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SAS-16

The document is an activity sheet for a lesson on delta-star transformer connections, outlining objectives, advantages, disadvantages, and applications of this transformer type. It includes a review of previous lessons, activities for skill-building, and problem-solving exercises to enhance understanding. Additionally, it provides examples and calculations related to transformer operations.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
4 views10 pages

SAS-16

The document is an activity sheet for a lesson on delta-star transformer connections, outlining objectives, advantages, disadvantages, and applications of this transformer type. It includes a review of previous lessons, activities for skill-building, and problem-solving exercises to enhance understanding. Additionally, it provides examples and calculations related to transformer operations.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ELE 098: AC Apparatus and Devices

Student’s Activity Sheet #16

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______


Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Lesson title: Delta-star connection (Dy1/Dy11) Materials:


Lesson Objectives: Ballpen, Notebook, Calculator
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
References:
1. analyze delta/Star transformer connection. {List of references used for the
2. distinguish advantages and disadvantages of Δ-Y connected lesson}
transformer. 1. A Textbook of Electrical
3. calculate sample problems in Δ-Y connected transformer. Technology Vol. 2 – Theraja

1.

Productivity Tip:
“Focus on being productive instead of busy.”
- Tim Ferriss -

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
1) Introduction (2 mins)
In the previous lesson we have learned star-star, star delta and delta- delta transformer connection, their
advantages and disadvantages and their application. We will continue our discussion in this lesson: delta
/ Star transformer connection. The connection diagram along with the phasor diagram are shown on the
following discussions. An objective type questions and problems are given at the end of the lesson which
when solved will make the understanding of the lesson clearer.

2) Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (3 mins)

What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4)


1. Why it is called Δ-Y
connection? How was its name
derived?
2. What are the limitations of
delta-Star connected
transformers?
1
ELE 098: AC Apparatus and Devices
Student’s Activity Sheet #16

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______


Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

3. What is the use of delta-Star


transformer connection?

B.MAIN LESSON
1) Activity 2: Content Notes (13 mins)

16.1 Delta-star connection (Dy1/Dy11)


In this type of connection, the primary connected in delta fashion while the secondary current is
connected in star. There is s +30 Degree or -30 Degree Phase Shift between Secondary Phase Voltage
to Primary Phase Voltage.
The connection of Dy1 is shown in fig. 16.1.1 and the voltages on primary and secondary sides is also
shown on the phasor diagram. The phase angle difference between the phase voltage of high voltage
side and low voltage side is -30°.

Fig 16.1.1 Dy1 connection and phasor diagram


The connection of Dy11 is shown in fig. 6.1.2 and the voltages on primary and secondary sides is also
shown on the phasor diagram. The phase angle difference between the phase voltage of high voltage
side and low voltage side is 30°.

Fig 6.1.2 Dy11 connection and phasor diagram


6.2 Advantages
• Cross section area of winding is less at Primary side: On primary side due to delta
connection winding cross-section required is less.
• Used at Three phase four wire System: On secondary side, neutral is available, due to
which it can be used for 3-phase, 4 wire supply system.
• No distortion of Secondary Voltage: No distortion due to third harmonic components.
• Handled large unbalanced Load: Large unbalanced loads can be handled without any
difficulty.

2
ELE 098: AC Apparatus and Devices
Student’s Activity Sheet #16

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______


Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

• Grounding Isolation between Primary and Secondary: Assuming that the neutral of the
Y connected secondary circuit is grounded, a load connected phase-to-neutral or a phase-
to ground fault produces two equal and opposite currents in two phases in the primary
circuit without any neutral ground current in the primary circuit. Therefore, in contrast with
the Y-Y connection, phase-to-ground faults or current unbalance in the secondary circuit
will not affect ground protective relaying applied to the primary circuit. This feature enables
proper coordination of protective devices and is a very important design consideration.
• The neutral of the Y grounded is sometimes referred to as a grounding bank, because it
provides a local source of ground current at the secondary that is isolated from the primary
circuit.
• Harmonic Suppression: The magnetizing current must contain odd harmonics for the
induced voltages to be sinusoidal and the third harmonic is the dominant harmonic
component. In a three-phase system the third harmonic currents of all three phases are in
phase with each other because they are zero-sequence currents. In the Y-Y connection, the
only path for third harmonic current is through the n -Y connection,
however, the third harmonic currents, being equal in amplitude and in phase with each
other, are able to circulate around the path formed by the delta connected winding. The
same thing is true for other sequence harmonics.
• Grounding Bank: It provides a local source of ground current at the secondary that is
isolated from the primary circuit. For suppose an ungrounded generator supplies a simple
radial system through Δ-Y transformer with grounded Neutral at secondary as shown
Figure. The generator can supply a single-phase-to-neutral load through the -grounded Y
transformer.

