1182 Chapter 14 Multiple Integrals

point (x, y) is T(x, y)  400 cos(0.12x 2 y 2), measured 25. A thin metal plate has the shape of the region R inside the
in degrees Fahrenheit. What is the average temperature of circle x 2 y 2  4, below the line y  x, to the right of the
the hot plate? line x  1, and above the x-axis. Its density is r(x, y)  y>x
16. Population Density of a City The population density (number of for (x, y) in R. Find the mass of the plate.
people per square mile) of a certain city is y
x1
(x2 y2)
s(x, y)  3000e yx

where x and y are measured in miles. Find the population

within a 1-mi radius of the town hall, located at the R
origin.
2 x
In Exercises 17–20, find the moments of inertia Ix, Iy, and I0 and
the radii of gyration x and y for the lamina occupying the region
R and having uniform density r.
17. R is the rectangular region with vertices (0, 0), (a, 0), (a, b),
and (0, b). 26. Find the rectangular coordinates of the centroid of the region
lying between the circles r  2 cos u and r  4 cos u.
18. R is the triangular region with vertices (0, 0), (a, 0), and
(0, b). In Exercises 27–29, determine whether the statement is true or
19. D is the half-disk H  {(x, y) 冟 x 2 y  R , y  0}.
2 2 false. If it is true, explain why. If it is false, explain why or give
an example that shows it is false.
x2 y2
20. R is the region bounded by the ellipse  1. 27. A piece of metal is laminated from two thin sheets of metal
a2 b2
with mass density r1 (x, y) and r2 (x, y). If it occupies a
In Exercises 21–24, find the moments of inertia Ix, Iy, and I0 and region R in the plane, then the mass of the laminate is
the radii of gyration x and y for the lamina. 兰兰R r1(x, y) dA 兰兰R r2(x, y) dA.
21. The lamina of Exercise 1 28. If the region occupied by a lamina is symmetric with respect
to both the x- and y-axes, then the center of mass of the
22. The lamina of Exercise 3 lamina must be located at the origin.
23. The lamina of Exercise 5 29. If a lamina occupies a region R in the plane, then its center
24. The lamina of Exercise 10 of mass must be located in R.

14.5 Surface Area

In Section 5.4 we saw that the area of a surface of revolution can be found by evalu-
ating a simple integral. We now turn our attention to the problem of finding the area
of more general surfaces. More specifically, we will consider surfaces that are graphs
of functions of two variables. As you will see, the area of these surfaces can be found
by using double integrals.

Area of a Surface z ⴝ f(x, y)

For simplicity we will consider the case in which f is defined in an open set contain-
ing a rectangular region R  [a, b]  [c, d]  {(x, y) 冟 a  x  b, c  y  d} and
f(x, y)  0 on R. Furthermore, we assume that f has continuous first-order partial deriv-
atives in that region. We wish first to define what we mean by the area of the surface
S with equation z  f(x, y) (Figure 1) and then to find a formula that will enable us to
calculate this area.
Let P be a regular partition of R into N  mn subrectangles R11, R12, p , Rmn. Cor-
responding to the subrectangle Rij, there is the part Sij of S (called a patch) that lies
 14.5 Surface Area 1183

z
Sij

S z = f (x, y)

y
FIGURE 1
The surface S is the graph of x Rij R
z  f(x, y) for (x, y) in R.

