Revision questions

1. A study investigated the effect of oral contraceptives on the development of breast cancer
over a 10-year period. Among 1,000 users of oral contraceptives, 50 developed breast
cancer, among 1,000 non-users, 10 developed breast cancer. Was this a cohort or a case-
control study? is there an association between the use of oral contraceptives and breast
cancer?

2. Consider a hypothetical study that is investigating the association between smoking and lung
cancer. Among 100 lung cancer patients, 70 are smokers. Among 100 people without lung
cancer, 30 are smokers. Is this a cohort or a case-control study? Is there an association
between smoking and lung cancer?

3. Consider a hypothetical case-control study that is investigating the association between lack
of physical exercise (defined as exercising less than once a week) and obesity. Among 200
obese individuals, 150 do not exercise regularly. Among 200 non-obese individuals (controls),
50 do not exercise regularly. Is there an association between lack of physical exercise and
obesity?

Multiple choice questions

1.A detailed descriptive report of a single study Unit constitute
A. case series C. Descriptive crossectional study
B. Case report D. All of the above
E.
2.Why do you need to review the existing literature
A. To make sure you have a long list of references
B. Because without it, you can never reach the required word-count
C. To find out what is already known about your area of interest
D. To help in your general studying
3.__________________ is the first step of research process
A. Collection of data C. Literature review
B. Formulation of a problem D. Identifying a problem
4.Hypothesis refers to
A. The outcome of an experiment
B. A conclusion drawn from an experiment
C. A form of bias in which the subject tries to outguess the experimenter

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 D. A tentative statement about the relationship
5. Information is
A. Raw data C. Input data
B. Processed data D. None of the above
6.The essential qualities of a researcher are
A. Spirit of free enquiry
B. Reliance on observation and evidence

C. Systematization or theorizing
knowledge
D. All of the above

7.Questionnaire is a:
A. Research method C. Tool for data collection
B. Measurement technique D. Data analysis technique
8.It is an example of a study design with no control group
A. Experimental design C. Cohort design
B. Case control D. None of the above
9.The following study designs can measure prevalence except
A. Crossectional study design C. Cohort studies
B. Case control study design D. Ecological studies
10.Odds ratio is a measure of association in
A. Cohort studies C. Case control studies
B. Experimental studies D. Case studies
E.
11.When relative risk is greater than one it means that
A. The exposure is somewhat protective C. There is no relationship
B. The exposure is harmful D. None of the above
12.A literature review is based on the assumption that:
A. It is important to copy from the works C. Knowledge disaccumulates
of others D. None of the above
B. Knowledge accumulates and learns
from the work of others
13.Which of the following statement is NOT true
A. A research proposal is a document that presents a plan for a project
B. A research prosposal shows that the researcher is capable of successfully conducting the
proposed research project

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 C. A research proposal is an unorganized and unplanned project
D. A research proposal is just like a research report and written before the research proper
14.What is a good research? The following are correct except?
A. Purpose clearly defined C. Research design thoroughly planned
B. Research process detailed D. Findings presented ambiguously
15.Secondary data can almost always be obtained more quickly and at a lower cost than
_____________________data
A. Tertiary C. Preliminary
B. Collective D. Primary
16.________________ study repeatedly measure the same sample units of a population over
time.
A. Crossectional studies C. Longitudinal studies
B. Descriptive studies D. Analytical studies

17.Studies that establish cause effect relationships include all of the following except?
A. Case control studies C. Experimental studies
B. Cohort studies D. Crossectional studies
18.The introduction of the new models of iphone 12 has lead to a decrease in the sales of iphone
11. In this statement
A. The introduction of new models iphones 12 is the independent variable and the decreased in
the sales of iphone 11 is the dependent variable
B. The introduction of the new models of iphone 12 is the dependent variable and the decrease in
the sales of iphones 11 is the independent variable
C. There are no independent or dependent variable
D. None of the above
19.Primary data are generally available more quickly and at a lower cost than secondary data
A. True
B. False
20.A Blueprint conceived in advance to guide the researcher in the various stages of the
research so as to obtain reliable and accurate answers to research questions is
A. research method C. hypothesis
B. research design D. research objective
E.
21.The following are the synonyms for independent variables except
A. Exposure variable C. Manipulated variable
B. Predictor variable D. Predicted variable
22.The following are the synonyms for dependent variables except

