College of Computing and Informatics

CS001: Computer Essentials

Computer Essentials

Module 11

Internet
 1. What is the Internet.
2. Differences between the Internet and
other WANs.
3. Describe how the main parts of the
Internet work together.
4. Identify the web browsers.
5. Compare and contrast the Internet and
the WWW.
6. Summarize the web terms.
7. Internet Communication Types.
8. How the Web Works
9. Transferring Files Using FTP Protocol
Contents and File Compression
10. Explain the parts of a URL. Discuss
activities on the internet.
 • WLOC1: What is the Internet.
• WLOC2: Differences between the Internet and other WANs.
• WLOC3: Describe how the main parts of the Internet work
together.
• WLOC4: Identify the web browsers.
• WLOC5: Compare and contrast the Internet and the WWW.
• WLOC6: Summarize the web terms.
• WLOC7: Explain the parts of a URL.
Weekly Learning • WLOC8: Discuss activities on the internet.

Outcomes
Required Reading
1. Chapter 26 - (Introduction to Computers and Information
Technology: Preparing for IC3 Certification)
Recommended Reading
1. Chapter 13- Computing Fundamentals. (IC3 EDITION)
2. Link1:
https://lms.seu.edu.sa/bbcswebdav/pid-11200099-dt-content-rid-19925
8419_1/xid-199258419_1
3. Link2: https://lms.seu.edu.sa/bbcswebdav/pid-11200100-dt-content-
rid-199258420_1/xid-199258420_1
• The Internet
 The Internet

Is a global network of computers and other

electronic devices that communicate with
C each other using standardized protocols. It
allows for the transfer of a vast range of
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data, facilitates various services such as
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email, web browsing, file sharing, and
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 The Internet

The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use

the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users

worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private,

public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope,

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that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking
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technologies.
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 The Internet

The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services,

such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World
Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail, telephony, and peer-to-peer networks for
file sharing. It is the most comprehensive source of information in human
history and the most advanced communication system. It allows for instant
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interaction and access to vast amounts of data, making it a critical
S infrastructure for the modern world.

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 The History of the Internet

1960s-1970s: Formation and Development

• ARPANET: The first workable prototype of the Internet came with the

creation of ARPANET, or the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network,

funded by the U.S. Department of Defense. ARPANET delivered its first

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message: a "node-to-node" communication from one computer to another
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on October 29, 1969.
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• TCP/IP: Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn developed the Transmission Control
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Protocol and Internet Protocol, or TCP/IP, a communications model that set

standards for how data could be transmitted between multiple networks.

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 The History of the Internet

1980s: Networking and Expansion

• DNS: The Domain Name System (DNS) was

established, allowing users to access

sites
without needing to memorize numerical IP
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addresses.
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• Expansion: The number of
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computers
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began to help more than just the academic

and military communities.

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 The History of the Internet

1990s: The World Wide Web and Public Use

• WWW: Tim Berners-Lee invented the

World Wide Web in 1989, which used the

Internet to share information via

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webpages accessed through browsers.
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• Browsers: The release of browsers like
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Mosaic made the Internet more
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accessible to the public.

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 The History of the Internet

2000s: Evolution and Integration

• Social Media: refers to a group of internet-

based applications and platforms that

enable users to create, share, and exchange

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content.
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• Mobile Access: Smartphones and mobile
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technology expanded access to the Internet
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beyond desktop computers.

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 The History of the Internet

2010s-2020s: High-Speed

• Fiber Optics and 4G/5G: Further advancements in technology, like fiber

optics and the rollout of 4G and 5G networks, dramatically increased

Internet speeds and connectivity.

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• Cloud Computing: Services moved to the cloud, making the Internet more
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integral to data storage and processing.
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• Internet of Things (IoT): The Internet expanded into everyday objects,
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leading to the smart home revolution, among others.

