-´p-≠v. Chn-sS-\n∂pw laoZv apkven-bm-cp-sSbpw A_q-
_Iv¿ l{k-Øn-s‚bpw injyXzw t\Snb Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂p F.-]n.
A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿. tijw, At±-lhpw ChnsS apZ-cn-kmbn
h∂p. A∂v ChnsS At±-l-Øns‚ injy-∑m-cn¬ Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂p
Icp-hs- ºm-bn¬ F.-]n. apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿. ]n∂oSv apl-ΩZv apkven-
bm-cm-bn-cp∂p Chn-SsØ apZ-cn-kv.

7. If-cm-¥ncn ]≈n-Z¿kv
Ncn-{Xhpw ]mc-ºc - y-hp-ap≈ ]≈n-If
- n-sem-∂mWv If-cm-¥ncn
]≈n. ]g-°ap≈Xpw Gsd hyh-ÿm-]n-X-hp-amb Hcp Z¿kv h¿j-
߃°p-ap-ºp-Xs∂ Chn-sS \S-∂n-cp-∂p. ]pØ≥ho-´n¬ apl-ΩZv
apkven-bm¿ BZy-Ime DkvXm-Zp-am-cn¬ Hcm-fm-W.v A∂v Chn-sS-\n∂pw
]Tn-®p-]p-d-Øn-d-ßn-b-h-cn¬ {][m-\n-bm-bn-cp∂p D≈mƒ kønZv
A–p¿d-“m≥ A¬ _pJmcn. If-cm-¥ncn ]n. A–p apkven-bm¿,
If-cm-¥ncn lpk-bn≥ Ip´n apkven-bm¿, shfn-ap°v lk≥ Ip´n
apkven-bm¿, kakvX apim-hd saºdmbn-cp∂ s]m∑f ^coZv apkven-
bm¿ XpS-ßn-bh - c- mWv ]n¬°m-eØv Cu Z¿kns\ Gsd kPo-ha - m-
°n-b apZ-cn-ko-߃. ^coZv apkven-bm¿ \o≠ h¿j-ßt- fmfw ChnsS
A[ym-]I - \
- m-bn-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. CXn\p tij-amWv At±lw sNΩmSv
apZ-cn-kmbn t]mIp-∂X - v.

8. Np≈n-bmSv ]≈n-Z¿kv
apºp-ap-Xte \S-∂p-h-∂n-cp∂ Z¿kp-I-fn-sem-∂mWv Np≈n-
bmSv ]≈n-Z¿kv. At≠mW A–p√ apkven-bm-cpsS injy≥ Nqeq¿
A–p√ apkven-bm¿, A“Zv Ip´n apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-bh - c
- mWv {][m-
\-ambpw ChnsS Z¿kv \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂X- .v A\-h[n {]K¬`-cmb ]fin-
X-∑msc hm¿sØ-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v.

9. Hma-t»cn ]≈n-Z¿kv
{]apJ Z¿kp-Iƒ \S-∂n-cp∂ Hcp {]tZ-i-amWv Hma-t»-cn.
hnhn[ Ime-ßf - n-embn [mcmfw ]fin-X∑
- m¿ ChnsS Z¿kv \S-Øn-
bn-´p-≠v. henb kwLm-S-I\pw ]fin-X-\p-amb Sn.-Sn. A–p-√-°p´n
apkven-bm-cm-bn-cp∂p h¿j-ß-tfmfw Chn-SsØ apZ-cn-kv. At±-l-
Øn\p tijw 1982 ¬ Fw.-sI.-Fw. tImb apkven-bm¿ ChnsS apZ-cn-
kmbn h∂p. XpS¿∂v F´p h¿j-tØmfw At±lw ChnsS Z¿kv
\S-Øn. Cu `mKsØ Ckvem-anI ssNX-\y-Øn¬ Cu ]fin-X∑
- m-
cpsS ]¶v hfsc hep-Xm-Wv.

10. ]d-º-Øp-Im-hn¬ Z¿kv

sImSp-h≈ - n-°S- pØv ]d-ºØ
- p-Imhv h¿j-ßt- fmfw Z¿kv \S-
∂n-cp∂ Hcp {]tZ-i-am-bn-cp-∂p. Hma-t»-cn-bn¬\n∂pw Hgn-™p-h∂
Fw.-sI.-Fw. tImb apkven-bm¿ ]n∂oSv Chn-sS-bmWv Z¿kv \S-Øn-
bn-cp-∂X - v. Fgp-]t- Xmfw hnZym¿∞n-If- p-≠m-bn-cp∂p A∂v Z¿kn¬.
Ah¿°p-th≠ hn]p-e-amb kuI-cy-ß-fn-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ At±lw
Ip´n-If- p-ambn Imh-\q-cn-te°p t]mhp-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p.

11. sImSp-h≈n N¥∏≈n- Z¿kv

sImSp-h≈n Sn.-sI. ]cn-tb-bn-°p´n A[n-Im-cn°p Iogn¬ \ne-
hn¬ h∂ am¿°‰v ]≈nbpw {]ap-J-cmb apZ-cn-ko-ß-fpsS ¢mkp-
IƒsIm≠v {]kn-k-≤-am-Wv. hnhn[ Ime-ß-fn¬ k¿K-[-\-cmb
[mcmfw DkvXm-Zp-am¿ Chn-sSbpw Z¿kv \S-Øm-s\-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
kakvX t\Xm-°-fn¬ {]ap-J-\mb Ip‰n-°m-´q¿ A–p¿d-“m≥
apkven-bm¿, Ip‰n-°m-´q¿ CºnNymen apkven-bm¿, \mc-I-t»cn
DkvXmZv, sI.-hn. A–p¿d-“m≥ apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ ChnsS
Z¿kv \S-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. ]md-∂q¿ A“Zv tImb apkven-bm¿, aS-
hq¿ kn.-Fw. hen-øp-√mln XpS-ßn-b-h¿ Chn-sS-\n∂pw ]Tn®p ]pd-
Øn-dß- nb {]apJ apX-A√ - n-ao-ßf
- n¬ s]Sp-∂p.

12. sImSp-h≈n Im´nse ]≈n Z¿kv

\q‰m-≠p-If- psS Ncn-{Xhpw ]mc-ºc - y-hp-ap≈ ]cn-kc ]≈n-
I-fn-sem-∂mWv sImSp-h≈n Im´nse ]≈n. sImSp-h-≈n-∏p-g-bpsS
HmcØv Xe-bp-b¿Øn \n¬°p∂ CXv A\-h[n apX-A√ - n-ao-߃°v
ssh⁄m-\nI XW¬ hncn-®n-´p-≠v. B kar≤ ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚
XpS¿®-sb-t∂mWw cnbm-fp- zm-en-lo≥ F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp ÿm]\w
C∂pw ChnsS {]h¿Øn-®p-hc - p-∂p. ]c-∂p-In-S°
- p∂ J_vdn-ÿm\pw
hnim-e-amb hJ^v kzØp-°fpw CXns‚ ]g-b-Ime {]uVnsb
hnfn-®d
- n-bn-°p-∂p-≠v.
13. hmhmSv ]≈n-Z¿kv
1950 Iƒ°p apºv Cu `mKsØ t]cp-tI´ Z¿kp-I-fn-sem-
∂m-bn-cp∂p hmhmSv ]≈n-Z¿kv. At≠mW A–p√ apkven-bm¿ ]Tn-
®p-Xp-Sß
- n-bXv Cu Z¿kn¬\n-∂m-bn-cp-∂p. At±-lØ
- ns‚ tPyjvT≥
hmhmSv t]m°¿ Ip´n apkven-bm¿ h¿j-ßt- fmfw ChnsS Z¿kv \S-
Øn-bn-cp-∂p. ChnsS At±-l-Øns‚ injy-∑m-cn¬ Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂p
F.-]n. A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿.

14. Ing-t°mØv ]≈n-Z¿kv

Gsd ]g-abpw ]mc-ºc
- y-hp-ap≈ ]cn-kc
- sØ ]≈n-If- n-sem-
∂mWv Ing-t°mØv ]≈n. Ahn-sSbpw kar-≤-am-sbmcp Z¿kv \S-
∂p-h-∂n-cp-∂p. _mep-t»cn Fc-aw-Kew JmenZv apkven-bm¿ ChnsS
apZ-cn-kmbn tkh\w sNbvX Hcp {]K¬`-\m-Wv. A\-h[n apX-A-
√n-ao-߃ Chn-sS-\n∂pw ]Tn®p ]pd-Øn-dß- n-bn-´p-≠v.

15. aS-hq¿ ]≈n-Z¿kv

{]ap-J-cmb A\-h[n ]fin-X-∑m¿°v P∑w\¬Inb ]gb
ImesØ {]apJ Z¿kp-If - n-sem-∂m-bn-cp∂p aS-hq¿ ]≈n-Z¿kv. kn.-
Fw. hen-øp-√m-ln-bpsS ]nXmhv aS-hq¿ Ip™n amln≥ tImb apkven-
bmcmbn-cp∂p Chn-SsØ BZy-Ime DkvXm-Zp-am-cn¬ {]ap-J≥. aS-
hq-cn-\S- pØv s\Sn-b\- mSv FS-Øn¬ Xd-hm-´n¬ ]d-ºØv ipl-Zm-°-
fpsS ]c-º-c-bn-em-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ P\-\w. Zo¿L-Imew
Jmknbpw apZ-cn-kp-ambn ChnsS tkh\w sNbvXn-´p-≠v. iwkp¬
Dea C.-sI. A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿ t]mepw Xs‚ HutZym-KnI
aX-]T - \w Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv ChnsS At±-lØ - ns‚ injyXzw hcn-®p-
sIm-≠m-Wv. ]q\q¿ Ip™n C_vdmlow apkven-bm¿, At≠mW
A–p√ apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-bh - ¿ {]apJ injy-∑m-cn¬ s]Sp-∂p.
XpS¿∂v hnhn[ Ime-ß-fn-embn \mc-I-t»cn DkvXmZv, aS-
hq¿ apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿ (kn.-FΩ - n≥ tPyjvTktlm-Zc - ≥), kn.-Fw.
A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿ (kn.-Fw. hen-øp-√mln), aS-hq¿ ssk\p-
±o≥ apkven-bm¿ (kn.-FΩ - ns‚ A\pPktlm-Zc - ≥), \mc-It- »-cn-bpsS
injy≥ sI.-hn. A“Zv Ip™n apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-bh - cpw ChnsS
Z¿kv \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
16. IØ-d-Ω¬ ]≈nZ¿kv
km[m-cW - ° - m¿°n-Sb
- n¬ Ckvem-anI t_m[w hf¿Øp-∂-
Xn¬ {]b-Xv\n® Cu `mKsØ ]cn-K-W-\ob Z¿kp-I-fn-sem-∂mWv
IØ-d-Ω¬ ]≈n-Z¿kv. ]md-∂q¿ ]n.-]n. C_vdmlow apkven-bm¿
ChnsS 12 h¿j-ß-tfmfw ChnsS Z¿kv \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. hmhmSv
Ip™n-t°mb apkven-bmcpw A{X-Xs∂ ChnsS apZ-cn-kmbn tkh\w
sNbvXn-´p-≠v. ]fin-Xc - mb [mcmfw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ Chn-sS-\n∂pw
]pd-Øp-h∂- n-´p-≠v.

17. CømSv ]≈n-Z¿kv

k¿K-[\
- c
- mb ]fin-X∑ - m¿ Z¿kv \S-Ønb {]tZ-iß- f - n-sem-
∂mWv Cøm-Sv. 1959 ¬ ]n.-kn. Ip™m-e≥ Ip´n apkven-bm-cmWv
ChnsS Z¿kv \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂X- v. ]n∂oSv C.-sI. lk≥ apkven-bmcpw
ChnsS Z¿kv \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Chn-sS-\n∂pw lk≥ apkven-bm-cpsS
injy-\m-bn-cp∂p hmhmSv Ip™n-t°mb apkven-bm¿. \mSn\pw Zo\n\pw
D]-Ic- n-°p∂ A\-h[n ]fin-X∑ - m¿ Chn-sS-\n∂pw ]pd-Øp--∂n-´p-≠.v

18. Dcp-fn-°p∂v ]≈n-Z¿kv

{]K¬`-a-Xn-I-fmb A\-h[n ]fin-X-∑m¿ ¢mkv \S-Ønb
Z¿kp-If - n-sem-∂mWv Dcp-fn-°p∂v ]≈n-Z¿kv. ]Xn-‰m-≠p-If
- psS ]g-
°hpw ]mc-º-cy-hp-ap≠v CXn-\v. At≠mW A–p√ apken-bm¿,
C.-sI. lk≥ apkven-bm¿, D{K-]pcw DÆn-tambn l-Pn, Ip‰n-°m-´q¿
Cºn-Nymen apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-b¿ - hn-hn[Ime-ßf- n¬ ChnsS Z¿kv
\S-Ønb apZ-cn-ko-ß-fn¬ {][m-\n-I-fm-Wv. 2000 P\p-hcn 23 apX¬
Fw.-sI.-Fw. tImb apkven-bm-cmWv ChnsS Z¿kv \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂X - v.

19. ]d-ºØv ]≈n-Z¿kv

1950 Iƒ°p apºp-Xs∂ henb Z¿kv \S∂ {]tZ-i-amWv
]d-º-Øv. ]d-hÆ aplvbn-±o≥ Ip´n apkven-bm¿ Bcp ImeØv
ChnsS apZ-cn-km-bn-cp-∂p. 1941 apX¬ 45 hsc IÆn-bØv DkvXm-
ZmWv ChnsS Z¿kv \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂X - v. C°m-eØv as‰m-cn-SØv apZ-cn-
km-bn-cp∂ ssI∏‰ _ocm≥ Ip´n apkven-bm¿ Xs‚ Z¿kv \n¿Øn
Ipd-®p-Imew ChnsS ]Tn-®n-cp-∂p. hnhn[ Ime-ß-fn-embn [mcmfw
]fin-X∑ - m¿ Chn-sS-\n∂pw ]Tn-®p-]p-dØ
- n-dß
- n-bn-´p-≠.v Ip‰n-°m-´q¿
Cºn-Nymen apkven-bm¿ CØ-c° - m-cn¬ {][m-\n-bm-Wv.
20. aßmSv ]≈nZ¿kv
kp{]-[m-\a - mb Z¿kv \S∂ {]tZ-iß- f- n-sem-∂mWv aßm-Sv.
tIc-fa - pkvenw Ncn-{X-Øn¬Xs∂ ]n¬°m-eØv {it≤-bc - mb ]ecpw
hnhn[ Ime-ßf - n-embn ChnsS ]Tn-°p-Ibpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-
´p-≠.v AXn¬ {][m-\n-bm-bn-cp∂p Ip‰n-°m-´q¿ A–p¿d-“m≥ apkven-
bm¿. 1950 Iƒ°p tijw ChnsS Z¿kv \S-Ønb {]ap-Jc - n-sem-cmWv
Ip‰n-°m-´q¿ Cºn-Nymen apkven-bm¿. kp∂Øv Pam-A-Øns‚
BZ¿i thZn-I-fn¬ Xnf-ßn-\n-∂, hnJymX ]fin-X-\mb C.-sI.
lk≥ apkven-bm¿, ]md-∂q¿ ]n.-]n. C_vdmlow apkven-bm¿ XpS-
ßn-bh - ¿ ChnsS\n∂pw At±-lØ - ns‚ injy-∑mcmbn-cp-∂p. ]n¬°m-
e-Øv, Im¥-]pcw F.-]n. A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿ Chn-sS Z¿kv \S-
Øn-bn-´p≠v.

21. tImfn-°¬ ]≈nZ¿kv

{]ap-J¿ ¢mkv \S-Ønb Z¿kp-I-fn-sem-∂mWv tImfn-°¬
]≈n-Z¿kv. Ip‰n-°m-´q¿ Cºn-Nymen apkven-bm¿ ChnsS hn⁄m\w
hnX-dnb ]fin-X∑ - m-cn¬ Hcm-fm-Wv. Im¥-]pcw A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-
bm¿ A∂v Chn-SsØ apX-A-√n-am-bn-cp-∂p. tijw, At±-lhpw
ChnsS apZ-cn-kmbn tkh\w sNbvXn-´p-≠v.
22. Xma-c-t»cn IS-hq¿ ]≈n-Z¿kv
Xma-ct- »-cn- `mKØv t]cv tI´ Z¿kp-If
- n-sem-∂m-bn-cp∂p IS-
hq¿ Ppam-a-kvPn-Zn¬ \S-∂p-h∂ Z¿kv. {]K¬`-cmb ]e ]fin-X-
∑mcpw ChnsS Z¿kv \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. _mJn-bm-Øn¬\n∂pw _ncpZw
t\Snh∂ ]md-∂q¿ C_vdmlow apkven-bm¿ BZy-ambn Z¿kv \S-
Øn-bXv Chn-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

24. Ip‰n-°m-´q¿ ]≈nZ¿kv

Cu `mKØv {]apJ Z¿kv \S∂ as‰mcp {]tZ-i-am-Wv Ip‰n-
°m-´q¿. ]e {][m-\n-Ifpw ChnsS ]Tn-°p-Ibpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXn-´p-≠v. aÆp-߬ apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿ \m´nse {]ap-I-\m-
sbmcp ]fin-X\ - m-bn-cp-∂p. At±-lØ
- ns‚ aI\pw {]apJ ]fin-X-
\p-amb Ip‰n-°m-´q¿ A–p¿d-“m≥ apkven-bm¿ IptdImew ChnsS
Z¿kv \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. At±-lØ - ns‚ injy-\mb Ip‰n-°m-´q¿ Cºn-
Nymen apkven-bm¿ Bbn-cp∂p ]n∂oSv h¿jß-tfmfw Chn-SsØ
apZ-cn-kv.
 Ipµ-aw-Kew ]≈n-Z¿kv, sImSn-b-Øq¿ ]≈n-Z¿kv, ]∂q¿
]≈n-Z¿kv XpSßn \mSn\p shfn®w ]I¿∂ thsdbpw A\-h[n
]≈n-Z¿kp-Iƒ Cu `mK-ßf - n¬ Db¿∂p-h∂
- n-´p-≠v. hen-sbmcp Xe-
ap-d°v ssh⁄m-\nI Zmlw Xo¿°p-∂X - n¬ \nc-¥c - a
- mbn hym]r-X-
am-b ÿm]-\ß - f- mbn-cp∂p Ah.
Cß-s\ t\m°p-tºm¬, \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zns‚ kl-]m-
Tn-Itfm injy-∑mtcm injy-∑m-cpsS injy-∑mtcm XpS-ßnb A\-
h[n ]≈n-Z¿kp-I-fmWv Cu `q{]-tZ-i-Øns‚ ssh⁄m-\nI
afiew kPo-ha- m-°n-bXv F∂Xv B¿°pw \njv]£w Is≠-Øm≥
Ign-bpw. DkvXmZv Xpd-∂p-sh-s®mcp ssh⁄m-\nI shfn-®-amWv
Ign™ \q‰m≠v apgp-s°bpw Cu \mSns\ apt∂m´p hgn-\S- Ø - n-bn-
cp-∂-Xv. C∂pw B Hcp shfn®w am{X-amWv Cu `mKsØ apkvenw
DΩ-Øn\v \n¿`bw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°m-\p-≈Xpw.
 `mKw A©v
BZ¿iapJw
 22

hnhm-Z-ß-fnse Ah-km\ hm°v

I¿a-imkv{X hnj-bß - f - n¬ AKm[ ⁄m\nbpw B[p-\nI
hnj-b-߃°v aX-hn[n Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn¬ Akm-[m-cW ]mShw
t\Snb hy‡nbpam-bn-cp∂p \mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zv. hnZqc Zn°p-I-
fn¬\n-∂p-hsc {]Xn-hn[n tXSn A\-h[n hnj-bß - ƒ DkvXm-Zns‚
apºn¬ h∂p. km[m-c-W-°m-scbpw Imc-W-h-∑m-scbpw t]mse-
]fin-X-∑mcpw CØcw hnj-b-hp-ambn AhnsS hcp-am-bn-cp-∂p.
DkvXmZv Ah-s°√mw bp‡hpw IrXy-hp-amb adp-]-Sn-Iƒ \¬In.
Ah¿ \¬In-bn-cp∂ adp-]-Sn-Iƒ Gsd hy‡hpw i‡-hp-am-bn-cp-
∂p. Hcp adp-Nn-¥°v AXn¬ Ah-kc - a
- p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXm-bn-cp∂p
]e-scbpw AhnsS°v BI¿jn-®n-cp-∂X - v.
P\-ß-fpsS aX-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ Hcp s]mXp tImS-Xn-bm-
bmbncp∂p DkvXm-Zv. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, tIc-f-Øns‚ ]e `mK-
ß-fnepw IØn∏-S¿∂ ]e aX-]c - a
- mb hnhm-Zß - ƒ°pw ]cn-ka - m]vXn
Ipdn-°s - ∏-´n-cp-∂Xv DkvXm-Zns‚ apºn-em-bn-cp-∂p. Cßs\ A\-h[n
kw`-h-߃ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. aX-]-c-amb hnj-b-ß-fn¬ c≠p hn`m-K-
߃ Xs‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw {]iv\Ø - ns‚ ht°m-fs - a-
Øn-°-gn-™m¬ ]ns∂, ]cn-lm-c-Øn-\mbn Ah¿ t\sc FØn-bn-
cp-∂Xv DkvXm-Zns‚ apºn-em-Wv. B[p-\n-Itam A√m-ØtXm F¥p-
Xs∂ hnj-b-am-I-s´, I¿a-imkv{X {KŸ-ß-fn¬\n∂pw DkvXmZv
AXn\p IrXy-amb adp-]S- n-Iƒ \¬In. tIc-fsØ ]nSn-®p-Ip-ep-°nb
Nne hnhm-Z-߃°p-hsc HSp-hn¬ ]cn-lm-c-am-bXv B Z¿_m-dn¬
sh®m-bn-cp-∂psh∂Xv Bscbpw Nn¥n-∏n-°p∂ hkvXp-Xb - mWv. A{X-
am{Xw IWn-ihpw InØm-_p-If - n¬ \n_-≤h - p-am-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zns‚
Xocp-am-\ß- ƒ. D®-`m-jn-Wn-t]m-se-bp≈ hnj-bß - f - n¬ tIc-fØ
- ns‚
aX-]fi- nX k`-bpsS HutZym-KnI Xocp-am-\w-t]mepw DkvXm-Zns‚
Xocp-am-\a - m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xv Hcp Ncn-{X-hk - vXp-Xb - m-Wv.
 tIc-fa
- p-ke
v nw Ncn-{X-Ønepw Nn¥-bnepw A{X-am{Xw thtcm-
Sn-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zns‚ ^XvhI - fpw akvA - e - I
- f
- pw. CØcw hoj-b-
ß-fpsS Hcp \o≠ \nc-Xs∂ ImWm-hp-∂X - m-Wv. D®-`m-jnWn hnhm-
Zw, A≈m-˛A - √m hnhm-Zw, Kh¨sa‚ v iºfw ]‰mtam F∂ hnhm-
Zw XpS-ßn-bh AXn¬ {][m-\a - m-bncp-∂p.

1. D®-`m-jn-Wnbpw Ncn{X{]kn-≤-amb ^Xvhbpw

1960 Ifn¬ tIc-f-Ønse aX-]-fin-X-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ NqtS-
dnb N¿®-Iƒ°v hgn-Xp-d∂ Hcp hnj-b-am-bn-cp∂p D®-`m-jnWn
AYhm ssat{Im-t^m¨ Ppap-A, JpYp_ t]mse-bp≈hbn¬ D]-
tbm-Kn-°mtam F∂-Xv. kv]o°¿ tIc-fØ - n-te°p IS-∂p-hc - n-Ibpw
hfsc hnc-fa - mb ]≈n-If- n¬ AXv D]-tbm-Kn-°s - ∏-´p-Xp-Sß- p-Ibpw
sNbvXn-cp∂ Ime-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. ]s£, ]c-º-cm-KX ]fin-X-
∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ CXns‚ D]-tbmKw i‡-amb kwhm-Z߃°v hgn-
Xpd-∂p. ]ecpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw ]ecpw \ncm-K-cn-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. F¶nepw i_vZØ - ns‚ apg°w h¿≤n-∏n-°p∂ Hcp D]-I-
cWw (ap-I-∫ndp kuØv) F∂ \ne°v AXns\Xnsc A`n-{]mbw
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-h¿ Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂n-cp-∂m-epw, HSp-hn¬ ka-
kvXb - n¬hsc tNcn-Xn-cn-hn\p CXv hgn Xpd-°p-Ib - p-≠m-bn.
D®-`m-jnWn D]-tbmKw almhnhm-Za - mbn IØn-∏S- ¿ - ∂ Cu
ImeØv tIc-fØ - n¬ Db¿∂p-tI´ Hcp \ma-am-bn-cp∂p \mc-It- »cn
DkvXm-Zn-t‚-Xv. ]fin-X-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ N¿®-Ifpw {]Xn-N¿®-Ifpw
\S∂ Cu hnj-b-Ønse Ah-km\ hm°v DkvXm-Zn-s‚-Xmbn amdn
F∂-XmWv CXnse Gsd A¬`p-X-I-c-amb kXyw. {]K¬`-cmb
]fin-X-∑m¿ H∂-S¶w DkvXm-Zns‚ ^Xvhsb icn-sh-°p-Ibpw
AXns\ HutZym-KnI Xocp-am-\a - mbn AKo-Ic - n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX Hcp
ImgvNb - mWv CXn-ep-≠m-bX - v.
sI.-sI. kzZ-J-Øp≈ auehn ka-kvX-bpsS {]kn-U‚m-
bn-cp∂ Ime-Øm-bn-cp∂p kw`-hw. 1966-˛67 h¿j-߃. Cu ka-b-
ØmWv D®-`mjnWn N¿® tIc-fØ - n¬ NqSp-]n-Sn-°p-∂X - .v AXn-\nsS
tImgn-t°mSv Ftf-‰n¬\n∂v Hcmƒ \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zns‚ apºn¬
h∂p. PpapA JpYp-_°v ssa°v D]-tbm-Kn-°mtam F∂Xn\v aX-
hn[n tNmZn-®p. DkvXmZv AXn-s\-°p-dn®v ]Tn-°p-Ibpw AXv D]-tbm-
Kn-°¬sIm≠v hntcm-[a- n-√m-sb∂v ^Xvh \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. tIc-
f-Øn-tesd N¿® sNø-s∏´ Hcp ^Xvhb - m-bn-cp∂p CXv.
 tIc-fØnse ]fin-X∑ - m¿ hnjbw apSn-\m-cn-g°v ]Tn-®p-sIm-
≠n-cp∂ t\cw. Bbn-sS-bmWv ka-kX v b- nepw CXn-s\-°p-dn®v ^Xvh
tXSn tNmZy-߃ hcp-∂-Xv. AXns\ XpS¿∂v ka-kvX-bnse
]finX∑mcpw C∆n-jb - I- a - mbn Kuch ]T-\ß - ƒ \S-Øn. Xma-kn-
bmsX apim-hd hnfn-°p-Ibpw ]q¿W-am-sbmcp ]cn-lm-c-Øn-\mbn
N¿® \S-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
apºv "A\p-h-Zo-\-b-sa∂v' C∆n-j-b-I-ambn ^Xvh \¬In
F∂ Imc-WØ - m¬ \mc-It- »cn DkvXmZv apim-hd- b - n-te°v {]tXyIw
£Wn-°s - ∏-´n-cp-∂p. IÆn-bØv DkvXm-Z,v kzZ-JØ - p≈ apkven-bm¿,
iwkp¬ Dea XpSßn {]K¬`-cmb A\-h[ - n-bm-fp-Iƒ tbmK-Øn¬
kw_-‘n-°p-∂p-≠.v \mc-It- »cn DkvXmZv AXn¬ hnj-ba- h - X- c
- n-∏n®p
kwkm-cn-®p. Xm≥ \¬Inb ^Xvh°v B[m-c-amb ^nJvlo `mK-
߃ At±lw hmbn®p tIƒ∏n-°p-Ibpw Bcm-[\ - I- f
- n¬ kv]o°¿
D]-tbm-Kn-°m-sa∂v I¿a-im-k{v Xw-sIm≠v sXfn-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
]fin-X-∑m¿ hnjbw Kuc-h-amb N¿®-°p-sh-®p. HSp-hn¬ \mc-I-
t»-cn-bpsS ^Xvh \qdp-iX - a- m\w icn-bm-sW∂v sFI-IW - T v ym\ Xocp-
am-\n-°s - ∏-Sp-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p.
1967 G{]n¬ F´n-\m-bn-cp∂p Cu kw`hw. IÆn-bØv DkvXm-
Zm-bn-cp∂p tbmK-≤y-£≥. _m¶v, JpYp_ F∂n-h-bn¬ euUv
kv]o°¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°mtam F∂ tNmZy-Øn\v Cu tbmK-tØmsS
]cn-lm-ca - m-bn. _m¶nepw JpYp-_b - nepw euUv kv]o°¿ D]-tbm-Kn-
°p-∂X - n\p bmsXmcp hntcm-[h - p-an-√m-sb∂v HutZym-KnI Xocp-am\w
h∂p. A∂sØ {]kn-U‚ v kzZ-JØ - p≈ apkven-bm¿ am{Xw AXn-
t\mSv hntbm-Pn∏v tcJ-s∏-SpØn. ]s£, sFtZym-KnI \nb-aa - \
- p-k-
cn-®v, `qcn-]£ - Ø - ns‚ Xocp-am\w ka-kvXb - psS Xocp-am-\a - mbn ]pd-
Øp-hcnIbpw sNbvXp.
CtXmsS hnjbw ]pXn-sbmcp hgn-Øn-cn-hn-te°p IS-°p-I-
bm-bn-cp-∂p. \mep Znhkw Ign-™-t∏mƒ (G-{]n¬ 13 mw XnøXn)
amXr-`qan ]{X-Øn¬ kzZ-JØ - p≈ apkven-bm-cp-sS-Xmbn Hcp hm¿Ø
h∂p. _m¶n\pw JpYp-_°pw euUv kv]o°¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°¬ A\p-
h-Z\- o-ba - s- √-∂m-bn-cp∂p AXns‚ Npcp-°w. CXv ka-kX v b- psS apsº-
SpØ HutZym-KnI Xocp-am-\Ø - n\v FXn-cm-bn-cp-∂p. ]fin-X∑ - m¿ PmK-
cq-Ic - m-bn. ASp-Øa - mkw sabv \memw XnøXn Ah¿ ho≠pw apim-
hd IqSn. {]kn-U‚ v kzZ-J-Øp≈ apkven-bm¿ Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p
A[y-£≥. N¿®-Iƒ \S-∂p. t\csØ Xocp-am-\s - Ø-°p-dn®v H∂p-
IqSn ]p\-cm-tem-N\ \S-ØW - s- a∂v tbmKw Xocp-am-\n-®p. AX-\p-k-
cnNv c≠p Znh-k-Øn\p tijw sabv Bdn\v apZm-°c ]≈n-bn¬
P\-d¬ t_mUn tbmKw sh®p. ]s£, tbmK-Øn¬ {]kn-U‚ v kzZ-
J-Øp≈ apkven-bm¿ ]s¶-Sp-Øn-√. ]I-cw, ka-kvX-bpsS k¿∆
ÿm\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw cmPn-sh-®-Xmbn At±lw Hcp IØv sImSp-
Ø-b-®p. t_∏p¿ Jmkn A“Zv tImb apkven-bm-cpsS A[y-£-X-
bn¬ tbmKw \S-∂p. IØv tbmK-Øn¬ hmbn-°s∏Sp-Ibpw Xocp-
am\w ASpØ apim-hdbnte°p hnSp-Ibpw sNbvXp. sabv 25 \v
sshkv {]kn-U‚ v Ab-\n-°mSv C_vdmlow apkven-bm-cpsS A[y-
£-Xb - n¬ apim-hd tN¿∂p. tbmK-Øn¬ {]kn-U‚ns‚ cmPn kzoI-
cn-°p-Ibpw IÆn-bØv DkvXm-Zns\ X¬ÿm-\-tØ°p {]kn-
U‚mbn sXc-s™-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ka-kX v b
- n¬\n∂pw ]pdØp
t]mb kzZ-J-Øp≈ apkven-bm¿ 1967 \hw-_¿ 24 \v h≠q¿ Ppap-
AØv ]≈n-bn¬ tbmKw tNcp-Ibpw "tIcf kwÿm\ PwC-øØ - p¬
Dea' cq]o-Ic - n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
\mc-I-t»-cn-bpsS ^Xvh ka-kvX-bpsS HutZym-KnI Xocp-
am-\a- mbn kzoI-cn-°s - ∏-SpIbm-bn-cp∂p tIc-fØ- nse euUv kv]o°¿
hnhm-Z-Øn¬ kw`-hn-®-Xv. A{X-am-{Xw, ]mfin-Xy-Øns‚ D∂X
tkm]m-\ß - f- n-em-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zns‚ Pohn-Xw. tIc-fØ - nse {]ap-
J-cmb k¿∆ ⁄m\n-Ifpw B ]mfin-XysØ am\n-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXn-cp-∂p. ]n¬°m-eØpw ]e-cp-ambpw DkvXmZv euUv kv]o°¿
hnjbw N¿® sNbvXn-´p-≠v. ]ecpw apt≠m´v Z¿kn¬ AXv N¿®
sNøm-\mbn hcp-Ibpw sNøp-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXv tIhew apI-∫ndp
kuØv (i-_vZ-Øns‚ apg°w h¿≤n-∏n-°p∂ D]-I-c-Ww) am{X-am-
sW-∂m-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zns‚ hmZw. Npcp-°Ø - n¬, euUv kv]o°¿
hnhm-ZØ - n¬ kakvX FSpØ Xocp-am-\Ø - n\p ]n∂nse Hcp \n¿Wm-
bI LS-Ia - m-bn-cp∂p \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zv.

