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02 Introduction to Digital Signals

The document provides an overview of digital signals, emphasizing their role in data transmission and processing in digital electronics. It contrasts analog and digital signals, highlighting the advantages of digital signals such as better noise immunity, error detection, and ease of processing. Additionally, it discusses the components of computers that rely on digital electronics, including the CPU, memory, and input/output devices.

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0 views

02 Introduction to Digital Signals

The document provides an overview of digital signals, emphasizing their role in data transmission and processing in digital electronics. It contrasts analog and digital signals, highlighting the advantages of digital signals such as better noise immunity, error detection, and ease of processing. Additionally, it discusses the components of computers that rely on digital electronics, including the CPU, memory, and input/output devices.

Uploaded by

jinay.s5
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Digital Signals

ENR107-Digital Electronics and Microprocessors


Maryam Kaveshgar
Data
• Factual information (such as measurements or statistics) used as a basis for
reasoning, discussion, or calculation. (Merriam-Webster)

• Information in an electronic form that can be stored and used by a computer.


(Cambridge Dictionary)

• Form – Text, Numbers, Images, Audio, Video.


• Raw data needs to be processed to convert into useful information. It includes
data storage, retrieval, manipulation and analysis.
Signal
Data holds valuable information but needs a medium to transmit, process and communicate.

The transition from data to information exchange is facilitated by SIGNALS.

Signals are physical quantities that carry the encoded information derived from data.

Data – Source of information


Signal – Carrier of information

In digital electronics, data is converted into binary signals for efficient transmission and processing.

Each bit of data (0 or 1) is represented by corresponding levels


(Voltage in case of electrical signal, light pulse in optical signal).
Analog Signal
Analog Signal is a continuous signal that can take on any amplitude and is well-
defined at each time instant.

Represent real world phenomena with infinite precision.

Continuous on both scales (Amplitude and time)

Examples – Audio, Temperature, Voltage, Current,


Pressure, Speed etc.

Analog processing is simpler but is more susceptible to noise and interference.


Discrete Signal
Discrete Signal is a sequence of values that correspond to particular instants in time.

Derived from analog signals through a process called sampling.

The continuous analog signal is sampled at regular intervals to


obtain discrete data points.

Unlike analog signals, discrete signals do not have infinite precision and can only assume
specific levels.

Less susceptible to noise and interference compared to analog signals.

Easier to process, store, and transmit.


Analog>>Descrete>>Digital
Digital Signals
A digital signal is a discrete representation of data or information using binary digits (0 and 1).

Use a binary code to represent data, where each bit


can be either 0 (low state) or 1 (high state).

Digital signals have better noise immunity than analog signals due to their discrete nature.

Errors in transmission can be detected and corrected using error-correcting codes.

Can be easily processed and manipulated using digital electronic components.

Applications – Digital Communication, Digital Audio and Video, Data storage, Artificial Intelligence, Quantum
computing
Why Digital
Before the digital revolution, analog signals dominated communication and data processing.

Digital signals brought about significant advantages, making them the preferred choice in
various applications.

Advantages - Better noise immunity


Precise error detection and correction
Easier and more efficient signal processing
High scalability and flexibility
Digital data can be stored, retrieved, and duplicated without degradation
Analog Digital

• Uses continuous signals to


represent data. • Uses discrete signals (binary) to
• Information is conveyed represent data.
through varying physical Information • Information is represented
Representation
quantities (e.g., voltage, using binary digits (0s and 1s).
amplitude, frequency).
Analog Digital

• Provides infinite resolution, • Offers finite resolution but its


allowing for precise discrete nature provides
representation of real-world robustness against noise.
Accuracy
phenomena. &
• It ensures higher accuracy and
• However, it is susceptible to Precision allows for error detection and
noise and has limited accuracy. correction.
Analog Digital

• Analog processing is often


• Digital processing is relatively
complex, involving continuous
simple, performed using logic
signal manipulations.
gates and algorithms.
• Components like amplifiers, Processing Complexity • Components can be easily
filters, and oscillators are used.
replicated and automated.
Analog Digital

• Digital signals are less affected


• Analog signals are sensitive to
by noise due to their discrete
noise and external interference.
nature.
• Noise can significantly impact
• Error correction techniques
signal quality and accuracy. Noise and interference
ensure data integrity during
transmission.
Analog Digital

•Analog signals suffer from signal


•Digital signals can travel longer
degradation during long-distance
distances without significant
transmission. Signal Transmission degradation.
Analog Digital

• Digital data can be easily stored,


•Analog data requires more duplicated, and retrieved without
physical storage space. quality loss.
Storage Efficiency • It offers higher storage
efficiency.
In Short ..
Analog and digital systems have their unique advantages and applications.

Digital technology's resilience to noise, error correction, and ease of processing have made it the preferred
choice in many modern applications.
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IN COMPUTERS
Digital electronics form the foundation of modern computing systems. Computers rely on
digital signals and logic to process, store, and transmit data.

Binary Representation in Computers:


Computers use binary digits (bits) to represent data and instructions.
Each bit can be either 0 or 1, forming the basis of digital data representation.

Components of a Computer:
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU):
It processes data using digital logic circuits, such as arithmetic logic units (ALUs).

2. Memory:
Computers use various types of digital memory (RAM, ROM) to store data temporarily or
permanently. Memory addresses are represented using binary values.
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IN COMPUTERS
3. Motherboard:
The motherboard acts as a central hub, connecting and facilitating communication between
various digital components.

4. Input and Output Devices:


Input devices (keyboard, mouse) and output devices (monitor, printer) communicate with the
computer using digital signals.

5. Data Processing in Computers:


Computers use digital logic circuits to perform arithmetic operations, logic comparisons, and data
manipulation.
The CPU processes instructions stored as binary code, making decisions based on digital logic.
Digital Electronic Circuits
• Classification:

Non programmable circuits


(Logic gates, Flip-flops, Counters, Registers)

Programmable circuits
Processors
Microprocessors

Emphasis on programmable circuits


NUMBER SYSTEM

WHY DO WE USE THE DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM (BASE 10) ?

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