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Multivariate interpolation

Multivariate interpolation is a method in numerical analysis for interpolating functions with multiple variables, commonly used in geostatistics to create digital elevation models. Various techniques exist for both regular and irregular grids, including nearest-neighbor, Kriging, and spline interpolation. The document also discusses methods applicable to different dimensions and the importance of gridding in converting irregular data to a regular format.

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3 views

Multivariate interpolation

Multivariate interpolation is a method in numerical analysis for interpolating functions with multiple variables, commonly used in geostatistics to create digital elevation models. Various techniques exist for both regular and irregular grids, including nearest-neighbor, Kriging, and spline interpolation. The document also discusses methods applicable to different dimensions and the importance of gridding in converting irregular data to a regular format.

Uploaded by

gireeshply
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Multivariate interpolation

(Redirected from Bivariate interpolation)


In numerical analysis, multivariate interpolation or multidimensional interpolation is
interpolation on multivariate functions, having more than one variable or defined over a multi-
dimensional domain.[1] A common special case is bivariate interpolation or two-dimensional
interpolation, based on two variables or two dimensions. When the variates are spatial coordinates, it
is also known as spatial interpolation.

The function to be interpolated is known at given points and the interpolation problem
consists of yielding values at arbitrary points .

Multivariate interpolation is particularly important in geostatistics, where it is used to create a digital


elevation model from a set of points on the Earth's surface (for example, spot heights in a topographic
survey or depths in a hydrographic survey).

Regular grid
For function values known on a regular grid (having
predetermined, not necessarily uniform, spacing), the
following methods are available.

Any dimension
Nearest-neighbor interpolation
n-linear interpolation (see bi- and trilinear
interpolation and multilinear polynomial)
n-cubic interpolation (see bi- and tricubic
interpolation) Comparison of some 1- and 2-dimensional
Kriging interpolations.
Inverse distance weighting Black and red/yellow/green/blue dots correspond
to the interpolated point and neighbouring
Natural neighbor interpolation
samples, respectively.
Spline interpolation Their heights above the ground correspond to
Radial basis function interpolation their values.

2 dimensions
Barnes interpolation
Bilinear interpolation
Bicubic interpolation
Bézier surface
Lanczos resampling
Delaunay triangulation
Bitmap resampling is the application of 2D multivariate interpolation in image processing.

Three of the methods applied on the same dataset, from 25 values located at the black dots. The colours
represent the interpolated values.
Nearest neighbor Bilinear Bicubic

See also Padua points, for polynomial interpolation in two variables.

3 dimensions
Trilinear interpolation
Tricubic interpolation
See also bitmap resampling.

Tensor product splines for N dimensions


Catmull-Rom splines can be easily generalized to any number of dimensions. The cubic Hermite spline
article will remind you that for some 4-vector
which is a function of x alone, where is the value at of the function to be interpolated. Rewrite this
approximation as

This formula can be directly generalized to N dimensions:[2]

Note that similar generalizations can be made for other types of spline interpolations, including Hermite
splines. In regards to efficiency, the general formula can in fact be computed as a composition of
successive -type operations for any type of tensor product splines, as explained in the tricubic
interpolation article. However, the fact remains that if there are terms in the 1-dimensional -like
summation, then there will be terms in the -dimensional summation.

Irregular grid (scattered data)


Schemes defined for scattered data on an irregular grid are more general. They should all work on a
regular grid, typically reducing to another known method.

Nearest-neighbor interpolation
Triangulated irregular network-based natural neighbor
Triangulated irregular network-based linear interpolation (a type of piecewise linear function)
n-simplex (e.g. tetrahedron) interpolation (see barycentric coordinate system)
Inverse distance weighting
ABOS - approximation based on smoothing (https://surgeweb.mzf.cz/AOSIM/ABOS.htm)
Kriging
Gradient-enhanced kriging (GEK)
Thin plate spline
Polyharmonic spline (the thin-plate-spline is a special case of a polyharmonic spline)
Radial basis function (Polyharmonic splines are a special case of radial basis functions with low
degree polynomial terms)
Least-squares spline
Natural neighbour interpolation
Gridding is the process of converting irregularly spaced data to a regular grid (gridded data).

See also
Smoothing
Surface fitting

Notes
1. Jetter, Kurt; Buhmann, Martin D.; Haussmann, Werner; Schaback, Robert; and Stöckler, Joachim:
Topics in Multivariate Approximation and Interpolation, Elsevier, ISBN 0-444-51844-4 (2006)
2. Two hierarchies of spline interpolations. Practical algorithms for multivariate higher order splines (htt
ps://arxiv.org/abs/0905.3564)

External links
Example C++ code for several 1D, 2D and 3D spline interpolations (including Catmull-Rom splines).
(http://chichi.lalescu.ro/splines.html)
Multi-dimensional Hermite Interpolation and Approximation (https://web.archive.org/web/200609151
11500/http://www.ices.utexas.edu/CVC/papers/multidim.pdf), Prof. Chandrajit Bajaja, Purdue
University
Python library containing 3D and 4D spline interpolation methods. (https://github.com/DurhamDecLa
b/ARBInterp)

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