2. Hcp YemJv hnhmZØns‚ IY

\mc-It- »cn DkvXmZv Jmko ÿm\w hln-®n-cp∂ c≠p {]tZ-
i-ß-fmWv ]p≈-\qcpw Xe-s∏-cp-aÆbpw. sNdp-]p-g-bpsS Ccp-h-i-
ß-fn-embn ÿnXn sNøp∂ ASpØ {]tZ-i-ß-fm-Wn-Xv. Chn-S-ß-
fnse aX-]c - a
- mb k¿∆ {]iv\ß - ƒ°pw Bfp-Iƒ kao-]n-®n-cp-∂Xv
DkvXm-Zn-s\-bm-Wv. hnhm-l-ßfpw \nIm-lp-I-fp-am-bn-cp∂p AXn¬
{][m-\s- ∏´h. Cu `mK-ßf - nse hnhm-lß
- s
- f√mw DkvXm-Zns‚ Im¿an-
I-Xz-Øn-emWv A∂v \S-Øs - ∏-´n-cp-∂X - v.
Hcn-°¬ Hcp kw`-ha - p-≠m-bn. ]p≈-\q¿ {]tZ-iØv t\csØ
hnhml tamNn-X-bmb Hcp kv{XobpsSbpsS IpSpw_w Ah-fpsS
c≠mw hnhm-lh - p-ambn _‘-s∏´v DkvXm-Zns‚ apºn¬ h∂p. Jmkn
F∂ \ne°v DkvXm-ZmWv hnhmlw sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂-
Xv. At±lw Imcy-ßs - f√mw tNmZn-®p-a\ - - n-em-°n. c£n-Xm-°f - psS
kΩ-X-{]-Imcw Ahsf as‰m-cmƒ°v hnhmlw sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-°p-
Ibpw sNbvXp. Xs‚ Jmko hnem-bØ - n¬s]´ Xe-s∏-cp-aÆ - ° - m-c-
\m-bn-cp∂p c≠mw `¿Øm-hv. Zº-Xn-Iƒ hoSv IqSn Znh-k-߃ Ign-
™p-t]m-bn.
Bbn-sS-bmWv Hma-t»-cn-°m-c\ - mb BZy-`¿Ømhv {]iv\ß - -
fp-ambn cwK-sØ-Øn-bX - v. Xm≥ Ahsf Hgn-hm-°n-bn-´n-s√∂pw AXn-
\m¬ Ah-fpsS c≠mw hnhmlw km[p-hs - √∂pw Abmƒ {]N-cn-∏n-
®p. Xma-kn-bmsX, Imcyw \m´n-emsI N¿®-bm-bn. YemJns\°pdn®
kwkm-cß - ƒ AßmSn apX¬ ASp-°f hsc {]N-cn-®p. \nIm-ln\v
t\XrXzw \¬Inb hy‡n-sb∂ \ne°v DkvXmZv CXn¬ Hcp {][m\
LS-Ia - m-bn-cp-∂p. BZy- `¿Ømhv \m´nse Imc-Wh - ∑- msc kzm[o-\n-
°p-Ibpw hnjbw Hcp henb {]iv\-ambn IpØn-s∏m-°m≥ {iaw
\S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. HSp-hn¬ Hcp kwLw \nIm-lns‚ km[p-Xbpw
\ymbhpw tXSn DkvXm-Zns‚ apºn¬ h∂p. X\n°p e`n® sXfn-hp-
I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Ønepw kv{Xo \¬Inb samgn-I-fpsS shfn-®-
Ønepw Xm≥ sNbvX \nImlv km[p-hm-sW∂v DkvXmZv ka¿∞n-
®p. ]s£, AXv Ah¿ AwKo-Ic - n-°m≥ Xøm-dm-bn-√. hnjbw Fß-
s\-sb-¶nepw Cf-°W - s - a-∂X - m-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS e£yw.
DkvXm-Zn\p Imcyw ]nSn-In-´n. Ch¿ X¿°n-°m≥ h∂-Xm-
sW∂v t_m[y-s∏´t∏mƒ DkvXmZv Ah-tcmSv ]d™p:
""CXv ^nJvlnse akvA - e - m-]c - a- mb Hcp hnj-ba - m-Wv. AXv
\n߃°v a\- n-em-In-√. BXpsIm≠pX-s∂, \nß-tfmSv F\n°v
kwkm-c-an-√. Bb-Xn-\m¬, CsX√mw Xncn-bp∂ Hcp ]fin-Xs\
\nß-fpsS `mK-Øp-\n∂pw sIm≠p-hc - n-I. Rm≥ sNbvX \nIm-lns‚
\ymbw Rm≥ Abmƒ°p ]d™v t_m[y-s∏-SpØns°m-Sp-°mw.''
BK-X¿ AXv kΩ-Xn-®p. kzZ-J-Øp√ apkven-bmsc
sIm≠p-h-cm-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS {]Xn-I-c-Ww. F¶n¬ Xm\pw
hcm-sa∂v DkvXmZv kΩXw aqfn. ASpØ sh≈n-bmgvN Znh-kw;
Pap-A°p tijw; Xs‚ Jmko ]cn-[n-bn¬s]´ Xe-s∏-cp-aÆ ]≈n-
bn¬sh®v Ccp-hn-`m-KØ - n\pw kw_-‘n°mw F∂m-bn-cp∂p Xocp-am-
\w. AX-\p-kc - n®v Ccp-hcpw ]ncn-™p.
hnhcw \m´n-emsI {]N-cn-®p. \mc-I-t»-cnbpw kzZ-J-Øp√
apkven-bmcpw Yem°v hni-Zo-Ic - Ww \S-Øp-∂p-sh-∂m-bn-cp∂p {]N-
c-Ww.
ASpØ sh≈n-bmgvN Znh-kw. hnh-ca - d
- n-™, _‘p°fpw
A√m-Ø-h-cp-amb hen-sbmcp P\m-h-en-Xs∂ Xe-s∏-cp-aÆ ]≈n-
bn¬ XSn-®p-Iq-Sn. \mc-It- »cn DkvXmZv t\c-sØ-Øs∂ th≠-s∏´
Nne-bm-fp-Is- fbpw Iq´n ]≈n-bn-se-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. PpapA \nkvImcw
Ign-™p. P\-ßs - f√mw ]≈n-bpsS apºn¬ \nc-∂p. DkvXmZv AXp\p
\Sp-hn-epw. F√m-hcpw \mc-It- »-cn-bpsS hni-Zo-Ic - Ww tIƒ°m-\mbn
ImtXm¿°p-Ib - m-Wv. AXn-\nsS Nne Imc-Wh - ∑ - m¿ DkvXm-Zn-t\mSv
\nIm-lns‚ \ymbw tXSn.
""FhnsS \n߃ sIm≠p-h-cm-sa∂v G‰ kzZ-J-Øp≈
apkven-bm¿? F\n°v At±-l-tØmtS kwkm-c-ap-≈q. Rm≥ AXn-
\p-th≠n am{X-amWv Ctßm´p h∂-Xpw.'' DkvXmZv ]d-™p. Ah-
cpsS tNmZy-ßt- fmSv {]Xn-Ic - n-®t- X-bn-√.
kzZ-JØ - p√ apkven-bm¿ h∂n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Imc-Wh - ∑- m¿
Xs∂ NXn-®X - m-sW∂v t_m[y-s∏´ DkvXmZv £a-tbmsS Ahn-sS-
\n∂pw Cd-ßn-t∏m-∂p.
Znhk߃ Ign-™p-t]m-sb-¶nepw Cu {]iv\w sI´-S-ßn-
bn-√. \m\m `mK-ß-fnepw ]e \ne°pw AXv ]pI-™p-sIm-≠n-cp-
∂p. Hcp hni-Zo-Ic - W ktΩ-f\w A\n-hm-cy-am-sW∂v DkvXmZv a\-
n-em-°n. AXns‚bSn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ Hcp Znhkw \n›-bn-°p-Ibpw
Imcyw \m´n-emsI {]N-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ip∆-°≠n sambvXo≥
tImb lmPn-bmWv CXv \n¿h-ln-®n-cp-∂X - .v At±lw Xs‚ ssk°n-
fn¬ k©-cn®v \mSp-\osf t\m´okv ]Xn-®p.
]p≈-\q¿ R≠m-Sn ]≈n-bpsS ]cn-kc - Ø- p-sh-®mWv ]cn-]mSn
Xocp-am-\n-®n-cp-∂X - .v AXn-\nsS DkvXmZv hmg-°mSv t]mbn Xs‚ Kpcp-
h-cy-\mb IÆn-bØv DkvXm-Zns\ ]cn-]m-Sn-bn-te°p £Wn-®p. Imcy-
ß-sf√mw hni-Zo-Ic - n-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \mc-It- »-cn-bpsS
^Xvh icn-bm-sW-∂-Xn¬ At±-l-Øn\pw bmsXmcp kwi-bhpw
D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂, At±lw £Ww kzoI-cn-®p.
\n›nX Znhkw h∂W™p. IÆn-bØv DkvXmZv t\c-sØ-
Øs∂ ÿe-sØ-Øn. \mc-It- »-cn-bpsS ho´n-te-°mWv t\sc IS-
∂p-h-∂-Xv. aKvcn-_n\p tij-am-bn-cp∂p ]cn-]m-Sn. AXn-\m¬ AXp-
hsc AhnsS Ign-®p-Iq-´n. IÆn-bØv DkvXmZv Xß-fpsS ho´n¬
h∂Xpw Xma-kn-®Xpw DkvXm-Zns‚ a°ƒ°v C∂pw Hm¿a-bn-ep-≠v.
IÆn-bØv DkvXm-Zn\v hpfq FSp-°m≥ sh≈-sam-gn-®p-sIm-Sp-ØX - p-
hsc Ah¿ C∂se Ign-™X - p-t]mse Hm¿sØ-Sp-°p-∂p.
A∂v ho´n¬\n-∂mWv Ccp-hcpw \nkvI-cn-®-Xv. \nkvIm-c-
Øn¬ ^mXnl HmXsh DkvXm-Zn\v sNdn-sbmcp hkvhmkv A\p-`-
h-s∏-´p. ClvZn-\- zn-dm-Y¬ apkvXJow F∂Xv Bh¿Øn®v HmXn.
CXp-tI´ IÆn-bØv tNmZn-®t{X: F¥n\m A_q-_I - vtd, Cßs\
Bh¿Øn-°p-∂sX-∂.v
kabw Aßs\ IS-∂p-t]m-bn. Bbn-sS-bmWv Xe-s∏-cp-aÆ
\n∂pw Hcp kwLw IS-∂p-h∂ - X - v. IÆn-bØv DkvXm-Zn\v Cu hnj-
b-Ia- mb hnh-cW- ß- f- S- ß
- p∂ `¿Xr-]£ - Ø- ns‚ IØv \¬Im-\m-
bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS hc-h.v Ahsc I≠-am-{X-bn¬ IÆn-bØv DkvXmZv
tNmZn®p:
""Bcm-WXv?''
""R߃ Xe-s∏-cp-aÆ - b - n¬\n∂pw hcn-Ib- m-Wv.''
""F¥m Imcyw?''
""DkvXm-Zn-s\-sbm∂v ImWm≥...''
""Fs∂ ImWm-t\m... Fs∂ ImW-W-sa-¶n¬ Ctßm-´√
htc-≠-Xv. hmg-°mSmWv Fs‚ Hm^o-kv. Atßm´v hcn-I. Rm≥
ChnsS Hcp Imcy-Øn-\p-th≠n h∂-Xm-Wv.''
IÆn-bØv DkvXm-Zns‚ Kuchw Ie¿∂ i_vZw tI´v h∂-
h¿ Xcn-®p-t]m-bn. sIm≠p-h∂ IØp-t]mepw ssIam-dmsX Ah¿
thKw ÿew hn´p.
aKvcn-_ns‚ ka-ba - m-bt- ∏m-tg°pw R≠m-Snbpw ]cn-kc - hpw
Bfp-I-sf-s°m≠v \nd-™n-cp-∂p. Hma-t»-cn-\n∂pw Xe-s∏-cp-a-Æ-
bn¬\n∂pw h∂ h≥ P\m-he - n.
aKvcn_v \nkvImcw Ign-™-tXmsS \mc-I-t»-cnbpw IÆn-
bØpw thZn-bn-te°v IS-∂p-h∂ - p. ]≈n-°S- pØv ac-∏e-IIƒsIm≠v
sI´n-bp-≠m-°nbXmbn-cp∂p tÃPv. thZn-bn¬ a‰m-cp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-
√. Bscbpw ImØp-\n-∂Xpan-√. "F∂m¬ XpS-ßn-t°m-fq...'' IÆn-
bØv DkvXm-Zns‚ Blzm-\w. \mc-I-t»cn Fgp-t∂-‰p-\n∂v Xs‚
{]`m-jWw Bcw-`n-®p. {]iv\w hfsc Npcp°n hnh-cn-®p-sIm-≠m-bn-
cp∂p At±-lØ - ns‚ Bcw-`w. "H∂v sXfn-bn®v ]d-bq...' IÆn-bØv
DkvXmZv CS-s]-´p. CtXmsS \mc-It- »cn CXp-hsc \S∂ kw`-hß - -
sf√mw hni-Zo-I-cn-®p. Hma-ti-cn-bn-te-°p≈ hnhm-l-sØ-°p-dn®pw
]n∂o-Sp-≠mb c≠mw hnhm-l-sØ-°p-dn®pw ]d-™p. tijw, ^X-
lp¬ apCus‚ C_m-d-Øp-Iƒ hmbn®v Hcp Jmkn F∂ \ne°v
Xm≥ sNbvXXv id-C\v A\p-tbm-Py-am-sW∂v ka¿∞n-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. GXp km[m-cW - °- m-c\pw a\- n-em-Ipw-hn-[a- m-bn-cp∂p A∂v
DkvXm-Zns‚ {]`m-j-Ww. Hcp kv{Xo h∂v Xm≥ \nIm-ln¬\n∂pw
C±-bn¬\n∂pw Hgn-hm-bn-´p-s≠∂v ]d-bp-Ibpw (A\ Jen-ø-Øp≥
an\ ∂n°mln h¬ C±-Øn) Jmkn°v AXv t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Ibpw
sNbvXm¬ Jmkn°v Ahsf hnhmlw sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-°¬ A\p-hZ- -
\o-ba - mWv F∂ C_m-dØv hmbn-®mWv DkvXmZv Cu akvA - e hni-
Zo-Ic- n-®n-cp-∂X - v.
km[m-cW - °
- m-cpsS a\- nse kwi-bhpw sX‰n-≤m-cW - bpw
AI-‰-s∏-Sm≥am{Xw kv^pShpw hy‡-hp-am-bn-cp∂p B hni-Zo-I-c-
Ww. kwkmcw Gsd t\cw \o≠p-t]m-bn-√. Imcyw F√m-h¿°pw
t_m[y-am-sb∂v tXm∂n-bt- ∏m-tg°pw IÆn-bØv DkvXmZv ]d™p:
A{X aXn; C\n \n¿Øm-sa-∂v...
At∏m-tg°pw Hcp Nm‰¬ ag hs∂-Øn. DkvXmZv {]`m-jWw
\n¿Øn. P\-{]-hmlw At∏mgpw Ah-km-\n-®n-cp-∂n-√. ag s]bvX-
tXmsS F√m-hcpw ]ncn-™p. hnhm-lØ - n\p ]n∂nse kXym-hÿ
F√m-h¿°pw t_m[y-am-bn. kwi-bß - ƒ \oßn. Xm≥ ]d-bp-∂X - n\p
Xs‚ Kpcp-hns‚IqSn AwKo-Im-c-ap-s≠∂v P\-ßsf t_m[y-s∏-Sp-
Øm-\mWv DkvXmZv IÆn-bØ - ns\ sIm≠p-h∂ - n-cp-∂X - .v kw`hw Ign-
™-tXmsS P\-߃°Xv icn°pw t_m[y-am-bn. ]n∂oSv Hcmfpw
C∆n-jb - I
- a
- mbn {]iv\ß - f- p-≠m-°m≥ cwK-Øp-h∂ - n-´n-√. B hnhmZw
AtXmsS Fs∂-t∂-°p-ambn Ah-km-\n-®p. sXm´-SpØ h¿jw ]cn-
k-cØ- p-sh®v \S∂ Hcp {]`m-jW - Ø
- nepw DkvXmZv CXv hni-Zo-Ic - n-
°p-Ib - p-≠m-bn.

3. Ad_n ap≥jnbpw PpapA JpYp-_bpw

k¿°m¿ iºfw A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amtWm F∂-XmWv tIc-f-
Øn¬ Ign™ Ime apkvenw ]fin-X∑ - m¿°n-Sb
- n¬ \S∂ Kuc-h-
X-ca
- mb N¿®-If
- n-sem-∂v. k¿°m¿ iºfw ]‰p∂ hy‡n JpYp_
\n¿h-ln-®m¬ km[p-hm-Iptam? Cam-aØv \n∂m¬ XpS-cm≥ ]‰ptam?
XpS-ßn km[m-cW Pohn-Xh - p-ambn _‘-s∏´ A\-h[n hnj-bß- ƒ
Ah¿ Bg-Øn¬ At\z-jn-°p-Ibpw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-
cp-∂p.
]p√mc AlvaZv Ip´n apkven-bm¿ Xe-s∏-cp-aÆ ]≈n-Z¿knev
apZ-cn-kmbn tkh\w sNøp∂ Imew. sI.-hn. tambn≥ Ip´n apkven-
bm-cm-bn-cp∂p Ahn-SsØ Jmkn. At±l-Øn\p ]I-c-ambn Nne-
t∏mƒ aI≥ sI.-hn. A–p¿d-“m≥ apkven-bm¿ AhnsS JpYv_
\n¿h-ln-°m≥ hcm-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. k¿°m¿ iºfw ]‰p∂ Ad_n
ap≥jn-bmbn tPmen sNøp-Ib - m-bn-cp∂p At±lw A∂v.
CXv henb hnj-b-am-bn. Hcp ]‰w CXn-s\-Xnsc Xncn-™p.
k¿°m¿ iºfw ]‰p∂ hy‡n JpYp_ \n¿∆-ln-°p-∂Xv km[p-h-
s√∂v ]p√mc AlvaZv Ip´n apkven-bm¿ ^Xvh \¬In. CtXmsS
{]iv\w IØn-∏S- ¿∂p. F√m-bn-SØpw N¿®-bm-bn.
HSp-hn¬ hnjbw \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zns‚ ASp-sØ-Øn. hni-
Zo-Ic- W ktΩ-f\w kwL-Sn-∏n-°s - ∏-´p. Icp-hs - ºm-bn¬ amtXm-eØm-
bn-cp∂p ktΩ-f\ - w. h≥ P\m-hen XSn-®p-Iq-Sn. \mc-It- »-cn-bm-bn-cp∂p
apJy-{]-`m-jI - ≥. tÃPn¬ sI.-hn. A–p¿d-“m≥ apkven-bm-cp-ap-≠m-
bn-cp-∂p. \mc-It- »cn {]kwKw XpS-ßn. k¿°m¿ iºfw ip_vlØv
apX-em-sW∂pw C∂sØ kml-Nc - y-Øn¬ thsd hgn-If - n-√mØXn-
\m¬ AXv ]-tbm-Kn-°¬sIm≠v hntcm-[a - n-s√∂pw At±lw ÿm]n-
®p.
k¿°m-dn\p ]Ww In´p-∂Xv {][m-\-ambpw c≠p hgn-I-fn-
eq-sS-bm-W.v H∂v, P\-ßf - n¬\n∂pw CuSm-°p∂ \nIp-Xn-bn-\Ø - n¬.
as‰m-∂v, hml-\ß - ƒ t]mtem-Øh - b - n¬\n∂v hmS-Ib - mbn In´p-∂-
Xv. CXn¬ BZy-tØSv am{X-amWv \njn-≤a - m-hp-I. P\-ßf - psS Xm¬]-
cy-an-√msX Ahcn¬\n∂pw \n¿_-‘-]q¿hw CuSm-°p∂ ]W-am-
Wt√m AXv. F∂m¬, c≠m-at- ØXv A\p-hZ- \ - o-ba
- m-Wv. Imc-Ww,
k¿°m-dns‚ km[-\ß - ƒ D]-tbm--Kn-°p-∂X - n\v P\-߃ \¬Ip∂
hmS-Ib - m-WX - .v At∏mƒ, k¿°m¿ Poh-\° - m¿°v e`n-°p∂ iºfw
Ch c≠n¬\n-∂p-am-hm≥ km[y-X-bp-≠v. \nIp-Xn-bn-\-Øn¬\n-s∂-
∂- t ]m- s e- Ø s∂ hmS- I - b n¬\n- ∂ p- a mhmw. AXn- \ m¬, CXv
ip_vlØv apX-em-Wv. \√ hgn-bn¬\n-∂m-hm\pw km[y-X-bp-≠v.
AXpsIm-≠p-Xs - ∂, C¥y-t]m-temØ Hcp cmPyØv AXv A√m-ØXv
e`n-°¬ {]bm-ka - m-hp-Ibpw AXn¬\n∂pw AI-∂p-\¬°¬ _p≤n-
ap-´m-hp-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ ip_vlØv apX¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°¬sIm≠v
sX‰n√. \mc-It- »cnbpsS hni-Zo-Ic - Ww Aß-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂p. C\n
Aß-s\-b√m-Ø-]-£w, k¿°m-dns‚ tdj≥, tdmUv t]mse-
bp≈hsbm∂pw \ap°v D]-tbm-Kn-°¬ A\p-hZ- \ - o-ba - s- √∂phcpw.
AXv icn-b-√. Bb-Xn-\m¬, ip_vlØv F∂ \ne°v iºfw
hm߬sIm≠v sX‰n-s√∂v ]dbmw. At±lw ka¿∞n-®p. CtXmsS
{]iv\w Xo¿∂p. sI.-hn.-s°-Xn-sc-bp≈ Bt£-]hpw amdn.
CXn-t\mSv kam-\-am-sbmcp kw`hw ]p≈-\q¿ Ipgn-a-Æn¬
]≈n-tbmS\p-_-‘n®pw kw`-hn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Ipgn-a-Æn¬ Ben
lmPn-bpsS aI≥ sambvXo≥ tImb amÃ-dmWv AhnsS Iptd Imew
Cam-ambn \n∂n-cp-∂X
- v. At±lw Hma-t»cn kvIqƒ A[ym-]I - \
- m-bn-
cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs- ∂, sNdn-sbmcp kwLw At±-lØ - n-s\-Xnsc
Xncn-™p. Kh¨sa‚ v iºfw ]‰p-∂X - n-\m¬ At±-lsØ XpS-cm≥
]‰n-s√∂v Ah¿ {]N-cn-∏n-®p. da-Zm≥ Ccp-]-Øn-tb-gn\p c≠p Pam-
AØv \S-°p∂ Ahÿ hsc h∂p. {]iv\w \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zn-
\-Sp-sØ-Øn. R≠mSn ]≈n-°S- pØpsh®v At±lw CXv hni-Zo-I-
cn-®p. k¿°m¿ iºfw hmßp-∂X - p-sIm≠p hntcm-[a- n-s√∂pw AXv
hmßp-∂-hsc \nkvIm-c-Øn¬ ]n¥p-S-c¬sIm≠v Ipg-∏-an-s√∂pw
At±lw hy‡-am-°n. CtXmsS B {]iv\hpw sI´-Sß - n.

4. A≈m-˛-A√m hnhmZw
\mc-I-t»cn DkvXmZv _‘-s∏-´n-cp∂ as‰mcp hnhm-Z-am-bn-
cp∂p A≈m-˛-A√m hnhm-Zw. ]Xn A–p¬ JmZn¿ apkven-bm-cmWv
Cu hnhmZw ae-_m-dn-te°p sIm≠p-hc - p-∂X- .v A≈mlp F∂ Pem-
e-Øns‚ Ckvans\ tIc-fa- p-ke v nw-Iƒ km[m-cW D®-cn-°p∂ t]mse
fmZns‚ i–-Øn¬ D®-cn-®p-h-cp-∂Xv icn-b-s√∂pw AhnsS emw
BWv D≈Xv F∂-Xn-\m¬ e bpsS i–-Øn\p am‰w hcmsX thWw
AXns\ X^vJow sNø¬ F∂pambn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ hmZw.
AXn\p Ign-bm-Ø-h¿ emans‚ D®m-c-W-Øn¬ A√mlp F∂p-X-
s∂-bmWv ]d-tb-≠Xv F∂v At±lw ka¿∞n-®p. Xs‚ Kpcp Hm®nd
apl-ΩZv apkven-bm-cn¬\n-∂mWv At±-lØ - n\p Cu hmZw e`n-®n-cp-
∂-Xv. 1958-˛59 Ime-ßf - n-em-bn-cp∂p kw`-hw.
JpYp_n apl-ΩZv apkven-bm-c-S°w ae-_m-dnse ]fin-X-
∑m-sc√mw ]c-ºc - m-KX
- a - mbn ]d-™p-hc - p-∂t- ]m-se- A≈mlp F∂p-
X-s∂-bmWv ]d-tb-≠Xv F∂v hmZn-®p. iwkp¬ De-a-bmWv ]Xn-
s°-Xnsc i‡-ambn cwKØv h∂n-cp-∂-Xv. sI.-hn. A–p¿d-“m≥
apkven-bmcpw \mc-It- »cn DkvXmZpw Cu hmZ-hp-ambn ]n∂n-ep-≠m-
bncp∂p. C∆n-jb - I - a- mbn Bg-Øn¬ ]Tn® \mc-It- »cn ]Xn-bp-ambn
kwhm-ZØ- n-\p-hsc Xøm-dm-bn. ]´n-°m-´p-sh®v kwkm-cn°mw F∂m-
bn-cp∂p Xocp-am-\w. ]s£, ]Xnbpw kwLhpw FØm-Ø-Xn-\m¬
kwhmZw \S-°msX t]mbn. 1959 ¬ ]Xn acn-®tXmsS ae-_m-dn¬
Cu hmZw Ip‰n-b‰ - p-t]m-hp-Ib
- pw sNbvXp.
tIcfNcn-{X-Øn¬ Gsd hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z-ßfpw aX-]-c-amb
N¿®-Ifpw \S-∂n-cp∂ Ime-am-bn-cp-∂p-ht√m 1950-˛60 Ime-߃. Ch-
bn-se√mw a‰p {]apJ ]fin-X∑ - m-tcm-sSm∏w \nd-™p\n∂ Hcp alm-
km-∂n-[y-am-bn-cp∂p \mc-I-t»cn DkvXmZv F∂v CXv hy‡-am-°p-
∂p.
 23

kwhm-Z-thZnIfnse knwl-K¿÷\w
kp∂-Øp-Pa - m-AØ
- p-ambn _‘-s∏´ hn-jb - ß- f - n¬ _nZ-C-
Iƒs°-Xn-sc-bp≈ knwl-K¿÷-\h - p-am-bn-cp∂p \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-
Zv. AØcw hnj-b-ß-fn¬ AKm-[-amb Ignhpw ]mfin-Xy-hp-am-bn-
cp∂p At±-lØ - n-\v. ]d-hÆ - , ^fv^c - n, IÆn-bØv t]mse-bp-≈h - -
cpsS Kpcp-Xzw-Xs∂ At±lsØ Cu taJ-eb - n¬ \nkvXp-e\ - m-°n.
Ah-cn¬\n∂pw At±lw B¿Pn-s®-SpØ hn⁄m\w ka-{K-Xb - psS
alm-Z¿i-\ß - f - m-bn-cp-∂p. BcpsS apºnepw kXy-k‘ - a - mbn Ah
Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°m\pw Xß-fpsS hmZ-߃ ÿm]n-°m\pw AXp-sIm-≠p-
X-s∂, At±-lØ - n\p \njv{]-bmkw km[n-®p.
\mSp-\osf _nZ-CI - ƒ Xß-fpsS ]pØ≥hm-Zß - f - p-ambn cwK-
Øn-dß - nb Imew. hnin-jym, 1945 apX¬ 1970 hscbp≈ Ime-߃.
Cusbmcp L´-Øn¬ hlm-_n-kØn\pw Pam-AØ - n-\p-sa-Xnsc i‡-
ambn cwK-Øp-h∂ Hcp alm hy‡n-Xz-am-bn-cp∂p \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-
Zv. {][m-\-ambpw tImgn-t°mSv Pn√-bm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ X´-
Iw. Cusbmcp Ime-b-f-hn¬ Pn√-bpsS ap°p-aq-e-I-fn¬ kp∂Øv
Pam-AØ - ns\ {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂X - nepw AXn\v i‡-amb thcv \¬Ip-
∂-Xnepw At±-lØ - n-\p≈ ]¶v A\n-tj-[y-am-Wv. \cn-°p\n apX¬
ap°w hscbpw Xma-ct- »cn apX¬ IpµawK-ew-hs - c-bp-ap≈ Hcp hnim-
e-amb `qan-Ib - n¬ kp∂Øv Pam-AØ - ns‚ Bi-bm-Z¿i-߃ C∂p
ImWp-∂-t]mse \ne-\n¿Øp-∂Xn\p ]n∂n¬ {]h¿Øn® Hcp
\nkzm¿∞-\mb {]Xn-`-bm-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. ]d-hÆ aplvbn-±o≥
Ip´n apkven-bm¿, dio-Zp-±o≥ aqk apkven-bm¿, hmWn-b-ºew
A–p¿d-“m≥ apkven-bm¿, ]Xn A–p¬ JmZn¿ apkven-bm¿ XpS-
ßn-bh - s- c-t∏mse kp∂Øv Pam-AØv hnj-bß - f- n¬ AKm-[a - mb
Xm¬]-cy-tØm-sSbpw ]mfin-Xy-tØm-sSbpw kPo-ha - mbn tim`n-®p-
\n∂p At±lw Xs‚ Pohn-Xm-¥y-Øn-ep-S-\o-fw. as‰mcp coXn-bn¬
]d-™m¬, hen-sbmcp `qan-Ib - psS Ckvem-anI \thm-∞m\ \mb-
I-\m-bn-cp∂p At±lw.
kwhmZ thZn-If - n¬ A°m-eØv \nd-™p-\n-∂n-cp∂ iwkp¬
De-a, C.-sI. lk≥ apkven-bm¿, kzZ-J-Øp√ apkven-bm¿, ]Xn
XpS-ßnb k¿K-[\ - c- mb ]fin-X∑ - m-tcm-sSm∏w At±-lhpw kPo-h-
ambn cwK-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. tIc-fØ - nse t]cp-tI´ A\-h[n kwhm-
Z- thZn-Ifn¬ Ah-tcm-sSm∏w DkvXm-Zpw ]s¶-Sp-Øp. ]e-Xnepw hnj-
b-ah- X
- c
- n-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]e-Xnepw akvA - e - I
- ƒ \n¿≤m-cWw sNøp∂
kPoh km∂n-[y-ambn \ne-sIm-≈p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ch-cn¬
]e¿°pw akvA - e - I- ƒ l√v sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-°m≥ am{Xw ka-{Khpw
kº-∂h - p-am-bn-cp∂p At±-lØ - ns‚ ⁄m\w. tNmZn®pw ]Tn®pw ]c-
kv]cw N¿® sNbvXp-amWv Ah¿ kwhmZ thZn-If - n-te°p t]mbn-cp-
∂-Xpw. \∑≠ kwhm-Zw, ]q\q¿ kwhm-Zw, tXh¿]-dºv kwhm-Zw,
Icp-h-tºm-bn¬ Jfi-\w, samtbm-´-°-Shv Jfi\w, Ipµ-aw-Kew
kwhmZw XpS-ßn-bh AXn¬ {][m-\a - m-Wv.

]pØqcn¬ hlm-_n-kØ - ns‚ DZbw

]p≈-\q¿, apt≠m-´v, \S-Ω¬t]m-bn¬ {]tZ-i-ß-tfmSv
tN¿s∂m-gp-Ip∂ sNdp-]p-gb - psS Xoc-߃°v ]pØ-\m-ib - °- m-cp-ambn
\S∂ A\-h[n kwhm-Zß - f - psSbpw Jfi-\ß - f- p-sSbpw IY ]d-bm-
\p-≠v. Hcp ImeØv tIc-f-Ønse {]ap-J-cmb ]fin-X-∑m¿ kwK-
an® hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Zß - ƒ Cu Xoc-ßf - nemWv kPo-ha - mbn \S-∂n-cp-∂-
Xv. h≥ P\-_m-lpeywsIm≠v ho¿∏p-ap-´n-bn-cp∂p A∂v Cu ]pg-°-
c-Iƒ. Icp-hs - ºm-bn-¬ {]tZ-itØmSv tN¿∂p InS-°p∂ samtbm-´-
°-Sh- ,v amtZm-eØ - p-IS- h
- ,v \S-Ω¬ IShv XpS-ßn-bh - b- m-bn-cp∂p A∂v
kwhm-Zß - ƒsIm≠v {]kn≤n t\Sn-b {]tZ-iß - ƒ.
1921 \p tijw tIc-f-Øn¬ _nZCu I£n-I-fpsS i‡-
amb Ac-t߉w kw`-hn-°p-Ib - p-≠m-bn. Hcp-\n-e°s√¶n¬ as‰mcp
\ne°v AXns‚ Ae-sbm-en-Iƒ Ime-߃°p tijw Cusbmcp
\m´nepw apg-ßp-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu \mSn\p shfn®w \¬Inb AtX
]cn-kc - ß
- f - n¬\n-∂p-Xs - ∂-bmWv ChnsS°p Ccp´v IS-∂p-h∂ - X- p-sa-
∂-XmWv Chn-SsØ Gsd hntcm-[m-`m-kI - c
- a
- mb Hcp hkvXp-X. Icp-
h-sºm-bn¬, ]pØq¿, Hma-t»cn XpS-ßnb {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ]pØ-\m-
i-b-°m¿ IS-∂p-h-cp-∂-Xn\p ]n∂nse `oI-c-amb kXy-ß-fmWv
ChnsS A\m-hc - Ww sNø-s∏-tS-≠X - v.
Cu `mK-ß-fn¬ Ckvem-anI \thm-∞m-\-Øn\p t\XrXzw
\¬Inb alm ]fin-X-∑mcn-sem-cmfm-bn-cp∂pht√m {_n´ojv Ic-
ß-fm¬ sh√q¿ Pbn-en¬ AS-°s - ∏´ ]me-°mw-sXm-SpI A_q-_Iv¿
apkven-bm¿. At±-lØ - ns‚ a°-fn¬ {]ap-J\ - m-bn-cp∂p ]pXn-tbmØv
C_vdmlow Ip´n apkven-bm¿. _mJn-bm-Øn¬ t]mbn _ncpZw t\Snb
A∂sX {]K¬`-cn-sem-cm-fm-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. bmZr-—n-Is - a∂p ]d-
b-s´, Hcp kp{]-`m-XØ - n¬ At±lw hlm_n Nn¥m-KX - n-°m-c\- mbn
amdn. Icp-h-sºm-bnse Ip\n-bn¬ apl-ΩZv apkven-bmWv At±-l-
Øn\p Iq´m-fn-bmbn D≠m-bn-cp-∂X - v.
]nXm-hn\v P\-߃°n-Sb - n-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ henb ÿm\am\-
߃ At±lØn\p P\-߃°n-Sb - n¬ henb AwKo-Imcw e`n-°m≥
Imc-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]nXm-hn\p tijw Xm≥ hln-®n-cp∂ ]e
Jmko]Z-hnIfpw At±-l-Øns‚ Npa-en-emWv h∂ncp-∂-Xv. AXp-
sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂, hen-sbmcp tZi-Øns‚ \mb-I\pw t\Xm-hp-am-bn-cp∂p
At±-lw. As∂m-s°, auen-Zv, dmØo_v t]mse-bp≈ ]cn-]m-Sn-
Iƒ°v kPo-ha - mbn ]s¶-Sp-°p-Ibpw hoSp-Iƒ Ib-dn-bn-dß - p-Ibpw
sNbvXn-cp-∂p.
]s£, A√m-lp-hns‚ Xocp-am\w adn IS-°m≥ B¿°pw
km[y-a-√-t√m. HSp-hn¬ AXp-Xs∂ kw`-hn-®p. C_vdmlow Ip´n
apkven-bm¿ sImSnb hlm_n t\Xmhmbn amdn. ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb
Ckvem-anI Nn¥ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ Cu \m´n¬ At±lw ]mc-ºcy
hnizm-kß - ƒ°pw BNm-cß - ƒ°p-sa-Xnsc cwK-Øp-h∂ - p. Ip\n-bn¬
apl-ΩZv apkven-bmcpw hewssIbmbn IqsS \n∂p. ]nXm-hns‚
{]Xn-—m-b-bn¬ X\n°p kaq-l-Øn¬ e`n® ÿm\-am-\-ßsf
NqjWw sNbvXp-sIm-≠mWv At±lw hlm_n Nn¥-Isf {]N-cn-
∏n-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bX - v. Jmknbpw JYo_pw t\Xm-hp-amb Hcmƒ CXv
]d-bm≥ XpS-ßn-b-t∏mƒ kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw P\-߃ A¶-em-∏n-em-
bn. CXv kXy-amtWm F∂p-hsc Ah¿ Nn¥n-®p. ]fin-X\pw {]`m-
j-I\pw Hcp hen-øns‚ ]p{X-\p-amb At±-lØ - n¬ BI¿jn®v al-
√p-If
- nse ]ecpw At±-lØ - ns‚ Bi-bß - f - n-te°v ASp-°m≥ XpS-
ßn. Gsd A]-ISw ]nSn® Hcp ka-ba - m-bn-cp∂p AXv. At±-lØ - ns‚
\nc-¥c - a
- mb {]h¿Ø-\ß - fpw CS-s]-Se - p-Ifpw kaq-lØ - n¬ D≠m-
b-tXmsS _nZCu Nn¥ BZy-ambn Cu \m´nepw thcp-]n-Sn-®p.
]pØq¿, Icp-h-sºm-bn¬, Hma-t»cn XpS-ßnb {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ apPm-
ln-Zp-Iƒ h∂p-Xp-Sß - p-∂Xv Aß-s\-bmWv. At±-la - mWv \qdp iX-
am-\h
- pw CXn\p ]n∂n¬ {]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂X - v.
]s£, kp∂Øv Pam-A-Øns‚ ]fin-X-∑m¿ \n w-K-X-
tbmsS t\m°n-\n-∂n-√. Ah¿ AXn-s\-Xnsc i‡-ambn cwK-Øp-h-
cn-Ibpw A]-cn-Nn-X-amb Cusbmcp Bi-bsØ kaqew ]ngp-sX-dn-
bm≥ Ign-bm-hp-∂s - X√mw sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn¬, F√m-hs - c-
°mƒ apºn¬ \n∂p {]h¿Øn® al¬ hy‡n-Xz-am-bn-cp∂p \mc-I-
t»cn AlvaZv A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿. At±-l-Øns‚ PohnX-
Øns‚ hen-sbmcp `mKwXs∂ Cu `mK-ßf - nse hlm_n {]ÿm-
\-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ BZ¿i t]mcm-´Ø - n-\mbn \o°n-sh-°s - ∏-´X
- m-
bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, tIc-f-Ønse {]K¬`-cmb A\-h[n
]fin-X∑ - m¿ Cusbmcp ZuXy-hp-ambn At±-lt- Øm-sSm∏w ChnsS
h∂n´p-≠v. iwkp¬ De-a, sI.-sI. A_q-_Iv¿ l{k-Øv, C.-sI.
lk≥ apkven-bm¿, hmWn-bº - ew A–p¿d-“m≥ apkven-bm¿, sI.-
hn. apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿, tIm´p-ae A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿ XpS-
ßn-b-h¿ hnhn[ Ime-ß-fn¬ _nZ-C-Iƒs°-Xn-sc-bp≈ kwhm-Z-
߃°pw Jfi-\ß - ƒ°p-ambn ChnsS h∂-hc - m-Wv.

