ELE 098: AC Apparatus and Devices

Student’s Activity Sheet #17

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Lesson title: Open Delta or V-V Connection Materials:

Lesson Objectives: Ballpen, Notebook, Calculator
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
References:
1. analyze Open Delta or V-V transformer connection. {List of references used for the
2. differentiate Open Delta or V-V from Δ-Δ connected lesson}
transformer. 1. A Textbook of Electrical
3. calculate sample problems in V-V connected transformer. Technology Vol. 2 – Theraja

1.

Productivity Tip:

“Productivity is being able to do things that you were never able to do before.”
- Franz Kafka -

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
1) Introduction (2 mins)
In the previous lesson we have learned star-star, star delta, delta- delta, and delta-star transformer
connection , their advantages and disadvantages and their application. We will continue our discussion
in this lesson: Open Delta transformer connection. The connection diagram along with the phasor
diagram are shown on the following discussions. An objective type questions and problems are given at
the end of the lesson which when solved will make the understanding of the lesson clearer.

2) Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (3 mins)

What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4)

1. Why it is called Open Delta or
V-V connection? How was its
name derived?
2. State the differences between
Open Delta and Delta-Delta
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 ELE 098: AC Apparatus and Devices
Student’s Activity Sheet #17

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

transformer connection.
3. What is the use of Open Delta
transformer connection?

B.MAIN LESSON
1) Activity 2: Content Notes (13 mins)

Open Delta or V-Connection

As seen previously in connection of three single phase transformers that if one of the transformers is
unable to operate then the supply to the load can be continued with the remaining two transformers at
the cost of reduced efficiency. The connection that obtained is called V-V connection or open delta
connection.
Consider the Fig. 17.1.1 in which 3 phase supply is connected to the primaries. At the secondary side three
equal three phase voltages will be available on no load.
The voltages are shown on phasor diagram. The connection is used when the three phase load is very
very small to warrant the installation of full three phase transformer.

Fig. 17.1.1 Open delta connection of transformer at no load

If one of the transformers fails in A - A bank and if it is required to continue the supply even though at
reduced capacity until the transformer which is removed from the bank is repaired or a new one is
installed then this type of connection is most suitable.
When it is anticipated that in future the load increase, then it requires closing of open delta. In such cases
open delta connection is preferred. It can be noted here that the removal of one of the transformers will
not give the total load carried by V - V bank as two third of the capa bank.
The load that can be carried by V - V bank is only 57.7% of it.

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 ELE 098: AC Apparatus and Devices
Student’s Activity Sheet #17

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Fig. 4.25 Delta-delta and V-V connection

It can be seen from delta- delta connection that

It can also be noted from the Fig. 4.25 V-V connection that the secondary line current IL is equal to
the phase current Iph.

Thus the three phase load that can be carried without exceeding the ratings of the transformers is 57.5
percent of the original load. Hence it is not 66.7 % which was expected otherwise. The reduction in the
rating can be calculated as {(66.67 - 57.735)/(57.735)}x 100 = 15.476 Suppose that we consider three
transformers connected in Δ - Δ fashion and supplying their rated load. Now one transformer is removed
then each of the remaining two transformers will be overloaded. The overload on each transformer will
be given as,

This overload can be carried temporarily if provision is made to reduce the load otherwise overheating
and breakdown of the remaining two transformers would take place.

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 ELE 098: AC Apparatus and Devices
Student’s Activity Sheet #17

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

• The limitation with V -V connection are given below :

The average p.f. at which V- V bank is operating is less than that with the load . This power p.f is 86.6
% of the balanced load p.f.
• The two transformers in V -V bank operate at different power factor except for balanced unity p.f
.load.
• The terminals voltages available on the secondary side become unbalanced. This may happen even
though load is perfectly balanced.
• Thus in summary we can say that if tow transformers are connected in V - V fashion and are connected
in V - V fashion and are loaded to rated capacity and one transformer is added to increase the total
capacity by 43 or 173.2 %. Thus the increase in capacity is 73.2 % when converting from a V - V
system to a 𝛥 − 𝛥- system.
• With a bank of tow single phase transformers connected in V-V fashion supplying a balanced 3 phase
load with cos Φ as p.f., one of the transformer operate at a p.f. of cos (30-Φ)) and other at cos (30+Φ).
The powers of tow transformers are given by,

Open Delta Bank Equivalent Circuit Diagram.