directly above Rij with area denoted by ⌬Sij. Since the subrectangles Rij are nonover-
lapping except for their common boundaries, so are the patches Sij of S, so the area of
S is given by
m n
A  a a ⌬Sij (1)
b i1 j1
(xi, yj, f (xi, yj))
a
Tij Next, let’s find an approximation of ⌬Sij. Let (x i, yj) be the corner of Rij closest to
Sij the origin, and let (x i, yj, f(x i, yj)) be the point directly above it. If you refer to Fig-
ure 2, you can see that ⌬Sij is approximated by the area of ⌬Tij of the parallelogram Tij
that is part of the tangent plane to S at the point (x i, yj, f(x i, yj)) and lying directly above
Rij. To find a formula for ⌬Tij, let a and b be vectors that have initial point (x i, yj, f(x i, yj))
and lie along the sides of the approximating parallelogram. Now from Section 13.3
we see that the slopes of the tangent lines passing through (x i, yj, f(x i, yj)) and having
the directions of a and b are given by fx(x i, yj) and fy (x i, yj), respectively. Therefore,
(xi, yj)
Rij a  ⌬xi fx (x i, yj) ⌬xk and b  ⌬yj fy(x i, yj) ⌬yk
From Section 11.4 we have ⌬Tij  冟 a  b 冟. But
FIGURE 2
The tangent plane determined by a and i j k
b approximates S well if Rij is small. a  b  † ⌬x 0 fx (x i, yj) ⌬x †
0 ⌬y fy (x i, yj) ⌬y
 fx(x i, yj) ⌬x ⌬yi  fy(x i, yj) ⌬x ⌬yj ⌬x ⌬yk
 [fx (x i, yj)i  fy(x i, yj)j k] ⌬A
where ⌬A  ⌬x ⌬y is the area of Rij. Therefore,
⌬Tij  冟 a  b 冟  2[ fx (x i, yj)]2 [ fy (x i, yj)]2 1 ⌬A (2)
If we approximate ⌬Sij by ⌬Tij, then Equation (1) becomes
m n
A ⬇ a a ⌬Tij
i1 j1

Intuitively, we see that the approximation should get better and better as both m and n
get larger and larger. This suggests that we define
m n
A  lim a a 2[ fx (x i, yj)]
2
[ fy (x i, yj)]2 1 ⌬A
m, n→⬁ i1 j1

Using the definition of the double integral, we obtain the following result, which is
stated for the general case in which R is not necessarily rectangular and f(x, y) is not
necessarily positive.
1184 Chapter 14 Multiple Integrals

y
Formula for Finding the Area of a Surface z ⴝ f(x, y)
1 (1, 1)
Let f be defined on a region R in the xy-plane and suppose that fx and fy are con-
R tinuous. The area A of the surface z  f(x, y) is
yx
A 冮冮2[ f (x, y)]
x
2
[ fy (x, y)]2 1 dA (3)
R

0 1 x

FIGURE 3
The region
EXAMPLE 1 Find the area of the part of the surface with equation z  2x y 2 that
R  {(x, y) 冟 0  x  y, 0  y  1} lies directly above the triangular region R in the xy-plane with vertices (0, 0), (1, 1),
viewed as an x-simple region and (0, 1).

Solution The region R is shown in Figure 3. It is both a y-simple and an x-simple

region. Viewed as an x-simple region
R  {(x, y) 冟 0  x  y, 0  y  1}
Using Equation (3) with f(x, y)  2x y 2, we see that the required area is

A 冮冮 2[ f (x, y)]
x
2
[ fy(x, y)]2 1 dA
R
1 y
 冮冮 222 (2y)2 1 dA  冮冮 0 0
24y 2 5 dx dy
R
1 xy 1
 冮0
cx24y 2 5d
x0
dy  冮0
y24y 2 5 dy

1
 c ⴢ (4y 2 5) 3>2 d 
1 2 1
(27  515)
8 3 0 12
or approximately 1.32.

EXAMPLE 2 Find the surface area of the part of the paraboloid z  9  x 2  y 2 that
lies above the plane z  5.

Solution The paraboloid is sketched in Figure 4a. The paraboloid intersects the plane
z  5 along the circle x 2 y 2  4. Therefore, the surface of interest lies directly above
the disk R  {(x, y) 冟 x 2 y 2  4} shown in Figure 4b. Using Equation (3) with
f(x, y)  9  x 2  y 2, we find the required area to be

A 冮冮 2[ f (x, y)]
x
2
[ fy (x, y)]2 1 dA
R

 冮冮 2(2x) 2
(2y)2 1 dA
R

 冮冮 24x 2
4y 2 1 dA
R
 14.5 Surface Area 1185

z
Historical Biography
z = 9 – x2 – y2
Jaime Abecasis/Photo Researchers, Inc.
y

2
x2 + y2 = 4
z=5
R

–2 2 x

2 2 3
GASPARD MONGE 3 y
(1746–1818)
–2
In 1789, at the beginning of the French Rev- x
olution, Gaspard Monge was one of the
best-known mathematicians in France. In (a) The part of the paraboloid that lies above the plane z = 5 (b) The disk R = {(x,y) | x 2 + y 2 < 4}
addition to doing theoretical work in FIGURE 4
descriptive geometry, Monge applied his
skills to construction projects, general
Changing to polar coordinates, we have
architecture, and military applications.
2p 2