Jfi-\ß - f- psS \mƒh-gn-Iƒ

C_vdmlow Ip´n apkven-bm-cpsS {]h¿Ø-\ß - f - psS Zpc¥
^ew Gsd Zqc-hym-]-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ip\n-bn¬ apl-ΩZv apkven-bm-
cpsS klm-bt- ØmsS Abmƒ \mSp-\osf hlm-_nkw {]N-cn-∏n-®p-
sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. sI.-hn. tambn≥ Ip´n apkven-bm-cm-bn-cp∂p A∂v Icp-
h-sºm-bn¬ Jmkn. Icp-hs - ºm-bn¬-˛N
- p-≈n-bmSv {]tZ-iß - ƒ A∂v
kp∂n-˛a- p-Pm-lnZv Bib t]mcm-´ß - ƒ°v icn°pw thZn-bm-bn. Hcp
kwLw tambn≥ Ip´n apkven-bm-scbpw as‰mcp kwLw C_vdmlow
Ip´n-sbbpw kt∏m¿´v sNbvXp-sIm≠v cwK-Øp-h∂ - p. tambn≥ Ip´n
apkven-bm¿ ÿm\-sam-gn-bm≥ {ian-s®-¶nepw At±-lsØ ]n¥m-ßn-
b-h¿ Np≈n-bmSv ]≈n-bnse JYo-_mbn At±-lsØ \ne-\n¿Øn.
FXn¿ hn`mKw C_vdmlow Ip´n-sbbpw Ahn-SsØ JYo-_m°n
\n›-bn-®p. CtXmsS F√m A¿∞-Ønepw kp∂n-˛a - p-Pm-lnZv hn`m-K-
߃ c≠mbn ]ncn-™p.
Cu X°w t\m°n C_vdmlow Ip´n apkven-bmcpw Ip\n-
bn¬ apl-ΩZv apkven-bmcpw Xß-fpsS Bib {]N-cWw i‡-am-
°n. henb \ne°v P\ kam-lc - Ww \S-Øn. sNdn-bh - cpw hen-bh- -
cp-amb ]ecpw AXn¬ s]´p-t]m-bn. Icp-hs - ºm-bn-ense {]ap-J\pw
{]am-Wn-bp-amb sI.-hn. tambn≥ Ip´n lmPn-t]mepw Cu Ah-k-c-
Øn¬ AXn¬ hiw-h-Z-\m-bn. Xs‚ a°sf kp∂n ÿm]-\-ß-
fn¬\n∂pw t]cv sh´n apPm-lnZv ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ sIm≠p-t]mbn
tN¿Øn.
hlm-_n-k-Øns‚ Cu apt∂‰w kp∂o t\Xm-°sf Gsd
thZ-\n-∏n-®p. Ah¿ AXn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ i‡-am-°n.
B ka-bØ - mWv sImSp-h≈n A[n-Imcn N¥-∏≈ - n-°S- pØv ]pØ≥
{]ÿm-\ß - ƒs°-Xnsc Hcp {]`m-jWw kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂X - v. hmWn-
b-ºew A–p¿d-“m≥ apkven-bm-cm-bn-cp∂p hnj-bm-h-Xm-c-I≥.
InØm-_p-Ifpw D¿Zp ]pkvXI - ß - fpw hmbn®v At±lw ]pØ-\m-i-
b-°m¿s°-Xnsc Xpd-∂S- n-®p. c≠p aq∂p Znh-kß - ƒ \o≠p \n¬°p-
∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Cu {]`m-jW - w.
hmWn-b-ºew DkvXm-Zns‚ {]`m-jWw henb N¿®m-hn-j-
b-am-bn. hlm-_n-Iƒ°n-Sb - n¬t]mepw AXv Cf-°ß - ƒ krjvSn-®p.
Adn-hn-√mbva ImcWw hlm-_n-k-Øn¬ s]´p-t]mb ]ecpw CXp-
tI´v kp∂n-k-Øn-te°p Xncn-®p-h-∂p. sI.-hn. tambn≥ Ip´n
lmPnbpw AXn¬ Hcm-fm-bn-cp-∂p.
Xncn-®p-h∂ sI.-hn. i‡-\mb kp∂o {]h¿Ø-I\ - mbn amdn.
hlm-_n-ksØ Xpd-s∂-Xn¿Ø At±lw hmWn-bº - ew DkvXm-Zns\
Icp-hs- ºm-bn¬ sIm≠p-h∂ - p; {]kw-Kn-∏n-®p. {]Xo-£n-®X - nepw A∏p-
d-Øm-bn-cp∂p Cu {]kw-K-Øns‚ A\-¥c ^ew. At±-l-Øns‚
hy‡-amb ka¿∞-\hpw Af-∂p-ap-dn® Bib hni-Zo-Ic - W- hpw tI´v
hen-sbmcp ]S Xs∂ hlm-_n-k-Øn¬ \n∂pw ]Sn-bn-d-ßn. Fhn-
sSbpw ]pXn-sbmcp A¥-co£w ssIh-∂p.
Ime-߃ Ign-™p-t]m-Ipw-tXmdpw Icp-hs - ºm-bn¬ ]cn-k-
c-ß-fn¬ hlm-_nkw ho≠pw i‡n-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßn. B ka-b-
ØmWv kwhmZ thZn-bnse knwl-K¿÷-\-ambn iwkp¬ Dea C.-
sI. A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿ cwKØp hcp-∂X - .v i‡-am-sbmcp Ac-
tß-‰-am-bn-cp∂p CXv. c≠p aq∂p Znh-k-tØmfw At±lw Icp-h-
sºm-bn¬ hºn® {]`mjWw \S-Øn. hf¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ hlm-
_n-kØ - ns‚ ap\-sbm-Sn-®p-If- ™
- p.
F√m A¿∞-Ønepw kp∂n-If - psSbpw hlm-_n-If - p-sSbpw
CS-bnse {]iv\ß - ƒ°v imiz-Xa - mb ]cn-lmcw \¬Ip-∂X - m-bn-cp∂p
iwkp¬ De-ab - psS {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ. hlm-_n-kØ - ns‚ \nc¿∞-I-
Xsb hy‡-am-°n-s°m-≠,v kp∂n-ksØ ÿm]n® tijw, At±lw
Ahn-SsØ t\Xm-°∑ - m¿°n-Sb - n¬ H∏p tiJ-cWw \S-Øn. kp∂n-
I-sfbpw apPm-ln-Zp-Is - fbpw c≠mbn th¿Xn-cn-®p. tijw, i‡hpw
I¿°-j-hp-amb `mj-bn¬ Hcp hn[n-{]-Jym-]\w \S-Øn. AXns‚
{][m\ `mK-߃ Cß-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p:
*Chn-SsØ kp∂n-Ifpw apPm-ln-Zp-Ifpw C∂p-ap-X¬ XΩn¬
hnhmlw ]mSn-√.
*Bsc-¶nepw acn-®m¬, kzIp-Spw-_Ø - n¬ s]´-hc
- m-sW-¶nepw
icn, FXn¿]-£Ø - m-sW-¶n¬, kµ¿in-°m≥ t]mI-cp-Xv.
*]≈n-∏d - ºv c≠mbn hn`-Pn®v, Hmtcm hn`m-Khpw C\n Xß-
fpsS \n¿±njvS `qanbn¬ am{X-am-bn-cn-°Ww aøn-Øp-Isf adhp
sNtø-≠X - v.
* kp∂n-I-fpsS aøØv I´n¬ hlm-_n-Iƒ°p \¬Im≥
]mSn-√.
* C\nbpw h√ Bi-bI - p-g∏- ß
- fpw D≠m-Ip∂ ]£w ÿew
Jmkn sI.-hn. tambn≥ Ip´n apkven-bm-cp-ambn N¿® sNbvXv KpW-
]-ca
- mb Xocp-am-\ß - ƒ ssIsIm-t≈-≠X - m-Wv.
Cu {]tZisØ apPm-lnZv hn`m-KØ - ns‚ ih-s∏-´n-bnse Ah-
km-\sØ BWn-bm-bn-cp∂p CXv. iwkp¬ De-am-bpsS \b-{]-Jym-
]\w P\w AtX]Sn kzoI-cn-®p. \qdp iX-am\w {]hr-Ø\ ]Y-
Øn¬ sIm≠p-h∂ - p. apPm-lnZv hn`m-Kh - p-am-bp≈ k¿∆ _‘-ßfpw
hnt—-Zn-®p. Ahcpambn hnhml _‘w ÿm]n-°mt\m a‰p aX-]c - -
amb CS-s]-Se - p-Iƒ \S-Ømt\m Xøm-dm-bn-√. J_v¿ÿm≥ t]mepw
c≠mbn ]Ip-°s - ∏-´p. Np≈n-bmSv ]≈n-bpsS ta¬`m-KØv Ah-cpsS
aøn-Øp-Iƒ J_-d-S-°m-\mbn am{Xw Hcp ÿew hn`-Pn®p \¬In.
CtXm-sS, kp∂nbpw apPm-lnZpw Icp-hs - ºm-bn¬ c≠m-bn. Cu ka-
bØv, Xs‚ D‰-h¿ ac-W-s∏-´p-t]mb L´-ß-fn¬, apPm-lnZv Bb-
Xp-sIm-≠p-am{Xw, ]e¿°pw Ahsc kµ¿in-°m≥ Ign-bmØ Ah-
ÿ-bp-≠m-bn. acn-®-t∏mƒ kz¥w s]ß-sf-t]mepw kµ¿in-°m≥
Ign-bmØ L´w!
]n∂oSv Ime-ßt- fmfw CXm-bn-cp∂p Ah-ÿ. AXn-\n-Sb - nepw
]e XhW kwhm-Zß - fpw Jfi-\ß - fpw \S-∂p. iwkp¬ DeaXs∂
ho≠pw ]e XhW h∂n-´p-≠v.
C.-sI. lk≥ apkven-bm-cmWv ]n∂oSv Ime-ßt- fmfw Chn-
SsØ kwhmZ thZn-If - n¬ Xnf-ßn-\n-∂n-cp∂ hy‡n-Xzw. Chn-sS-sh®v
]e apPm-lnZv t\Xm-°t- fmSpw At±lw kwhm-Zß - fpw Jfi-\ß - fpw
\S-Øp-Ib- p-≠m-bn. Bc-hß- tfm tImem-le - ß
- tfm C√m-sX-bmWv
At±lw kwhmZ-߃°v FØn-bn-cp-∂X - v. "Bh-iy-am-bn-hc
- p-tºmƒ
Hcp Im¿Uv hnSpI; Im¿ Ab-t°-≠X - n√' CXmWv kwLm-SI - t- cmSv
At±lw ]d-™n-cp-∂-Xv. ]g-Inb hkv{Xw [cn®v Icp-h-sºm-bn¬
SuWn-eqsS \S-∂p-h-cp∂ B "sNdp-∏-°m-cs\' C∂pw ]g-a-°m¿
Xß-fpsS kvac-WI - f
- n¬ Hm¿sØ-Sp-°p-∂p.

v\mc-It- »-cn-bpsS Ac-t߉w

C_vdmlow Ip´n hlm-_n-k-hp-ambn \mSp-\osf HmSn-\-S-
°p∂ L-Øn-emWv _nZ-C-Iƒs°-Xn-sc-bp≈ \mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-
Zns‚ Ac-t߉w \S-°p-∂-Xv. ka-Imen ]finX hyqlsØ IqsS-
]n-Sn-®p-sIm-≠m-Wv At±lw CXn\p Xp\n-™ncp∂Xv. At±-lØ - ns‚
t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S∂ _nZvA - Ø - n-s\-Xnscbp≈ Cusbmcp apt∂-‰-
amWv Cu `q{]-tZisØ _nZvA - Ø - ns‚ \ocm-fn-∏n-Sp-ØØ- n¬\n∂pw
c£n-®n-cp-∂X - v. C_vdmlow Ip´n apkven-bm¿°v A∂v Cu \m´n-ep-
≠m-bn-cp∂ kzm[o-\hpw AwKo-Im-chpw sh®p-t\m-°n-bm¬, Cu \mSv
samØw Ah-cpsS kzm[o-\h - e- b
- Ø
- n¬ s]´p-t]m-Im≥ am{Xw i‡-
am-bn-cp-∂p AXv. ]s£, hnc-en-se-Æm-hp∂ IpSpw-_ß - ƒ am{X-amWv
C∂v CXns‚ h‡m-°-fmbn Cu `mK-ß-fnep≈-Xv. ]fin-X-∑m-
cpsS ka-tbm-Nn-X-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Ifpw D≈n-te-°n-d-ßn-bp≈
{]h¿Ø-\ß - f - p-am-bn-cp∂p CXn\p {][m\ Imc-Ww. ae-bΩ F∂
t]cn¬ {]kn-≤\ - mb \mc-It- »cn DkvXmZv Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p CXns‚
]n∂n¬ {]h¿Øn® hen-sbmcp LS-Iw. At±-l-Øns‚ ]mfin-
Xyhpw _p≤nbpw ka-bhpw Cusbmcp D±y-a-Øn-\p-th≠n \o°n-
sh-°s - ∏-Sp-Ib- m-bn-cp-∂p. AXm-hs´ \qdp iX-am\w hnPbw ImWp-
Ibpw sNbvXp.

1. samtbm-´°
- S- hv Jfi\w
1940 IfpsS Ah-km-\w. \mc-I-t»cn DkvXmZv aS-hq¿ Z¿kv
\S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ Imew. ]e-t∏mgpw \S-∂mWv DkvXmZv ho´n-
te°p h∂n-cp-∂X - v. Nne-t∏mƒ, sImSp-h≈n Cdßn Ahn-sS-\n∂pw
hoSp-hsc \S-°pw. Icp-hs - ºm-bn¬ hgn samtbm-´° - S- hv ]pg IS-∂mWv
DkvXmZv hcn-I. CXv km[m-cW kw`-ha - m-bn-cp-∂p.
IΩm-cp-I-≠-Øn¬ A–p¿d-“m≥ lmPnbm-bn-cp∂p A∂v
Cu IS-hnse tXmWn-°m-c≥. Ime-ß-tfmfw At±-l-amWv DkvXm-
Zns\ ]pg IS-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, At±-l-hp-ambn
DkvXm-Zn\p henb ASp-∏hpw sNßm-Ø-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. hcp-tºm-
sgms° hnh-cß - ƒ At\z-jn-°p-Ibpw \m´p-Im-cy-߃ kwkm-cn-°p-
Ibpw sNøpw.
Icp-h-sºm-bn¬, Np≈n-bmSv XpS-ßnb `mK-ß-fn¬ hlm-
_nkw sIWn-hn-cn®p XpS-ßnb ka-ba - m-bn-cp∂p CXv. \m´n-emsI
hlm_n {]`m-jI - ¿ _nZvA - Øv {]N-cn-∏n®v \S-°p-∂p. DkvXm-Zn\p
CXv \√t]mse Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p. hlm_n {]Nm-c-I-cmb
C_vdmlow Ip´n apkven-bmcpw Ip\n-bn¬ apl-ΩZv apkven-bmcpw
hmg-°m-´p-sh®v At±-lØ - ns‚ injy-∑mtcm kl-]m-Tn-Itfm Bbn-
cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂, Ah-sc-°p-dn®v DkvXmZv icn°pw a\- n-
em-°n. Ah¿ \m´n¬ Cf-°n-hn´ ^nXv\s - b-°p-dn®pw DkvXmZv kKu-
chw Nn¥n-®p.
Aß-s\-bn-cn-°s - h-bmWv CXv kw`-hn-°p-∂X - v. Hcp Znhkw
]Xnhpt]mse DkvXmZv aS-hq-cn¬\n∂p hcn-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p. Icp-hs - ºm-
bn-eqsS samtbm-´° - S- h
- n-se-Øn-bt- ∏m-gmWv ]pg°p apI-fn¬ shfn-
®hpw Bƒ°q-´hpw ImWp-∂X - v. DkvXmZv tXmWn-°m-c≥ A–p¿d-
“m≥ lmPn-tbmSv hnhcw At\z-jn-®p. C_vdmlow Ip´n-bp-sSbpw
Ip\n-bn¬ apl-ΩZ- n-s‚bpw t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ hlm-_n-kØ - ns‚ hni-
Zo-Ic- W tbmK-am-sW-∂m-bn-cp∂p adp-]S- n.
DkvXm-Zns‚ D≈n¬ Cu¿jy-X-bpsS sIm≈n-bm≥ an∂n.
"F{Xbpw s]s´∂p CXn-s\-Xnsc B™-Sn-°W - w. A√mØ ]£w,
CXv Xs‚ \mSns\ A¿_p[w t]mse \in-∏n-®p-I-f-bpw.' DkvXmZv
Xocp-am-\s - a-Sp-Øp.
]ns∂, ImØp-\n-∂n-√. tXmWn-bn-dßn ]pg-°-SpØ Nmb-
°-Sb- n-te°p Ib-dn. A–p¿d-“m≥ lmPntbmSv AhnsS \S∂ kw`-
h-ßs - f√mw tNmZn-®d - n-™p. tijw Cßs\ ]d™p:
""F{Xbpw s]s´∂p c≠p s]t{SmƒamIvkv kwL-Sn-∏n-°-
Ww. C∂p-Xs∂ \ap°v CXn\p adp-]Sn sImSp-°W - w. H´pw sshIn-
°-cp-Xv. CXv A]-I-S-am-Wv.''
""Hcp s]t{SmƒamIvkv Chn-sS-bp-≠v.'' A–p¿d-“m≥° ]d-
™p.
""F¶n¬ Fhn-sS-\n-s∂-¶nepw H∂pw-IqSn kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I.
Rm≥ Cim-Av \nkvIc - n®p Ct∏mƒ Xncn-s®-Ømw.'' DkvXmZv AXpw
]d™v thKw \mc-It- »cn ho´n-te°p \S-∂p.
At∏m-tg°pw hnhcw \mep `mK-ßf - n-te°pw {]h-ln-°m≥
XpS-ßn. C∂sØ apPm-lnZv ]cn-]m-Sn-s°-Xnsc \mc-It- »cn AlvaZv
A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿ ]pg-am-´p-Ω¬ {]kw-Kn-°p-∂p-sh∂v Icp-h-
sºm-bn¬°mcpw Adn-™p. Ah¿ Iq´-ambn ]pg-°c - b- n-se-Øn. Adn-
™-h¿ Adn-™-h¿ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬\n-∂p-sa-Øn-b-t∏mƒ h≥
P\m-hen cq]-s∏-´p.
At∏mtg°pw tXmWn-°m-c≥ A–p¿d-“m≥° shfn-®Ø - n-
\p≈ k÷o-I-c-W-ß-sf√mw \S-Øn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p. th≠-s∏-
´hscsb√mw Iq´n At∏m-tg°pw DkvXmZpw Xncn-s®-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. Xncn-
®p-h∂ DkvXmZv Nmb-°S- b - n-en-cp∂v tXmWn-°m-c\n¬\n∂pw hlm_n
t\Xm-°ƒ D∂-bn® tNmZy-ß-sf√mw tNmZn-®dn™p. Ah-cpsS
Btcm-]W - ß - ƒ A°-an´p a\- n¬ t{ImUo-Ic - n-®p.
Xma-kn-bmsX ]cn-]mSn XpS-ßn. samtbm-´-°-S-hn¬\n∂pw
A¬]w apI-fn-em-bn, Icp-hs - ºm-bn¬\n∂pw t\cn´p _‘n-°p∂ ]pg-
°-cb- n¬sh-®m-bn-cp∂p ]cn-]m-Sn. DkvXmZv hlm-_n-kØ - n-s\-Xnsc
tLmc-tLmcw {]kw-Kn-®p. Ah-cpsS Hmtcm Btcm-]-W-߃°pw
A°-an´p adp-]Sn \¬In. XSn-®p-Iq-Snb P\-°q-´w XIv_o-dp-Iƒ
apg°nbmWv AXv kzoI-cn-®-Xv. km[m-c-W-°m¿°n-S-bn¬ hlm-
_nkw {]N-cn-°p-∂Xn\p XS-bn-Sm≥ Cu {]kwKw Gsd D]-Imcw
sNbvXp. kp∂n-Iƒ°p apºn¬ AXv hen-sbmcp {]Xn-tcm[w
Xo¿Øp.
Icp-h-sºm-bn¬ `mK-Øp-\n∂pw s]m´n-∏p-d-s∏´ hlm_n
apt∂-‰Ø - n-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ DkvXm-Zns‚ I∂n-{]-kw-Ka - m-bn-cp∂p CXv.
Ncn-{X-kw-`h- a - mbn amdnb Cu {]kw-Kt- ØmsS DkvXmZv kp∂Øv
Pam-AØ - ns‚ Bi-bm-Z¿i-߃°p-th-≠n-bp≈ t]mcm´ thZn-If - n¬
Hcp ÿnc km∂n-[y-ambn amdp-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p. Ahn-S∂ - n-tßm´v A\-
h[n kwhm-Z˛- J - fi
- \
- ˛- a
- fi
- \ thZn-If - n¬ DkvXmZv \nd-™p-\n-∂p.
DkvXm-Zns‚ km∂n-[y-an-√mØ Jfi-\ß - tfm kwhm-Zß - tfm ]n∂oSv
Cu `mK-ßf - n¬ D≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.

2. tXh¿]-dºv (Pm-dw-I-≠n) kwhmZw

1958˛59 Ime-ßf- n-em-bn-cn-°Ww. \S-Ω¬t]m-bn¬ Pmdw-I≠n
F∂ t]cn¬ {]kn-≤-amb tXh¿]dºv {]tZiw hlm-_n-I-fpsS
A_≤ P¬]-\ß - ƒsIm≠v ho¿∏p-ap-´m≥ XpS-ßn. kp∂Øv Pam-
A-Øns‚ Bi-bm-Z¿i-ßsf \njn-≤a - mbn hna¿in-°p∂ ]mXncm
{]`m-jW - ß - ƒ \S-∂p. BgvNI - tfmfw \o≠p-\n¬°p∂ {]`m-jW - -
߃. tIc-fØ - nse hlm-_n-kØ - ns‚ Xe-sb-Sp-∏p≈ t\Xm-°f - mWv
Hmtcm Znh-khpw AhnsS IS-∂p-h∂ - n-cp-∂X - .v CkvXn-Km-k, Xh- p¬,
Iq´p-{]m¿∞-\, J_v¿ knbm-dØv XpSßn kp∂n-Iƒ sNbvXp-t]m-
cp∂ Hmtcm Imcy-ßf - p-sSbpw km[y-Xs - bbpw km[p-Xs - bbpw Ah¿
tNmZyw sNbvXp.
apPm-lnZv t\Xmhv C_vdmlow Ip´n apkven-bm¿ Xs∂-bmWv
Cu ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒs°√mw t\XrXzw \¬In-bn-cp-∂X - .v Aehn auehn,
Pam-ep-±o≥ auehn XpS-ßn-b-h-cm-bn-cp∂p {]`m-jW thZn-bnse
km[m-cW apJ-߃. {]`m-j-W-ßfpw Bi-b-{]-N-c-Whpw s]mSn-
s]m-Sn®p apt∂m-´p-t]m-bn. Hcp km[m-cW kw`hw t]mse, Znh-k-
߃ Ign-™p-t]mIpwtXmdpw AXv IqSp-X¬ i‡n-s∏-´p.
kp∂n-Isf kw_-‘n-®n-St- Ømfw CXv hen-sbmcp iey-am-
bn-cp-∂p. Hcp Hgn-bm-_m-[t- ]mse AXv ]c-ºc - m-KX apkvenw-Iƒ°p
apºn¬ `ojWn krjvSn-®p. CXp I≠ {]h¿Ø-I¿ cwK-sØ-Øn.
{]K¬`-cmb ]e ]fin-X∑ - m-scbpw sIm≠p-h∂ - p. sI.-sI. l{kØv
AS°w k¿K-[\ - c- mb ]ecpw ChnsS h∂p-t]m-bn. adp-]S- nbpw adp-
]-Sn-bpsS adp-]S- nbpw XpS¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.
Aß-s\-bmWv \mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zns‚ Dugw hcp-∂-Xv.
Cusbmcp ]c-º-c°v AdpXn hcp-Øm\pw apPm-lnZv ]cn-i-Isf
\njv{]-`a - m-°m-\p-ambn {]h¿Ø-I¿ DkvXm-Zns\ sIm≠p-t]m-Im≥
Xocp-am-\n®p.
kw-hmZ Zn\w hs∂Øn. Pam-ep-±o≥ auehnbmWv A∂v
{]kw-Kn-°m-s\-Øn-bX - .v kp∂n-Iƒ°n-Sb - nse ame-˛a - u-en-Zp-Isf \nin-
X-ambn hna¿in-®p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp∂p A∂v At±-lØ - ns‚ {]kw-Kw.
\m^o-kØ - p-am-eb- n-sebpw aplvbn-±o≥ ame-bn-sebpw hcn-Iƒ ]mSn
AXv A_-≤hpw Xulo-Zn\p hncp-≤h - p-am-sW∂v hmtdme \nc-Øp-
I-bm-bn-cp∂p Abmƒ. ame-I-fnse Ncn-{X-ßfpw ]cm-a¿i-ßfpw
FSpØp Im´n AXns‚ km[y-Xsb tNmZyw sNbvXp.
Ahsc Hcp-Ø≥ t]mbv -a-kvJd I≠msc˛
At∏mfv \msS√mw Xnøm¬ \nd-t®m-h¿.
Ahsc Ipd-hm°n I≠-h¿s°-√m¿°pw˛
At∏mfv Hcp _em¬ sImSp-tØm-h¿.
Ahsc shdp-∏n®v hkvXp-hn-\t- ∏msf˛
 Ah-scmcp t\m°mse Zo\v Aa¿tØm-h¿.
XpS-ßnb aplvbn-±o≥ ame-bnse hcn-Iƒ ]mSn At±lw Ifn-
bm-°n. Hcp \mSp \ndsb Xo \nd-°m≥ Hcmƒ°v Fßs\ Ign-bp-sa-
∂m-bn-cp∂p Abm-fpsS tNmZyw. AXn-\m¬ ame-Iƒ A_-≤-ß-fm-
sW∂pw Ah s]m´n-s®-dn-bW - s - a-∂pw At±lw ]cn-lk - n-®p.
Xs‚ Dugw h∂-t∏mƒ DkvXmZv tÃPn¬ Fgp-t∂-‰p-\n-∂p.
aue-hn-bpsS Hmtcm tNmZy-߃°pw A°-an´p adp-]Sn \¬In.
AhcpsS Dƒ°m-gN v b
- n-√m-bav s- bbpw Ncn-{Xm-ht- _m-[a- n-√m-bav s- bbpw
Xpd∂p Im´n.
aplvbn-±o≥ ssiJns\ Ifn-bm-°nb Hcmƒ°v Xs‚ F√m
`mKØpw A·n \nd-™-Xp-t]m-se-bp≈ Hcp shj-a-k‘n h∂p-
s]-´p-sh-∂mWv CXp-sIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p-∂s - X∂v DkvXmZv hni-Zo-
I-cn-®p. "CXn\v Ckvem-anI Ncn-{X-Øn¬ A\-h[n sXfn-hp-I-fp-ap-
≠v. Hcn-°¬ {]hm-N-I≥ IA-_m-e-b-Øn-\-cnsI \nkvI-cn-°p∂
ka-bw. CXp I≠ A_q Pl¬ X\n°p e`n® kph¿Wm-h-k-c-
sa∂p IcpXn, {]hm-NI - c- psS inc- n¬ Nhn-´m-\mbn apt∂m´p h∂p.
]s£, ASp-sØ-Øn-bt- ∏m-tg°pw Abmƒ `b-hn-lz-e\ - mbn ]n¥n-
cn-t™m-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. CXp I≠ A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ Imcy-a-t\z-jn-
®p. Ahn-sS-\n∂pw Hcp A·n-Ipfiw Xs∂ hngp-ßm≥ hcp-∂-Xp-
t]mse X\n°p tXm∂n-sb∂m-bn-cp∂p Abm-fpsS {]Xn-Ic - W- w.
CXv hnh-cn-®p-sIm≠v DkvXmZv ]d™p: CXp Xs∂-bmWv
Cu hcn-If - nepw hy‡-am-Ip-∂X - .v ]cn-lk- n® hy‡n°v Xs‚ \m\m-
`m-K-ß-fnepw A·n \nd-bp∂ t]mse A\p-`-h-s∏´p F∂mWv Cu
hcn-Iƒ A¿∞-am-°p-∂X - .v A√msX aplvbn-±o≥ ssiJv t]mbn F√m
ho´nepw Xo hmcn-hn-Xdn F∂-√.
DkvXm-Zns‚ ka¿∞-amb adp-]S- n-Iƒ kZ- ns\ im¥-cm°n.
Ah¿ XIv_o¿ apg°n Ah kzoI-cn-®p.
as‰mcp ame-bnse ]cm-a¿i-߃ sNm√n-bm-bn-cp∂p aue-hn-
bpsS ASpØ tNmZyw. B hcn-If - psS Bibw Cß-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p:
(\-_n-Xß - ƒ ]d-bp∂p:) Rm≥ anAvdmPns‚ cm{Xn kz¿K-tem-Iß - ƒ
kµ¿in-®p. Ahn-sS-\n∂pw kz¿Kob ^e-߃ Ign-®p. AXv ^mYn-
a-bn¬ ebn-®p. ^m-Yn-abpsS s\‰n-S-Ø-S-Øn¬ DΩ sh°p-tºmƒ
AXns‚ hmk\ F\n°p e`n-°p-∂p.
Cu ]cm-a¿i-sØ-s®m√n auehn hmNm-e-\mbn. ^mYn-am-
_ohn (d) P\n-°p-∂Xv a°-bn¬ \n∂m-Wv. CkvdmDw anAvdmPpw
kw`-hn-°p-∂Xv aZo-\b - n¬sh®pw. ]ns∂-sb-ßs - \-bmWv Cu ^e-
Øns‚ Awi-߃ ^mYn-am-_o-hn-bn¬ FØp-∂Xv? Abmƒ bp‡n-
bpsS `mj-bn¬ tNmZn-®p.
auehnamcpsS ]®-bmb bp‡n-t_m-[sØ tNmZyw sNbvXp-
sIm≠v DkvXmZv CXn\p hfsc hy‡-ambn adp-]Sn \¬In:
"\n߃ ]d-bp-∂Xv \_n-X-ß-fpsS Pk-Zn-ømb (im-co-cn-I-
am-b) anAvdmPns\-°p-dn-®m-Wv. F∂m¬, a\- n-em-°pI; \_n-X-
߃°v A\-h[n dqln-ømb (B-flo-ba - m-b) anAvdmPpIƒ D≠m-bn-
´p-≠v. AXn-sem-∂mWv Cu hcn-If - n¬ ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂X - v.'
Hm¿°m-∏p-dt- ؉ {]l-cw-t]m-se-bm-bn-cp∂p hlm_n t\Xm-
°ƒ°v Cu adp-]-Sn-Iƒ. Ah-cpsS bp‡n-t_m-[sØ i‡-ambn
tNmZyw sNbvX DkvXmZv Ah-cpsS Al-¶m-cØ - ns‚ ap\-sbm-Sn-°p-
Ibpw sNbvXp.
{ih-Wa - [
- p-ca- mbn \^o-kØ - p-am-eb- nse Nne hcn-Iƒ ]mSn-
s°m-≠mWv auehn ASpØ tNmZy-Øn-te°p IS-∂X - v.
sNm√p-hm≥ k\-Øn-\m¬ \qdpw NXp¿ ]sØ˛
P_-X\ - n¬ ]°mb a° Zn°-Xn¬ DZn-sØ.
s]m∂n-h¿ auØv lnPvd c≠p \qdpw Bs´˛
]qcn-X¿ da-Zm-\n-ep≈ PpapA cmhn¬ Xns´.
XpS-ßnb hcn-Iƒ ]mSn At±lw ]d™p: \^o-kØv _ohn
P\n-°p-∂X - n\p apºp-Xs∂ acn-®p-sh-∂mWv Cu hcn-Iƒ hy‡-am-
°p-∂X - .v BZy hcn-If - n¬ al-Xn-bpsS P\\ h¿jw ]d-bp-∂Xv ˛\m¬
\qdpw NXp¿ ]sØ˛ F∂m-Wv. CXn\v A¿∞w \mep \qdpw \mep
]Øpw F∂m-W.v AY-hm, lnPvd 440 F∂v Npcp-°w. F∂m¬, Ah-
km-\sØ c≠p hcn-I-fn¬ al-Xn-bpsS acW h¿jw ]d-bp-∂p.
AXv ˛c≠p \qdpw Bs´˛ F∂m-W.v B´v F∂p ]d-™m¬ D¿Zphn¬
F´v F∂¿∞w. AY-hm, lnPvd 208.
F∂n-cn-s°, lnPvd 208 ¬ acn® hy‡n Fß-s\-bmWv 440
¬ P\n-°p-Is - b-∂v auehn Al-¶m-ct- ØmsS Bt{Im-in-®p. kp∂n-
Isf ]cn-l-kn-®p. kp∂n-Iƒs°-Xnsc hen-sbmcp sXfnhv In´nb
{]Xo-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬, ame-Iƒ sI´p-IY - I- f- m-sW∂pw hen-
s®-dn-bW - s - a-∂p-am-bn-cp∂p Abm-fpsS Bh-iyw.
CXp tI´-t∏mƒ kZ-kn¬ henb A¶-em-∏p-≠m-°n. kp∂n
{]h¿Ø-I¿ t]mepw A‘m-fn-®p-t]m-bn. "kp∂n-If - psS ame s]m´n-
t∏mbn' F∂p ]d™p Hcp hn`mKw BtLmjw Bcw-`n-®p.
 \mc-I-t»cn DkvXmZv ]p©n-cn-®p-sIm≠v CsX√mw tI´n-cp-
∂p. tijw, XnI™ Bfl hnizm-k-tØmsS Fgp-t∂-‰p-\n∂p
{]kwKw XpS-ßn:
""aue-hn-bpsS {]kwKw tI´-t∏mƒ F\n°v Hm¿a h∂Xv
]≠v Hcp sshZy≥ Hcp tcmKn°v acp∂v Ipdn-®p-sIm-SpØ IY-bm-
Wv. Np°v, apf-I,v Xn∏√n Fs∂-gp-Xn-bXv A¬]-⁄m-\n-bmb acp∂p
IS-°m-c≥ hmbn-®Xv NpIvap, fIp-Xn, ]√n F∂m-Wv. CXn¬
BZysØ c≠p acp-∂p-Ifpw ChnsS Cs√∂pw aq∂m-aXv ]d™
km[\w \nß-fpsS ho´n¬Xs∂ ImWm-sa-∂p-am-bn-cp∂p Abm-fpsS
{]Xn-I-c-Ww. tcmKn No´p-ambn as‰mcp IS-bn¬ sN∂p. BZysØ
c≠p acp-∂p-Iƒ Bh-iy-s∏-´p. acp-∂n-s\-°p-dn®v icn°pw ]Tn®
IS-°m-c≥ Np°pw apfIpw \¬In. ho´n-seØn Np°pw apfIpw
tN¿Øv ]√nsb Ijmbw sh®v IpSn® tcmKn ac-Ws - ∏-Sp-Ib
- m-bn-cp-
∂p. apdnsshZy≥ Bsf sIm√p-sa-∂mWv CXv hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv.
\ΩpsS aue-hn°pw icn°pw ]nW-™Xv CXp-Xs - ∂-bm-W.v icn°pw
Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ apdn-ssh-Zy-\m-W-t±-lw. \^o-kØv ae-bpsS
A¿∞w Abmƒ°v Adn-bmsX t]mbn. AXmWv CXp-t]m-se-bp≈
lnam-eb- ≥ hnUvVn-Øß - ƒ e÷-bn-√msX Cu P\m-he - n°p apºn¬
hnfn-®p-]d - b
- m≥ At±-lsØ t{]cn-∏n-®X - v. Hcp sIm´-tØß F∂-
Xn\pw Hcp sIm´ tXß F∂-Xn-\p-an-Sb - nse A¿∞-hy-Xymkw a\-
n-em-°m-\p≈ Xncn-®-dnhv t\S-Ww. B Xncn-®-dnhv C√m-sX-t]m-b-
XmWv ChnsS ImWp-∂X - v.
F∂m¬, B hcn-I-fpsS A¿∞w Cßs\ {Kln-°m-hp-∂-
XmWv:
sNm√p-hm≥ k\-Øn-\m¬ \qdpw NXp¿ ]sØ˛ F∂n-SØv
k\-Øn-\m¬ F∂Xv Hcp `mjm-{]-tbmKw am{X-am-W.v h¿j-ßf - m¬
F∂mWv AXn\v A¿∞w. AY-hm, h¿j-ß-fm¬ \qdpw \mep
]Øpw F∂v. A√msX \m¬ F∂Xv Hcp A°-ambn ]d-™-X-√.
AY-hm, lnPvd 140 F∂v Npcp-°w. tijw, Adp-]-Øn-sb´v h¿j-
߃ Pohn® alXn lnPvd 208 ¬ h^m-Ømbn F∂mWv Ah-km-
\sØ hcn-Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. CXn\p bmsXmcp Ipg-∏-hp-an-√.
auehn sX‰n hmbn-®X - mWv k¿∆ A_-≤ß - ƒ°pw hgn-sh-®X - v.''
DkvXm-Zns‚ ]Izhpw hy‡-hp-amb hni-Zo-Ic - Ww tI´v P\w
Bizm-kØ - ns‚ s\Sp-ho¿∏n-´p. Ah¿ AXyp-®Ø - n¬ XIv_o¿ apg-
°m≥ XpS-ßn. aue-hn-am-cpsS apJw hnf-dn. \n¬°-°-≈n-bn-√m-Xm-
bn. P\w Ah-cpsS X´n-∏p-Iƒ Xncn-®d - n-™p.
DkvXmZv ASpØ hnj-bØ - n-te°p Ib-dn. A∂sØ Bfp-
Iƒ ]mSn-bn-cp∂ Hcp ae-bm-f-°-hn-sXb sNm√n-bm-bn-cp∂p AXv.
auen-Zp-Ifpw a‰pw HmXp-tºmƒ AXn\p Phm-_m-bn, {]hm-NI
kvt\lw {]I-Sn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v Nne¿ Nne Cuc-Sn-Iƒ ]mSm-dp-≠m-bn-
cp-∂p. AXn-sem∂v Cß-s\-bmWv:
hm\w ]d-°p∂ sNº-cp-t¥,
\o It≠m a° aZo\ It≠m,
a°bpw I≠p aZo-\bpw I≠p,
a°sØ Xßsf duf I≠p.
CXn¬ BZysØ c≠p hcn-Iƒ Hcp hn`m-Khpw tij-ap≈
c≠p hcn-Iƒ AXn\p Phm-_mbn as‰mcp hn`m-Kh - p-amWv ]mSn-bn-cp-
∂-X.v
auehn Xs‚ {]kw-K-Øn¬ CXns\ Ie-i-embn Ifn-bm-
°n-bn-cp-∂p. CXn\p ]I-ca - mbn as‰mcp ]m´v ]mSpIbpw sNbvXp:
\msSßpw sX≠p∂ ImSw ]qt®,
\o It≠m, N´n, IpSp° It≠m.
N´nbpw I≠p, IpSp-°bpw I≠p;
N´ns‚ aq´n-sem-ssce I≠p.
DkvXmZv Xs‚ kzX-kn-≤-amb ssien-bn¬, ]Iz-X-tbmsS
CXn-t\mSp {]Xn-Ic - n-®p. "a°bpw aZo-\bpw ImWm-\p≈ i‡-amb
B{K-l-Øn¬ Bfp-Iƒ ]mSp∂ Hcp ]m´m-Wn-Xv. \mSp sX≠p∂
ImSw ]q®- t bmSv CXns\ Xpe- \ - s ∏- S p- Ø p- ∂ Xv Xncn- ® - d n- h n-
√mbvasIm≠p am{X-am-Wv. a°bpw aZo-\bpw ImWp-I-sb-∂Xv
GsXmcp hy‡n-bp-sSbpw lrZb tX´-am-W.v AXmWv Cu hcn-Ifn¬
{]Xn-^-en-°p-∂-Xv. A√m-sX, ImSw ]q®bpw sNtºmØpsam∂pw
CXnse {][m\ hnj-bß - f - √
- .'
DkvXm-Zns‚ ]Iz-Xt- bm-sS-bp≈ adp-]Sn aue-hn-am-sc-t]mepw
Cfn-`y-cm-°n. ]Iz-Xt- bm-sS-bp≈ ap\m-fd - b
- mWv Ckvem-an-Is
- a∂pw
A√mØ Al-¶m-c-{]-I-S-\-߃ \nc¿∞-I-am-sW-∂p-am-bn-cp∂p
DkvXm-Zns‚ `mjyw. AXn\p Xøm-dm-sW-¶n¬ Ft∏mgpw IS-∂p-h-
cm-sa∂pw Xm≥ sdUn-bm-sW∂pw DkvXmZv Hm¿an-∏n-®p.
DkvXm-Zns‚ Af-∂p-ap-dn®t]mse-bp≈ adp-]Sn tI´ aue-
hn-am¿°v adpØv H∂pw ]d-bm-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Kpcp-in-jy-_‘w
]d™v Ah¿ Hgn-™p-am-dp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. {]Xn-]£ _lp-am-\-an-
√msX DkvXmZv Hcp hm°v t]mepw ]d-™n-´n-s√∂v Ah¿t]mepw
kΩ-Xn-°p-Ib- p-≠m-bn.
\mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zns‚ kwhmZ-ßf - n¬ amÿ]okm-bn-cp∂p
tXh¿]-d-ºv-˛-PmdwI≠n kwhmZw. CtXm-sS, hmlm_n ]mf-b-ß-
fnse t]Sn-kz-]v\-ambn DkvXmZv amdn. Ah¿°v adp-]Sn \¬Im≥
Hcmƒ°pw Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Htc-k-abw C¬apw lnIvaØpw
HsØm-cp-an® alm ]fin-X\ - m-bn-cp∂p At±-lw.