6.3 Disadvantages
• In this type of connection, the secondary voltage is not in phase with the primary. Hence it
is not possible to operate this connection in parallel with star-star or delta-delta connected
transformer.
• One problem associated with this connection is that the secondary voltage is shifted by
300 with respect to the primary voltage. This can cause problems when paralleling 3-phase
transformers since transformers secondary voltages must be in-phase to be paralleled.
Therefore, we must pay attention to these shifts.
• If secondary of this transformer should be paralleled with secondary of another transformer
without phase shift, there would be a problem.

6.4 Application
• Commonly used in a step-up transformer: As for example, at the beginning of a HT
transmission line. In this case neutral point is stable and will not float in case of unbalanced
3
ELE 098: AC Apparatus and Devices
Student’s Activity Sheet #16

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______


Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

loading. There -connection is no distortion of flux because existence of a Δ harmonic


component. The line voltage of √3 allows a path for the third times of transformer turn-
ratio and the
secondary voltage leads the primary one by 30°. In recent years, this arrangement has
become very popular for distribution system as it provides 3- Ø, 4-wire system.
• Commonly used in commercial, industrial, and high-density residential locations: To
supply three phase distribution systems. An example would be a distribution transformer
with a delta primary, running on three 11kV phases with no neutral or earth required, and
a star (or wye) secondary providing a 3-phase supply at 400 V, with the domestic voltage
of 230 available between each phase and an earthed neutral point.
• Used as Generator Transformer: -Y transformer connection is used universally for
connecting generators to transmission systems.

6.5 Delta-Star Bank Equivalent Circuit Diagram.

4
ELE 098: AC Apparatus and Devices
Student’s Activity Sheet #16

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______


Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Example 16.1. A 3- phase, 50-Hz transformer


has a delta-connected primary and star-connected secondary, the line voltages being 22,000 V and 400 V
respectively. The secondary has a starconnected balanced load at 0.8 power factor lagging. The line
current on the primary side is 5 A. Determine the current in each coil of the primary and in each
secondary line. What is the output of the transformer in kW ?
Solution. It should be noted that in three-phase transformers, the phase transformation ratio is equal
to the turn ratio but the terminal or line voltages depend upon the method of connection employed.
The ∆/Y connection is shown in Fig. 33.8.

5
ELE 098: AC Apparatus and Devices
Student’s Activity Sheet #16

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______


Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Example 16.2. A 120-kVA, 6,000/400-V, Y/Y 3-ph, 50-Hz transformer has an


iron loss of 1,600 W. The maximum efficiency occurs at 3/4 full load.
Find the efficiencies of the transformer at
(i) full-load and 0.8 power factor (ii) half-load and unity power factor (iii) the
maximum efficiency. (Elect. Technology Utkal Univ. 1987)

Solution. Since maximum efficiency occurs at 3/4 full-load, Cu loss at 3/4 full-load equals iron loss of
1,600 W.
Cu loss at 3/4 F.L. = 1,600 W; Cu loss at F.L. = 1,600 × (4/3)2 = 2,845 W
(i) F.L. output at 0.8 p.f. = 120 × 0.8 = 96 kW = 96,000 W
Total loss = 1,600 + 2,845 = 4,445 W

95.57 %
(ii) Cu loss at 1/2 full-load = (1/2)2 × 2,845 = 710 W
Total loss = 710 + 1,600 = 2310 W

Output at 1/2 F.L. and u.p.f. is= 60 kW = 60,000 W; η = × 100 = 96.57%


(iii) Maximum efficiency occurs at 3/4 full-load when iron loss equals Cu loss.
Total loss = 2 × 1,600 = 3,200 W
Output at u.p.f. = (3/4) × 120 = 90 kW = 90,000 W

Input = 90,000 + 3,200 = 93,200 W 96.57%

Example 16.3. A 3-phase transformer has its primary connected in ∆ and its secondary in Y. It has an equivalent
resistance of 1% and an equivalent reactance of 6%. The primary applied voltage is 6,600 V. What must be the
ratio of transformation in order that it will deliver 4,800 V at full-load current and 0.8 power factor (lag) ? (Elect.
Technology-II, Magadh Univ. 1991)
Solution. Percentage regulation
= vr cos φ + vx sin φ
= 1 × 0.8 + 6 × 0.6 = 4.4%
Induced secondary e.m.f. (line value)
= 4,800 + 4.4% of 4,800 = 5,010 V, as in Fig. 33.9.
Secondary phase voltage
= 5,010/3 = 2,890 V
Fig. 33.9

Transformation ratio K = 2,890/6,600 = 0.437.