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 A. Outcome variable C. Predictor variable
B. Predicted variable D. Presumed effect
E.
23.Which word fills all the blanks in this extract: we talk about
generating____________________, testing________________, rejecting_________________
A. Questions C. Hypotheses
B. Aims D. Objectives
24.Researchers needs to be cautions of some materials, particularly materials found online.
Why?
A. It has been used before C. It is too recent
B. The authors name often does not D. The quality of the material is unknown
appear
25.A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is called?
A. Categorical variable C. Independent variable
B. Dependent variable D. Intervening variable

26.Which of the following includes examples of quantitative variables

A. Age, temperature, income, height C. Gender, religion, ethnic group
B. Grade point average, anxiety level, D. Both A and B
reading performance
27.Suitable for measuring several outcomes of a single exposure
A. Prospective cohort studies C. Experimental studies
B. Case control studies D. Analytical crossectional studies
28.The strongest research design in terms of evidence is
A. Cohort studies C. Experimental studies
B. Case control studies D. Crossectional studies
29.Manipulation is always a part of
A. Historical research C. Descriptive research
B. Fundamental research D. Experimental research
30.The choice of a design depends on:
A. Research question
B. Goal of research
C. Availability of resources.
D. All of the above

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Biostatistics review questions

1. Which of the following is NOT a measure of central tendency?

a) Mean

b) Median

c) Mode

d) Variance

2. What does p-value represent in hypothesis testing?

a) The probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis

b) The probability of accepting a false null hypothesis

c) The probability of obtaining the observed data given that the null hypothesis is true

d) The probability of obtaining the observed data given that the alternative hypothesis is true

3. A confidence interval is a range of values that:

a) Represents the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis

b) Represents the probability of accepting the null hypothesis

c) Represents the range within which the true population parameter is likely to fall

d) Represents the range within which the alternative hypothesis is likely to fall

4. Which of the following tests is used to compare means between two independent groups?

a) Chi-square test

b) T-test

c) ANOVA

d) Mann-Whitney U test

5. A researcher wants to investigate the association between two categorical variables. Which test
should be used?

a) T-test

b) Chi-square test

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 c) Correlation test

d) ANOVA

6. The p-value is commonly set at a significance level of:

a) 0.05

b) 0.01

c) 0.10

d) 0.001

7. A Type I error occurs when:

a) The null hypothesis is rejected when it is true

b) The null hypothesis is accepted when it is false

c) The alternative hypothesis is rejected when it is true

d) The alternative hypothesis is accepted when it is false

8. Which of the following is NOT a measure of dispersion?

a) Range

b) Standard deviation

c) Variance

d) Median

9. A researcher is interested in studying the relationship between age and blood pressure. Which
statistical test is appropriate?

a) Chi-square test

b) T-test

c) Correlation analysis

d) ANOVA

10. What does the coefficient of determination (R-squared) measure?

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 a) The strength of association between two variables

b) The proportion of the dependent variable explained by the independent variable

c) The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis

d) The probability of accepting the null hypothesis

11. A researcher wants to compare the means of three or more groups. Which test should be used?

a) T-test

b) Chi-square test

c) ANOVA

d) Mann-Whitney U test

12. Which of the following is an assumption for performing a parametric test?

a) The data should be normally distributed

b) The data should be non-parametric

c) The data should have outliers

d) The data should have equal variances

13. A researcher wants to study the risk factors associated with a disease. Which study design is
appropriate?

a) Case-control study

b) Cohort study

c) Randomized controlled trial

d) Cross-sectional study