3. Icph-sºmbn¬ Jfi\w
1966-˛67 Imew. Icp-hs - ºm-bn¬ kp∂n˛ap-Pm-lnZv kwhm-Zß - ƒ
ASn-°Sn \S∂psIm≠n-cp-∂p. {]K¬`-cmb ]fin-X∑ - m-cn¬ ]ecpw
h∂p-t]m-Nb - n. Bi-bt- ]m-cm-´ß - ƒ°v bmsXmcp Ipd-hp-ap-≠m-bn-√.
Bbn-sS-bmWv Hcm-gvN-tbmfw \o≠p-\n¬°p∂ {]`m-j-W-hp-ambn
hlm-_n-Iƒ cwK-Øp-h∂ - X- v.
Aß-s\-bn-cns° Hcp Znhkw \mc-I-t»-cn-bpsS injy-\m-
bn-cp∂ ae-bΩ tImbmap auehn Ah-cpsS ]cn-]m-Sn- {ihn-°m≥
t]mbn. tÃPn-te°p kp∂Øp Pam-A-Øp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]Øp
tNmZy-߃ \¬In. aue-hn-am¿ CXp I≠v ]cn-{`-an-®p. A]-Izhpw
Akw-Xr-]vXh - p-amb adp-]Sn ]d™v Ah¿ X¬°mew c£-s∏-´p.
hlm-_n-I-fpsS Cu Al-¶m-c-Øn\p AdpXn hcp-Øntb
Xocq F∂v hnizm-kn-Iƒ CtXmsS Nn¥n-®p. AXpsIm-≠p-X-s∂,
CXn\p adp-]Sn ]d-bm≥ Bsc sIm≠p-hc - W
- s
- a∂v Ah¿ Nn¥n-®p.
HSp-hn¬, \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zn-s\-Øs∂ sIm≠p-hc - m-sa∂v Xocp-am-
\-am-bn. ]mS-h\ A“Zv Ip´n lmPn DkvXm-Zns\ t\cn¬ h∂p-I≠v
]cn-]m-Sn-bn-te°p £Wn-®p. AhnsS hlm-_n-If - psS {]`m-jW ]c-
ºc \S-∂p-sIm-≠n°p∂ps≠∂pw AXn-\m¬ DkvXmZv hc-Ws - a∂pw
Bh-iy-s∏-´p.
Icp-h-sºm-bn-ense Ah-ÿ-I-sf-°p-dn®v DkvXm-Zn\p \√-
t]mse Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, adp-sØm∂pw ]d-
™n-√. "F¶n¬ sshIn-°≠; \ap°v DS-s\-Øs∂ adp-]Sn ]d-bmw.
C\n-bp-anXv ]n¥n-∏n-°-cp-Xv.' DkvXmZv ]d-™p. £Wn-°m≥ h∂-
h¿ Xncn-®p-t]m-bn.
\mc-It- »cn DkvXmZv ap≠m´v ]≈n-bn¬ Z¿kv \S-Øp∂ Ime-
am-bn-cp∂p CXv. DkvXmZv Jfi-\Ø - n-\p≈ Xøm-sd-Sp∏v \S-Øn. cm{Xn
\a-kI v m-cs
- a√mw Ign-™,v Xs‚ {][m-\s - ∏´ injy-∑msc IqsS-°q´n
Hcp Po∏n¬ sI.-kn. lpssk≥ lmPn-bpsS ho´n-te°p t]mbn.
A∂sØ Cu `mKsØ Adn-bs - ∏´ {]am-Wnbpw k¿∆mw-Ko-Im-ca - p≈
t\Xm-hp-am-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. DkvXm-Zp-ambn hfsc ASp-∏Ø - n-em-bn-
cp-∂p. DkvXm-Zn\pw henb Imcy-am-bn-cp-∂p. kwhmZ taJ-e-bn¬
DkvXm-Zn\p ]e-t∏mgpw Xmßpw klm-bhpw \¬In-bn-cp-∂Xv At±-
l-am-Wv. F¥n\pw km[y-Xb - p≈ Hcp kwhm-Za - m-bX
- n-\m¬ At±-l-
sØ-°qSn IqsS Iq´p-Is - b-∂X - m-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zns‚ e£yw.
kwLw sI.-kn.-bpsS ho´n-seØn, Po∏n-d-ßn. ]s£,
At±lw ho´n¬ Hcp Ieym-WØ - n-s‚tbm at‰m Xnc-°n-em-bn-cp-∂p.
""Rm≥ A¬]w Xnc-°n-em-Wv. DkvXmZv t]mbn {]kw-Kn-°p-
I. kp∂-Øp-Pa - m-AØ
- n-\p-th≠n DkvXmZv F¥p-Xs∂ ]d-™mepw
Rm≥ ]n∂n-ep-≠m-Ipw. t]Sn-t°-≠X - n-√.'' At±lw ]d-™p.
kwLw Po∏n¬ Ibdn kwhmZ \K-cn-bmb Icp-h-sºm-bn-
te°p Xncn-®p. At∏m-tg°pw henb P\m-he - n-Xs∂ AhnsS XSn-®p-
Iq-Sn-bn-cp-∂p. sI.-hn. tambn≥ Ip´n lmPnbpw A∂v ]q¿W ]n¥p-W-
bp-ambn IqsS-bp-≠v.
DkvXmZv Bfl-hn-izm-kt- ØmsS tÃPn-te°p Ib-dn. IqsS
Xs‚ injy-∑m-cmb sI.-Sn. apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿, Fw.-sI.-Fw. tImb
apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]cn-]m-Sn-bpsS {]mcw-`-ap-d-
Iƒ°p tijw DkvXmZv Xs‚ {]`m-jWw XpS-ßn. aue-hn-am¿ {]kw-
Kn-®p-t]mb Hmtcm hnj-bß - fpw apºn-se-Sp-Øp. hkvXp-\n-jvTa - mbpw
Imcy-£a - a- mbpw Ah N¿® sNbvXp. {][m-\a - m-bpw, Iq´p-{]m¿∞-\,
ssIsI-´¬, Jp\qØv HmX¬, Xh- p¬, CkvXn-Kmk XpSßn hnhn[
hnj-bß - f - n-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-bn.
\nkvIm-c-Øn\p tijw Fgp-t∂‰p t]mhWw F∂p sXfn-
bn-°p∂ GsX-¶n-ep-samcp I¿a-imkv{X {KŸw sIm≠p-h-cm≥
\n߃°p Ign-bptam F∂v DkvXmZv Ahsc sh√p-hn-fn-®p. apX-^-
cnZv apX¬ apI-fn-te°v Xplv^b - psS c≠p id-lp-Iƒhsc FSp-°p-
I. AXn¬ Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw Fgp-t∂-‰p-t]m-hWw Fs∂mcp ]cm-
a¿i-ap-s≠-¶n¬ C∂p-Xs∂ Cu {]iv\w ChnsS Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m-
sa∂v DkvXmZv ]d-™p.
Huen-bm-°ƒ°p klm-bn-°m≥ Ign-bptam F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p
as‰mcp hnj-bw. sh≈-∏m≠v tcmK-ap-≈-h-scbpw A‘-∑m-scbpw
Cukm \_n (A) t`X-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ Jp¿-B≥ kq‡-
tamXn, A√m-lp-hns‚ CjvS-Zm-k-∑m¿°v PohnX ImeØpw ac-W-
ti-jhpw klm-bn-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v DkvXmZv ÿm]n-®p.
Cßs\ Hmtcm hnj-bß - fpw N¿® sNbvXp. Ah-cpsS Hmtcm
hmZ-ßfpw s]mfn-®n-´p. tijw, ]d™p:
""\n߃ ]d-bp-∂s - X√mw kXy-am-sW-∂mWv \n߃ hniz-
kn-°p-∂-sX¶n¬ Zbhv sNbvXv Cu InØm-_p-I-fn¬ AsXm∂p
ImWn-®p-X-cn-I. 35 h¿j-ambn Rm≥ Z¿kv \S-Øp-∂p. CXp-hsc
\n߃ ]d-bp-∂X - p-t]mse F\n°v Fhn-sSbpw ImWm≥ Ign-™n-
´n-√. C\n, Rm≥ ]d™ hnj-b-ß-fn¬ \n߃°v kwi-b-ap-s≠-
¶n¬ Fs‚ ASpØv hcm-hp-∂X - m-Wv. F√m InØm-_p-Ifpw Fs‚
ASp-Øp-≠v. Ft∏mƒ h∂mepw \n߃°v kwi-bß - ƒ Xo¿Øp-X-
cm≥ k∂-≤h - p-am-Wv. Ct∏mƒ thW-sa-¶n¬ Ctßm´p hcmw. Rm≥
Z¿kp \S-Øp∂ apt≠m´v ]≈n-bn-te°p hcmw. F¥p-am-hmw.''
Gsd [oc-X-tb-dn-b-Xm-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zns‚ Cu {]Jym-]-
\w. kp∂n-I-fpsS hnizmk {]am-W-ßsf tNmZyw sNbvXp {]kw-
Kn® aue-hn-am¿ CtXmsS KXn ap´n. Hcmfpw {]Xn-Ic - n-°p-Itbm adp-
]Sn ]d-bm≥ apt∂m´p hcn-Itbm sNbvXn-√.
\qdp iX-am\w hnPb{]Z-am-bn-cp∂p Cu Jfi-\w. CtXmsS
Ime-ß-fmbn Icp-h-sºm-bn¬ XpS¿∂p-h-∂n-cp∂ hmZ-˛-{]-Xn-hmZ
{]kwK ]c-ºc Ah-km-\n-®p. ]n∂oSv Ime-ßt- fmfw AhnsS kwhm-
Z-ßs - fm∂pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. \mc-It- »-cn-bpsS Jfi\ ]mS-hØ - ns‚
aq¿— A{X-am{Xw i‡-am-bn-cp-∂p. DkvXmZv acn®p h¿j-߃°p
tij-amWv ]n∂oSv ho≠pw ChnsS hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z-߃ Bcw-`n-°p-
∂-X.v

4. ]q\q¿ kwhmZw
\mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zv kw_-‘n® Bib kwhm-Z-ß-fn¬
{]kn-≤a - mWv 1951 ¬ ]q\q-cn¬ \S∂ hmZ-{]-Xn-hmZw. tIc-fØ- nse
{]ap-J-cmb ]fin-X-∑m¿ ]s¶-SpØ kp{]-[m\ kwhm-Z-ß-fn-sem-
∂m-bn-cp∂p CXv. ]Xn A–p¬ JmZn¿ apkven-bm¿, ]d-hÆ aplvbn-
±o≥ Ip´n apkven-bm¿, C.-sI. A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-b-
h¿ Cu kwhm-ZØ - n¬ ]s¶-SpØ {]ap-Jc - m-Wv.
s\Sn-bn-cp-∏n¬\n∂pw X߃t°‰ BLm-XØ - n¬\n∂pw Ic-
I-b-dp-∂-Xn\p apºm-bn-cp∂p hlm-_n-Iƒ Cß-s\-sbmcp kwhm-Z-
Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m≥ \n¿_-‘n-Xc - m-bX
- .v ]Xn A–p¬ JmZn¿ apkven-
bm-cm-bn-cp∂p kp∂n ]£-Øp-\n∂pw kwhm-ZØ - ns‚ \mb-I≥. sI.-
kn. lpssk≥ kmln_v Xs∂-bmWv kp∂n ]fin-X¿°v ]n¥pW
\¬In IqsS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂X - v.
]q\q¿ B¿. ac-°m¿ lmPn-bpsS ]oSnI hcm-¥b - n-em-bn-cp∂p
tÃPv. cm{Xn F´p aWn-°mWv kwhmZw Bcw-`n-®Xv. Ccp ]£-Øp-
∂n∂pw h≥ P\m-h-en-Xs∂ AhnsS XSn-®p-Iq-Sn. FS-hÆ Aehn
aue-hn-bm-bn-cp∂p hlm_n ]£sØ apJy≥.
hyh-ÿI - f- psS ASn-ÿm-\Ø
- n¬ HutZym-Kn-Ia- mbn kwhmZw
Bcw-`n-°m-\n-cp-∂-t∏m-tg°pw hlm_n ]£-Øp-\n∂pw tNmZyw
Db¿∂p:
""aplvbn-±o≥ ssitJ Im°tW, _Zvco-ßtf Im°tW XpS-
ßn-bh - °v Jp¿-B\ - n¬ F¥mWv sXfnhv?''
Xo¿Øpw t\csØ Xocp-am-\n® hyh-ÿ°p hncp-≤-am-bn-
cp∂p Cu tNmZyw. ]Xn Fgp-t∂-‰p-\n∂p CXp hyh-ÿ°p FXn-cm-
sW∂pw Chn-sS-sh®p hyhÿ hmbn-°-W-sa∂pw Bh-iy-s∏-´p.
]s£, hlm_n t\Xm-°ƒ AXn\p Xøm-dm-bn-√. hyhÿ t\csØ
]pd-Øp-hn-´X - n-\m¬ AXv hmbn-t°-≠X - n-√m-sb-∂X- m-bn-cp∂p Ah-
cpsS ]£w. kwhmZw {ihn-°m-s\-Øn-bh - ¿°v kwhm-ZØ - ns‚ KXn
a\- n-em-hm≥ AXv A\n-hm-cy-am-sW∂v ]Xn-bpw ]d-™p. Iptd
t\cw Cu N¿®-bm-bn-cp∂p ]n∂o-Sv. Ccp-hcpw Xß-fpsS hmZ-Øn¬
]nSn-®p-\n-∂p. ]Xn hn´p-sIm-Sp-Øn-√. kwhm-ZØ - ns‚ kpK-aa - mb \S-
Øn-∏n\v AXv A\n-hm-cy-am-sW-∂v At±lw hmZn-®p.
AXn-\nsS \mc-It- »cn DkvXmZpw iwkp¬ De-abpw CS-s]-
´p-t\m-°n. hyhÿ t\m°m-sX-Øs∂, Ah-cpsS tNmZy-߃°v
X߃ adp-]Sn ]d-bm-sa∂v Ah¿ ]d-™p. ]s£, tbmKw \nb-
{¥n-®n-cp∂ ]Xn hlm-_n-Iƒ°p apºn¬ bmsXmcp hn´p-ho-gvN°pw
Xøm-dm-bn-√. tbmKw hyhÿ t]mse-Øs∂ \S-°-W-sa-∂-Xn¬
At±lw Dd-®p-\n-∂p.
Ah-km\w tNmtZym-Øc skj-\n-te°p \oßn. CkvXn-
Kmk A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-sW∂ hmZw Jp¿-B≥ kq‡-߃ \ncØn
]Xn hni-Zo-I-cn-®p. emC-eml C√-√mlv F∂-Xn¬\n∂p CkvXn-
Kmk A\p-hZ- \ - o-ba - s
- √∂p Xm≥ sXfn-bn-°p-sa∂v auehn ]d-™p.
F∂m¬, apl-ΩZ- p¿d-kq-ep-√mlv F∂-Xn¬ \n∂v AXv A\p-hZ- \ - o-
b-am-sW∂v Xm\pw sXfn-bn-°p-sa∂v ]Xnbpw ]d-™p. GI-tZiw
t\cw ]pe-cp-∂X - p-hsc Cu hmZ-߃ Cßs\ XpS-cp-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p.
kp∂n-Iƒ°pw apPm-ln-Zp-Iƒ°pw CS-bn¬ \S∂ kwhm-Z-
ß-fn¬ Gsd {]kn-≤-am-bn-cp∂p Cu ]q\q¿ kwhm-Zw. t\Xr-]-c-
ambn ]s¶-Sp-Øn-s√-¶nepw \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zns‚ CS-s]-Se
- p-Iƒ
CXn¬ {it≤-ba - m-bn-cp-∂p.

5. \∑≠ kwhmZw
\mc-It- »cn DkvXmZv sImSp-h≈n N¥-∏≈ - n-bn¬ Z¿kv \S-
Øn-s°m-≠n-cp∂ Ime-Øm-bn-cp∂p \∑≠ kwhm-Zw. iwkp¬ De-
a-bm-bn-cp∂p CXnse apJy-{]-`m-j-I≥. ]s£, kZ- n¬ \nd-™p-
\n∂ Hcp {][m\ km∂n-[y-am-bn-cp∂p \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zv.
]q\q¿ kwhm-ZØ - n-\p≈ Hcp adp-]Sn IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂p \∑≠
kwhm-Zw. ]q\q¿ kwhm-ZØ - n¬ kp∂n-Iƒ ]cm-Nb - s- ∏-´p-sh∂v Ah¿
\mSp-\osf {]N-cn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, AXn-s\mcp adp-
]Sn \¬I¬ A\n-hm-cy-am-bn. iwkp¬ Dea Xs∂ CXn\p t\cn´p
cwK-Øn-dß - p-Ibpw t\m´okphsc H´n®v {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ kPo-ha - m-
°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
\cn-°p\n _mep-t»-cn-°-SpØ Hcp {]tZ-i-amWv \∑-≠.
apPm-lnZv hn`mKw Ahn-sS-sh®p kp∂n-If - p-ambn Hcp kwhm-ZØ - n\p
Xøm-dm-bn. Xh- p¬/CkvXn-Km-kb - m-bn-cp∂p {][m\ N¿®m-hn-jb - w.
kwhmZ Znh-kw. t\c-sØ-Øs∂ iwkp¬ De-abpw sI.-
kn. lpssk≥ kmln_pw N¥-∏≈n \mc-It- »-cn-bpsS Z¿kn¬ h∂p.
AhnsS [mcmfw InØm-_p-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. \mc-I-t»-cn-bpsS
{][m\ injy-∑msc hnfn-®pIq-´n. InXm-_p-I-fn-eqsS kwhmZ hnj-
b-sØ-°p-dn®v ka{K-amb At\z-jWw \S-Øn. iwkp¬ Dea ASp-
Øp-Xs∂ Hcp sNb-dn¬ Ccp-∂p. Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw X߃°p In´p∂
akvA- e
- I - ƒ iwkp¬-De - a
- °p sh®p-\o-´n. At±lw ]p©n-cn-tbmsS
AXp hmßn ]cn-tim-[n-®p. Iptd-t\cw Cßs\ t]mbn‚ v kam-l-
cWw \S-∂p. Xs‚ Kpcp IqSn-bmb \mc-I-t»cn DkvXmZpw ]e-
Xnepw CS-s]-´p kwkm-cn®p. iwkp¬ Dea F√m t]mbv‚p-Ifpw
at\m-lc - a
- mbn a\- n¬ t{ImUo-Ic - n-®p.
cm{Xn kwhm-Z-Øns‚ kabw h∂-Øn. kwLw \∑-≠-bn-
te°p Xncn-®p. \mc-It- »-cnbpw Xs‚ {][m\ injy-∑mcpw Iq´-Øn-
ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F√m-hcpw tÃPn¬ Ib-dn. kwhmZw Bcw-`n-®p.
Hmtcm hn`m-KØ - n\pw H∂c aWn-°q¿ hoXw hnj-ba - h- X
- c - n-
∏n-°m-\p≈ Ah-kc - a
- m-bn-cp∂p XpS-°Ø - n¬. AX-\p-kc - n®v BZyw
\dp°v hoWXv apPm-lnZv hn`m-KØ - n-\m-Wv. Iq´mbn A–p√ lmPn,
]d-∏q¿ A–p¿d-“m≥ auehn XpS-ßn-bh - c
- m-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS t\Xm-
°ƒ.
{]Ya Znhkw BZyw Iq´mbn A–p√ lmPn-bmWv hlm_n
]£-Øp-\n∂pw kwkm-cn-®-Xv. Xh- p¬-˛-C-kvXn-Km-ksb \nin-X-
ambn hna¿in-®p-sIm≠v Abmƒ Iptd t\cw {]kw-Kn-®p. Jp¿-B≥
Bb-Øp-IƒX-s∂-bmWv Xs‚ hmZ-߃°pw Abmƒ sXfnhv ]d-
™-Xv. "C\n B apivcn°v CXn\p F¥p adp-]Sn ]d-bp-sa∂v Adn-
bn√' F∂p ]d-™p-sIm-≠v Abmƒ {]kwKw \n¿Øn. X\n°p
adp-]Sn ]d-bm≥ hcp∂ iwkp¬ De-asb kqNn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp∂p
Abm-fpsS Cu ]cm-a¿iw.
tijw, iwkp¬ Dea Fgp-t∂-‰p-\n-∂p. AbmfpsS Hmtcm
tNmZy-Øn\pw hy‡-amb adp-]S- n-Iƒ \nc-Øn. Abmƒ HmXnb AtX
kq‡-߃ HmXn-s°m-≠p-Xs - ∂-bmWv At±lw Abmƒ°p adp-]Sn
\¬In-b-Xv. Abmƒ _m°n HmXmsX ]mXn \n¿Ønb kq‡-ß-
sf√mw ]cn-]q¿W-ambn HmXn, Ah-cpsS hmZ-ßf - psS ap\-sbm-Sn-®p.
c≠mw Znh-khpw aq∂mw Znh-khpw ]d-∏q¿ A–p¿d-“m≥
aue-hn-bmWv kwkm-cn-®X - v. Xh- p-en\pw CkvXn-Km-k°pw Jp¿-B-
\nepw lZo-knepw bmsXmcp sXfn-hp-an-s√∂p ]d-™p-sIm-≠n-cp∂
Abmƒ Ah-km\w ]d™p: "Bb-Xn-\m¬, C\n AXn\p sXfnhp
In´-Ws - a-¶n¬ A√m-lp-hn\p Iºn ktµiw Ab-t°-≠n-hcpw!'
CXp tI´ iwkp¬ Dea DSs\ Fgp-t∂-‰p-\n∂p ]d™p:
"tI´n-t√, Ah≥ ]d-™-Xv. sXfnhp e`n-°m≥ A√m-lp-hn\v Iºn
ktµiw Ab-°Ww t]mepw.' tijw, At±lw Jp¿-B\ - n¬\n∂pw
lZo-kn¬\n∂pw A\-h[n sXfn-hp-Iƒ \ncØn Xß-fpsS hmZw
ÿnco-Ic - n-®p. Xh- pepw CkvXn-Km-kbpw Jp¿-B\ - n-Ihpw Ckvem-
an-Ihpam-sW∂v ÿm]n-®p.
At∏m-tg°pw hlm-_n-Iƒ°v Xß-fpsS Bib ]m∏-cØw
hy‡-am-bn-°g- n-™n-cp-∂p. Ah-km-\a - mbn iwkp¬ Deam hlm_n
t\Xmhv \∑≠ Ie-¥¿ Ip´n-tbmSv C\nbpw R߃ htc-≠X - pt≠m
F∂p tNmZn-®p. C\n htc-≠X - n-√m-sb-∂m-bn-cp∂p Abm-fpsS adp-]-
Sn. AtXmsS Cu kwhmZ ]c-ºc Ah-km-\n-°p-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p.
\mc-It- »cn DkvXmZv kPo-ha - mbn ]s¶-SpØ kwhmZ-ßf - n-
sem-∂m-bn-cp∂p CXv. iwkp¬ Dea ]s¶-SpØ Cu `mK-ß-fn¬
\S∂ ]e kwhm-Z-ß-fnepw At±-lhpw ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. At±-l-
Øns‚ km∂n-[yw-Xs∂ kwhm-ZI - ¿°v Bth-ihpw Bfl-hn-izm-k-
hp-amWv h¿≤n-∏n-®n-cp-∂X - v.
6. Iµ-aw-Kew kwhmZw
Ipµ-aw-Kew Su¨ ]≈n-bn¬ Z¿kv \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂
Ime-Øm-bn-cn°Ww Cß-s\-sbmcp kwhm-ZØ - n\v thZn-sbm-cp-ßn-
b-Xv. Ipµ-aw-Kew `q]Xn {]am-Wn-am-cmWv hlm-_n-ksØ {]Xn-\n-
[o-I-cn®v {]Xn-]-£Øv D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. kp∂n-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ \ncm-
t£]w XpS¿∂p-h-cp∂ auen-Zp-I-sfbpw dmØo-_p-I-sfbpw A[n-
I-cn-®m-bn-cp∂p Cu kwhm-Zw.
{][m-\a- mbpw, dmØo-_p-If
- n¬ ]d-bs- ∏-Sp∂ lm, lo, lq
t]mse- b p≈ ]cm- a ¿i- ß sf hlm- _ n- I ƒ Ifn- b m- ° p- I bpw
FXn¿°p-Ibpw sNbvX kµ¿`w. \mc-I-t»cn DkvXmZv i‡-ambn
cwK-Øn-dß - p-Ibpw CXns‚ D≈d cl-ky-ßsf Xpd∂p Im´p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. kq^n-I-fpsS temIsØ Hmtcm A£-c-Øn\pw A¿∞
ssh]peyw I≠v hlm-_n-I¬ ]Øn aS-°p-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p.

7. ]msem-fn-Ømgw adp-]Sn
]md-∂qcv ]msem-fn-Ømgw `mKØv hlm-_n-Iƒ thcp-]n-Sn-
®p-h∂ Imew. Ah-cpsS XpS-sc-Øp-S-sc-bp≈ Bi-b-{]-N-I-c-W-
߃°v hiw-hZ- c - mbn kp∂n-kØ
- n¬\n∂pw ]sØm-ºX - w-Kk- wLw
hlm-_n-k-Øn-te°p t]mbn. CXv \m´n¬ henb {]iv\-߃°p
hgn-sh-®p.
kp∂n-Iƒ DW-cp-Ibpw cwK-Øn-dß - p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXn\p
adp-]Sn ]d-bm≥ Hcmsf Is≠-Ø-Ww. ]md-∂q¿ AlvaZv apkven-
bm¿°m-bn-cp∂p AXns‚ Npa-Xe - . At±lw t\sc ae-bΩ sN∂p
Xs‚ Kpcp-Iq-Sn-bmb \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zns\ £Wn-®p.
Bdp Znh-k-߃ \o≠p\n¬°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p ]cn-]m-Sn.
]pØ-\m-i-b-°m-cpsS k¿∆ hmZ-K-Xn-Ifpw Jfin-®p-sIm≠v Bdp
Znh-khpw DkvXmZv {]kw-Kn-®p. B `mKsØ {]K¬` ]fin-X-\m-
bn-cp∂ ]p¬]-d-ºn¬ A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm-cmWv (]m-d-∂q¿
C_vdmlow apkven-bm-cpsS ]nXm-hv) A∂v IqsS D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
DkvXm-Zns‚ [oc-Xt- bm-sS-bp≈ Cu cwK-{]-thiw ChnsS hlm-_n-
ksØ apf-bn¬Xs∂ £bn-∏n-®p-If - b
- p-Ib
- m-bn-cp-∂p. ]nSn-®p-\n¬°m-
\m-ImØ apPm-lnZv ]S ]n¥n-cn-™p-t]m-Ip∂ ImgvNb - mWv ]n∂o-Sp-
≠m-b-Xv. t]mb-h-sc√mw kp∂n-k-Øn-te°p Xncn-®p-h-cn-Ibpw
sNbvXp.
Cu Bdp Znh-khpw ]md-∂q¿ C_vdmlow apkven-bm-cpsS
Xd-hm-´n-emWv \mc-It- »cn DkvXmZv Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂X - .v ]md-∂q¿ DkvXm-
ZmWv Ah¿°v Ipfn-°m-\p≈ sh≈w ap°n-s°m-Sp-Øn-cp-∂X - v. Cu
`mKØv kv]o°¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ BZy ]cn-]m-Snb-bm-bn-
cp∂p CXv.
Cu Jfi-\Ø - n-\n-Sb - n¬ ck-Ic - a- m-sbmcp kw`hw \S-∂p.
DkvXmZv {]kw-Kn-®p-sIm-≠n-cns° apPm-lnZv kwhm-ZI - \- mb ssiJv
apl-ΩZv DkvXm-Zns‚ {]kwKw {ihn-°m≥ ASp-sØmcp ho´n¬ cl-
ky-ambn h∂n-cp-∂p. Cu hnhcw DSs\ DkvXm-Zns‚ sNhn-bn-ep-sa-
Øn. Kl-\-amb N¿®-Iƒ \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cns° "tN°-Ω-tZ, \o
tIt´m, Rm≥ ]d-™Xv?'... DkvXmZv \¿a `mj-b¬ Dds° tNmZn-
®p. CXp tI´ kZ-ky¿ Ipep-ßn-®n-cn-®p-t]m-bn.
AXn-Kl - \- a- m-bn-cp∂p A∂sØ DkvXm-Zns‚ Hmtcm {]`m-
j-Wß - f - pw. "Cøm° \Av_pZp' F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®p am{X-am-bn-cp∂p
Hcp Znhkw apgp-s°bpw kwkm-cn-®n-cp-∂X - v.
Cßs\ \mc-It- »cn DkvXmZv t\cn´p ]s¶-Sp-°p-Itbm t\Xr-
]-c-amb ]¶v hln-°p-Itbm sNbvX kwhm-Z-߃ A\-h-[n-bm-Wv.
{][m-\a - mbpw Xs‚ X´-Ia - mb tImgn-t°mSp Pn√sb tI{µo-Ic - n-®mWv
Ah-cpsS CØcw {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂X - .v tIc-fØ - nse A\-
h[n kwhm-Zt- h-Zn-If - n¬ {]K¬`-cmb A\-h[n kwhm-ZI - t- cm-sSm∏w
At±-lhpw ]¶m-fn-bm-bn-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. DkvXmZv ]s¶-SpØ kwhm-
Z-ßs - f-°p-dn®v hy‡-amb tcJ-If - n-s√-¶nepw, C∆n-jb - I- a - mbn A°m-
esØ A\n-hmcy km∂n-[y-ß-fn-sem-∂m-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zn-s‚-Xv.
AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂, BZ¿i kwhmZ thZn-If - nse apPm-ln-Zp-If - psS
t]Sn-kz-]v\a - mbn amdn-°g - n-™n-cp∂p DkvXm-Zv. A{X-am{Xw Bib
kºp-jvShpw kº-∂h - p-am-bn-cp∂p B {]kw-Kß - ƒ.
 `mKw Bdv
{]h¿Ø\]Yw
 24

ka-kvX-bnse Ime-߃
1926 tImgn-t°mSv Su¨lm-fn¬, hc-°¬ ap√-t°mb Xß-
f-S°w {]apJ ]fin-X-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬, ka-kvX-bpsS cq]oI-
cW tbmKw \S-°p-tºm¬ \mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zn\v 22 hb- m-bn-cp-
∂p. hmg-°mSv Zqdp¬ Deq-an¬ JpYp_n apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿°pw
IÆn-bØv DkvXm-Zn\pw Iogn¬ henb Z¿kv \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cp∂
Ime-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. CXns\ XpS¿∂mWv \mc-I-t»cn DkvXmZv
AhnsS ]Tn-°m-s\-Øp-∂X - .v ka-kX v b- psS cq]o-Ic - W tbmK-Øn¬
]s¶-Sp-Ø, {]Ya apim-hd - b
- n¬ AwK-amb {]ap-J\ - m-bn-cp-∂p-ht√m
AhnsS Xs‚ hµy Kpcp IÆn-bØv DkvXm-Zv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂,
ka-kvXb - psS {]mcw-`I - me h¿Ø-am-\ß - s - f°pdns®√mw kzm`m-hn-
I-ambpw Xs‚ injy-∑mcpw Adn-™n-cn-°pw. Bb-Xn\m¬, Xs‚
hnZym¿∞o-Imew apX¬Xs∂ ka-kvX-sbbpw AXns‚ kap-∂-X-
cmb ]fin-X∑ - m-scbpw Ipdn® ]q¿W t_m[-tØm-sSbpw Adn-thm-
sS-bp-am-bn-cp∂p \mc-It- »cn DkvXmZv hf¿∂n-cp-∂X - v.
hc-°¬ ap√-t°mb X߃, ]mßn¬ A“Zv Ip´n apkven-
bm¿, hmf-°pfw A–p¬ _mcn apkven-bm¿, A“Zv tImb imen-
bm-Øn, kzZ-J-Øp√ apkven-bm¿ XpSßn ka-kvX-bpsS {]K¬`-
cmb ]fin-X∑ - m-sc-sb√mw At±-lØ - n\p \√t]mse Adn-bp-am-bn-
cp-∂p. JpYp-_n, IÆn-b-Øv, ]d-h-Æ, imen-bmØn t]mse-bp-≈-h-
cp-ambn ASpØ _‘w ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-
≠p-Xs - ∂, F√m A¿∞-Ønepw ka-kX v b
- psS kΩp-∂X - c
- mb \mb-
I-tcm-sSm∏w `mhn-bpsS t\Xm-hm-bn-´mWv alm-\h - ¿Iƒ hf¿∂p-h-
cp-∂X- .v kap-Zm-bhpw ]fin-X∑ - mcpw Ah-cn¬ \¬Inb Cu hnizmkw
am{Xw aXn-bm-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zn\p Xs‚ apt∂m-´p≈ {]bmW hgn-
Iƒ sXfn-™p-In-´m≥. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂, kap-∂X - c- mb ]fin-X-
∑m-cpsS A\p-{K-lhpw AwKo-Im-chpw t\Sn, ka-kvXb - psS ]finX
Xd-hm-´n¬ HutZym-Kn-Ia- m-bn-Øs∂ Hcw-Ka
- mbn IS-∂p-sN-√m≥ hfsc
thK-Øn¬X At±-lØ - n\p km[n-®p. k¿∆-cmepw AwKo-Ic - n-°s
- ∏-
Sp∂ ka-kvX-bpsS ]finX \nc-bn¬ Hcw-K-ambn At±-lw t\c-
sØ-Øs∂ IS-∂p-h∂ - p.