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 An Internet Service Provider (ISP)

An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company that provides individuals and

organizations access to the Internet and related services. These services can

include web hosting, email hosting, and domain name registration. ISPs

connect customers to the Internet using various technologies such as dial-up,

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DSL (Digital Subscriber Line), cable modem, fiber-optic, or
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 World Wide Web (WWW)

The terms "World Wide Web" (WWW) and "Internet" are

often used interchangeably, but they refer to different things:

• The Internet : It is the infrastructure that enables various

forms of data exchange, including emails, file transfers,

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instant messaging.
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• The World Wide Web, or simply "the web," is a subset of
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the Internet. It is a system of interlinked hypertext
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documents and multimedia content accessed via the

Internet with a web browser.

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 A web browser

A web browser, or simply "browser," is a software application used to access

and view websites on the World Wide Web. It interprets the code from the

web (usually HTML, JavaScript, and CSS) and displays it as a webpage, which is

a document that might contain text, images, videos, and hyperlinks to other
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webpages. Popular web browsers include:
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• Google Chrome
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• Mozilla Firefox
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• Microsoft Edge
• Opera

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 Inside the internet

In the context of computer networks, including the Internet, the terms

"server" and "client" refer to the roles that devices play while communicating
with each other.

• Server: is a computer that provides services to another computer. The

C services can include providing data or resources, performing computations,

S managing network resources, hosting websites, and more.

0 • Client: is a computer or computer program that accesses services provided

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Request

Provide
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 Web server

Web server is a computer that stores the web server's files and runs the web
server software. This computer is a powerful system designed to manage
network resources and serve requests from clients—typically users' browsers
—over the internet. Web server manages and facilitates the request- response
cycle in the web environment. When a browser requests a page or file, the
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web server processes the request and serves the appropriate content. If a
S page requires dynamic content, the web server will interact with server- side
applications to generate and deliver the appropriate HTML.
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 Web Site

A website is a collection of publicly accessible, interlinked web pages that

share a single domain name. Websites can be created and maintained by an
individual, group, business, or organization to serve a variety of purposes.
Components of a Website:

• Web Pages: A website consists of many web

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pages that can contain text, images, videos,
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and other multimedia.
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0 • Domain Name: This is the address that you
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type into a web browser to visit a website,

such as www.example.com.
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 Web Site

Components of a Website:

• Hosting Server: Websites are hosted on servers,

which are powerful computers that store website

files and serve them to users across the internet.

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• Content Management System (CMS): Many
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websites are built using a CMS like WordPress,
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0 Joomla, or Drupal, which provides tools for
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creating and managing digital content.

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 Web Site

Components of a Website:
• Front-End: This is the part of the website you see and interact with in your
browser.
• Back-End: This is the server-side of a website that you don’t see. It is
responsible for storing and managing data and ensuring everything on the
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client-side works. The back-end may include a server, a database, and
S server-side applications.

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 HTML

Which stands for Hypertext Markup Language, is the standard markup

language used to create web pages. It is the foundation upon which all
websites are built and is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web.

Structure of HTML:
HTML uses various tags and attributes to define
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the structure and layout of a web page. Tags
S are elements surrounded by angle brackets

0 (e.g., <html>, <body>, <p>, <div>, etc.), and

0 they usually come in pairs with an opening tag
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and a closing tag (</tag name>). Attributes
provide additional information about elements
and are placed within the opening tag.
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 CSS –Cascading Style Sheet

CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets. It is a stylesheet language used to

describe the presentation of a document written in HTML. CSS describes how
elements should be rendered on screen, on paper, in speech, or on other
media. CSS is essential in web development because it ensure consistent
styling across multiple pages of a website. A single change in a CSS file can
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propagate to all associated HTML files, making site-wide design updates
S straightforward and efficient.

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Use CSS

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C The Internet
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 Internet Protocols

Internet protocols are the set of rules that govern the exchange of data over
the internet. These rules define how messages are sent and received by
computers on the network. Here is an overview of some of the key internet
protocols:

C IP (Internet Protocol): The fundamental

S protocol that is responsible for addressing and

0 routing packets of data so that they can travel

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1 across networks and arrive at the

correct destination.

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 Internet Protocols

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Works with IP and

is responsible for ensuring data is reliably transmitted
across the network. It splits data into packets, sends
them out, and ensures they're received correctly. If not,
TCP will request that the missing or corrupt packets be
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sent again.
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HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): The protocol used
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access a website, your browser uses HTTP to request
web pages from a server.