冮 冮 24r
Before the revolution he was appointed
examiner of naval cadets. This position A 2
1 r dr du
took him away from his professorship in 0 0
Mézières, but he used his salary to pay 2p r2

冮 c ⴢ (4r 2 1)3>2 d
1 2
other people to fulfill his teaching duties.  du
With this arrangement in place, in 1796 0 8 3 r0
Monge embarked on a prolonged absence 2p

冮 c (173>2  1)d du  2pa b (17217  1)  p(17 117  1)

1 1 1
from France. He traveled first to Italy, 
where he became friendly with Napoleon 0 12 12 6
Bonaparte. Two years later, he joined Bona-
parte’s expeditionary force to Egypt. While or approximately 36.2.
in Egypt, Monge carried out many technical
and scientific tasks, including the estab-
lishment of the Institut d’Egypt in Cairo.
Monge returned to Paris in 1799, where he
Area of Surfaces with Equations y ⴝ g(x, z) and x ⴝ h( y, z)
resumed his teaching duties and returned Formulas for finding the area of surfaces that are graphs of y  t(x, z) and x  h(y, z)
to his research. He received numerous
are developed in a similar manner.
awards for his work and accepted an
appointment as a senator for life during
Napoleon’s military dictatorship. However,
after the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, life Formulas for Finding the Area of Surfaces in the Form y ⴝ g(x, z)
became difficult for Monge. He was and x ⴝ h( y, z).
expelled from the Institut de France, and
his life was continually threatened. Monge
Let t be defined on a region R in the xz-plane, and suppose that tx and tz are
died in Paris in 1818. He is known today pri- continuous. The area A of the surface y  t(x, z) is
marily for his application of the calculus to
the study of curvature of surfaces, and he
is considered the father of differential
A 冮冮 2[t (x, z)]
x
2
[tz(x, z)]2 1 dA (4)
R
geometry.
Let h be defined on a region R in the yz-plane, and suppose that h y and h z are
continuous. The area A of the surface x  h(y, z) is

A 冮冮 2[h (y, z)]

y
2
[h z (y, z)]2 1 dA (5)
R

These situations are depicted in Figure 5.

Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
1186 Chapter 14 Multiple Integrals

z z

y = t(x, z)
R
S R

y y
x x x = h(y, z)

(a) The surface S has equation y = t(x, z) and (b) The surface S has equation x = h(y, z) and
FIGURE 5 projection R onto the xz-plane. projection R onto the yz-plane.

EXAMPLE 3 Find the area of that part of the plane y z  2 inside the cylinder
x 2
z  1.
2

Solution The surface S of interest is sketched in Figure 6a. The projection of S onto
the xz-plane is the disk R  {(x, z) 冟 x 2 z 2  1} shown in Figure 6b. Using Equa-
tion (4) with t(x, z)  2  z, we see that the area of S is

A 冮冮 2[t (x, z)]

x
2
[tz(x, z)]2 1 dA
R

 冮冮 20 2
(1)2 1 dA  12 冮冮 1 dA  12p
R R

upon observing that the area of R is p.

z
z

1
y + z = 2 (y = 2 – z)

R
S
R
–1 1 x
y

x –1

FIGURE 6 (a) The surface S (b) The projection R of S onto the xz-plane

14.5 CONCEPT QUESTIONS

1. Write an integral giving the area of the surface z  f(x, y) 2. Write an integral giving the area of the surface x  f(y, z)
defined over a region R in the xy-plane. defined over a region R in the yz-plane.
 14.5 Surface Area 1187