c≠mw Xe-ap-db - nse {][m\n

tImgn-t°mSv Pn√-bn¬\n∂pw ka-kvX-bpsS t\Xr-ÿm-\-
tØ°p {]K¬`-cmb A\-h[n ]fin-X∑ - m¿ IS-∂p-h∂ - n´p≠v. Ime-
Øns‚bpw {]h¿Ø-\ß - f- p-sSbpw {]mK¬`y-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-
\-Øn¬ Chsc \ap°v a∂v Xe-ap-dI - f
- mbn Xncn-°mw. AXnse H∂mw
Xe-ap-db- n¬s]´ {][m-\n-Iƒ Ch-cmWv:
hc-°¬ ap√-t°mb X߃, A“Zv tImb-»m-en-bm-Øn, Ip‰n-
®nd Ip™n-t°mb apkven-bm¿, t_∏q¿ apl-ΩZv tImb apkven-
bm¿, ^tdm°v A–p¿d-“m≥ apkven-bm¿, tImgn-t°mSv A“Zv Cºn-
®n-t°mb X߃, tImgn-t°mSv leph _km-dn¬ aΩZv tImb
apkven-bm¿, tImgn-t°mSv ssiJns‚ ]≈n aΩZv apkvenbm¿ XpS-
ßn-bh - ¿. ka-kvXb - psS BZy-Ime al-Øp-°f - m-bn-cp∂p Ch¿.
c≠mw Xe-apdbnse {][m-\n-Iƒ Ch-cmWv: C.-sI. A_q-
_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿, A“Zv inlm-_p-±o≥ Cºn-®n-t°mb X߃,
_m^Jn X߃, ]≈n-°≠n sambvXo≥ apkven-bm¿, CSn-b-ßc
A“Zv tImb apkven-bm¿, sI. tN°p´n apkven-bm¿, apZm-°c F.-
sI. Ip™m-ap´n apkven-bm¿, sImbn-em≠n Jmkn apl-ΩZv apkven-
bm¿, ae-bΩ A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿ Xp-Sß - n-bh - ¿.
aq∂mw Xe-ap-db - nse {][m-\n-Iƒ: s\Sn-b\ - mSv kn. A–p¿d-
“m≥ apkven-bm¿, sImSp-h≈n kn.-FO - .v A–p¿d-“m≥ apkven-bm¿,
If-cm-¥ncn ]n. A–p apkven-bm¿, Aco-°¬ C_vdmlow apkven-
bm¿, C.-sI. lk≥ apkven-bm¿, At≠mW A–p√ apkven-bm¿,
]n.-kn. Ip™m-e≥ Ip´n apkven-bm¿, ]c-∏≥t]mbn¬ ]n.-sI. aplvb-
±o≥ apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-bh - ¿- .
]md-∂q¿ C_vdmlow apkven-bm¿, tNe-°mSv apl-ΩZv
apkven-bm¿, hmhmSv Ip™n-t°mb apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-b-hcmWv
C∂pw Cu taJ-eb - n¬ hnf-ßn-\n¬°p∂ hy‡n-Xz-߃ - .
Cßs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ, ka-kvX-bpsS ]finX \nc-bn¬
c≠mw Xe-ap-db - n¬ hnf-ßn-\n∂ kap-∂X - a
- mb km∂n-[y-am-bn-cp∂p
\mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zv. 1960 Ifn-emWv ka-kvXb - psS kPoh I¿a-ho-
Yn-If
- n¬ At±lw HutZym-Kn-Ia - mbn IS-∂p-hc- p-∂X
- .v AXn\p apºpw
CtX ]mX-bn¬ Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p At±-lØ - ns‚ Pohn-Xw. 1963 ¬
Imk¿tIm´psh®v ka-kvX-bpsS Ccp--]Øn-c≠mw ktΩ-f\w \S-
°ptºmƒ At±lw Imk¿tImSv ]S-∂b - nse apZ-cn-km-bn- {]h¿Øn-
°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 1966 ¬ kzZ-J-Øp√ apkven-bm¿ ka-kvX-bpsS
{]kn-U‚mbn sXc-s™-Sp-°s - ∏´ ka-bØv At±lw \mc-It- »-cnsb
kµ¿in-°m-\mbn ]S-∂b - n¬ hcnI-bp-≠m-bn.

euUv kv]o°dpw ka-kX v b - nse N¿®-Ifpw

1962 Ime-ß-fn¬ kakvXbpsS {]kn-U‚ v hmf-°pfw
A–p¬ _mcn apkven-bmcpw sk{I-´dn C.-sI. A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-
bm-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]d-hÆ aplvbn-±o≥ Ip´n apkven-bm¿ A¥-cn-®X - ns\
XpS¿∂v 1957 emWv C.-sI. Cu ÿm\-tØ°p IS-∂p-hc - p-∂X - .v A∂v
sshkv {]kn-U‚p-am¿ ]m\m-bn-°pfw C_vdmlow apkven-bmcpw sI.-
sI. kzZ-JX - p√ apkven-bm-cp-am-bncp-∂p. 1965 ¬ A–p¬ _mcn apkven-
bm¿ temI-tØmSv hnS-]-d-™p. tijw X¬ÿm-\-tØ°p IS-∂p-
h-∂Xv sI.sI. kzZ-J-Øp√ apkven-bm-cm-Wv. sshkv {]kn-U‚ v
ÿm\-tØ°p IÆn-bØv A“Zv apkven-bmcpw sXc-s™-Sp-°s - ∏-
´p.
Bbn-sS-bmWv ka-kX v b
- n¬ euUv kv]o°-dns‚ D]-tbmKw
henb N¿®-bm-hp-∂-Xv. 1967 G{]n¬ F´n\p IÆn-bØv A“Zv
apkven-bm-cpsS A[y-£-X-bn¬ tN¿∂ apim-hd tbmK-Øn¬
C°mcyw hni-Z-ambn N¿®-sN-bvXp. ]n. C_vdmlow apkven-bm¿
\¬Inb tNmZysØ B[m-ca- m-°n-bm-bn-cp∂p N¿®. tbmK-Øn¬ \mc-
I-t»cn DkvXmZpw £Wn-°s - ∏-´p. apºv C∆nj-bI - a- mbn "JpYp-_°pw
a‰p Bcm-[\ - I
- ƒ°pw euUv kv]o°¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°¬ A\phZ-\o-
b-amWv' F∂v DkvXmZv Hcp ^Xvh \¬In-b-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-
em-bn-cp∂p Cu {]tXyI £Ww. \n߃ GX-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv
Cu ^Xvh \¬In-b-sX∂v _‘-s∏-´-h¿ DkvXm-Zn-t\mSv tNmZn-®p.
DkvXmZv Imcy-߃ hnh-cn-°p-Ibpw akvA - e InØm-_p-If - psS shfn-
®-Øn¬ ka¿∞n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. IÆn-bØv DkvXmZpw iwkp¬
De-a-bp-a-S-ßp∂ apim-hd AXv AwKo-I-cn-®p. Zo¿L-amb N¿®-
Iƒ°pw Btem-N-\-Iƒ°pw tijw euUv kv]o°¿ _m¶nepw
JpYp-_b - nepw a‰pw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂X - n\v bmsXmcp hntcm-[h - p-an-s√∂v
kakvX GIm-`n-{]m-ba - mbn Xocp-am-\s - a-Sp-Øp. Cu Xocp-am\w ]{X-
Øn¬ ]c-ky-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw tbmK-Øn¬ Xocp-am-\a - m-bn.
]s£, G{]n¬ ]Xn- a q- ∂ n\v amXr- ` qan ]{X- Ø n¬
{]knU‚ns‚ t]cn¬ CXn\p hncp-≤-am-sbmcp h¿Ø h∂p. ka-
kvXb - psS Xocp-am-\Ø - n¬ kzZ-JØ - p√ apkven-bm-cpsS hntbm-Pn∏v
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - m-bn-cp∂p Cu hm¿Ø.
sabv \men\v {]kn-U‚ v kzZ-JØ - p√ apkven-bm-cpsS A[y-
£-Xb - n¬ ho≠pw apim-hd tbmKw tN¿∂p. euUv kv]o°¿ hnj-
b-Ønse Xocp-am\w ]p\-cm-tem-N\ sNtø-≠X - m-sW∂v Bh-iy-s∏-
´p-sIm≠v P\-d¬ t_mUn-bnse H∂p c≠m-fp-Iƒ CXn¬ IØv
\¬In-bn-cp-∂p. tbmKw IØv hmbn-°p-Ibpw X≈p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
tijw, G{]n¬ ]Xn-aq-∂n\v amXr-`qan ]{X-Øn¬ {]kn-U‚ns‚
t]cn¬ h∂Xpw G{]n¬ F´nse apim-h-d-bpsS euUv kv]o°¿
kw_-‘n® Xocp-am-\sØ \n¿ho-cy-am-°p-∂X - p-amb ]c-ky-sØ-°p-
dn®v N¿® h∂p. Cu ]ckyw ka-kvX-bp-Sp≈ [n°m-c-am-sW∂pw
AXn\p ]cn-lm-ca - mbn Xmsg ImWp∂ {]kvXm-h\ - b- n¬ {]kn-U‚ v
H∏p sh®v {]kn-≤o-I-cn-t°-≠-Xm-sW∂pw A√mØ]£w {]kn-
U‚ v ÿm\-Øn\v At±lw A¿l-\s - √∂pw tbmKw Xocp-am-\n-®p.
{]kvXm-h\ - b
- psS hmNIw Cß-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p: "JpYp-_bpw
_m¶pw D®-`m-jn-Wn-bn-eqsS HmXp-∂X - n\v bmsXmcp hntcm-[h - p-an√
F∂v 08/04/1967 \v kakvX tIcf PwC-øØ - p¬ Dea FSpØ Xocp-
am-\t- ØmSv Rm≥ ]q¿W-ambpw tbmPn-°p-∂p. Fs‚ hy‡n-]c - a
- mb
A`n-{]mbw Cu Xocp-am-\Ø - n\v _m[-Ia - √- .'
Zo¿Ln® N¿®-Iƒs°m-Sp-hn¬ CXn¬ H∏v sh°m≥ {]kn-
U‚ v kΩ-Xn-°p-Ibpw H∏v sh°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. c≠p Znh-kØ - n\p
tijw sabv 6 \v ka-kvX-bpsS Hcp P\-d¬t_mUn tImgn-t°mSv
apZm-°c ]≈n-bn¬ hnfn-®p-tN¿°-s∏-´p. {]kn-U‚ v kzZ-J-Øp√
apkven-bm¿ tbmK-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m-s\-Øn-bn-√. t_∏q¿ apl-ΩZv
tImb apkven-bm-cpsS A[y-£X - b
- n¬ tbmKw XpS-ßn. tbmK-Øn-
te°v {]kn-U‚ v cmPn-°Øv Ab-®n-cp-∂p. {]kn-U‚ v ÿm\hpw
saº¿ ÿm\hpw tImtfPv IΩn‰n ÿm\-hp-sa√mw cmPn-sh-°p-∂-
Xm-bn-cp∂p IØv. IØv tbmK-Øn¬ hmbn-°p-Ibpw Xocp-am\w
ASpØ apim-hd - b- n-te°p hnSp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

sshkv {]kn-U‚ v ]Z-hn-bn-te°v

sabv 25 \v sshkv {]-kn-U‚ v ]n. C_vdmlow apkven-bm-
cpsS A[y-£X - b- n¬ ho≠pw apim-hd tN¿∂p. {]kn-U‚ns‚ cmPn-
sb-°p-dn-®m-bn-cp∂p {][m-\a - mbpw CXn¬ N¿®. Kuc-ha - mbn Btem-
Nn® tijw cmPn kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xm-sW∂v F√m-hcpw sFI-I-
WvTym\ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw cmPn kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
XpS¿∂v IÆn-bØv A“Zv apkven-bmsc {]kn-U‚ v ÿm\-tØ°p
sFI-IW - T v ym\ sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. IqSmsX Iptºm¬ apZ-cnkv Ben-
°p™n apkven-bm¿, sI. hocm≥ Ip´n apkven-bm¿, ssIØ-°c
apl-ΩZ- pÆn apkven-bm¿, Aam-\Øv tImbÆn apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-
b-hsc apim-hd- b - n-te°v FSp-°p-Ibpw apim-hd hn]p-es - ∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. sshkv {]kn-U‚pamcmbn ae-bΩ A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-
bm¿, Ip‰n-®nd Ip™n-t°mb apkven-bm¿ F∂n-hcpw \nb-an-Xc - m-bn.
Npcp-°Ø - n¬, IÆn-bØv DkvXmZv ka-kX v b- psS {]kn-U‚m-
hp∂ AtX tbmK-Øn¬Xs∂ \mc-It- »cn DkvXmZv AXns‚ sshkv
{]kn-U‚mbpw sXc-s™-Sp-°s - ∏-Sp-Ib
- m-bn-cp-∂p. iwkp¬ De-ab - m-
bn-cp∂p A∂v P\-d¬ sk{I-´-dn. tIm´p-ae A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-
bm¿, hmWn-bº - ew A–p¿d-“m≥ apkven-bm¿, kn.-F— - .v sslt{Zmkv
apkven-bm¿, sI.-hn. apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿ XpSßn {]K¬`-cmb A\-
h-[n-bm-fp-Iƒ A∂v ka-kvXb - n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-sc-sb√mw Ih-
®p-sh-®m-bn-cp∂p \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zns‚ Cu ÿm\m-tcm-lW - w.

^Xvh IΩn-‰n-bn¬
1969 sabv 15 \v tN¿∂ apim-hd tbmK-Øn¬ \mc-I-t»cn
DkvXm-Zns\ ^Xvhm IΩn-‰n-te°v sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. kzZ-J-Øp√
apkven-bm-cpsS cmPnsb XpS¿∂p-h∂ Hgn-hn-te-°m-bn-cp∂p Cu \nb-
a-\w.
ka-kvX-bpsS G‰hpw {]K¬`-cmb A©p ]fin-X-cmWv
km[m-cW ^Xvh IΩn-‰n-bn¬ D≠m-hp-I. 1963 ¬ kzZ-JØ - p√ apkven-
bm-cpsS A[y-£-X-bn¬ Imk¿tIm-´p-sh®v tN¿∂ apim-h-d-bpsS
Xocp-am-\a
- \
- p-kc
- n®v 1) tIm´p-ae A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿ (I¨ho-
\¿), 2) ]n. C_vdmlow apkven-bm¿, 3) IÆn-bØv AlvaZv apkven-
bm¿, 4) sI.-sI. kzZ-J-Øp√ apkven-bm¿, 5) C.-sI. A_q-_Iv¿
apkven-bm¿ F∂n-hc - m-bn-cp∂p A∂sØ ^Xvh IΩn‰n AwK-߃.
Ch¿ A©p-t]cpw tN¿s∂-Sp-°p∂ Xocp-am-\ß - f
- mWv ka-kXv b- psS
Xocp-am-\-ß-fmbn Adn-b-s∏-Sp-I. Hcp hnj-b-Øn¬ A©m-fp-Ifpw
tbmPn-°mØ ]£w aq∂m-fp-Iƒ tbmPn-®mepw AXv ka-kvXb - psS
Xocp-am-\a
- mbn ]cn-KW - n-°s
- ∏-Spw. aq∂m-fp-Ifpw tbmPn-°mØ ]£w
AXv apim-hd - b
- n¬ N¿®-°p-sh-°W - s
- a-∂X- mWv hyh-ÿ.
GXm-bm-epw, 1969 Bb-t∏m-tg°pw tIc-f-Ønse {]K¬`-
cmb BZysØ A©p ]fin-X-∑m-cn¬ Hcm-fmbn \mc-I-t»cn
DkvXmZpw IS-∂p-h-cn-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. B ]mfin-Xy-Øn\v ka-kvX-
bpsS ]fin-X∑ - m-cn¬\n∂pw e`n® G‰hpw hen-sbmcp AwKo-Im-c-
am-bn-cp∂p CXv. IÆn-bØv DkvXm-Zn\pw tIm´p-ae DkvXm-Zn\pw
iwkp¬ De-a-°pw-IqsS ka-kvX-bpsS ap^vXn-bmbn Ign-bm≥
Aßs\ DkvXm-Zn\p km[n-®p.

apim-hd tbmK-ßfpw ]cn-]m-SnIfpw

Z¿kpw kwhmZ-ßfpw aX-{]-`m-jW - h- p-sa-√m-ambn Ign-™p-
Iq-Sn-bn-cp∂ \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zns\ kw_-‘n-®n-St- Ømfw ka-kX v -
bnse Ime-߃ Gsd Xnc°v ]nSn-®X - m-bn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ {]h¿Ø-\-
߃°v kPo-hX - bpw Du°pw IqSp-Ib - m-bn-cp∂p CXp-hg - n. apt≠m´v
Z¿kv \S-Øp∂ ImeØv DkvXmZv CS-°nsS apim-hd tbmK-ßf - n¬
t]mbn-cp-∂X - mbn injy-∑m¿ Hm¿°p-∂p.
tImgn-t°m-Sm-bn-cp∂p A∂v ka-kvX-bpsS Bÿm-\w.
AhnsSsh®mWv tbmK-߃ \S-∂n-cp-∂X - .v apim-hd- °p t]mIp-tºmƒ
Z¿kn¬\n∂pw Hcp apX-A-√n-ans\ IqsS Iq´n-bm-bn-cp∂p DkvXmZv
]e-t∏mgpw t]mbn-cp-∂-Xv. Fw.-sI.-Fw. tImb apkven-bm¿, sI.-Sn.
apl-ΩZv apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿, bp.-sI. A–p-√Y - o^v apkven-bm¿ XpS-
ßnbh¿ Cßs\ t]mbn-cp-∂-h-cn¬ Ne-cm-Wv. _kn-em-bn-cp∂p
bm{X.
DkvXmZv kw_-‘n® apim-hd tbmK-ßf - n¬ ]e \n¿Wm-b-
I-amb Xocp-am-\ß - fpw D≠m-bn-´p-≠.v tNfm-cn-bn¬ Hm^okv Xpd-°m≥
Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂Xv C°m-eØ - m-Wv. 1969 \mbn-cp∂p AXn\v Xd-°√ - n-
S¬. tijw, tNfm-cn-bn-te-°m-bn-cp∂p DkvXmZv apim-hd - b- n¬ ]s¶-
Sp-°m-\mbn t]mbn-cp-∂X - v.
hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ a\p-jy-h-N-\-ß-fm-sW∂v hcp-Øn-
Øo¿°p∂ teJ-\ß - ƒ Xß-fpsS tP¿W-en¬ {]kn-≤o-Ic - n®Xns\-
Xp¿∂v Fw.-C.-F- n-s\-Xn-scbpw tNI-\q¿ aue-hn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-
Øn¬ {]h¿Øn- ® n- c p∂ Jp¿- B ≥ B‚ v tamtU¨ Fbv P v
skmssk‰ns°Xn-scbpw kakvX i‡-ambn cwK-Øp-h-cp-∂Xpw
C°m-e-Øm-Wv. C.-sI. lk≥ apkven-bm¿, sI.-Sn. am\p apkven-
bm¿, Imf-ºmSn apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-b-hsc apim-hd
saº¿am-cmbn sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xpw 1970 se DkvXmZv ]s¶-SpØ
apim-hd - b
- n-em-bn-cp-∂p. Fw.-Fw. _io¿ apkven-bm-cm-bn-cp∂p A∂v
ka-kvXb - nse hfsc {][m-\s - ∏´ Hcp hy‡n-Xzw. At±-lsØ ka-
kvXb - psS Hm^okv sk{I-´d- n-bmbn \nb-an-°p-∂Xpw Cusbmcp Ime-
ß-fn-em-Wv. ]´n-°mSv PmanA \qcn-øb - p-ambn _‘-s∏-´X - m-bn-cp∂p
]n∂oSv ]e Xocp-am-\ß - f - pw. Ahn-SsØ ]mTy-]≤ - X- nbpw ¢mkp-Ifpw
ktΩ-f\ - ß- f- p-sa√mw N¿® sNø-s∏-´n-cp-∂Xv kakvX tbmK-ßf - n-
em-bn-cp-∂p. C.-Fw.-F- n-s‚bpw a‰pw t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ChnsS \S-∂p-
sIm-≠n-cp∂ ico-AØv t`Z-KX - n-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ i–tImem-l-
e-߃s°-Xnsc kakvX k[ocw {]Xn-I-cn-®Xpw Cu ka-b-Øm-
bn-cp-∂p. \mc-It- »cn DkvXmZv CXn-s\√mw km£n-bm-bn. k{In-ba - m-
bn-Øs∂ tbmK-ßf - nepw N¿®-If - n-ep-sa√mw CS-s]-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
DkvXmZv apim-hd saº¿ Bbn-cp∂ Imew. Hcn-°¬
"kp∂nssSwkn'¬ Dfvln-ø-Øp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Hcp akv-Ae ]ng-
®p-h∂ - p. apt≠m´v Z¿kn-em-bn-cp∂ DkvXmZv AXv ImWm-\n-Sb - m-bn.
At∏mƒXs∂ AXv XncpØp-Ibpw ASpØp≈h¿s°√mw kXym-
hÿ ]d-™p-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ASpØ apim-hd tbmKw
tImgn-t°m´p sh®m-bn-cp-∂p. DkvXmZv AXn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-Ibpw apim-
h-d-bn¬ CXv N¿®-°n-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Iptd t\cw N¿® \S-∂p.
Ah-km\w DkvXm-Zns‚ A`n-{]mbw apim-hd AwKo-Ic - n-°p-Ib - m-bn-
cp-∂p. I¿a-im-k{v X-Øn¬ A{K-KW - y-\m-bn-cp-∂X - p-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ]e-
t∏mgpw akvA - e N¿®-If - n¬ Xnf-ßm≥ DkvXm-Zn\v Ah-kc - a - p-≠m-
Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p.
ka-kX v b
- n-em-bn-cp∂ ImeØv ]e \mSp-If - nepw hnhn[ ]cn-
]m-Sn-Iƒ°mbn DkvXmZv t]mIp-am-bn-cp-∂p. {][m-\a- mbpw tImgn-t°mSv
Pn√-bnse Xß-fpsS ]cn-k-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-emWv CXv IqSp-X-embpw
D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. kwLm-S-I¿ Imdpw a‰p hml-\-ß-fp-sam-s°-bm-bn-
´mWv \mc-It- »-cn-bn-te°v DkvXm-Zns\ Iq´m-\mbn h∂n-cp-∂X - .v hmg-
°mSv ]Tn-°p∂ ImeØv {]mcm-_[ v ß- ƒ ImcWw Z¿kn¬t]m-hm≥
aSn-h-cp-tºmƒ DΩ D]-tZ-in-®n-cp-∂Xv ChnsS kXy-ambn ]pe-cp-I-
bm-bn-cp-∂p. "tams\, Ct∏mƒ \o IjvS-s∏-´m¬, \√ `£-Whpw
hml-\-hp-ambn Hcp ImeØv \ns∂ tXSn Bfp-Iƒ hcp-sa∂' D]-
tZ-iw. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂, X\n°p ssIh∂ Cusbmcp alm-`m-Ky-
Øn¬ henb k¥p-jvS-\m-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zv. 1973 ¬ h^m-Øm-Ip-
∂Xv hsc Ah¿ ka-kvXb
- psS D]m-[y-£\
- mbn XpS-¿∂p.

]´n-°mSv ]co-£m-t_m¿Un¬
]´n-°mSv PmanA \qcn-ø-bpsS BZy Ime-ß-fn¬ Xs∂
AXns‚ ]co-£m-t_m¿Un¬ AwK-am-bn-cp∂p \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-
Zv. apt≠m´v Z¿kv \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ ImeØv Ahn-sS-°p≈
tNmZy-߃ Xøm-dm°n Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw tijw DØ-ct- ∏-∏-
dp-Iƒ sN°p sNbvXv am¿°v Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p.
AXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Imcy-߃°mbn Pman-Ab - nse DkvXm-Zp-am¿
DkvXm-Zp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]co£ Ign™v
DØ-ct- ∏-∏¿ h∂m¬ ]n.-kn. Ip™m-e≥ Ip´n apkven-bm-sc-t∏m-se-
bp≈ Xs‚ {]K¬`-cmb injy-c-∑msc hnfn-®mWv Ah Chmtez-
j≥ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂X - v.
ka-kX v - apim-hd- b
- n¬ hcn-Ih- gn tIc-fØ
- nse ]finX he-
b-Ønse Hcp kPoh km∂n-[y-ambn \mc-It- »cn DkvXmZv amdn. IÆn-
bØv DkvXmZpw iwkp¬ De-ab - p-sa√mw Ah-cpsS B ]mfin-XysØ
BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw _lp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p.
 25

Jmkn hgn-bn¬
Xs‚ ]mfin-Xy-Øn-\p≈ AwKo-Im-c-sa-t∂mWw kao-
]ÿ al-√p-Is - f√mw \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zns\ Xß-fpsS Jmkn-
bmbn \nb-an-®n-cp-∂p. {][m-\-ambpw apt≠m´v, ae-bΩ, CuÃv
ae- b Ω, shÆ- t °mSv , Xe- s ∏- c p- a Æ F∂n- h n- S - ß - f n- e mWv
DkvXmZv Jmknÿm\w Ae-¶-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. \mSp-I-fp-ambn _‘-
s∏´ aX-N-S-ßp-I-fn¬ henb ÿm\-am-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zn\v.
Ahsc B{i-bn-®mWv ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw kwK-a-ß-fp-sa√mw kwL-
Sn-∏n-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xpw. \n°mlv kw_-‘-amb Imcy-ß-fnepw
]≈n- I - f p- a mbn _‘- s ∏´ Imcy- ß - f nepw Dkv X mZv Xs∂
ap≥ssI-sb-SpØv {]h¿Øn-®p.
akv-Aem]-c-amb Imcy-ß-fn¬ A{K-K-Wy-\m-bn-cp∂
DkvXm-Zns\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Jmkn ]Yw H´pw ZpjvI-c-
am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Xs‚ al-√-Øp-I-fn¬\n∂v F¥p {]iv\-߃
h∂mepw A\m-bmkw AXv ssIImcyw sNbvXv, h∂-hsc
kt¥m-j-tØmsS Xncn-®-b-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. aX aqey-߃°pw
aX-\n-b-a-߃°pw ÿm\w I¬∏n-®n-cp∂ Hcp Xe-ap-d-bmWv
A∂v Pohn-®n-cp-∂Xv F∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Hmtcm ka-bhpw
]e-hn-[-Øn-ep≈ akv-A-e-Iƒ tXSn Bfp-Iƒ DkvXm-Zn\v
ASpØv hcpw. ]e-t∏mgpw ]e hn[-Øn-ep≈ X¿°-ß-fm-bn-cn-
°pw. DkvXmZv Ah-sb√mw ]Tn-°p-Ibpw a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw
kXy-k-‘-amb {]Xn-hn-[n-Iƒ \n¿W-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Hcp ]fin-X-s\∂ \ne°v Bfp-I-fn¬\n∂pw AI-∂p-
\n¬°m-sX, kZm Ah-tcm-sSm∏w \n¬°p-Ibpw kwkm-cn-°p-
Ibpw sNøp∂ {]Ir-X-°m-c-\m-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zv. AXp-sIm-
≠p-X-s∂, km[m-c-W-°m-cmb hen-sbmcp hn`m-KsØ aX-t_m-
[-ap-≈-h-cmbn Db¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h-cm≥ DkvXm-Zn\v km[n-®n-´p-
≠v. Xs‚ X{¥-]q¿W-amb kao-]-\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw CS-s]-S-ep-
I-fn-eq-sS-bp-am-bn-cp∂p CXv.
Xs‚ al-√-Øp-I-fn¬\n∂p am{X-a-√, AXn\p ]pd-Øp-
\n∂pw A\-h-[n-bm-fp-Iƒ ^Xvh-Iƒ tXSn DkvXm-Zn-\SpØv
hcp-am-bn-cp-∂p. A∂v Cu `mKsØ hen-sbmcp aX-tIm-S-Xn-bm-
bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ hoSv. A\-¥-cm-h-Im-iw, hnhm-lw, Ad-
hv XpSßn km[m-cW Pohn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnhn[ Imcy-
ß-fp-am-bmWv Bfp-Iƒ h∂n-cp-∂-Xv. As∂ms° Cu `mK-
Øp∂pw Bsc-¶nepw hmg-°mSv IÆn-bØv DkvXm-Zn-\-SptØm
at‰m t]mhp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ "t]mbn A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm-tcmSv
tNmZn-°pI' F∂p ]d™v Xncn-®-b-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬,
Bfp-I-sf√mw BZyw DkvXm-Zn\v ASp-ØmWv FØn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

JpYp_ ]cn-io-e\ ¢mkp-Iƒ

DkvXmZv Gsd {i≤]Xn-∏n® Hcp taJ-e-bm-bn-cp∂p
sh≈n-bmgvN Znh-ß-fnse JpYp_ F∂-Xv. Ad-_n-bn-em-Wt√m
JpYp_ HmXm-dp-≈-Xv. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, Ip‰-a‰ \ne-bn¬
AXv \n¿h-ln-°-s∏SW-sa-∂Xv DkvXm-Zns‚ \n¿_-‘-am-bn-
cp-∂p. DkvXmZv C°mcyw \√-t]mse {i≤n-°p-Ibpw a‰p-≈-h-
sc-s°m≠v {i≤n-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bm-hp∂ ]Wn-I-sf√mw FSp-°p-
Ibpw sNbvXp. \p_m-Ønø JpYp_ HmXp-tºmƒ A¿∞hpw
LS-\-I-fp-sam-∂p-a-dn-bmsX ]ng-hp-I-tfmsS AXv \n¿h-ln-°p-
∂Xv DkvXmZv CjvS-s∏-´n-cp-∂n-√. Ad-_n-bn-em-sW-¶nepw GI-
tZiw AXn¬ ]d-bp-∂-sX√mw a\- n-em-Ip-∂-hn[w LS-\-Ifpw
tIm¿h-Ifpw icn-bm°n HmX-W-sa-∂Xv DkvXm-Zns‚ B{K-l-
am-bn-cp-∂p.
AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, DkvXmZv Z¿kv \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ ]e
{]tZ-iß - f- nepw {]tXyIw JpYp_ ]cn-io-e\ ¢mkp-Iƒ kwL-
Sn-∏n-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. JpYp_ HmØns‚ ssien, P\-ßsf A`n-
ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xns‚ coXn, Xncn-bp-∂-Xns‚ coXn, hmƒ ]nSn-
°p-∂Xv F√mw bYm-tbmKyw ]Tn-∏n-°-s∏-´p. IqSm-sX, \p_m-
Ønø JpYp-_-Iƒ Ip‰-a‰\ne-bn¬ hmbn-°m\pw AXnse I´n-
Iq-Snb hm°p-I-fpsS A¿∞w a\- n-em-°m\pw {]tXyIw Ah-
k-cß- ƒ krjvSn-°s - ∏-´p. \mSp-If
- nse DkvXm-Zp-am¿°m-bn-cp∂p
CØcw ¢mkp-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv. Gsd D]-Im-c-{]-
Z-amb kwcw-`-am-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ [mcmfw Bfp-Iƒ
¢mkn¬ kw_-‘n-°m-s\-Øp-am-bn-cp-∂p.
Xm≥ Z¿kv \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ ]S-∂-, ae-b-Ω, sImSp-h≈n XpS-
ßnb ÿe-ß-fn-se√mw DkvXmZv CØcw ¢mkp-Iƒ kwL-Sn-
∏n-®p. ]g-a-°m-cpsS a\- n¬ C∂pw CØcw Hm¿a-Iƒ kPo-h-
ambn \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p. sImSp-h-≈n-bn¬\n∂pw Xs‚ injy-\m-
bn-cp∂ Ico-‰n-∏-dºv sI.-hn. apl-ΩZv apkven-bm-tcmSv DkvXmZv
JpYp-_-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v {]tXyIw Hcp D]-tZ-ihpw \¬In-
bn-cp-∂p: "ImWmsX ]Tn-®-Xm-sW-¶nepw icn, sh≈n-bmgvN
JpYp_ HmXm≥ t]mIp-tºmƒ \√-t]mse t\m°n-t∏m-h-W-
sa-∂-'Xm-bn-cp∂p B D]-tZ-iw. Xs‚ hµy-Kp-cp-hns‚ Cu
\n¿t±iw C∂pw At±lw ]men-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. JpYp_
HmXm-\p≈ F√m sh≈n-bm-gvNbpw DkvXm-Zns‚ J_v¿ knbm-
dØv sNbvXv, JpYp-_-bpsS GsS-SpØv hmbn-®p-t\m-°n-b-Xn\p
tijw-am-{Xta At±lw Ct∏mgpw JpYp_ HmXm≥ t]mhm-dp-
≈q. \n°m-lns‚ JpYp_ tNmZn-®-t∏mgpw DkvXmZv At±-l-
Øn\v at\m-l-c-amb Hcp JpYp_ ssIam-dp-I-bp-≠m-bn. CXn¬
Iq´p-Ibpw th≠; Ipd-°p-Ibpw th≠ F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p tij-
ap≈ \n¿t±-iw. apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿ C∂pw CXmWv \n°m-
lns‚ kZ- p-I-fn¬ HmXn-h-cp-∂-Xv.
Xs‚ injy-∑m-cn¬\n∂pw Cam-aØv \n¬°m≥ t]mIp-
∂-h-tcmSpw Ppap-A°v t\XrXzw \¬Im≥ t]mIp-∂-h-tcmSpw
\nkvIm-chpw ZpBbpw Npcp-°m≥ DkvXmZv D]-tZ-in-°m-dp-≠m-
bn-cp-∂p. hnhn[ Xc-Øn-ep≈ Bfp-I-fp-≠m-hm≥ km[y-X-bp-
≈-Xp-sIm≠v Bscbpw shj-an-∏n-°mØhn[w Bcm-[-\m-Im-
cy-߃hsc apt∂m´p sIm≠p-t]m-hm-\mWv DkvXmZv B{K-ln-
®n-cp-∂Xpw I¬]n-®n-cp-∂-Xpw.
 26