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 ELE 098: AC Apparatus and Devices
Student’s Activity Sheet #17

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

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 ELE 098: AC Apparatus and Devices
Student’s Activity Sheet #17

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Example 17.1. What should be the kVA rating of each transformer in a V − V bank when the 3-phase balanced load is 40
kVA ? If a third similar transformer is connected for operation, what is the rated capacity ? What percentage increase in
rating is affected in this way ?
Solution. As pointed out earlier, the kVA rating of each transformer has to be 15% greater.
∴ kVA/trasformer = (40/2) × 1.15 = 23
∆ − ∆ bank rating = 23 × 3 = 69; Increase = [(69 − 40)/ 40] × 100 = 72.5%
Example 17.2. A ∆ − ∆ bank consisting of three 20-kVA, 2300/230-V transformers
supplies a load of 40 kVA. If one transformer is removed, find for the resulting V − V
connection (i) kVA load carried by each transformer
(ii) per cent of rated load carried by each transformer
(iii) total kVA rating of the V-V bank
(iv) ratio of the V-V bank to ∆ − ∆ bank transformer ratings.
(v) per cent increase in load on each transformer when bank is converted into
V-V bank.
Solution. (i) As explained earlier in Art. 33.7, total kVA load inV −V bank = 3
VA/transformer

∴kVA load supplied by each of the two transformers = 40/3 = 23.1 kVA
Obviously, each transformer in V - V bank does not carry 50% of the original load but 57.7%.

(ii) per cent of rated load = kVA load/transformer = 23.1 = 115.5 % kVA rating/transformer 20
carried by each transformer.
Obviously, in this case, each transformer is overloaded to the extent of 15.5 per cent.*
(iii) kVA rating of the V - V bank = (2 × 20) × 0.866 = 34.64 kVA

V −V rating 34.64
= 0.577 or 57.7%

Example 17.3. (a) Two identical 1-phase transformers are connected in open-delta across 3-phase mains and deliver a
balanced load of 3000 kW at 11 kV and 0.8 p.f. lagging. Calculate the line and phase currents and the power factors at
which the two transformers are working.
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 ELE 098: AC Apparatus and Devices
Student’s Activity Sheet #17

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

(b) If one more identical unit is added and the open delta is converted to closed delta, calculate the additional load of
the same power factor that can now be supplied for the same temperature rise. Also calculate the phase and line currents.
(Elect. Machinery-I, Madras Univ. 1987)
Solution. (a) If I is the line current, then

3 ×11,000× I × 0.8= 3,000,000 I = 197 A

Since, this also represents the phase current,
∴ Secondary phase current= 197 A; Transformer p.f. = 86.6 per cent of 0.8 = 0.693
(b) Additional load = 72.5 per cent of 3000 = 2175 kW
Total load = 3000 + 2175 = 5175 kW

Now, 3 ×V IL L cos φ= 5,175,000 or 3 ×11,000× IL × 0.8 = 5,175,000

∴ IL = 340 A; phase current = 340/ 3 = 196 A

Example 17.4. Two transformers connected in open delta supply a 400-kVA balanced load operating at 0.866 p.f. (lag).
The load voltage is 440 V. What is the (a) kVA supplied by each transformer ? (b) kW supplied by each transformer ?
(Elect. Machines-I, Gwalior Univ. 1991) Solution. As stated in Art 33.7, the ratio of operating capacity to available
capacity in an open-∆ is
0.866. Hence, kVA of each transformer is one-half of the total kVA load divided by 0.866.

(a) kVA of each transformer = = 231 kVA

(b) As stated in Art 33.8, the two transformers have power factors of cos (30° − φ) and cos (30° + φ).
∴ P1 = kVA cos (30° − φ) and P2 = kVA cos (30 + φ)
Now, load p.f. = cos φ = 0.866;φ = cos−1 (0.866) = 30°
∴ P1 = 231 × cos 0° = 231 kW; P2 = 231 × cos 60° = 115.5 kW
Obviously, P1 + P2 must equal 400 × 0.86 = 346.5 kW

2) Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (18 mins + 2 mins checking)

Problem Solving. Solve the following. ( 20 pts)

1. Three 1100/110-V transformers connected delta-delta supply a lighting load of 100 kW. One of the
transformers is damaged and removed for repairs. Find
a) What currents were flowing in each transformer when the three transformers were in service ?
b) What current flows in each transformer when the third is removed ? and
c) The output kVA of each transformer if the transformers connected in open ∆ supply the full-load
with normal heating ?
2. Two single-phase, 100 kVA transformers are connected in V (open delta) bank supplying a balanced
three-phase load. If the balanced three-phase load is 135 kW at 0.82 p.f lagging and 0.823
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 ELE 098: AC Apparatus and Devices
Student’s Activity Sheet #17

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

efficiency, determine the overload kVA on each transformer.

3) Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (2 mins)

What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4)

1. Why it is called Open Delta or
V-V connection? How was its
name derived?
2. State the differences between
Open Delta and Delta-Delta
transformer connection.
3. What is the use of Open Delta
transformer connection?

4) Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

An electrical lineman is connecting three single-phase transformers in a open delta configuration, for
power service to a business. Draw the connecting wires necessary between the transformer windings,
and between the transformer terminals and the lines:

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 ELE 098: AC Apparatus and Devices
Student’s Activity Sheet #17

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Note: fuses have been omitted from this illustration, for simplicity.

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
1) Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)

Three things I learned:

1.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Two things I like to learn more:

1.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

One question you still have:

1.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

FAQs
{The teacher writes 2-3 Questions with Answers that they anticipate students would ask about the topic. FAQs
help make-up for decreased opportunity for students to ask for clarifications or explore related topics.}