14.5 EXERCISES
In Exercises 1–14, find the area of the surface S. 15. Let S be the part of the plane ax by cz  d lying in the
1. S is the part of the plane 2x 3y z  12 that lies above first octant whose projection onto the xy-plane is a region R.
the rectangular region R  {(x, y) 冟 0  x  2, 0  y  1}. Prove that the area of S is (1>c) 2a 2 b 2 c2 A(R) ,
where A(R) is the area of R.
2. S is the part of the plane 3x 2y z  6 that lies above
the triangular region with vertices (0, 0), (1, 3) , and (0, 3) . 16. a. Let S be the part of the sphere x 2 y 2 z 2  a 2
that lies above the region R  {(x, y) 冟 x 2 y 2  b 2,
3. S is the part of the surface z  12 x 2 y that lies above the
0  b  a} in the xy-plane. Show that the area of S is
triangular region with vertices (0, 0), (1, 0), and (1, 1).
2pa(a  2a 2  b 2) .
4. S is the part of the surface z  2  x 2 y that lies above b. Use the result of part (a) to deduce that the area of a
the triangular region with vertices (0, 1), (1, 0), and (0, 1). sphere of radius a is 4pa 2.
5. S is the part of the paraboloid z  9  x 2  y 2 that lies
above the xy-plane. cas In Exercises 17–20, use a calculator or a computer to approxi-
6. S is the part of the paraboloid y  9  x  z that lies
2 2 mate the area of the surface S, accurate to four decimal places.
between the planes y  0 and y  5. 17. S is the part of the paraboloid z  x 2 y 2 that lies above
7. S is the part of the sphere x 2
y 2
z  9 that lies above
2 the square region R  {(x, y) 冟 0  x  2, 0  y  2}.
the plane z  2. 18. S is the part of the paraboloid z  9  x 2  y 2 that lies
8. S is the part of the hyperbolic paraboloid z  y 2  x 2 that above the square region R  {(x, y) 冟 2  x  2,
lies above the annular region A  {(x, y) 冟 1  x 2 y 2  4}. 2  y  2}.
2 y2
9. S is the part of the surface x  yz that lies inside the cylin- 19. S is the part of the surface z  ex that lies inside the
der y 2 z 2  16. cylinder x 2 y 2  4.

10. S is the part of the sphere x 2 y 2 z 2  9 that lies to the 20. S is the part of the surface z  sin(x 2 y 2) that lies above
right of the xz-plane and inside the cylinder x 2 z 2  4. the disk x 2 y 2  1.

11. S is the part of the sphere x 2 y2 z 2  8 that lies inside In Exercises 21–24, write a double integral that gives the surface
the cone z 2  x 2 y 2. area of the part of the graph of f that lies above the region R.
12. S is the part of the hyperbolic paraboloid y  x 2  z 2 that Do not evaluate the integral.
lies in the first octant and inside the cylinder x 2 z 2  4. 21. f(x, y)  3x 2y 2; R  {(x, y) 冟 1  x  1, 1  y  1}
13. S is the part of the sphere x 2 y 2 z 2  a 2 that lies inside 22. f(x, y)  x 2  3xy y 2; R is the triangular region with
the cylinder x 2  ax y 2  0. vertices (0, 0) , (1, 1) , and (0, 1)
14. S comprises the parts of the cylinder x 2 z 2  1 that lie 1
within the cylinder y 2 z 2  1. 23. f(x, y)  ; R  {(x, y) 冟 0  x  2, 0  y  x}
2x 3y
z
24. f(x, y)  exy; R  {(x, y) 冟 0  x  1, 0  y  2}

x2 + z 2 = 1 In Exercises 25 and 26, determine whether the statement is true

or false. If it is true, explain why. If it is false, explain why or
y2 + z 2 = 1 give an example that shows it is false.
25. If f(x, y)  24  x 2  y 2, then
兰兰R 2f x f y 1 dA  8p, where
2 2

y R  {(x, y) 冟 0  x 2 y 2  4}.
26. If z  f(x, y) is defined over a region R in the xy-plane, then
x
兰兰R 2f x f y 1 dA  A(R), where A(R) denotes the area
2 2

Hint: The figure shows the intersection of the two cylinders in the of R. (Assume that fx and fy exist.)
first octant. Use symmetry.

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