Jn_ve \n¿Æ-bhpw
KWn-X-im-kv{Xhpw
KWn-X-im-kv{XØnepw Jn_vem\n¿Wb-Ønepw henb
\n]p-W-\m-bn-cp∂p \mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zv. cnkm-ebpw C¬ap¬
^e-°p-sa√mw hfsc Xm¬]-cy-tØmsS ssIImcyw sNbvXn-
cp-∂p. Xs‚ injy-∑m¿°pw CØcw hnj-bß - ƒ hfsc {]mtbm-
Kn- I - a m- b n- Ø s∂ ]Tn- ∏ n- ® p- s Im- S p- Ø p. \n¿amW imkv { X-
Øn¬hsc Hcp aX-]-fin-X\v Xs‚-Xmb [¿a-ap-s≠∂v ]Tn-
∏n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p DkvXmZv CXn-eq-sS.
apt´m≠v Z¿kv \S-Øp∂ ImeØv Xs‚ injy-∑m¿°v
"Jn_ve-adn' a\- n-em-°n-s°m-Sp-°m≥ hfsc ]cn-{i-an-®n-´p≠v
DkvXm-Zv. AXv a\- n-em-°m-\p≈ "dp_p-D¬ apP-øZv' F∂ D]-
I-cWw D≠m°n DkvXmZv ¢msk-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. Fw.-sI.-Fw.
tImb apkven-bm¿°pw ]n.-kn. DkvXm-Zn\pw sI.-Sn. DkvXm-Zn-
\p-sa√mw CØcw ¢mkp-Iƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v.
A°m-eØv ]≈n-Iƒ°pw hoSp-Iƒ°pw Ip‰n-b-Sn-°m-
\mbn DkvXmZv hfsc hym]-I-ambn t]mhm-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu
hnj-b-Øn¬ DkvXm-Zns‚ Ignhpw ]mfin-Xyhpw a\- n-em°n
hnZqc ÿe-ß-fn¬\n-∂p-hsc Bfp-Iƒ h∂v DkvXm-Zns\ Iq´n-
s°m-≠p-t]m-hp-Ibpw sNøpw. ]≈n-I-fpsS Jn_ve \n¿W-bhpw
hoSp-I-epsS ÿe-\n¿W-b-hp-sam-s°-bm-bn-cp∂p CXp-sIm-
≠p≈ e£yw. aS-hq¿ `mK-Øp-hsc ]≈n-I-fpsS Jn_vem
\n¿W-b-Øn\p DkvXmZv t]mbn-´p-≠v. CØcw ]Wn-Iƒ°p
t]mIp-tºmƒ DkvXmZv Xs‚ injy-∑m-cn¬ Hcm-sfbpw IqsS
Iq´p-am-bn-cp-∂p. sI.-Sn. DkvXmZv ]e ÿe-ß-fn¬ DkvXm-Zn-
t\m-sSm∏w Ip‰n-b-Sn-°m-\mbn t]mbn-´p-≠v.
Hcn-°¬ t]cm-{º- `mKsØ Hcp ]≈n-bpsS Ip‰n-b-Sn-
°m≥ DkvXmZv £Wn-°-s∏-´p. DkvXmZv ka-b-Øp-Xs∂ Ahn-
sS- s b- Ø n. ]s£, Bimcn h∂n- c p- ∂ n- √ . ImØn- c p- ∂ n´pw
Abmƒ FØn-bn-√. Ah-km\w DkvXmZv Ip‰n-b-Sn®v Xncn-®p-
t]m-∂p. tijw, Bimcn h∂-t∏mƒ CXn¬ Ft¥m t]mcmbva
D≈-t]mse Abmƒ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´p. Bfp-Iƒ ho≠pw DkvXm-
Zn\p ASpsØØn. DkvXmZv t]cm-{º-bn¬ h∂v Bim-cnsb
I≠p. Ip‰n-b-Sn-®-Xn¬ c≠v ZdP hnXym-k-ap-s≠-∂m-bn-cp∂p
Abm-fpsS ]£w. DkvXmZv Abmƒ°v Imcyw ]d-™p-a-\- n-
em-°n-s°m-Sp-Øp. Bim-cn-°W- °- n\pw bYm¿∞ Jn_ve\ - n¿Æ-
b-Øn-\p-an-S-bnse hyXym-k-ßfpw hhkvXp-X-Ifpw Abmsf
t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øn. Ime-ß-fmbn Xm≥ Cu taJ-e-bn-ep-s≠∂pw
iwkp¬ Dea t]mepw CXn-s\-°p-dn®v Hsc-Xn-c-`n-{]mbw ]d-
™n-´n-s√∂pw hy‡-am-°n. Cu taJ-eb - nse DkvXm-Zns‚ hnim-
e-amb ]cn-N-bhpw ]mfin-Xyhpw I≠v Bimcn ÿ_v[-\m-
bn-t∏m-bn. DkvXm-Zns‚ A`n-{]m-bw-Xs∂ Ah-km\w Abmƒ
kzoI-cn-®p.
Xs‚ \m´nepw ]cn-k-c-ß-fn-ep-ambn A\-h[n ]≈n-I-
fpsS ÿe-˛-Jn_ve \n¿Wb-߃ \S-Øn-bXv DkvXm-Zm-Wv.
Ipgn-a-Æn¬ ]≈n, R≠mSn ]≈n, FS-°p-d-ßm´v \nkvIm-c-
∏≈n XpS-ßn-bh AXn¬ Nne-Xm-Wv. Xs‚ injy≥ ]n.-kn.
Ip™m-e≥ Ip´n apkven-bmcpw Cu taJ-e-bn¬ henb \n]p-
W-\m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu `mKsØ A\-h[n ]≈n-Iƒ°pw hoSp-
Iƒ°pw At±-lhpw Ip‰n-b-Sn-®n-´p-≠v.
 27

XW-¬ hncn® ]≈n-Iƒ

\mSns‚ aX-]c- a
- mb DW¿hnepw hnIm-kØ
- nepw henb {i≤-
\¬Inb hy‡n-bm-bn-cp∂p \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zv. Cu `mKsØ aX-
ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sSbpw Nn”-ß-fp-sSbpw kmwkvIm-cnI hnIm-k-
ßfpsSbpw ]n∂n¬ Ah-cpsS sNdp-sX-¶n-ep-amb Hcp ]¶v ImWm-
hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu `mKsØ ]e ]≈n-Iƒ°pw aZvd-k-Iƒ°pw
Bflob t\XrXzw \¬In-bn-cp-∂Xpw Ahn-SsØ aX-]-c-amb am‰-
߃°v t{]c-W-Iƒ ]I¿∂ncp-∂Xpw DkvXm-Zm-bn-cp-∂p. DkvXm-Zp-
ambn GsX-¶nepw \ne°v _‘-s∏´ Cu `mKsØ (Pp-apA \S-
Øntbm \n¿t±-i-߃ \¬Intbm A√m-sXtbm D≈) ]≈nIsf-
°p-dn® sNdn-sbmcp hnh-cW- a- mWv ChnsS \¬Ip-∂X
- v.

ae-bΩ Ppap-AØv ]≈n

h¿j-ßf - mbn \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp {kmºy-bn¬\n-∂mWv
ae-bΩ Ppap-AØv ]≈n-bpsS DZ-bw. GI-tZiw 1954 Ifn¬ Iq´q-fn-
∏-d-ºn¬ hocm≥ tImb lmPn-bmWv ]≈n \n¿an-°m-\mbn ÿew
\¬Ip-∂-Xv. Ipd-®m-fp-Iƒ°v am{Xw \nkvI-cn-°m≥ kuI-cy-ap≈
Hcp sNdnb {kmºy-bmbncp∂p A∂Xv. PpapAbp≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.
AXn\p CuÃv ae-bΩ - tbm apt≠m-t´m BWv t]mbn-cp-∂X - v.
ae-bΩ apkvenw AwK-kwJy IqSn-s°m-≠n-cp∂ Imew. Hcn-
°¬ \mc-I-t»cn DkvXmZv Iptd Bfp-I-tfm-sSm∏w ae-bΩ Aßm-
Sn-bn¬ kwkm-cn-®n-cn-°p-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\nsS DkvXmZv tNmZn®p:
ChnsS PpapA ÿm]n-®m¬ \nß-sf√mw \nkvI-cn-°m≥ hcptam?
\nkvIc- n-°m-Øh - s - c-°qSn \nkvIm-cØ - n-te°p sIm≠p-hc - m-\p≈ Hcp
t{]c-Wb - m-bn-´mWv DkvXmZv tNmZn-®X - .v ]ecpw CXn\p kΩXw aqfn.
Aß-s\-bmWv ae-bΩ PpapA hcp-∂X - v. DkvXm-ZmWv CXv ÿm]n-
°m\mbn ap∂n-´n-dßp∂-Xv.
 DkvXmZv Xs∂bmbn-cp∂p Xs‚ th¿∏mSv hsc ae-bΩ
Jmkn. C°m-eØv Ahn-sS-sh®v DkvXmZv JYo-_p-am¿°v ¢mkv
kwL-Sn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. At±-l-Øn\ptijw, ]n.-kn. Ip™m-e≥ Ip´n
apkven-bmcpw tijw kønZv apl-Ω-Zen inlm_v Xßfpw
X¬ÿm\w Gs‰-Sp-Øp. sslZ-cen inlm_v Xß-fmWv ]n∂oSv
X¬ÿmtØ°p IS-∂p-h∂ - X
- .v Iq´q-fn-∏d- º
- n¬ hocm≥ tImb lmPn,
]mW-°mSv sambvXo≥ Ip™n t#lmPn, ]mem-´p-Ω¬ A_q-_Iv¿
lmPn, \ºn-°-Ω-em´v C{_mlow lmPn, shfp-Øm-d-ºØv A_q-
_Iv¿ lmPn, Ben-∏d - º
- Øv apl-ΩZv lmPn, F.-]n. tImbmap aue-
hn XpS-ßn-b-h-cmWv ]≈n°v t\XrXzw \¬In-bn-cp-∂- ]g-b-Ime
{][m-\n-Iƒ.

apt≠m´v Ppap-AØv ]≈n

apt≠m´v al√v hyh-ÿm-]n-X-ambn kwhn-[m-\n-°-s∏-S-∂-
Xnepw Ppap-AØv ]≈n kuI-cyw-t]mse hn]p-eo-I-cn-°s∏Sp-∂-
Xnepw ASn-ÿm-\-ambn h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂Xv \mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zns‚
{]h¿Ø-\-߃ Xs∂-bm-Wv. Ah¿ Bcw-`n® AXn-\-\-¥-c-ambn
h∂ am‰-ßfpw CXn\p \nan-Øa - m-bn-´p-≠v.
1970 IfpsS Ah-km-\t- ØmsSbmWv ]≈n-bpsS Imcy-߃
t\m°m\pw \nb-{¥n-°m-\p-ambn IΩn‰n \ne-hn¬h-cp-∂X - .v AXp-hsc
apX-h√- n-am-cm-bn-cp∂p Chn-SsØ `c-Ww. tN°p´n lmPn-bm-bn-cp∂p
{]Ya {]nk-U‚ v. sk{I-´dn ae-bΩ tImbmap apkven-bm-cpw. \mc-
I-t»cn DkvXm-Zv, If-Øn-߬ A“Zv apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cm-bn-
cp∂p Chn-SsØ ap≥Ime JYo-_p-am¿. XmØq-cn¬\n∂pw hcp∂
DkvXm-Zp-am-cmWv AXn\p apºv CXv \n¿h-ln-®n-cp-∂X - v. \mc-It- »cn
Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p Chn-SsØ Jmkn-bpw. At±-lØ - ns‚ ac-Wt- ijw
]n.-kn. Ip™m-e≥ Ip´n apkven-bm-cm-bn-cp∂p X¬ÿm-\Ø - v. A_p
lmPn, A_q-_Iv¿ Ip´n° XpS-ßn-b-h-cm-bn-cp∂p ap{In-am¿.

Ipgn-aÆ
- n¬ Ppap-AØv ]≈n
]p≈-\q¿-˛I- p-gn-aÆ
- n¬ ]cn-kcß-fn-se-hn-sSbpw ]≈n-If
- n-√m-
Xn-cp∂ Imew. apt≠m´v al-√-ns‚ `mK-am-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ PpapA
\nkvIm-c-Øn\mbn F√m-hcpw Ahn-sS-°mWv t]mbn-cp-∂-Xv. a‰p
\nkvIm-cß
- ƒ ho´n¬\nt∂m at‰m \n¿h-ln-®p-t]m-∂p. Bbn-sS-bmWv
Chn-SsØ Imc-Wh - ∑- m-cn-sem-cm-fm-bn-cp∂ Ip∆-°≠n DÆn-tam-bn≥
lmPn l÷n\p t]mIm≥ Xøm-sd-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. da-fm≥ amkw hs∂-
Øn. bm{X-°p≈ Znhkw ASpØp h∂p. bm{X-tbm-S-\p-_-‘n®v
ho´n¬ hen-sbmcp t\mºp-Xpd kwL-Sn-∏n-®p. \mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-
Zmbncp∂p apJym-Xn-Yn. DkvXm-Zp-ambn A∂v hfsc ASp-∏-Ønepw
kvt\l _‘-Øn-ep-am-bn-cp∂p \m´nse Imc-Wh - ∑
- m-cm-bn-cp∂p Ipgn-
a-Æn¬ Ben lmPnbpw Ip∆-°≠n DÆn-tam-bn≥ lmPn-bpw.
t\mºp-Xpd Ign-™p. ]s£, F√m-h¿°pw Pam-A-Ømbn
\n¿kvIc - n-°m-\p≈ Hcp ]≈n kuIcyw Ahn-sS-sb-hn-sS-bp-an-√. CXv
\mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zns\ h√msX shj-an-∏n-®p. At±lw DS-s\-
Øs∂ Imc-Wh - ∑
- m-tcm-Smbn ]d™p:
""\ap°v ChnsS Hcp ]≈n AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. Cu {]tZ-i-
Øp-≈h - ¿s°√mw Pam-AØ - mbn \nkvIc - n-°m\pw Hcp-an-®p-Iq-Sm-\p-
sams° AXv IqSntb Xocq. Bb-Xn-\m¬, Ct∏mƒ \ap°v AXn\v
F¥p sNøm≥ ]‰pw?''
DkvXm-Zns‚ Bhiyw Imc-W-h-∑m¿ Kuchambn I≠p.
Ah¿ AXn-s\-°p-dn®v Nn¥n-°m≥ XpS-ßn.
""Rm≥ l÷pI-gn™v Xncn-s®-Øn-bn´v \ap°v ChnsS ]≈n-
bpsS ]Wn XpSßmw.'' DÆn-tam-bn≥ lmPn ]d-™p.
""C\nbpw sshIn-®p-Iq-Sm. thK-Øn¬ ]≈n-bpsS ]Wn XpS-
ß-Ww. AXn-\mbn, Ct∏mƒXs∂ Rm≥ `qan \¬Imw.'' Ben lmPn
A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´p. At±lw Xs‚ Ipgn-a-Æn¬ `qan-bpsS sNdn-sbmcp
`mKw ]≈n-°mbn hn´p-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F√m-h¿°pw kΩ-
X-ambn; kt¥m-jh - pw.
AtXm-sS, ]≈n-bpsS ]Wn-bm-cw-`n-®p. DkvXmZv Xs∂-bmWv
AXn\p t\XrXzw \¬In-bX - v.
Hcp {kmºybmbn-´m-bn-cp∂p XpS-°w. ]cn-kc - Øp hoWp InS-
∂n-cp∂ Hcp sI´n-S-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-߃ sIm≠p-h-∂m-bn-cp∂p
]Wn. {kmºy ]Wn-]q¿Ønbm-bn. ]n∂oSv Ime-ß-tfmfw Cu
{kmºy-bn-emWv \m´p-Im¿ \nkvIc - n-®n-cp-∂X- v. Ppap-A°pw s]cp-∂m-
fn\pw apt≠m´p t]mIpw. _m°n-sb√mw Chn-sS-Ø-s∂. tijw,
hnhn[ Ime-ß-fn-embn {kmºy ]pXp-°n-∏-Wn-Xp. ]n∂o-Sv, hnim-e-
amb kuI-cy-ßt- fmsS Hcp HmSn´ ]≈n Db¿∂p h∂p. \mem-asØ
]cn-jvIrX cq]-amWv C∂p \mw ImWp∂ Ipgn-a-Æn¬ Ppap-AØp
]≈n.
1978 emWv HutZym-Kn-Ia - mbn Cu ÿew ]≈n°v hJv^mbn
cPn-ÿ sNøp-∂-Xv. Ipgn-a-Æn¬ sambvXo≥ tImb amÃ-dmWv CXv
\¬In-b-Xv. GI-tZiw c≠c sk‚ v `qan-bm-bn-cp∂p CXv. tijw,
1983, 1987 h¿j-ß-fn-embn aI≥ Ipgn-a-Æn¬ dlow c≠p sk‚ v (2
sk‚pw A¬]-hpw) `qan IqSn hJ^v sNbvXp. 2000 ¬ c≠p sk‚ v
`qan-IqSn hmßn ]≈n-bpsS hnI-k\ - {- ]-h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ \S-∂p. ]n∂oSv
hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ß-fn-embn ]ecpw ]≈n-°p-th≠n ÿew hJv^v
sNøp-Ibpw kl-Ic - n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. Ip\-Øn≥]p-dØv IZo-
ipΩ (1987), Ben-∏-d-ºØv Ben lmPn (2001), Ip∆-°≠n
sambvXo≥ tImb lmPn (1995), Ip∆-°≠n ssk\_n (2010) XpS-
ßn-b-h¿ AXn¬ Nne-cm-Wv. Ip∆-°≠n sambvXo≥tImb lmPn-
bmWv ]≈n-bpsS hnI-k-\-Ønepw ]ptcm-K-Xn-bnepw {it≤-bamb
kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬Inb hen-sbmcp hy‡n-Xzw. ]p\-Øn≥]p-dØv
A“Zv lmPn, tXßm-t∏m-bn¬ lpssk≥ Ip´n lmPn, X´-ß-t»cn
hnt®ymXn lmPn, C.-]n. A“Zv Ip´n lmPn, sI. ac-°m¿ lmPn,
kn.-sI. _mh lmPn XpS-ßn-bh - ¿ ]≈n°p th≠n {]h¿Øn-® a‰p
{][m-\n-IfmWv.
\mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zn\p tijw ÿew Jmkn-bm-bn-cp∂ ]n.-
kn. Ip™m-e≥ Ip´n apkven-bmcpw Cu `mKsØ {]apJ ]fin-
X\pw kakvX sshkv{]-kn-U‚p-am-bn-cp∂ At≠mW A–p√
apkven-bm-cp-amWv ]≈n-bpsS F√m Imcy-߃°pw aX-]c - a- mb t\Xr-
Xzhpw am¿K-Z¿i-\hpw \¬In-bn-cp-∂X - .v CS-°nsS ]e tbmK-߃°p-
ambn Ah¿ ChnsS hcn-Ibpw Bh-iy-amb \n¿t±-i-߃ \¬Ip-
Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p.
]≈n-bn¬ PpapA Bcw-`n® Imcyw henb N¿®-Iƒ°p hgn
Xpd∂ kw`-ha - m-bn-cp-∂p. h¿j-ßt- fmfw \o≠ N¿®-Iƒs°m-Sp-hn-
emWv ChnsS PpapA \ne-\n¿Øp-∂X - v. 1983 ¬ ]n.-kn. Ip™m-e≥
Ip´n DkvXm-Zns‚ A[y-£X - b
- n¬ iwkp¬ lpZm aZvd - k-bn¬sh®p
tN¿∂ tbmK-Øn-emWv BZy-ambn ChnsS PpapA XpS-ßp-∂X - ns‚
Bh-iy-IX - s- b-°p-dn®v Nn¥n®p XpS-ßp-∂X - .v ]n∂oSv At≠m-Wb - psS
A[y-£X - b- n¬ tN¿∂ tbmK-Øn¬ PpapA \S-Øp-∂X - ns\ A\p-
Iq-en-®p-sIm-≠p≈ 61 t]cpsS H∏p-ti-J-cWw \S-Øn-bXv lmP-cm-
°p-Ibpw Jmkn-bpsS kΩ-X-tØmsS PpapA \n¿Øm≥ Xocp-am-\-
am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. A∂p \n›-bn-®-X-\p-k-cn®v ]Sn-™m¿ `mKw
]pgbpw sX°v Ipdp-ßm-´p-I-Shv \nehpw Ing°v R≠mSn ]≈n°p
ap≥h-i-Øp≈ tXmSp XpSßn hS°p hb¬ Ah-km-\n-°p∂ `mK-
Øp-\n∂v CS-tØm´v, samtbm-´-°-Shv ]pg-bn-e-h-km-\n-°p∂
tdmUns‚ Dƒh-i-hp-am-bn-cp∂p Ipgn-a-Æn¬ al-√ns‚ AXn¿Øn.
55 Hmfw apkvenw hoSp-If- p-≠m-bn-cp∂ CXn¬ A∂v PpapA \n¿_-
‘-ap≈ 86 Hmfw Bfp-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
Ah-km\w 1989˛90 IfnemWv ChnsS PpapA Bcw-`n-°p-∂-
Xv. ]n.-kn. Ip™m-e≥ Ip´n DkvXm-Zm-bn-cp∂p A∂v Chn-SsØ
Jmkn. PpapA Bcw-`n-®-tXmsS al√v kwhn-[m\w Gsd Imcy-£-
a-am-Ip-Ibpw hyh-ÿm-]n-Xhpw kwL-Sn-X-hp-amb aX-{]-h¿Ø\w
i‡-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]n.-kn. Ip™m-e≥ Ip´n DkvXm-Zn\p
tijw hmhmSv Ip™nt°mb apkven-bm-cmWv C∂v al√v Jmkn.
If-Øn-߃ A–p√ apkven-bm¿, apt≠m-´p-t]m-bn¬ ]h¿Ip´n
apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-bh- c
- mWv Ime-ßt- fmfw ChnsS JpYp_ \n¿h-
ln-®n-cp-∂-Xv. tXh-߬ Ak-bn≥, hS-°p-ho-´n¬ A–p√ apkven-
bm¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cmWv ap{In-am¿. C∂v al√v kvXpXy¿l-amb hn[-
Øn¬ apt∂m-´p-t]m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.

shÆ-t°mSv Ppap-AØv ]≈n

G®n-°p-∂nte-°mWv ]gb Ime-ßf - n¬ shÆ-t°m-´p-\n∂pw
PpapA \nkvIm-c-Øn-\mbn t]mbn-cp-∂-Xv. A∂-hnsS ]≈n-bp-≠m-
bn-cp-∂n-√. apt≠m-´v, ]pXn-tbm-Øv, XmØqcv XpS-ßn-bh - b- mWv bYm-
{Iaw AXn\p apºv t]mbn-cp∂ ÿe-߃. tijw, shÆ-t°mSv
C∂sØ ]≈n-bpsS FXn¿h-i-Ømbn Hcp {kmºy Db¿∂p-h-∂p.
\m´p-Im¿ ]n∂oSv \nkvIc - n-®n-cp-∂Xv B {kmºy-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p.
]uc-{]-apJ\pw henb kap-Zmb kvt\ln-bp-am-bn-cp∂ sNcn-
tb-cn-t∏m-bn¬ sambvXo≥ Ip´n lmPn-bpsS cwK-{]-th-it- Øm-sS-bmWv
shÆ-t°mSv hyh-ÿm-]n-Xhpw kuI-cy-{]-Z-hp-amb \ne-bn¬ Hcp
]≈n P∑-sa-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. At±-l-amWv AXn\v ÿew \¬In-bXpw
{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-ambn ap∂n-´n-d-ßn-bn-cp-∂-Xpw. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂,
sNcn-tb-cn-t∏m-bn¬ Ppam-ak - vPnZv F∂mWv C∂pw AXv Adn-bs - ∏-Sp-
∂-X.v XpS¿∂v Ccp-]Xv h¿j-ßt- fmfw \nkvIm-c∏ - ≈
- n-bm-bn-´m-bn-cp∂p
CXns‚ {]h¿Ø-\w.
P\-hmkw h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw Zqc-tZ-i-ß-fn-te°p t]mIm¬
{]bm-ka - m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXt- Xm-sS, ]n∂oSv \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-ZmWv
ChnsS PpapA ÿm]n-°p-∂X - .v {]ap-Jc
- p-sSbpw Imc-Wh - ∑- m-cp-sSbpw
t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ At∂-Zn-hkw DkvXmZv Xs∂ JpYp_ \n¿h-ln-°p-
Ibpw \nkvIm-c-Øn\p t\XrXzw \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. DkvXmZv
Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p h¿jßtfmfw Chn-SsØ Jmkn-bpw. tijw, ipI-
]pcw DkvXm-Zn-s\-t∏m-se-bp≈ {]`m-j-I-cpsS hbfv ]c-º-c-Iƒ
kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw \m´p-Im-cn¬\n∂pw ]W-∏n-cnhv \SØn ]≈n
hn]p-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CS-Øn¬ A–p√ apkven-bm-cmWv
ChnsS h¿j-ßt- fmfw JpYp_ \n¿h-ln-®n-cp-∂X - v. Ipd™ Imew
At±lw ChnsS Z¿kpw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. \mc-It- »-cn°p tijw ]n.-
kn. Ip™m-e≥ Ip´n apkven-bm¿ Jmkn ÿm\w Gs‰-Sp-Øp. Chn-
SsØ aX-Im-cy-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃°p t\XXzw \¬Ip-∂-Xn¬ henb
]¶v At±-lØ - n-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
sNcn-tb-cn-t∏m-bn¬ sambvXo≥ Ip´n lmPn, hmb-∏-d-ºn¬
Ak-bn≥°, sXdp-I-bn¬ t]m°¿ lmPn, sIm√-cp-sXm-Sn-I-bn¬
A_q-_Iv¿ lmPn, ]md-∏p-d-Øvt]m-bn¬ A“Zv Ip´n lmPn, Ab-
\-°p∂v A–p-√, Ab-\n-°p∂v apl-ΩZv apkven-bm¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿
Cu \mSns‚ aX kmwkvIm-cnI taJ-e-I-fn¬ kap-∂X kw`m-h-\-
I-f¿∏n® {]ap-J-cn¬ {][m-\n-I-fm-Wv. sImSp-hm-∏-Sn-°¬ lk≥
lmPn, tXm´-Øn¬ _n®n-tam-bn lmPn, sIm√cp-sXm-Sn-Ib - n¬ A–p√
lmPn (30 tesd h¿jw) XpS-ßn-bh - ¿ ChnsS Gsd-°mew tkh\w
sNbvX ap{In-am-cm-Wv.

CuÃv ae-bΩ Ppap-AØv ]≈n

1940 IfpsS Ah-km-\ß - f - n-emWv CuÃv ae-bΩ ]≈n hcp-
∂-Xv. AXn\p apºv G®n-°p-∂n-te°pw apt≠m-t´-°p-amWv Chn-S-
Øp-Im¿ \nkvIc - n-°m≥ t]mbn-cp-∂X - v. Chn-SsØ ]g-a°
- m-cmb ]e-
scbpw AS°w sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂Xv apt≠m´v J_vdn-ÿm-\n-em-sW-
∂Xv C°mcyw IqSp-X¬ hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
XØ-Ωt- ∏m-bn¬ Ae-hn, XØ-Ωt- ∏m-bn¬ Al-ΩZ- v, Bep-
≈-I≠n _n®ymen lmPn F∂n-hc - mWv ]≈n- \n¿an-°p-∂X - n\p-th≠
ÿew \¬In-bXv. Icp-h-sºm-bn¬ sI.-hn. tambn≥ Ip´n lmPn,
ap°w tambn lmPn, ap°w _ocm≥ Ip´n lmPn XpS-ßn-bh - ¿ AI-a-
gn™v klm-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CtXmsS ]≈n km£m¬I-cn-°-
s∏-Sp-Ibpw Bfp-Iƒ \nkvI-cn-°m-\mbn Chn-sS-Øs∂ Xßp-I-bp-
am-bn-cp-∂p.
\mc-It- »cn DkvXm-ZmWv ChnsS PpapA ÿm]n-®X - .v ]n∂oSv
Iptd Imew DkvXmZv Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p JpYp_ \n¿h-ln-®n-cp-∂Xpw.
Cu Ime-bf - h
- n¬, CS-°nsS If-Øn-߬ A“Zv apkven-bmcpw s]cp-
apJw Fw.-sI.-Fw. tImb apkven-bmcpw JpYp_ \n¿h-ln-°m-\mbn
hcm-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. CXn\p tijw, ]c-∏n¬ apl-ΩZv apkven-bm-cmWv
h¿j-ß-tfmfw JYo-_mbn D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. \mc-I-t»cn DkvXmZpw
tijw kn.-hn. A–p¿d-“m≥ apkven-bm-cp-am-bn-cp∂p h¿j-ßt- fmfw
Chn-SsØ Jmkn-am¿. Ip™n-sam-bvXo≥ sam√m-°, A“Zv Ip´n
sam√m-°, Ip™¿ap sam√m-°, sambvXo≥ Ip´n sam√m° XpS-ßn-
b-h¿
- ap{In-amcmbn tkh\w sNbvXn-´p-≠v.

R≠mSn \nkvIm-c-∏≈n
1963 ¬ BWv R≠mSn \nkvIm-c∏ - ≈- n-bpsS DZ-bw. ]pg-°c - -
Ifpw ]mS hc-ºp-If - p-am-Wt√m A°m-esØ P\-߃ HØptNcp∂
ÿe-߃. R≠mSn `mKsØ ]mS-ßf - n¬ Irjn kPo-ha - m-bt∏mƒ
P\-߃ Cu `mK-hp-ambn \nc-¥cw _‘-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßn. AtXmsS
AhnsS Hcp Nmb a°m\n Db¿∂p-h-∂p. {]am-Wn-amcpw A√m-Ø-
hcpw AhnsS HØp-tN-cp-Ibpw ]ncn-™p-t]m-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
kwkm-cß - f - p-sSbpw N¿®-If - p-sSbpw Hcp Gcn-bb - mbn {ItaW AXv
]cn-Wa- n®p. Bfp-Iƒ HØp-tN-cp∂ ÿe-am-bX - n-\m¬ \nkvIc - n-°m-
\pw-IqSn kuI-cy-ap-≠m-h-W-sa∂v Bh-iy-ß-fp-b¿∂p. Aß-s\-
bmWv R≠mSn Hcp ]≈n Db-¿∂ph-cp-∂X - v.
Ip\n-bn¬ A“Zv Ip´n-bmWv CXn\v ÿew \¬In-b-Xv.
]≈n°v ÿe \n¿Wbw \S-Øn-bXpw Jn_ve icn-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xp-
sa√mw \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zm-bn-cp-∂p. auenZv ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ, kzemØv
aPven-kv, aX {]`m-j-W-߃ XpSßn ]e ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw ]n∂oSv
ChsS kPo-h-ambn \S-∂n-cp-∂p. Fw.-sI.-Fw. tImb apkven-bm¿
≈n-bpsS hn]p-eo-Ic - W
- m¿∞w {]kw-KØ - n-\mbn h∂n-cp-∂p.
Ime-ßt- fmfw \mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zns‚ Xmh-fa - m-bn-cp∂p Cu
]≈n. Ah-cpsS Im¿anI-Xz-Øn-emWv AhnsS \nkvImcw \S-∂n-cp-
∂-Xv. \m´n-ep-≠m-Ip∂ ka-b-ß-fn-se√mw DkvXmZv AhnsS hcn-
Ibpw F√m-‰n\pw t\XrXzw \¬Ipbpw sNbvXp. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-
s∂, Cu ]≈n tI{µo-Ic - n®v DkvXm-Zn\v A∂v hen-sbmcp sNßmXn
he-bw-Xs∂ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. \mc-It- »cn Aßm-Sn-bmbn hnI-kn-°mØ
A∂v R≠m-Sn-bn-emWv F√m-hcpw HØp-tN¿∂n-cp--Xv. DkvXm-Zm-bn-
cp∂p Ahn-SsØ {][m-\n.
FS-°p-dp-ßm´v \nkvIm-c∏ - ≈n
1950 Ime-߃ Bb-t∏m-tg°pw sNdp-]p-g-bpsS Xoc-߃
Hcp kmwkvIm-cnI tI{µ-ambn amdn-bn-cp-∂p. Bfp-I-sf√mw A∂v
kwK-an-®n-cp-∂Xpw kwkm-cn-°m≥ HØp-Iq-Snbn-cp-∂Xpw ]pg-°-c-I-
fn-em-Wv. C∂-sØ-t∏mse SuWp-Ifpw Aßm-Sn-Ifpw A∂v cq]-s∏-
´n-cp-∂n-√. AXn-\m¬ ]pg-°-cbpw ]pg-bpsS Xoc-ß-fpw-X-s∂-bm-bn-
cp∂p A∂sØ G‰hpw henb SuWpIfpw Aßm-Sn-Ifpw.
Icp-h-sºm-bn-en\pw I√p-ºp-d-Øn-\p-an-S-bnse ]pg-°-Shv
hfsc {][m-\-s∏´ H∂m-bn-cp-∂p. Bfp-Iƒ AXp-h-gn-bmWv ]pdw-
bm-{X-Iƒ t]mbn-cp-∂Xpw Xncn-®p-h∂ - n-cp-∂X- pw. tXmWn-If - m-bn-cp∂p
A∂sØ {][m-\s - ∏´ {Sm≥kvt]m¿t´-j≥ am[y-aß - ƒ. IShv {i≤m-
tI-{µ-am-b-t∏mƒ B `mKØv Bfp-I-fpsS t]m°p-h-chpw h¿≤n-®p.
AtXmsS FS-°p-dp-tßm´v ]d-ºn-te°p tN¿∂p Hcp ISbpw Db¿∂p-
h-∂p. CtXm-sS, AßmSn IWs° P\-ß-fpsS \nc-¥c CS-s]-S-ep-
I-fp≈ Hcp Gcn-b-bmbn CXv amdn.
]oSnI tImem-bnse s_©n-en-cp∂v kwkm-cn-°m≥ ]e-bm-
fp-Ifpw hcpw. Nne ka-b-ß-fn-sems° Hgnhp t\cß-fn¬ \mc-I-
t»cn DkvXmZpw ChnsSsbØpw. Bfp-If - p-ambn ]e-hn[ N¿®-Iƒ
\S-Øpw. Nne-t∏m-sgms° DkvXm-Zn\p Iq´mbn Icp-hs - ºm-bn¬ sI.-
hn. tambn≥ Ip´n lmPn-bp-ap-≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p.
Bƒs]-cp-am‰w h¿≤n-®-tXmsS _m¶v hnfn-°p-tºmƒ
Ah¿°v \nkvIc - n-°m≥ HcnSw C√msX h∂p. Aß-s\-bmWv ChnsS
Hcp ]≈n-bpsS Bh-iy-I-X-sb-°p-dn®v Nn¥-Iƒ Db-cp-∂-Xv. Xma-
kn-bmsX FS-°p-dp-ßm´v A_p lmPn-Xs∂ Xs‚ ÿeØv ]oSn-
I-tbmSv tN¿∂v Hcp \nkvIm-c-∏≈n ]Wn-bm≥ ap∂n-´n-d-ßn. \mc-I-
t»cn DkvXm-ZmWv AXn\p ÿe-\n¿Æbw \S-Øn-bp-c∂ - X - v. A_p
lmPn-bpsS ktlm-Zc - ß
- f- mb lpssk≥ Ip´n-lm-Pnbpw \√p-ho-´n¬
A“Zv Ip´n lmPnbpw Bh-iy-amb HØm-i-Iƒ sNbvXp. A∂v
\mc-It- »cn Fe-Øq-cnse Hcp {kmºy-bpsS Ah-in-jSv ß - ƒ sIm≠p-
h-∂mWv \nkv°m-c∏ - ≈- n-bpsS Xm¬°m-enI cq]w k÷o-Ic - n-°p-∂-
Xv. ]n∂oSv sI.-hn. tambn≥ Ip´n lmPn Bh-iy-amb HmSv \¬In
klm-bn-®p. F√mw-Iq-Sn-bm-b-t∏mƒ ]≈n km£m¬I-cn-°-s∏-´p.
kwkm-cß - ƒ°pw N¿®-Iƒ°p-sam-Sp-hn¬ F√m-hcpw AhnsS \nkvI-
cn-°m-s\-Øn. ]e-t∏mgpw \nkvI-cn-°m≥ \mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zp-ap-
≠mbn-cp-∂p.
 Ime-{I-taW \nkvImc ]≈n hen-sbmcp kmwkvIm-cnI
tI{µ-ambn amdn. da-Zm≥ Ime-ßf - n-se√mw h≥ P\m-he- n-bmWv ChnsS
\nkvIc - n-°m-s\-Øn-bX - v. AtXm-sS, hbfv ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw Dfvln-øØv
Ad-hp-Ifpw _Zvco-ßf - p-sS-bpw a‰pw t]cn-ep≈ B≠p-Ifpw kPo-h-
am-bn. kp_vln \nkvIm-c-Øn-\p-hsc ]≈n \ndsb Bfp-I-sf-Øn-
bn-cp∂p A∂v.
1990 ItfmsS Ah-ÿ-bmsI amdn. ]cn-k-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬
[mcmfw \nkvIm-c∏ - ≈
- n-Iƒ Db¿∂p-h∂ - t- XmsS CXns‚ ]g-bI - me
{]Xm]w AkvX-an-®p-Xp-S-ßn. C∂nXv t]cn\pam{Xw tIh-e-samcp
\nkvIm-c∏ - ≈
- n-bmbn tijn-°p-∂p.