6
ELE 098: AC Apparatus and Devices
Student’s Activity Sheet #16

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______


Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Example 16.4. A 2000-kVA, 6,600/400-V, 3-phase transformer is delta-connected on the high voltage side
and star-connected on the low-voltage side. Determine its % resistance and % reactance drops, % efficiency
and % regulation on full load 0.8 p.f. leading given the following data :
S.C. test ; H.V. data : 400 V, 175 A and 17 kW
O.C. test; L.V. data : 400 V, 150 A and 15 kW(Basic Elect., Machines Nagpur Univ. 1993)
Solution. From S.C. test data, we have
Primary voltage/phase = 400 V; Primary current/phase = 175/3 = 100 A

∴ Z01 = = 3.96 Ω

I12 R01 = or R01 = 0.555 Ω; X01 = 3.962 −0.5552 = 3.92 Ω

% R =I R1V101 ×100 = 1016,600× 0.555 ×100 = 0.849

I X101 ×100 = 101× 3.92 ×100 = 6


%X= V 6,600
1

% regn = vr cos φ − vx sin φ = 0.49 × 0.8 − 6 × 0.6 = − 2.92%


Full-load primary line current can be found from
3 × 6,600× I1= 2000 × 1,000; I1 = 175 A
It shows that S.C. test has been carried out under full-load conditions.
Total losses = 17 + 15 = 32 kW; F.L. output = 2,000 × 0.8 = 1600 kW η = 1,600/1,632 = 0.98 or 98%

2) Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (18 mins + 2 mins checking)
Problem Solving. Solve the following. ( 30 pts)
1. 1. A 3-phase, star-connected alternator generates 6,360 V per phase and supplies 500 kW at a
p.f. 0.9 lagging to a load through a step-down transformer of turns 40 : 1. The transformer is
delta connected on the primary side and star-connected on the secondary side. Calculate the
value of the line volts at the load. Calculate also the currents in (a) alternator windings (b)
transformer primary windings (c) transformen secondary windings.
2. A 11,000/6,600 V, 3-φ, transformer has a star-connected primary and a delta-connected
secondary. It supplies a 6.6 kV motor having a star-connected stator, developing 969.8 kW at a
power factor of 0.9 lagging and an efficiency of 92 per cent. Calculate (i) motor line and phase
currents (ii) transformer secondary current and (iii) transformer primary current

7
ELE 098: AC Apparatus and Devices
Student’s Activity Sheet #16

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______


Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

3) Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (2 mins)

What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4)


1. Why it is called Δ-Y
connection? How was its name
derived?
2. What are the limitations of
delta-Star connected
transformers?
3. What is the use of delta-Star
transformer connection?

4) Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)


Problem Solving.
1. Calculate all voltages, currents, and total power in this balanced Delta-Y system:

Ephase(source) =
Iphase(source) =
Ephase(load) =
Iphase(load) =
Ptotal =

Multiple Choices. Select the best answer (5 pts)


1. In case of delta-star connection of three phase transformer, secondary line voltage with respect
of primary line voltage is at
a) 0 degree
b) 30 degree leading
c) 30 degree lagging
8
ELE 098: AC Apparatus and Devices
Student’s Activity Sheet #16

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______


Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

d) 60 degree lagging
2. The most commonly used connections for power systems as a step-up and step-down
transformers are
a. Star-delta, star-star
b. Delta-star, star-delta
c. Star-star, delta-delta
d. Star-delta, delta-star
3. When does delta/star transformer work satisfactorily?
a) Load is balanced only
b) Load is unbalanced only
c) On balanced as well as unbalanced loads
d) Independent of load type
4. Identify the primary-secondary connection configuration of these three power transformers (i.e.
Y-Y, Y-Delta, Delta-Y, etc.):

a) Y-Y
b) Y-Delta
c) Delta Y
d) Delta- Delta
5. In a three-phase star – delta transformer, what is the angle difference between primary and
secondary phase voltages?
a) Delta side leads by 300
b) Delta side lags by 300
c) Star side leads by 300
d) Star side lags by 300

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
1) Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)

9
ELE 098: AC Apparatus and Devices
Student’s Activity Sheet #16

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______


Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Three things I learned:


1.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Two things I like to learn more:


1.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

One question you still have:


1.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

FAQs

10

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