SAS-16
SAS-16
1.
Productivity Tip:
“Focus on being productive instead of busy.”
- Tim Ferriss -
A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
1) Introduction (2 mins)
In the previous lesson we have learned star-star, star delta and delta- delta transformer connection, their
advantages and disadvantages and their application. We will continue our discussion in this lesson: delta
/ Star transformer connection. The connection diagram along with the phasor diagram are shown on the
following discussions. An objective type questions and problems are given at the end of the lesson which
when solved will make the understanding of the lesson clearer.
B.MAIN LESSON
1) Activity 2: Content Notes (13 mins)
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ELE 098: AC Apparatus and Devices
Student’s Activity Sheet #16
• Grounding Isolation between Primary and Secondary: Assuming that the neutral of the
Y connected secondary circuit is grounded, a load connected phase-to-neutral or a phase-
to ground fault produces two equal and opposite currents in two phases in the primary
circuit without any neutral ground current in the primary circuit. Therefore, in contrast with
the Y-Y connection, phase-to-ground faults or current unbalance in the secondary circuit
will not affect ground protective relaying applied to the primary circuit. This feature enables
proper coordination of protective devices and is a very important design consideration.
• The neutral of the Y grounded is sometimes referred to as a grounding bank, because it
provides a local source of ground current at the secondary that is isolated from the primary
circuit.
• Harmonic Suppression: The magnetizing current must contain odd harmonics for the
induced voltages to be sinusoidal and the third harmonic is the dominant harmonic
component. In a three-phase system the third harmonic currents of all three phases are in
phase with each other because they are zero-sequence currents. In the Y-Y connection, the
only path for third harmonic current is through the n -Y connection,
however, the third harmonic currents, being equal in amplitude and in phase with each
other, are able to circulate around the path formed by the delta connected winding. The
same thing is true for other sequence harmonics.
• Grounding Bank: It provides a local source of ground current at the secondary that is
isolated from the primary circuit. For suppose an ungrounded generator supplies a simple
radial system through Δ-Y transformer with grounded Neutral at secondary as shown
Figure. The generator can supply a single-phase-to-neutral load through the -grounded Y
transformer.
6.3 Disadvantages
• In this type of connection, the secondary voltage is not in phase with the primary. Hence it
is not possible to operate this connection in parallel with star-star or delta-delta connected
transformer.
• One problem associated with this connection is that the secondary voltage is shifted by
300 with respect to the primary voltage. This can cause problems when paralleling 3-phase
transformers since transformers secondary voltages must be in-phase to be paralleled.
Therefore, we must pay attention to these shifts.
• If secondary of this transformer should be paralleled with secondary of another transformer
without phase shift, there would be a problem.
6.4 Application
• Commonly used in a step-up transformer: As for example, at the beginning of a HT
transmission line. In this case neutral point is stable and will not float in case of unbalanced
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ELE 098: AC Apparatus and Devices
Student’s Activity Sheet #16
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ELE 098: AC Apparatus and Devices
Student’s Activity Sheet #16
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ELE 098: AC Apparatus and Devices
Student’s Activity Sheet #16
Solution. Since maximum efficiency occurs at 3/4 full-load, Cu loss at 3/4 full-load equals iron loss of
1,600 W.
Cu loss at 3/4 F.L. = 1,600 W; Cu loss at F.L. = 1,600 × (4/3)2 = 2,845 W
(i) F.L. output at 0.8 p.f. = 120 × 0.8 = 96 kW = 96,000 W
Total loss = 1,600 + 2,845 = 4,445 W
95.57 %
(ii) Cu loss at 1/2 full-load = (1/2)2 × 2,845 = 710 W
Total loss = 710 + 1,600 = 2310 W
Example 16.3. A 3-phase transformer has its primary connected in ∆ and its secondary in Y. It has an equivalent
resistance of 1% and an equivalent reactance of 6%. The primary applied voltage is 6,600 V. What must be the
ratio of transformation in order that it will deliver 4,800 V at full-load current and 0.8 power factor (lag) ? (Elect.
Technology-II, Magadh Univ. 1991)
Solution. Percentage regulation
= vr cos φ + vx sin φ
= 1 × 0.8 + 6 × 0.6 = 4.4%
Induced secondary e.m.f. (line value)
= 4,800 + 4.4% of 4,800 = 5,010 V, as in Fig. 33.9.
Secondary phase voltage
= 5,010/3 = 2,890 V
Fig. 33.9
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ELE 098: AC Apparatus and Devices
Student’s Activity Sheet #16
Example 16.4. A 2000-kVA, 6,600/400-V, 3-phase transformer is delta-connected on the high voltage side
and star-connected on the low-voltage side. Determine its % resistance and % reactance drops, % efficiency
and % regulation on full load 0.8 p.f. leading given the following data :
S.C. test ; H.V. data : 400 V, 175 A and 17 kW
O.C. test; L.V. data : 400 V, 150 A and 15 kW(Basic Elect., Machines Nagpur Univ. 1993)
Solution. From S.C. test data, we have
Primary voltage/phase = 400 V; Primary current/phase = 175/3 = 100 A
∴ Z01 = = 3.96 Ω
2) Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (18 mins + 2 mins checking)
Problem Solving. Solve the following. ( 30 pts)
1. 1. A 3-phase, star-connected alternator generates 6,360 V per phase and supplies 500 kW at a
p.f. 0.9 lagging to a load through a step-down transformer of turns 40 : 1. The transformer is
delta connected on the primary side and star-connected on the secondary side. Calculate the
value of the line volts at the load. Calculate also the currents in (a) alternator windings (b)
transformer primary windings (c) transformen secondary windings.
2. A 11,000/6,600 V, 3-φ, transformer has a star-connected primary and a delta-connected
secondary. It supplies a 6.6 kV motor having a star-connected stator, developing 969.8 kW at a
power factor of 0.9 lagging and an efficiency of 92 per cent. Calculate (i) motor line and phase
currents (ii) transformer secondary current and (iii) transformer primary current
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ELE 098: AC Apparatus and Devices
Student’s Activity Sheet #16
Ephase(source) =
Iphase(source) =
Ephase(load) =
Iphase(load) =
Ptotal =
d) 60 degree lagging
2. The most commonly used connections for power systems as a step-up and step-down
transformers are
a. Star-delta, star-star
b. Delta-star, star-delta
c. Star-star, delta-delta
d. Star-delta, delta-star
3. When does delta/star transformer work satisfactorily?
a) Load is balanced only
b) Load is unbalanced only
c) On balanced as well as unbalanced loads
d) Independent of load type
4. Identify the primary-secondary connection configuration of these three power transformers (i.e.
Y-Y, Y-Delta, Delta-Y, etc.):
a) Y-Y
b) Y-Delta
c) Delta Y
d) Delta- Delta
5. In a three-phase star – delta transformer, what is the angle difference between primary and
secondary phase voltages?
a) Delta side leads by 300
b) Delta side lags by 300
c) Star side leads by 300
d) Star side lags by 300
C. LESSON WRAP-UP
1) Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)
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ELE 098: AC Apparatus and Devices
Student’s Activity Sheet #16
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FAQs
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