I≈≥tXmSv Ppap-AØv ]≈n

CuÃv ae-bΩ ]≈n \ne-hn¬h∂ AtX Ime-Øp-X-s∂,
GI- t Ziw 1940 IfpsS Ah- k m- \ - Ø n- e mWv I≈≥tXmSv
]≈nbpsSbpw DZ-bw. I≠n-bn¬ A–p¿d-“m≥ lmPn-bmWv CXn\p
ÿew \¬In-bncp-∂X - .v apS-∏\
- °
- ¬ Ppap-AØv ]≈n F∂ t]cn¬
CXv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. BZyw NmØ-aw-Kew henb Ppap-AØv ]≈n-
bn-te-°m-bn-cp∂p Cu `mKØp-\n∂pw Bfp-Iƒ PpapA \nkvI-cn-
°m-\mbn t]mbn-cp-∂X- .v ]me-°p-‰n, I´m-߬ XpS-ßnb `mK-ßf - n¬\n-
s∂√mw Ct∏mƒ Bfp-Iƒ Chn-sS°p \nkvIc - n-°m≥ hcp-∂p. h¿j-
ß-fpsS ]mc-º-cy-ap≈ Hcp Z¿kpw ChnsSbp≠v. Ip™n-cm-bn≥
sam√m-°b- mWv Chn-SsØ ]g-°a - p≈ ap{In-am-cn-sem-cmƒ.
apºv CXn-\-Sp-Ømbn ]men-bn¬ Hcp {kmºy-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-
∂p. sNµ-aw-K-√q¿ AØ≥ Ip´n sam√m-°-bmWv AhnsS A£cw
sNm√n-s°m-Sp-Øn-cp-∂X - v.
 `mKw Ggv
tijn-∏p-Iƒ
 28

^Xvh-Iƒ, akv-A-e-Iƒ
I¿a-imkv{X ]mT-ß-fpsS A¬`pX temI-am-bn-cp∂p
\mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zv. {KŸ-ß-fn¬\n∂pw {KŸ-ß-fn-te-°p≈
]em- b - \ - a m- b n- c p∂p B Pohn- X - Ø nse Hmtcm Znh- k - h pw.
Cusbmcp At\z-j-W-]-cX ImcWw GXp-hn-j-b-Ønepw thK-
Øn¬ ^Xvh \¬Im-\p≈ Ignhv DkvXmZv t\Sn-sb-Sp-Øp. Xs∂-
tØ-Sn-sb-Øp∂ hnhn[ P\-߃°v InØm-_p-I-fn-eq-∂n-bp≈
aX-hn-[n-If - mWv DkvXmZv ]d-™p-sIm-Sp-Øn-cp-∂X - v. hnhn[ Ime-
ß-fnepw ka-b-ß-fn-ep-ambn DkvXmZv \¬Inb Nne ^Xvh-
Ifpw akv-A-e-I-fp-amWv ChnsS:

K¿`ÿinip-hns‚ hnhmlw
If-cm-¥ncn `mKØv c≠v kplr-Øp-°-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
Hcn-°¬ AXn¬ Hcmƒ ]d™p: "Fs‚ `mcy-bpsS K¿`-Øn-ep-
≈Xv s]¨Ip-´n-bm-sW-¶n¬ Ahsf \n\°v Rm≥ hnhmlw
sNbvXp-X-∂n-cn-°p-∂p.' as‰ Bƒ AXv kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. `mcy {]k-hn-®-t∏mƒ Ip´n s]Æm-bn-cp-∂p. X\n-°p-
X∂ samgn-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ CXv Xs‚ `mcy-bm-sW∂v
kplrØv ]d-™p.
Imew Ign-™p-t]m-bn. s]¨Ip´n hf¿∂p-h-ep-Xm-bn.
hnhm-l-{]m-b-sa-Øn. kplrØv hn´p-sIm-Sp-Øn-√. CXv Xs‚
`mcy-bm-sW-∂m-bn-cp∂p Abm-fpsS hmZw. hnjbw N¿®-bm-
bn. _‘-s∏-´-h¿ ]escbpw sN∂p I≠p. Ip´n-bpsS ]nXmhv
Aßs\ ]d-bp-Ibpw as‰ Bƒ kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX
ÿnXn°v hnhmlw km[p-hm-sW-∂m-bn-cp∂p Ah-cp-sS-sb√mw
A`n-{]m-bw. Ah-km\w {]iv\w \mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zn\v ASp-
sØ-Øn. AtX-k-a-bw-Xs∂ Nne¿ t]mbn ]n.-kn. DkvXm-Zn-
t\mSpw ]d-™p. Ccp-hcpw C∆n-j-b-I-ambn ]c-kv]cw _‘-
s∏-Sp-Ibpw N¿® \SØp-Ibpw sNbvXp. tijw, hn[n ]d™p:
""Cu hnhmlw icn-b-√. Imc-Ww, hnhml thf-bnse
]Z-߃ kzco-lm-IW- s - a-∂mWv InØm-_p-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂X
- v. AXv
ChnsS kw`-hn-®n-´n-√. AXn-\m¬ Cu s]¨Ip-´nsb as‰m-
cmƒ°v hnhmlw sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.'' Ip´n-bpsS
_‘p-°ƒ°v Bizmk-am-bn. Xma-kn-bmsX hnhm-lhpw \S-
∂p.

tKmXºv k°mØv sImSp-°mtam?

DkvXmZv sImSp-h≈n Z¿kv \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂
Imew. tIc-f-Øn¬ i‡-amb Acn-£maw ]nSn-s]´p. a‰p≈
`£Wkm[-\-ß-sf√mw kpe-`-am-Wv. tKmXºpw Bh-iy-Øn-
\p-≠v. ]s£, Acn-am{Xw hcp∂n-√. P\-ß-fmsI Ipg-∏-Øn-em-
bn.
AsXmcp da-Zm≥ amk-am-bn-cp-∂p. ^nYv¿ k°m-Øns‚
Acn hnX-cW - w-sN-øm-\p≈ kabw ASp-Øp-hc - n-Ib
- m-Wv. ]s£,
Fhn-sS-\n∂pw Acn In´m-\n-√. F¥p sNøpw?. hnjbw henb
N¿®-bm-bn. Bfp-Iƒ DkvXm-Zn-\-SpØv h∂v Imcyw ]d-™p.
\¬tI≠Xv Hmtcm \m´n-sebpw km[m-cW `£W
km[-\ß - mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hkvXp-°ƒ (Km-en_p JqØn¬
- f
_e-Zv) BsW-¶nepw AXv In´msX hcp∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬
]I-c-ambn In´p∂ km[-\-߃ ^nYv¿ k°m-Ømbn hnX-cWw
sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-sW∂v DkvXmZv ]d-™p. Xplv^-bnse Nne
hcn-Iƒ ]d-™p-sIm-≠mWv DkvXmZv CXv ka¿∞n-®n-cp-∂-Xv.
AØ-hW Cu `mK-ß-fn-e-[n-Ihpw ^nYv¿ k°m-Ømbn tKmX-
ºmWv hnX-cWw sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv.

JpYp_ ]cn-`mjbpsS hn[n

C.- s I. lk≥ apkv e n- b m¿ hlm- _ n- I ƒs°- X nsc
kwhm-Z-ß-fp-ambn \S-°p∂ Imew. GsXmcp hnj-bhpw hfsc
Bg-Øn-te-°n-d-ßn, IWn-i-ambn ]d-bp∂ coXn-bm-Wv At±-
l-Øn\v D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Hcn-°¬ At±lw \mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-
Zn-\S- pØv h∂p. "JpYp_ ]cn-`mj ldm-am-sW∂v ]d-™p-IqsS'
F∂p tNmZn-®p. "]mSn√; AXv _nZv-A-Øp≥ ap≥IdbmsW-∂m-
bn-cp∂p DkvXmZns‚ adp-]-Sn.
AXn\p tijw hmg-°m-Sp-sh®v hlm-_n-I-fp-ambn Hcp
kwhmZw \S-∂p. tNI-\q¿ aue-hn-b-S°w ]ecpw FXn¿-]-
£Øp≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
C.-sI. lk≥ apkven-bm-cm-bn-cp∂p kp∂n-]-£sØ
apJy-kw-hm-Z-I≥. IÆn-bØv DkvXmZpw a‰p {][m-\n-I-fp-sa√mw
D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kwkm-c-Øn-\nsS JpYp_ ]cn-`mj ldm-am-
sW∂ sNdn-sbmcp kwkmcw IÆn-bØv DkvXm-Zns‚ `mK-
Øp-\n∂pw At±lw tIƒ°m-\n-S-bm-bn. CtXm-sS, hlm-_n-
Iƒs°-Xnsc X\n°v hen-sbmcp Bbp[w In´nb {]Xo-Xn-bm-
bn-cp∂p lk≥ apkven-bm¿°v. At±lw tÃPn¬ Ibdn
JpYp_ ]cn-`mj ldm-am-sW∂p hmZn-°p-Ibpw AXv ka¿∞n-
°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. {]`m-Xw-hsc \o≠p-\n¬°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p
Cu kwhm-Zw.

Xlveo sNmtí coXn

\nkvIm-cØ
- n\p tijhpw a‰pw Xlveo¬ sNm√p-tºm¬
emC-eml C√-√mlv F∂p Hmtcm∂p sht∆-sd-bm-bn-Øs∂
Bbn-cn-°-W-sa-∂Xv DkvXm-Zns‚ \n¿_-‘-am-bn-cp-∂p. emC-
eml C√-√mlp emC-eml C√√mlv F∂p cs≠Æw tN¿Øn-
∏-d-b-cpXv F∂m-bn-cp∂p AhcpsS A`n-{]m-bw. A–p-√m-ln¬
l±mZv (d) lnPvd 1071 ¬ t{ImUo-I-cn® l±mZv dmØo-_n¬
alm-\-h¿Iƒ eml C√-√mlp emC-eml C√√mlv F∂p
cs≠Æw tN¿ØnbmWv ]d- ™ n- ´ p- ≈ - s X∂pw AXn- \ m¬
AXn¬ am{Xw tNm¿Øn-∏-d-bm-sa-∂p-amWv At±lw ]d-™n-
cp-∂-Xv.

hJ^v `qan-bn¬ a‰p Bh-iy-߃

shÆ-t°mSv ]≈n°v J_vdn-ÿm-\mbn hJ^v sNbvX
Iptd `qan-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]n∂oSmWv Hcp aZvd-k-bpsS Bhiyw
Db-cp-∂-Xv. ]s£, AXv FhnsS \n¿an°pw? IΩn-‰n-°m¿°n-S-
bn¬ Imcyw N¿®-bm-bn. ]s£, A\p-tbm-Py-amb ÿe-ambn
Cßs\ hJv^mb `qan-tb-bp-≈q. AhnsS aZvdk ]Wn-bm≥
]‰ptam? Ah¿ \mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zns\ I≠v Imcyw ]d-™p.
DkvXmZv B `qan-sb-°p-dn®pw Ah-cpsS Bh-iy-sØ-°p-dn®pw
icn°pw tNmZn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw InØm-_p-I-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬
AXns\ ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ah-km\w aZvd-k-
°p≈ A\p-aXn \¬In. Aß-s\-bmWv AhnsS aZvdk Db¿∂p-
h-cp-∂-Xv.
Ime-߃ Ign-™p. ]≈n-°-SpØv Hcp tSmbve‰v \n¿an-
t°≠ Bh-iy-ap-≠m-bn. AXn\pw Cu hJv^mb `qan am{Xta
D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. AhnsS tSmbve‰v \n¿an-°m≥ ]‰ptam? Bfp-
Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ ho≠pw N¿®.
Ah-km\w hnjbw IÆn-bØv DkvXm-Zn\pw iwkp¬
De-a-°p-a-Sp-sØ-Øn. ka-kvX-bn-te°p tNmZyw \¬Im-\m-bn-
cp∂p Ah-cpsS At]-£. HSp-hn¬ {]iv\w ka-kvX-bn¬ N¿®-
sN-ø-s∏-´p. "Chn-SsØ kml-Ncyw t\m°p-tºmƒ \n¿an-°¬
A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amWv' F∂m-bn-cp∂p ]pd-Øp-h∂ hn[n. Bbn-sS-
bmWv apºv CtX hJ^v `qan-bn¬ aZvdk \n¿an-°m-\p≈
kΩXw \mc-I-t»cn \¬In-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn iwkp¬ Dea Adn-
bp-∂-Xv. DSs\ At±lw _‘-s∏-´-hsc hnfn®v tNmZn®p: ae-
bΩ t\c-sØ-Øs∂ AhnsS aZvdk D≠m-°m≥ A\p-aZn
\¬In-bn-bn-´p-s≠-¶n¬ ]ns∂-sb-¥n-\mWv \n߃ ChnsS
tNmZn-°m≥ h∂Xv? AXp-Xs∂ aXn-bm-bn-cp-∂p-ht√m AhnsS
CXpw D≠m-°m-sa-∂-Xn-\p≈ sXfn-hn-\v...!!
\mc-I-t»cn DkvXmZv ssIsh® Hcp Imcy-Øn¬ as‰m-
cmƒ°v ssIsh-t°≠ Bhiyw hcp-∂n-s√∂v hy‡-am-°p-I-
bm-bn-cp∂p ChnsS iwkp¬ De-a.

dwen- (d) bpsS A`n-{]m-b-߃

GXp akv-A-e-Iƒ°pw InØm-_p-I-fn¬\n∂pw sXfnhv
Is≠-Øm≥ A]m-c-amb Ign-hm-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zn-\v. AXp-sIm-
≠p-X-s∂, GXp-Xcw {]iv\-߃ h∂mepw AXn\p hfsc Ffp-
∏-Øn¬ {]Xn-hn[n Is≠-Øp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Xocp-am-\ß
- s
- f-Sp-°m≥
Camw dwen (d) hns‚ A`n-{]m-b-ß-fmWv ]e-t∏mgpw DkvXmZv
]nSn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.
J_-dp-߬ HmØp-]p-c-Iƒ
Bsc-sb-¶nepw ac-W-s∏-´m¬ Hcp \n›nX Znh-k-
tØmfw J_-dn≥]p-dØv ]pc-sI´n HmXp∂ k{º-Zmbw apºv
apt≠m´v J_vdn-ÿm-\n¬ kPo-h-ambn D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]s£,
P\-߃ Hcp NS-ßn-s\-t∂mWw h∂v Ae-£y-ambn HmXp-I-
bmWv sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv. Jndm-A-Øns‚ \nb-a߃ ]men-®p-sIm-
≠p≈ HmØp-Iƒ Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂p.
DkvXmZv Cu hnjbw Adn-bm-\n-S-bm-bn. s]mdp-∏n-°m-
\m-hm-Ø-hn[w sX‰p-Iƒ \nd™ Jndm-A-Øp-Iƒ AhcpsS
{i≤-bn¬s]-´p. Xma-kn-bm-sX, DkvXmZv AXn¬ CS-s]-´p. Jndm-
AØv ]Tn-®n-´p-aXn ]pc-sI-´n-tbmØv F∂v At±lw I¿i-\-
ambn ]d-™p. AXns\ XpS¿∂v, Jmcn-Cu-ßsf hnfn®v \m´p-
Im¿°v Jndm-AØv ]Tn-°m≥ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
Jndm-AØv t\sc-bm-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂ hnj-b-Øn¬ A{X-am{Xw
IWni _p≤n-°m-c-\m-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zv.

`mcy-bpsS kzØn¬ Ah-Imiw

Hcn-°¬ {]k-hsØ XpS¿∂v Hcp kv{Xo ac-W-s∏-´p.
Ah-fpsS t]cn¬ A¬]w kzØp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXv hnlnXw
sh®v h∂-t∏mƒ `¿Ømhns‚ hnlnXw Ipd-™p-t]m-bXmbn
]cm-Xn. X\n°v IqSp-X¬ hnln-X-Øn¬ Ah-Im-i-ap-s≠∂ hmZ-
hp-ambn Abmƒ cwK-Øp-h-∂p. Imcyw {]iv\-am-bn. HSp-hn¬
hnjbw \mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zn\v ASp-sØ-Øn.
DkvXmZv hnjbw ]Tn-®psIm≠v ]d™p: Xm¶ƒ°v In´n-
b-Xp-ambn Xr]vXn-s∏-´p-t]m-Ip-∂X
- m-bn-cn°pw \√-Xv. C\n {]iv\-
hp-ambn hcn-I-bm-sW-¶n¬, CØcw L´-ß-fn¬ `¿Øm-hn\v
Xosc In´m-Xn-cn-°m-\p≈ kml-N-cyw-hsc InØm-_p-I-fn-ep-≠v.
`¿Ømhv Imc- W - a mbn Hcp `mcy ac- W - s ∏- ´ m¬ Ah- f psS
kzØn¬ Ah\v Xosc Ah-Im-i-an-s√-∂mWv I¿a-imkv{Xw
]d-bp-∂-Xv. ChnsS {]k-h-sa-∂Xv Hc¿∞-Øn¬ `¿Øm-hns‚
ImcWw Xs∂-bmWt√m!.

`mcy-bpsS kz¿W-Øns‚ Ah-Imiw

hnhm-lsØ XpS¿∂v Hcn-°¬ Hcp kv{Xo ac-W-s∏-´p.
Ah-fpsS ASpØv ]nXmhv \¬Inb Iptd kz¿Wm-`-c-W-߃
D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. CXn¬ `¿Øm-hn\v Ah-Im-i-apt≠m AtXm
]nXm-hn\p Xs∂ Xncn-®p-\¬ItWm F∂ Imcyw henb N¿®-
bm-bn. `¿Øm-hns‚ ]£w, CXv ImeymW kabw Xr]vXn-
tbmsS X߃°p \¬In-b-Xm-sW∂pw AXn-\m¬ X߃°n-
Xn¬ Ah-Im-i-ap-s≠∂pw hmZn-®p. AXv kv{XobpsS Bh-iy-
߃°p-th≠n \¬In-b-Xm-sW∂v kv{XobpsS ]£-hpw.
Ah-km\w {]iv\w \mc-I-t»-cn-bpsS ASp-sØ-Øn.
At±lw kz¿Ww \¬Inb s]¨Ip-´n-bpsS ]nXm-hns\ hnkvX-
cn-®p. Xm≥ Xr]vXn-tbm-sS-b√ kz¿Ww \¬In-bXv F∂m-bn-
cp∂p Abm-fpsS {]Xn-I-c-Ww. CX-\p-k-cn®v DkvXm-Zns‚ hn[n
h∂p:
""Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ s]¨Ip-´n-bpsS ]nXm-hns‚ Xr]vXn
A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. Abmƒ IeymWw \S-°m≥ th≠n-bmWv
kz¿Ww \¬Ip-∂-Xv. A√m-sX, aIƒ°v Xr]vXn-s∏-´p-\¬Ip∂
Hcp kΩm-\-am-bn-´-√. Aßs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ `¿Øm-hn\v
CXn¬ Ah-Im-i-an-√. `mcy-bpsS ]nXm-hn\p Xs∂ AXv Xncn-
®p-sIm-Sp-°-Ww.''
Cu hn[n-bn¬ `¿Øm-hns‚ ]£w kwXr-]vX-cm-bn-cp-
∂n-√. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, {]iv\w Ah¿°n-S-bn¬ Iptd Imew
\ne-\n-∂p. Ah-km\w Ah¿Xs∂, Hcm-fpsS a[y-ÿ-X-bn¬
Hcp HØp-Xo¿∏n-se-Øp-Ibpw kz¿Ww Ccp-hcpw ]¶n-s´-SpØv
{]iv\w Xo¿°p-I-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p.
 29

Pohn-X-Øns‚ Isøm-∏p-Iƒ
\m´nse Hcp Bflob km∂n-[y-am-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zv. P\-
߃s°√mw henb BZ-chpw t]Sn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬, DkvXm-
Zp-ambn kZm sNßmØw IqSp-Ibpw kwkm-c-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp-Ibpw
sNøp∂ Bfp-If - p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
ho´n¬\n∂pw ]≈n-bn-te°p A¬]w Zqc-ap-≠v. apºn-eq-sS-
bp≈ sNΩ¨ \nc-Øn-eqsS \S-∂p-sIm-≠mWv DkvXmZv ]≈n-bn¬
h∂n-cp-∂X - .v Aßp-anßpw CS-s]-SmsX t\sc-sNms∆ ]≈n-bn-te°p
\S-°p∂ ioe-am-bn-cp-∂p. A\n-hm-cy-am-sW-¶n¬ am{Xw ]≈n-°S- pØ
IS-bn¬ Ib-dpw. km[-\ß - ƒ hmßpw.
im¥ {]Ir-X\pw ]cn-Nbw \ne-\n¿Øp∂ hy‡n-bp-am-bn-
cp-∂p. hgn-bn¬ Bsc I≠mepw ]p©n-cn-°pw. hnti-j-߃ Bcm-
bpw. Hcp ]fin-X-s\∂ \ne°v Bfp-I-fn¬\n∂pw AI∂p
\n¬°m≥ CjvSs - ∏-´n-cp-∂n-√. Ah¿°n-Sb - nse Hcm-fm-bn-´m-bn-cp∂p
Pohn-Xw. I√p-ºpdw FS-°p-dß - m´v \nkvIm-c∏ - ≈ - n-bp-sSbpw R≠mSn
\nkvIm-c-∏-≈n-bp-sSbpw apt≠m´v ]≈n-bp-sSbpw ]c-k-c-ß-fn¬
DkvXm-Zn\v {]tXyIw sNßmØ he-bw-X-s∂-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]e-
t∏mgpw Ahn-Sß - f- n¬t]mbn Ah-cp-ambn kwkm-cn-®n-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-
am-bn-cp-∂p.
* * * *
da-fm≥ Ime-ßf - n¬ Bcm-[\ - I
- f
- n¬ IqSp-X¬ {i≤n-®n-cp∂p
DkvXm-Zv. apt≠m´p ]≈n-bn¬h∂v \nkvI-cn-°p-Ibpw HmXp-Ibpw
sNbvXn-cp-∂p. As∂ms° AhnsS Xdm-ho-ln\v t\XrXzw \¬In-
bn-cp∂Xpw DkvXm-Zm-W.v \nkvIm-cØ - n¬ sNdnb kqd-Øp-Itf HmXn-
bn-cp-∂p-≈q. aJvdPv icn-bm°n HmXn kmh-Im-itØmsS \nkvImcw
\n¿h-ln-°p-Ib - m-Wv DkvXmZv sNbvXn-cp-∂X - v.
As∂ms° l±mZpw ZnIvdpw F√mw Ign™v GI-tZiw
]Øp-a-Wn-°mWv Xdm-holv XpS-ßpI. AXv Hcp aWn-hsc \o≠p-
\n¬°pw. F∂n-´pw, Ip´n-Ifpw hr≤-cpw- F√mw hfsc Bth-i] - q¿hw
\nkvIm-cß - f- n¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m-s\-Ønbncp-∂p.
da-fm≥ Ime-ß-fn¬ ]≈n-bn¬ {]tXyIw DW¿hv Xs∂
ImW-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. ssee-Øp¬ JZvdv t]mse-bp≈ khn-tij Zn\-
ß-fn¬ DkvXmZv Bcm-[\ - I- ƒ h¿≤n-∏n-°p-Ibpw P\-߃°v D]-tZ-
i-߃ \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. Nnet∏mƒ D¬t_m-[\ - ß
- fpw akvA - -
e-Ifpw ]d™p \¬In.
* * * *
I¿a-imkv{X \n_-≤-am-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zns‚ Pohn-Xw.
GsXmcp Imcyw sNøp-tºmgpw ^nJvlns‚ IWn-i-amb hgn-Iƒ
\n¿_-‘-]q¿hw {i≤n-®p. AXv kzbw sNøp-Ibpw a‰p-≈-h-tcmSv
sNøm≥ I¬]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
* * * *
Xe-∏mhv \nXy-ambn [cn-°p-tºmƒ Xe-bn¬ hnb¿∏v
s]mSn™v {]bm-ka - m-Ip∂ Hcp Ah-ÿb - p-≠m-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zn-\v.
AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂, Nne t\c-ßf - n¬ \nkvIc - n-°p-tºmƒ Xe-∏mhv
Igp-Øn-eqsS CSp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Hcn-°¬ CXp I≠ Hcmƒ°v a\-{]-
bmkw tXm∂n. C{Xbpw hen-sbmcp DkvXmZv F¥p-sIm-≠mWv Xe-
a-d°
- msX \nkvIc - n-°p-∂s - X∂v At±lw Nn¥n-®p. tijw, At±-l-
tØmSv AtX-]‰n tNmZn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. "FtSm, InØm-t_m-Xp-
tºmƒ \√-t]mse Hm-XWw' F∂m-bn-cp∂p CXn-\p≈ adp-]-Sn.
tNmZy-I¿Ømhv tNmZn-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂n√ F∂m-bn-t∏m-bn.
* * * *
apt≠m´v Z¿kv \S-Øp∂ ImeØv ]∏-Shpw I™n-bp-am-bn-
cp∂p `£-Ww. AXv DkvXm-Zn\v \√ CjvS-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]≈n°p
apºn¬ tdmUn-t\mSv tN¿∂v A∂v sNdn-sbmcp Nmb-°S- b - p-≠m-bn-cp-
∂p. AhnsS \n∂mWv ]e-t∏mgpw ]∏Sw Np´p-sIm≠v DkvXm-Zn\v
sIm≠p-t]mbn sImSp-Øn-cp-∂X - v.
* * * *
I¿a-im-kv{X-sØ-°p-dn®v ]d-bp-tºmƒ DkvXmZv apX-A-√n-
ao-ßt- fm-Smbn Cßs\ ]d-bp-am-bn-cp∂p:
""C_v\p lP-dp¬ sslØan ]Øc amkw-sIm-≠mWv ]Øv
thmfy-ß-tfmfw hcp∂ Xplv^ ]q¿Æ-ambpw Fgp-Xn-Øo¿Ø-Xv.
F∂m¬, AXn¬ Hcp thmfyw t]mepw sX‰p-Iq-SmsX ]d-™p-X-
cm≥ ]‰nb Hcmsf Hcp s]Æpw CtXhsc {]k-hn-®-Xmbn F\n-°-
dn-bn-√.'' A{X-am{Xw Imcy-ßsf DkvXmZv IWn-i-ambn a\- n-
em°nsh°p-am-bn-cp-∂p.
* * * *
aZvdk ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Hcn-°¬ Pul-d-Øp-Øu-loZv
F∂ Hcp Ad_n InØm_v Dƒs∏-Sp-Øs - ∏-´p. hnkzm-k] - c
- a
- mb Imcy-
߃ (A-Jo-Z) N¿® sNøp∂ InØm-_m-bn-cp∂p AXv. ]s£, Ip´n-
Iƒs°- ∂ √; A[ym- ] - I ¿°p- X s∂ a\- n- e m- ° m≥ km[n-
°mØhn[w I´n-bp≈ Ah-X-cW ssien-bm-bn-cp∂p AXn-\v. CXv
aZvdkm apA-√n-ao-ßsf h√msX Ipg-°n. ]e¿°pw th≠-t]mse
¢msk-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bmØ Ahÿ h∂p.
]ecpw {]K¬`-cmb henb DkvXm-Zp-amsc I≠v, InØm_v
sNm√n-∏-Tn-®-Xn\p tij-amWv ¢mkn¬ t]mb-Xv. ]pXn-tbmØv `mK-
Øp-\n∂pw Nne¿ ]n.-kn. DkvXm-Zn-\-SpØv hcn-Ibpw kwi-b-߃
Xo¿°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
BbnsS Hma-t»cn ssd©n¬ CXv N¿®-bm-bn. F√mh¿°pw
]‰nb Hcp Znhkw {]K¬`-\mb Hcp DkvXm-Zns\ hnfn®v F√m-h¿°p-
ambn Hcp ¢msk-Sp-∏n-°m≥ Xocp-am-\-am-bn. ]s£, Bsc hnfn-°p-
sa-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p {]iv\w. \mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zns\ hnfn-°m-sa∂v
]ecpw A`n-{]m-bs - ∏-´p. HSp-hn¬ AXv Xocp-am-\a - m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Aßs\, DkvXm-Zp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Hcp Znhkw \n›-
bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \n¿±njvS Znhkw F√m-hcpw \mc-It- »-cn-bpsS
ASpØv Hcp-an-®p-Iq-Sn.
DkvXmZv InØm_v ]cn-Nb - s
- ∏-Sp-Øn, Xs‚ kzX-kn-≤a - mb
ssien-bn¬ D{K≥ ¢mkv Bcw-`n-®p. _nkvan-sb-°p-dn® N¿® Xs∂
t\c-ßt- fmfw \o≠p-t]m-bn. hnhn-[ß - f
- mb InØm-_p-Iƒ Ab-hn-
d-°n-s°m-≠m-bn-cp∂p ¢mkv. henb henb InØm-_p-Iƒ henb
henb DkvXm-Zp-am¿°v am{Xw ¢msk-SpØp ]cn-N-b-ap≈ DkvXm-
Zns‚ ¢mkv aZvd apA-√n-ao-߃°v hen-sbmcp A\p-`-h-am-bn.
aZvdkm A[ym-]-\-Øn¬ AXv F√m-h¿°pw Gsd D]-I-cn-
®p. A[ym-]-I-cpsS `mK-Øp-\n∂pw Bh-em-Xn-Iƒ Db¿∂-tXmsS
ASpØ h¿jw-Xs∂ B InØm_v ]mTy-]≤ - X- n-bn¬\n∂pw Hgn-hm-
°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
* * * *
Hcn-°¬ DkvXm-Zns\ ImWm≥ ho´n-te°p Hcp Iayq-Wn-
Ãp-Im-c≥ h∂p. A\-¥c - m-hI- m-ih
- p-ambn _‘-s∏´ Nne Imcy-߃
tNmZn-®-dn-bm-\mWv h∂n-cp-∂-Xv. `b-¶c Kcn-a-bnepw K¿∆n-ep-am-bn-
cp∂p Abm-fpsS CS-s]-Se - p-Iƒ. CXp I≠ DkvXmZv AI-Øp-t]mbn
\√ hkv{X-ßf - W- n-™p-h∂v AtX \mW-bØ - n¬Xs∂ Atßm´pw
{]Xn-I-cn-®p. tijw, Abmƒ Xm≥ h∂-Xp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnhn[
tNmZy-߃ tNmZn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. DkvXmZv AXn\v bp‡hpw
IrXyhpamb adp-]Sn sImSp-Øp. Abm-fpsS tNmZyw-t]m-se-Øs∂
hfsc Uok‚n-em-bn-cp∂p adp-]S- n-bpw.
AXn-\nsS Abmƒ A¬]-t\cw Nn¥-bn-em-≠p.
""Ct∏m-sg¥m Nn¥n-°p-∂Xv?'' DkvXmZv tNmZn-®p.
""B Xe-sb-ßm\pw Hcp am¿Ivkn-Ãp-Im-cs - ‚-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-
¶n¬ F∂v Nn¥n-®p-t]m-b-Xm-Wv.'' Abmƒ {]Xn-I-cn-®p.
""B Xe-sb-ßm\pw Hcp ]fin-Xs‚Xm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬!''
DkvXmZv t\sc Xncn-®S- n-®p.
* * * *
\mc-It- »cn DkvXm-Zn-t\mSv hfsc henb BZ-chpw _lp-am-
\-hp-am-bn-cp∂p ]n.-kn. Ip™m≥ Ip´n DkvXm-Zn-\v. F√m L´-ß-
fnepw At±lw AXv {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. Hcn-°¬ Xs‚ ]pXn-
tbmØv Z¿kn¬ apX-A-√n-ao-ß-fpsS kam-P-Øn\p Iogn¬ Hcp ]cn-
]mSn kwL-Sn-∏n-°s - ∏-´p. \mc-It- »cn DkvXmZpw C.-sI. lk≥ apkven-
bm-cp-am-bn-cp∂p ]cn-]m-Sn-bnse hninjvS hy‡n-Xz-߃.
Ip´n-Iƒ t{]m{Kmw enÃv Xøm-dm°n sIm≠p-h-∂-t∏mƒ
AXn¬ A[y-£≥ lk≥ apkven-bmcpw D¬Lm-S\w \mc-I-t»cn
DkvXm-Zp-am-bn-cp-∂p. CXp I≠ ]n.-kn. thKw Xs∂ AXv Xncp-Øn.
D∂X ÿm\-amb A≤y£ ÿm\w DkvXm-Zn\p \¬In. D¬Lm-
S\w lk≥ apkven-bm¿°pw. ]cn-]mSn hfsc `wKn-bmbn Iem-in-®p.
hnZym¿∞n-If - psS lrZbw Ih-cp∂ \ne-°m-bn-cp∂p DkvXmZv AhnsS
{]kw-Kn-®n-cp-∂X - v.
* * * *
s]mtdm-´-tbmSv henb CjvS-am-bn-cp∂p DkvXm-Zn-\v. ]n.-kn.
DkvXmZv ho´n¬ DkvXm-Zns\ kµ¿in-°m≥ hcp-tºmƒ s]mtdm´
Np´p-sIm≠v hcp-am-bn-cp-∂p. IqsS h∂n-cp∂ ]pXn-tbmØv A_q-
_Iv¿ apkven-bm¿ hnIm-c-Xo-{h-X-tbmsS C∂pw AXv Hm¿sØ-Sp-
°p-∂p.
* * * *
 Xs‚ hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ kPo-h-ambn CS-s]-Sp-
Ibpw Ah-cpsS Hmtcm Ne-\ß - fpw IrXy-ambn ho£n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-
am-bn-cp∂p DkvXmZv.
sImSp-h-≈n- kndmPn¬ ]Tn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Imew.
Xs‚ c≠p injy-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ Nne kzm`m-hnI Akzm-c-ky-ß-fp-
≠m-bn. {ItaW AXv aqØp. HSp-hn¬ hnhcw DkvXm-Zn\v ASp-sØ-
Øn.
hfsc X{¥-]q¿h-amWv DkvXmZv Cu {]iv\w ssIImcyw
sNbvX-Xv. aq∂p Znhkw \o≠p \n¬°p∂ hnNm-c-W. Hmtcm Znh-
khpw c≠mw Z¿kn\p tijw Hcmsf hnfn-°pw. hni-Z-ambn hnkvX-
cn-°pw. c≠mw Znhkw c≠mw hy‡n-sb hnfn®p. aq∂mw Znhkw
km£n-sbbpw. Imcy-ß-sf√mw icn°pw a\- n-em-°n. hnZym¿∞n-
Iƒ F¥p kw`-hn-°p-sa-∂d - n-bmØ D¬I-WvTb - n-em-Wv. A{X-am{Xw
Kuch]q¿W-am-bn-cp∂p Hmtcm Nph-Sp-If - pw. HSp-hn¬ hn[n-{]-Jym-]\w
h∂p. kckhpw F∂m¬ Imcy-£a - h
- p-amb hn[n-{]-Jym-]\w: {]iv\-
Øn¬ c≠p-t]cpw Hcp-t]mse Ip‰-°m-cm-W.v c≠p-t]-cpsS ASpØpw
\ymb-ßfpw A\ym-b-ß-fp-ap-≠v. AXn-\m¬, c≠p t]cpw in£°v
Hcp-t]mse A¿l-cm-Ip-∂p. HSp-hn¬ DkvXmZv in£ {]Jym-]n®p:
]≈n-bpsS lufn¬ sh≈w \nd-°p-I. 100 _°‰v sh≈w. 50 _°‰v
Hcmfpw 50 _°‰v as‰-bm-fpw. (lu-fp-If - n¬ sh≈w \nd-°m≥ tam´-
dp-If
- p-sStbm at‰m kuI-cy-ßf - n-√mØ Ime-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. _°-
‰n¬ sh≈-sa-SpØpsIm-≠p-h∂v \nd-°m-dm-bn-cp∂p ]Xn-hv.) hfsc
\ymbhpw bp‡-hp-amb Xocp-am-\w. HSp-hn¬ Ccp-hcpw _°-‰p-ambn
Cd-ßn. lufn¬ sh≈w \nd-®p. ]c-k] v cw kemw sNm√n ]ncn-™p.
{]iv\w AtXmsS Xocp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
* * * *
GXp sX‰v Fhn-sS-\n∂p I≠mepw DkvXmZv AXv Xncp-Øp-
am-bn-cp-∂p. Hcn-°¬, Hcp sh≈n-bmgvN Znh-kw. Hcmƒ ]≈n-
bn¬\n∂pw kqd-Øp¬ Ilv^v ]mcm-bWw sNøp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
DkvXmZv ASp-Øp-≠v. AXn-\nsS Abm-fpsS Jndm-AØ - n¬ Hcp sX‰v
kw`-hn-®p. \nkvImcw Ign™v ]pd-Øn-d-ßn-b-t∏mƒ DkvXmZv
Abmsf hnfn-®p. sX‰v ]d™p a\- n-em-°n. C\n Jndm-A-Øn¬
{i≤n-°W - s- a∂pw ]ni-Ip-Iƒ hcmsX HmX-Ws - a∂pw \n¿t±-in-®p.
* * * *
apt≠m´v ]≈n-bn¬ JYo-_mbn \n∂n-cp∂ Imew. Hcn-°¬
]cn-kc - sØ Hcp ho´n¬\n∂pw Z^v ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ i–w tIƒ°m-\n-
S-bm-bn. tami-amb ]m´p-Iƒ°-\p-k-cn®v Z^v ap´v {Ia-s∏-Sp-Øp∂
Hcp ]cn-io-e-\-am-bn-cp∂p Ahn-sS. ap´n-\-\p-k-cn®v ]m´v ]mSp-∂-Xn-
\m¬ ]e A¿∞ hyXym-kß - fpw hcp-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
ASpØ sh≈n-bmgvN {]kw-KØ - n-\nsS DkvXmZv CXv kqNn-
∏n-®p. Z^v ap´v \√-Xm-sW∂pw AXn\v Ckvem-anI Ncn-{X-Øn¬
sXfn-hp-I-fp-s≠∂pw ]d-™p. ]s£, ap´n-\-\p-k-cn®v ]m´n-s\bpw
ss_Øn-s\bpw h{Io-I-cn-°p-∂Xv icn-b-√. AXv A¿∞ hyXym-
k-ap-≠m-hm\pw e£yw Xs∂ amdn-t∏mhm\pw CS-h-cp-Øpw. AXp-
t]m-se-Øs - ∂, A\n-kvem-anI _nw_-߃ {]Xn-^e - n-®p-\n¬°p∂
]m´p-Iƒ°-\p-k-cn®v Z^v ap´v {Iao-I-cn-°p-∂Xpw \ymbo-I-cn-°m-h-
X-√.... DkvXmZv ]d-™p.
* * * *
ASp-sØmcp ÿeØv Hcp tIm¬°fn kwLw h∂-t∏mgpw
DkvXmZv AXnse \∑-sbbpw Xn∑-sbbpw Xpd-∂p-Im´n ]≈n-bn¬
{]kw-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. AXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Zpcm-Nm-cß - ƒ apkvenw-Iƒ°n-
S-bn¬ \ymbo-Ic - n-°s - ∏-Sc
- pXv F∂ \n¿_-‘w-sIm-≠m-bn-cp∂p CXv.
kmaq-lnI Zpcm-Nm-cß - sf hf-cm≥ DkvXmZv Hcn-°epw A\p-hZ- n-®n-
cp-∂n-√. AXXp ka-b-ß-fn¬Xs∂ AXn-s\-°p-dn®v Bfp-Isf
DW¿Øp-am-bn-cp-∂p.
* * * *
hfsc at\m-l-chpw kmh[m-\-Øn-ep-ap≈ Jndm-A-Øm-bn-
cp∂p DkvXm-Zn-s‚-X.v XPvho-Zns‚ \nb-aß - ƒ ]men-®p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp∂p
AXv \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂X - v.
sh≈n-bmgvN PpapB \nkvIm-c-Øn¬ km[m-cW PpapA
kqdØpw ap\m-^n-Jq\ kqd-Øp-amWv HmXn-bn-cp-∂X - v. kmh-[m-\Ø - n-
ep≈ B Jndm-AØv {i≤n-®n-cn-°¬ B\-µ] - q¿W-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v
]g-a°- m¿ A\p-kvac - n-°p-∂p.
* * * *
hlm-_n-Iƒhsc ho´n¬ h∂v DkvXm-Zn-t\mSv kwi-bß - ƒ
tNmZn-®p-Xo¿°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. B ]mfin-Xy-Øn-\p≈ k¿∆mw-Ko-Im-c-
am-bn-cp∂p CXv. sImSp-h≈n Z¿kn-em-bn-cp∂ ImeØv A\-¥-cm-h-
Imi \nb-a-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ akv-A-e-Iƒ tNmZn®pa\- n-em-
°m≥ Ah¿ h∂n-cp-∂p.
 30