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 Internet Protocols

HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure): An extension of HTTP that uses

SSL/TLS to encrypt the data being sent back and forth, ensuring that the data
cannot be easily

S FTP (File Transfer Protocol): A protocol designed to transfer files over the
internet. It can be used for uploading and downloading files to and from a
0
0 remote server.
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 Internet Protocols

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): The standard protocol for sending
emails across the internet. It can only be used to send emails, not to receive
them.

S DNS (Domain Name System): This protocol translates domain names that are
easy for humans to remember (like www.example.com) into IP addresses that
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0 computers use to identify each other on the network.
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DNS

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 Transferring Files Using FTP Protocols

• FTP protocol lets you transfer files on the internet. Uou can transfer files to
FTP server which is called uploading and When you transfer file from an FTP
server to your computer it is called downloading.

• FTP can transfer both text files and binary files which cab be graphics,
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sound or video clips.
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• Once a file is stored on an FTP server, you can share the URL so that others
0 can download the file. The file remains there until you delete it.
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1 • Most websites have buttons or links to make it easy to upload and
download files, or you may use your browser’s File > Open and File > Save
DNS
As commands.
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 Transferring Files Using FTP Protocols & File
Compression
If you grant unlimited access, others can not only view and edit the online
files, but also download them to their own computers.
File Compression

• The larger a file is, the more time it takes to travel over a network. File compression is
a way of reducing file size so it can travel more quickly over a network.
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• It can also be convenient to compress multiple files into one when you are sending
S them to someone in an email attachment.

0 • Some compressed files are set to decompress automatically, others must be

0 decompressed using decompression software.
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• Two widely used compression software programs for Windows and Mac devices are
WinZip® and 7-Zip.
DNS

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 URL

A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is a reference or address used to access

resources on the Internet. It specifies the location of a resource (such as a
webpage) on a computer network and a mechanism for retrieving it. A URL
has several components that provide information about how the resource can
be accessed.
URL components:
• Protocol.
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• Domain : The domain name represents the identity of the website.
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• TLD : The Top-Level Domain (TLD) can indicate the nature of the website or
0 the organization that it belongs to (like .com for commercial, .org for
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organizations, .edu for education, etc.).
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• Path : This is the specific path to a resource or page on the website that the
server will use to serve the correct content to the client.

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 URL

Example:

https://example.com/directory/page

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Protocol Path
TLD
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 ICANN

Domain Registration:
When a domain name is registered by an individual or organization, it is done
through a registrar that has been accredited by the Internet Corporation for
Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). The registrar maintains a record of the
domain and its associated IP address(es).
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S

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user registrar DNS Coordinate the DNS

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 Internet Services

Some of the most widely Internet services that are in high demand by users:
Search Engines:
Users rely on search engines like Google, Bing, and DuckDuckGo to navigate
the vast amount of information available online and find specific data quickly.
Functions of a Search Engine:
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• Crawling: Search engines use automated programs called spiders to scan
S the web and collect information from billions of web pages.
• Indexing: Once information is collected, it's organized in an index. When a
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 Internet Services

Some of the most widely Internet services that are in high demand by users:
Search Engines:
Functions of a Search Engine:
• Searching: The search engine uses complex algorithms to determine which
results are shown first based on relevance to the search terms and other
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factors like page quality and user context.
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• Ranking: Results are ranked using various signals
0 and criteria, which might include the frequency and
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1 location of keywords on a webpage, the age of the
content, the credibility of the website, and user
engagement metrics.

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 Internet Services

Some of the most widely Internet services that are in high demand by users:
Search Engines:
Features and Trends:
• Search Engine Optimization (SEO):
A methodology of strategies and techniques used to increase the number of
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visitors to a website by obtaining a high-ranking placement in the search
S results.
• Voice Search:
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and Alexa, voice search is becoming increasingly popular
and search engines are adapting to understand and process
natural language queries.
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 Internet Services

Some of the most widely Internet services that are in high demand by users:
Search Engines:
When using a search engine, there are several operations and techniques you
can employ to refine your searches and get more precise results. These
include:
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Basic Search Operations:
S • Keywords:
Simply typing words related to what you want to find. The search engine will
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• Phrase Search:
Using quotation marks around a phrase to find pages containing the exact
phrase.
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 Internet Services

Some of the most widely Internet services that are in high demand by users:
Search Engines:
Advanced Search Operations:
• Boolean Operators:

» AND: To search for documents that include all terms.

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“Saudi Arabia” AND university
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» OR: To search for documents that contain any of the terms.
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0 “Learn Coding by java” OR “Learn Coding by python”
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» NOT: To exclude pages that contain certain

words. Saudi AND university NOT female

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 Internet Services

Some of the most widely Internet services that are in high demand by users:
Email Services:
Email services are platforms that allow users to send and receive electronic
messages over the Internet. They have become a fundamental means of
communication for personal and professional correspondence. There are two
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basic ways to access email:
S 1. Email clients which are sometimes referred to as desktop email
applications, are installed on your computer such as Microsoft Outlook and
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2. Web-based email such as Outlook.com and Gmail, is accessed using a web
browser.

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 Internet Services

Some of the most widely Internet services that are in high demand by users:
Popular Email Services:
• Gmail:
Provided by Google, it's one of the most popular email services
globally, known for its user-friendly interface and integration with
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other Google services.
S • Outlook.com (formerly Hotmail):
Microsoft's email service, which is integrated with other Microsoft
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0 Office Online services.
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• Yahoo Mail:
One of the original email services that continues to be widely used,
offering an easy-to-use interface and a large amount of storage.
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 Internet Services

•Some
Apple Mail:
of the most widely Internet services that are in high demand by users:
The
Emaildefault email service for users of Apple devices, known for its
Services:
seamless integration with the iOS and macOS ecosystems.
• ProtonMail:
Focuses on privacy and security with end-to-end
C

0
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1 encryption, making it impossible for even the
service providers read the content of your
to emails.

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 Internet Services

Some of the most widely Internet services that are in high demand by users:
Online Shopping and E-Commerce:
Online shopping and e-commerce refer to the buying and selling of goods and
services over the internet. This digital commerce has changed retail and many
other industries by offering a convenient, efficient, and often personalized
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shopping experience. most companies move to use Online Shopping and E-
S Commerce and Here are some of the primary reasons for this transition:

0 • Shopping online is convenient for consumers,

0 offering the ability to shop 24/7 from the comfort
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of their own homes without the need to visit
physical stores.

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 Internet Services

Some of the most widely Internet services that are in high demand by users:
Online Shopping and E-Commerce:
• Online stores can offer a wider variety of
products than physical stores, as they are not
limited by shelf space.
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• Consumers can access extensive
S product
information, comparisons, and read
0 from customers before making a
reviews
0 other
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purchase.
allows businesses to
reach
• customers
E-commerceacross the globe, expanding their
markets far beyond local boundaries.
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 Internet Services

Some of the most widely Internet services that are in high demand by users:
Streaming Services:
Streaming services are online content providers that allow users to watch TV
shows, movies, live events, and other types of content directly via the
internet, without the need to download files. These services have become
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popular as they offer a convenient alternative to traditional cable and satellite
S TV providers.

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 Internet Services

Some of the most widely Internet services that are in high demand by users:
Educational Resources and Online Learning:
Educational resources and online learning platforms have dramatically
reshaped access to education, making it possible for individuals around the
world to learn new skills, advance their knowledge, and even earn degrees
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from the comfort of their homes.
S Features and Benefits:
• Accessibility: Online education breaks down
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0 geographical barriers, allowing individuals
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from any location to access quality
educational resources.

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 Internet Services

Some of the most widely Internet services that are in high demand by users:
Educational Resources and Online Learning:

• Flexibility: Many online learning options offer

self-paced learning, which means that students

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can fit their studies around
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other commitments.
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0 • Variety of Learning Materials: Content is not
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limited to text; videos, interactive simulations,

forums, and live webinars enrich the learning

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 Reference
s
• Weixel, S., (2018). Introduction to Computers and Information
Technology. Pearson.
• Wepmen, F. (2014). Computing Fundamentals. (IC3 EDITION). Wiley

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