hntbmKw
1973. tcmKhpw h√m-bvabpw ImcWw Z¿kv \n¿Øn
DkvXmZv ho´n¬ hn{ia Pohn-X-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. injy-∑mcpw
A√m-Ø-h-cp-ambn ]ecpw kµ¿in-°m≥ hcpw. ]ecpw A\p-
{Klw tXSn-sb-Øpw. Ahcpambn aX-Im-cy-߃ kwkm-cn-®pw
N¿®-Iƒ \S-Øn-bpamWv Znh-k-߃ \oßn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
Aß-s\-bn-cns° Hcp-Zn-hkw Xs‚ {]nb injy≥
tImb apkven-bm¿ ho´n¬ At±-lsØ kµ¿in-°m≥ h∂p.
Ico-‰n-∏-dºv Z¿kn¬ apZ-cn-kmbn tkh\w sNøp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p
At±-lw. DkvXm-Zns‚ apJØv h√mØ £oWhpw Akz-ÿ-
X- b p- a p- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ p. Dkv X mZv F√mw Xs‚ injy- \ p- a mbn
]¶vsh®p. AtXm-sSm∏w Xs‚ a\- n¬ Ime-ß-fmbn XØn-
°-fn-°p∂ Hcm-{Klw At±-lsØ Adn-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp:
""tImtbm, CXv Fs‚ Ahkm\ Ime-ß-fm-Wv. Z¿kn-
√msX Ccn-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂n-√. Z¿kv \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cns°
acn-°-W-sa-∂mWv Fs‚ B{K-lw. AXn\v Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-
Iptam?''
Xs‚ hµy Kpcp-hns‚ Cu tNmZyw tImb apkven-bmsc
h√msX thZ-\n-∏n-®p; Nn¥n-∏n-®p. AXv km£m¬I-cn-°¬ Xs‚
DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-am-sW∂v At±lw a\- n-em-°n. AX-\p-k-cn®v
th≠-hsc _‘-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ho≠pw Hcp Z¿kn-\p≈ kml-
Ncyw Hcp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Ico-‰n-∏-d-ºn¬ Xs‚ injy-∑m-cmb F.-]n. Ip™men
apkven-bm-c-S°w Nne-bm-fp-Isf At±lw apt≠m-t´°p ]d-™-
b-®p. Z¿kn-\p≈ thZn-sbm-cp-°n.
DkvXm-Zn\v henb kt¥m-j-am-bn. Xs‚ B{Klw k^-
eo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-te-°p≈ H∂mw L´w ssIh-∂n-cn-°p-∂p.
Xma- k n- b msX Dkv X mZv Z¿kv Bcw- ` n®p. \m¬∏- t Xmfw
h¿jsØ A\p-`hw ap‰n-\n¬°p∂ Z¿kv. InØm-_p-Is - fm∂pw
t\m°m-sX-Øs∂ ¢msk-Sp-°m≥ A∂v Ah¿°v km[n-°p-am-
bn-cp-∂p. A{X-am{Xw Cu taJ-e-bn¬ ]cn-N-bn®p sXfn™
Hcp aplq¿Ø-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. F¶nepw hcn-Iƒ°n-S-bn-eqsS
B hµyhtbm-[n-I≥ hnZym¿∞n-Isf hn⁄m-\o-b-ß-fpsS
hnkvab temI-ß-fn-te°v sIm≠p-t]m-bn. hnZym¿∞n-Isf
kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw X߃°p ssIh∂ ]pXn-sbmcp A\p-
{K-lhpw A\p-`q-Xn-bp-am-bn-cp∂p CXv.
ho´n¬\n-∂p-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p {][m-\-ambpw Z¿kv \S-
∂n-cp-∂-Xv. Nne-t∏mƒ ]≈n-bn¬\n-∂p-ap-≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p.
F¶nepw DkvXm-Zns‚ kuI-cyhpw A\m-tcm-Ky-hp-sa√mw ]cn-
K-Wn®v hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ hoSns‚ sNcp-hn¬Xs∂ HØp-Iq-Spw.
DkvXmZv Ah¿°v th≠p-thmfw aX-Im-cy-߃ ]d-™p-sIm-Sp-
°pw. AXm-bn-cp∂p ]Xn-hv. Znh-k-߃ sas√ IS-∂p-t]m-bn.
DkvXm-Zn\v IqSp-X¬ \n¿hr-Xnbpw kt¥m-jhpw ssIh-∂p.
Aß-s\-bn-cns° Hcp Znh-kw. DkvXmZv ho´n¬\n∂pw
X^vko-dp¬ Pem-sse\n ¢msk-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-
∂p. Np‰pw XmSnbpw Xe-∏m-hp-ap≈ henb henb apX-A-√n-ao-
߃ `hy-X-tbmsS Ccn-°p-∂p-≠v. s]´∂p DkvXm-Zns\mcp
£oWw ]nSn-s]-´p. h√mØ Akz-ÿ-X-bpw. ]ns∂ \nb-{¥n-
°m-\m-bn-√. DkvXmZv sas√ InØm-_n-te°v hoWp. At∏m-
tg°pw t_m[w \jvS-s∏-´p-t]m-bn-cp-∂p. hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ Fgp-
t∂-‰p-h∂v DkvXm-Zns\ ]nSn-®p. I´n-en¬ InS-Øn. Bh-iy-amb
]cn-]m-e\w \¬In. At∏m-tg°pw hnhcw _‘p-°-fpsS ASp-
Øp-sa-Øn. F√m-hcpw HmSn-b-W-™p. DkvXm-Zns‚ Ah-ÿ-
bn¬ hen-b-am-‰-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]ns∂, sNdnb sXfnhv
h∂-t∏mƒ fplv¿ \nkvI-cn-®p. Akz-dns‚ ka-b-am-b-t∏mƒ
\nkvI-cn-°-W-sa∂p ]d-™p. a°ƒ In≠n-bn¬ sh≈-sa-SpØv
DkvXm-Zns\ hpfq FSp-∏n-°m≥ {ian-®p. ]s£, DkvXmZv \t∂
£oWn-X-\m-bn-cp-∂p. {ItaW B £oWw IqSn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p.
sshIp-t∂-c-am-b-t∏m-tg°pw h√mØ Ah-ÿ. AXn-\nsS
DkvXmZv Np‰pap≠m-bn-cp-∂-hsc t\m°n C{X-am{Xw ]d™p:
"Rm≥ k¥p-jvS-\m-Wv. \nß-tfm-Sm-tcmSpw F\n°v H∂p-an-√.'
]ns∂, B Np≠p-Iƒ kwkm-cn-®n-´n-√. h√mØ £oWw
I≠-t∏mƒ F√m-h-cpw-IqSn DkvXm-Zns\ FSpØv tImgn-t°mSv
saUn-°¬tIm-tf-Pn-te°p sIm≠p-t]m-bn. bm{Xm-ku-I-cy-
߃°v h√msX ]cn-an-Xn-bp≈ Ime-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. F√mw
adn-I-S∂p tImtf-Pnse-Øn. ]n∂oSv HºXv Znh-k-tØmfw Ahn-
sS-Ø-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. A[n-I-t\-chpw At_m-[m-h-ÿ-bn¬X-
s∂. AXn-\n-S-bn¬ BsI Ht∂m ct≠m XhW am{Xta B
A[-c-߃ kwkm-cn-®n-cp-∂p-≈q. Xs‚ {]nb injy≥ tImb
apkven-bm¿ Xs∂ kµ¿in-°m-\mbn h∂ ka-b-Øm-bn-cp∂p
AXn-sem-∂v. tcmK-{K-kvX-\mbn ac-W-°n-S-°-bn¬ InS-°p-
tºmgpw B injys‚ kam-Kaw B Kpcp a\- n-em°n, IÆv
Xpd-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. F√mhscbpw A¬`p-X-s∏-SpØn Ah¿
A¬]-t\cw AhnsS kwkm-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.
At∏m-tg°pw DkvXm-Zv saUn-°¬ tImtf-Pn¬ {]th-
in-∏n-°-s∏´ hnhcw \m´n-emsI {]N-cn-®p. \m\m-`m-K-Øp-\n∂pw
injy-∑mcpw {]ÿm\ _‘p-°-fp-sa√mw tImtf-Pn-te°v Hgp-
In-h-cm≥ XpS-ßn. Hmtcm Znh-khpw A\-h-[n-bm-fp-I-fmWv
DkvXm-Zns\ ImWm-s\-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. \m´p-Imcpw _‘p-°-fp-
sa√mw A¬`p-X-s∏-´p-t]m-bn. Ah¿ DkvXm-Zns‚ hne a\- n-
em-°p-∂Xv At∏m-gm-bn-cp-∂p. C{X-am{Xw injy-kºØpw
kvt\l-P-\-ß-fp-ap≈ Hcm-fmbncpt∂m Xß-fpsS ]nXmsh∂v
Ah¿ Nn¥n-®p-. kµ¿i\ {]hmlw ImcWw skIyq-cn‰nhsc
shj-an-®p-t]mbn F∂mWv ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
Pqsse amkw 26 (P-am-Zp¬ BJn¿ 25). As∂mcp
hymgmgvN Znh-ka - m-bn-cp-∂p. sshIp-t∂-ca
- m-bt- ∏m-tg°pw DkvXm-
Zns‚ Btcm-Ky-\ne IqSp-X¬ hj-fm-bn. aKvcn-_ns‚ kabw
IS∂pIgn-™p. hnip-≤-amb sh≈n-bmgvN cmhv h-s∂-Øn.
GsXmcp hnizm-knbpw Xs‚ th¿]mSv kw`-hn-°m≥ B{K-ln-
°p∂ ka-bw. DkvXmZpw tIc-f-Ønse hnhn[ anlvdm-_p-I-fn-
en-cp∂v AXv {]m¿∞n-®-XmWv; \mYm, Fs∂ \o sh≈n-bm-
gvNtbm sh≈n-bmgvN cmhntem acn-∏n-t°-Wta F∂v. ]s£,
A√mlp AXv kzoI-cn-®n-cp-t∂m...? GXm-bmepw Gsd sImXn®
B aplq¿Ø-amWv hs∂-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. \mY≥ AXv kzoI-
cn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xv ]®-bmbn sXfn-bm≥ t]mhp-I-bm-Wv. kabw
Cg-™p-\o-ßn. cm{Xn Hcp aWn-tbm-S-Sp-Øp. `uhnXn-I-tem-I-
ßsf X\n-®m°n DkvXmZv A√mlphns‚ hnfn°v DØcw
\¬In. A\p-{Klw s]bvXn-d-ßnb B cm{Xn DkvXm-Zns‚
Bflmhv A√m-lp-hn-¶-te°p ]d-∂-I-∂p.
Hcp sR´-tem-sS-bmWv temIw B hm¿Ø tI´-Xv.
ssh⁄m-\nI hnlm-b- n¬ IØn-÷z-en® Hcp kqcy≥ AkvX-
an-®n-cn-°p-∂p. \m¬]Xv h¿j-tØmfw \qdp-°-W-°n\v ]finX
hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v C¬av ]I¿∂p-\¬Inb bpK-Kpcp imizX
hn{i- a - Ø n- \ mbn \mY- \ n- t e°v Xncn- ™ p- \ - S - ∂ n- c n- ° p- ∂ p.
]e¿°pw B hm¿Ø hniz-kn-°m-\m-bn-√. ]s£, ssZh-hn-[n-
bs√... AXv Xncn-™p-t]m-hn-√-t√m...
cm{Xn Hcp aWnbpw Ign™mWv DkvXm-Zns‚ JmZn-am-
bn-cp∂ Ben-°p™n apkven-bm¿ Cu hnh-c-a-dn-bp-∂-Xv. DS-
s\-Øs∂ DkvXm-Zns‚ ho´n¬ t]mbn th≠-sX√mw sNbvXp.
Adn-bn-t°-≠-h-sc-sb√mw Adn-bn-®p-Xp-S-ßn. DkvXm-Zns‚ {]nb
injy-\mb tImb apkven-bm-sc-bmWv thK-Øn¬ Adn-bn-t°-
≠-Xv. At±lw h∂n´p thWw A\-¥c Imcy-ß-sf√mw k÷o-
I-cn-°m≥. Ben-°p™n apkven-bm¿ DS-s\-Øs∂ Ico-‰n-∏-d-
ºn-te°p ]pd-s∏-´p. tImb apkven-bm¿ AhnsS Z¿kn-emWv
D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Ccp-fns‚ ad-hn-eq-sS-bp≈ Im¬\S bm{X. ]pg
IS-∂n-´p-thWw A°sc IS-°m≥. kabw A¿≤ cm{Xnbpw
]n∂n-´n-cn-°p-∂p. tXmWn-°m-cs\ Dd-°n¬\n∂pw hnfn-®p-
W¿Øn. Abm-fpsS I\n-hvsIm≠v A°sc IS-∂p. DuSp-h-gn-I-
fn-eqsS apt∂m´p \S-∂p. \SØw Xs∂ \S-Øw. Ico-‰n-∏-d-ºn-
se-Øp-tºmƒ kp_ln _m¶v hnfn-°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
A∂p cm{Xn km[m-c-W-t]m-se-Ø-s∂-bmWv tImb
apkven-bm¿ InS-∂p-dß - n-bX- v. A¿≤-cm-{Xn-bm-bt- ∏mƒ Hcp kz]v\-
ap-≠m-bn. kz]v\-Øn¬ Xs‚ hµy Kpcp {]Xy-£-s∏-´p-sIm≠v
Cßs\ ]d-bp∂p:
""tImtbm, Rm≥ t]mIp-∂p...''
tImb apkven-bm¿ Dd-°n¬\n∂pw sR´n-bp-gp-t∂-‰p.
H∂pw a\- n-em-Ip-∂n-√. Ft¥m kw`-hn-®-t]m-se. B a\- n¬
tcmK-i-ø-bn-em-bn-cp∂ Xs‚ hµy Kpcp-hn-s\-°p-dn®v Hcp-]mSv
Nn¥-Iƒ an∂n-a-d-bm≥ XpS-ßn. kabw IS-∂p-t]m-bn. a\- n¬
\ndsb DkvXm-Zn-s\-°p-dn® Hm¿a-Iƒ. kp_ln _m¶v hnfn-®p.
\nkvI-cn-°m-\mbn ]≈n-bpsS apI-fn¬\n∂pw Xmtg-°n-d-ßp-
tºm-gmWv A{]-Xo-£n-X-ambn B ImgvN ImWp-∂-Xv. Ben-
°p™n apkven-bm¿ Xs‚ apºn¬ \n¬°p-∂p. B Np≠p-Iƒ
Ft¥m ]d-bm≥ shºp-I-bm-Wv. tImb apkven-bm¿°v Imcyw
]nSn-In-´n. B lrZ-b-Øn-eqsS sshZypXn thK-Øn¬ Bi-b-
߃ ssIam-d-s∏-´p. kz]v\hpw bmYm¿∞yhpw Xe-bn¬In-S∂v
kwL-´-\-Øn-te¿s∏-´p. ]ns∂, BK-Xs\ ]d-bm-\-\p-h-Zn-®n-
√. At∏m-tg°pw B Np≠p-Iƒ Nen®p:
""Rm≥ hnh-c-a-dn-™p.''
tjmt°‰ {]Xo-Xn. Ccp-hcpw Hcp \nanjw Xcn-®p-\n-
∂p. ]ns∂, \nkvImcw Ign™v tXßp∂ lrZ-b-tØmsS B
hµy Kpcp-hns‚ CjvS injy-∑m¿ \mc-I-t»-cn-bn-te°p Xncn-
®p.
At∏m-tg°pw DkvXm-Zns‚ aønØv tImtf-Pn¬\n∂pw
AhnsS FØn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p. tImb apkven-bm¿ kv]µn-°p∂
lrZ-b-tØm-sS, hnXp-ºp∂ Np≠p-I-tfmsS B apJ-sam∂v
t\m°n. \mYs‚ ]dp-Zokm Z¿i\w e`n-®-t]mse ]p©n-cn®p
InS-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p Xs‚ hµy Kpcp.
\mSp- samØw hnh-c-a-dn-™p. km[m-c-W-°mcpw A√m-
Ø-h-cp-ambn A\-h-[n-bm-fp-Iƒ \mSns‚ \m\m `mK-Øp-\n∂pw
Hgp-In-h-cm≥ XpS-ßn. injy-∑m-cpsS hen-sbmcp {]f-bw. ]ns∂,
{]ap-J-cmb A\-h[n ]fin-X-∑m¿... Imc-W-h-∑m¿... al√v `mc-
hm-ln-Iƒ... Aßs\bßs\ Zp:J`mcw Xmßm-\m-hmØ hen-
sbmcp ]pcp-jm-cw. A¥-co-£-Øn¬ apg-ßn-t°ƒ°p∂ Jp¿-
B≥ ]mcm-b-Ww...
tImb apkven-bmcpw ]n.-kn. Ip™m-e≥ Ip´n apkven-
bmcpw kPo-h-am-bn-Xs∂ cwK-Øp-≠v. Iptd Ign-™-t∏mƒ C.-
sI. A_q- _ Iv ¿ apkv e n- b mcpw ÿe- s Ø- Ø n. IqSm- s X,
At≠mW A–p√ apkven-bm¿, C.-sI. lk≥ apkven-bm¿
XpSßn {]apJ ]fin-X-∑m-cpsS hen-sbmcp \ncbpw...
kabw Cg-™p-\o-ßn. tImb-ap-kven-bmcpw ]n.-kn.
DkvXmZpw tN¿∂v aønØv Ipfn-∏n-®p. I^≥ sNbvXp. h≥P-\m-
h-en-bpsS AI-º-Sn-tbmsS, iwkp¬ De-a-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬
P\mk apt≠m´v ]≈n-bn-te°p \oßn. Ahn-sS-bmWv DkvXm-
Zns‚ J_v¿ Xøm-dm-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
IsÆ-Øm-Zqcw \o≠p-\n¬°p∂ h≥ P\m-he - n. B \mSv
BZy-am-bmWv C{Xbpw hen-sbmcp P\m-h-en°v km£yw hln-
°p-∂-Xv. Cu \mSns‚ ]p{X≥ C{Xbpw hen-sbmcp alm\pw
]fin-X-\p-am-sW∂v \mSpw \m´p-Imcpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂Xv At∏m-
gm-bn-cp-∂p.
sh≈n-bmgvN Znh-kw. PpapA \nkvIm-c-Øn\v ka-b-
aSpØp-hcn-I-bm-Wv. P\-ß-sf√mw ]≈n-bn¬ Hcp-an-®p-Iq-Sn.
]fin-X-∑m-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ P\mk \nkvImcw Ign-™p.
tijw, ]≈n-bpsS sXm´p-ap-ºn¬Xs∂ kwhn-[m-\n® J_vdn¬
B ]pWy-ic - ocw AS°w sNbvXp. PpapA \nkvIm-cØ - n\v _m¶v
hnfn-bp-b-cp-tºmgpw iwkp¬ De-a-b-S°w ]fin-X-∑m¿ B
J_vdn-∂-cn-In-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Xß-fpsS hµy-Kp-cp-hn\v Ah-km-
\sØ kemw ]d-™v, PpapA \nkvI-cn-®p-sIm-≠mWv A∂v
]ecpw aS-ßn-t∏m-b-Xv.
\mc- I - t »cn Dkv X mZv F∂ B alm ]fin- X ≥
CtXmsS Ncn-{X-Øns‚ `mK-am-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Pohn-X-Øn-ep-
S-\ofw kaq-lØ - n\p shfn®w ]I¿∂p\¬Inb bpK Kpcp, Xs‚
th¿∏m-Sn\p tijhpw Cu \mSn\v hgn Im´n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.
Ah¿ Xpd-∂p-sh® Bflob hgn-Øm-c-bn-eq-sS-bmWv C∂pw
Chn-SsØ P\X apt∂m´p t]mbn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
 31

aJmapw Ddqkpw
A√m-lp-hns‚ CjvS-Zm-k-∑m-cmb al-Øp-°ƒ A¥n-
bp-d-ßp∂ tKl-ß-fmWv aJv_-d-Iƒ. Hcp al¬Po-hn-X-Øns‚
kvamc-Ihpw Hm¿a-s∏-Sp-Øe - p-If
- p-am-Wn-h. Dd-°nepw DW¿hnepw
kaq-l-Øn\v shfn®w \¬In IS-∂p-t]mb D∂X hy‡n-Xz-
ßsf A\p-kva-cn-°m≥ \Ω-fp-≠m-°n-sh-°p∂ Hcp kwhn-
[m\w. \ΩpsS ImgvN-bn¬ Ch a¨Iq-Sp-I-fm-sW-¶nepw A√m-
lp-hns‚ {]tXyIw t\m´w e`n-°p∂ A\p-{Kl tKl-ß-fm-
Wn-h. kz¿K-hm-Xn-ep-Iƒ Xpd-°-s∏-Sp∂ A\p-{Kl tKl-߃.
ae-b-Ω°pap≠v CØcw A\p-{K-lo-X-am-sbmcp km∂n-
[yw. kZm \mYs‚ t\m´w In´n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ atlm-∂-X-
amb km∂n-[yw. AtX t]cn¬Xs∂ {]nk-≤-\mb \mc-I-t»cn
A_q-_Iv¿ apkven-bm-cm-W-Xv. DkvXm-Zp-am-cpsS DkvXm-Zv. kn.-
Fw. hen-øp-√m-lnsb t]mse-bp≈ Znhym-\p-cm-K-Øn¬ ebn®
Bin-Jo-ßf - psS Kpcp-hc
- y≥. iwkp¬ De-as - b-t∏mse ssh⁄m-
\nI temIsØ AXpey hnkva-b-ß-fpsS hgn-Im-´n. _nZ-C-I-
fpsS t]Sn-kz-]v\w. \o≠ Z¿kv A[ym-]-\-Øn-eqsS Xs‚
PohnXw Xs∂ Ckvem-anI hn⁄m\ {]k-c-W-Øn-\mbn Dgn-
™p-sh® alma\o-jn.
apt≠m´v Ppap-AØv ]≈n-bpsS apºn¬, Np‰p-X-d°p
Xmsg, hgn-bpsS heXp `mK-ØmbmWv Cu alm-Kp-cphns‚
aJv_d ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xv. 1910 apX¬ A\-h-[n-bm-fp-Isf Cu
]≈n-∏-d-ºn¬ ad-am-Snbn´p-s≠-¶nepw Ah-cn¬\n-s∂√mw thdn-
´p-\n¬°p∂ Hcp alm-km-∂n-[yw. H‰ t\m´-Øn¬Xs∂ B
hyXn-cn-‡-Xbpw Kmw`o-cyhpw GsXm-cmƒ°pw a\- n-em-°m≥
km[n-°p-∂p. \mSns‚ \m\m `mK-Øp-\n∂pw A\-h-[n-bm-fp-I-
fmWv Cu aJv_d kµ¿in-°m-s\-Øp-∂-Xv. Xt±-io-b-tc-°mƒ
IqSp-X¬ ]pd-Øp-≈-h¿. DkvXm-Zns‚ injy-∑m¿. ]cn-N-b-°m¿.
DkvXm-Zns\ \√-t]mse a\- n-em-°nb Bfp-Iƒ. Xß-fpsS
\qdp-\q-dm-bncw Bh-iy-߃ a\- n¬sh®v Ah¿ Ahn-sS-
\n∂pw {]m¿∞n-°p-∂p. Xß-fpsS Bh-em-Xn-I¬ t_m[n-∏n-
°p-∂p. PK-∂n-b-‘m-hmb Xºp-cm≥ AsX√mw ImWp-Ibpw
tIƒ°p-Ibpw km£m¬I-cn-®p-\¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
Hmtcm \mSn-s‚bpw Imh¬ \£-{X-ß-fmWv Ahn-SsØ
hnip-≤c - psS aJv_d
- I- ƒ. B \mSns\ AXym-ln-Xß - f
- n¬\n∂pw
B]-Øp-I-fn¬\n∂pw ImØp-c-£n-°p-∂Xv Ah-cpsS km∂n-
[y-am-Wv. B \m´n¬ t£ahpw sFiz-cyhpw kt¥m-jhpw Ifn-
bm-Sp-∂Xv Ah-cpsS Bflob t\m´-߃sIm-≠m-Wv. acn-®mepw
Ah¿ \tΩm-sSm-∏-ap≠v F∂-Xns‚ tKm]y-amb {]Xn-^-e-\-
ß-fm-Wn-h.
\mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zns‚ B≠p-t\¿® Hmtcm h¿jhpw
Pam-Zp¬ BJn¿ 25 t\mS-\p-_-‘n®v ChnsS hnP-b-I-c-ambn
\S-∂p-h-cp-∂p. hfsc efn-X-am-bn-´m-bn-cp∂p XpS-°w. C∂Xv
hnI-kn-®v, Hcp Bflob \n¿hrXn \¬Ip∂ alm kwK-a-ambn
amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°-bm-Wv. \ΩpsS \mSns‚ `mhn-hn-Pbw ssIh-
cpI Cusbmcp kwK-a-Øn-s‚, F√m-hcpw Gs‰-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠p-
≈, hnP-b-I-c-amb BN-c-W-Øn-eqsS am{X-am-bn-cn-°pw. B
hnPbw \ΩpsS \mSn\v Bflo-b-amb shfn-®hpw DW¿hpw
\¬Ipw. Cu alms‚ km∂n-[y-amWv AXn-te-°p≈ G‰hpw
\√ Ffp∏ hgn.
hmg-°mSv IÆn-bØv DkvXm-Zns‚ aJm-ap-t]m-se, aS-
hq¿ kn.-Fw. hen-øp-√m-ln-bpsS aJm-ap-t]m-se, ]pXn-b-ßmSn
iwkp¬ De-a-bpsS aJm-ap-t]mse \mc-I-t»cn DkvXm-Zns‚
aJmapw \sΩ amSn-hn-fn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. B NmcØv h∂-
W-bm\pw B Pohn-X-Øn¬\n∂v ]mT-apƒsIm-≈m\pw B
km∂n-[yw-sIm≠v \n¿hr-Xn-b-S-bm-\pw. AX-dn-bm\pw tIƒ°m-
\p-ap≈ Hcpƒhn-fnbpw {i≤-bp-amWv \Ωƒ D≠m-°n-sb-Sp-t°-
≠-Xv. Ahs‚ CjvSZ- m-k∑ - m-tcm-Sp≈ kvt\lw ImcWw \mY≥
\sΩbpw ]mc-{XnI temIØv hnP-bn-I-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-tb-
°pw. \mY≥ A\p-{K-ln-°-s´.
 d^-d≥kv

]pkvX-I-߃
1. kakvX, ]n.-]n. apl-ΩZv ss^kn, kakvX Xncq-c-
ßmSn Xmeq°v IΩn-‰n, Xncq-c-ßm-Sn, 2005
2. ka-kvXsb \bn® \thm-∞m\ \mb-I-∑m¿, ]nW-
tßmSv A_q-_Iv¿, lndm _pIvkv, tNfm-cn, 2013
3. hgn-hn-f-°p-Iƒ, tUm. sskZmen ss^kn ]´n-°m-Sv,
\qdp¬ Dea {]kn-≤o-I-c-Ww, ]´n-°m-Sv, 2010
4. ka-kvXsb \bn-®-h¿, ]nW-tßmSv A_q-_Iv¿,
in^ _pIvÃmƒ, tImgn-t°m-Sv, 2005
5. ka-kvXb - psS 101 \mb-I∑
- m¿, ]n.-]n. apl-ΩZv ss^kn,
Fkv.-ssh.-F-kv _pIvkv, kp∂n-a-l¬, ae-∏pdw
6 ka-kvXbpw IogvL-S-I-ß-fpw, sI.-Sn. am\p apkven-
bm¿, in^ _pIvÃmƒ, tImgn-t°m-Sv, 2004
7. apPm-lnZv {]ÿm\w: apJm-h-c-W-ß-fn-√m-sX, Ben-
°p´n kJm^n aS-hq¿, Fkv.-ssh.-Fkv _pIvkv, tImgn-t°m-Sv,
2004
8. Imk¿tImSv apkvenw-I-fpsS Ncn-{Xw, tambn≥ lpZhn
ae-b-Ω, Zni _pIv sk¬, Imk¿tIm-Sv, 2008
9. IÆn-bØv DkvXmZv: Poh-N-cn-{Xw, apPo_v X߃
sIm∂m-cv, in^ _pIvÃmƒ, tImgn-t°m-Sv, 2009
10. iwkp¬ Dea: hy‡nbpw ho£-W-hpw, sNdp-t»cn
ssk\p-±o≥ apkven-bm¿, in^ _pIvÃmƒ, tImgn-t°mSv, 2005
11. kn.-Fw. aS-hq¿: ambmØ ap{Z-Iƒ, ko\-Øp-Øp-e_
ÃpU≥kv Atkm-kn-tb-j≥, PmanA Aiv-A-cn-ø, aS-hq¿, 2011
12. Hu\p¬ _mcn ^o a\m-Jn_n ssiJv kn.Fw (au-
en-Zv), kn.-Fw. aJmw ico-^v, aS-hq¿, \cn-°p-\n, 2013
12. hko-e, A–p√ kJm^n ae-b-Ω, tImhq¿ kp∂n
Ppam akvPnZv
 13. ae-bm-f-Ønse alm-c-Y-∑m¿, s\√n-°pØv apl-Ω-
Zen apkven-bm¿, C¿imZv _pIvÃmƒ, tImgn-t°m-Sv, 1997

kvac-Wn-I-Iƒ
1. ssiJp\m Fw.-sI.Fw. tImb apkven-bm¿: Ime-L-
´-Øns‚ alm-Kp-cp, Fw.-sI.-Fw. ÃpU‚ vkv At m-kn-tb-j≥,
_Zhn aJmw, sh≈-bn¬, tImgn-t°m-Sv, 2008
2. ssk\p¬ Dea At≠mW A–p√ apkven-bm¿ kvac-
WnI, ssk\p¬ Dea ]q¿∆ hnZym¿∞n kam-Pw, hmhmSv, 1995
3. ]n.-kn. DkvXmZv kvac-WnI, ]pXn-tbmØv
4. Jmcn-Av sI.-hn. DkvXmZv kvac-Wn-I, Ico-‰n-∏d
- ºv al√v
IΩn-‰n, am\n-]p-cw, sImSp-h-≈n, 2009
5. C. apl-ΩZv km¿ Hm¿a ]pkvX-Iw, Zmdp¬ lpZm
Ckvem-anIv bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n, sNΩmSv, 2010

kph-\o-dp-Iƒ
1. kXy-k-c-Wn-bpsS Ncn{X km£yw, kakvX 85 mw
hm¿jn-tIm-]-lm-cw, kakvX tIcf PwC-ø-Øp¬ De-a, ka-
kvXm-e-bw, tNfm-cn, tX™n-∏-ew, 2012
2. Im¬∏m-Sp-Iƒ, kakvX Pq_nen tkmh-\o¿, hnZym-
`ymk t_m¿Uv, ka-kvXm-e-bw, tNfm-cn, tX™n-∏-ew, 2002
3. tIc-fob ]fin-X-∑m¿, cnkm-e, a¿°kv ktΩ-f\
]Xn-∏v, tImgn-t°m-Sv, 2007
4. ]finX tIc-fw, kakvX Dea tIm¨{^≥kv {]kn-
≤o-I-c-Ww, tImgn-t°m-Sv, 1997
5. \qsd inB¿, inB-dp¬ Ckvemw sk°-≠dn a{Zk
tKmƒU≥ Pq_nen kvt\tlm-]-lm-cw, ]pXn-tbm-Øv, 2012
6. Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠nse kwhm-Z-߃, _p¬_p¬
amkn-I Zi hm¿jn-I-∏-Xn∏v,
7. Ka- \ w, kph¿W Pq_nen kph- \ o¿, ae- b Ω
XmPp¬lpZm sk°-≠dn a{Z-k, 2005