A

Project Report
on
“Vertical Axis Wind Turbine”
Submitted to the
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION, MUMBAI

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of diploma in

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted by
Grish Ilamkar Uday Sharma
Tejas Shikari Siddhesh Tembhurkar
Under the guidance of
Mr. Rakesh Kumar

Academic Year 2024-25

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING(DIPLOMA)

G H Raisoni College of Engineering & Management

(Formerly Known as G H Raisoni Institute of Engineering &Technology, Nagpur)
An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur
Accredited by NAAC with “A+” Grade
Shraddha Park, B-37-39/1, MIDC, Hingna-Wadi Link Road, Nagpur-440016 (INDIA)
T: +91-07104-236102 | E: [email protected] | W: www.ghrcemn.raisoni.net

Nagpur | Pune | Jalgaon | Amravati | Pandhurna | Bhandara

i
 Declaration

I, hereby declare that the dissertation entitled “Vertical Axis Wind Turbine” submitted
here in has been carried out by me under the guidance of “Mr. Rakesh Kumar” towards
partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of Diploma in Electrical Engineering. The work
is original and has not been submitted earlier as a whole or in part for the award of any degree
/ diploma at this or any other Institution / University.

I also hereby assign to G H Raisoni College of Engineering & Management, Nagpur all
rights under copyright that may exist in and to the above work and any revised or expanded
derivatives works based on the work as mentioned. Other work copied from references,
manuals etc. are disclaimed.

Place:- Nagpur

Date:- PROJECTEES

1. Grish Ilamkar

2. Uday Sharma

3. Tejas Shikari

4. Siddhesh Tembhurkar

ii
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work contained in the thesis entitled “Vertical Axis Wind
Turbine”, submitted by

1) Grish Ilmakar (Enroll. No:- 2201070314)

2) Shiddhesh Tembhurkar (Enroll. No:- 2201070301)

3) Uday Sharma (Enroll. No:- 2201070315)

4) Tejas Shikari (Enroll. No:- 23310230251)

for the award of Diploma in Electrical Engineering to the Maharashtra State

Board of Technical Education, Mumbai, is a record of Bonafide research works
carried out by him under my direct supervision and guidance.
I considered that the report has reached the standards and fulfilling the
requirements of the rules and regulations relating to the nature of the diploma/degree.
The contents embodied in the report have not been submitted for the award of any other
degree or diploma in this or any other university.

Signature of Guide Signature of Project Co-Ordinator

Mr. Rakesh. Kumar Mr. H. R. Akre

Forwarded By:

Signature of HOD Signature of Polytechnic Dean

Mr. Rakesh. Kumar Dr. G. N. Akhade

External Examiner:
Date:
Place:Nagpur

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL

EDUCATION, MUMBAI

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

A successful & satisfactory completion of any significant task is the

outcome of invaluable contribution of efforts by different people in all directions
explicitly or implicitly. Vast varied and valuable reading efforts leads to
considerable gain of knowledge via books & other informative sources, but
expertise comes from collateral practical works and experiences.

I would like to thank, my Guide Mr. Rakesh Kumar for their support,
encouragement and guidance during the period of my dissertation with a keen
interest, enthusiasm and his ever-helping nature from the starting to the completion
of this dissertation.

I would also like to thank Head of Department “Mr. Rakesh Kumar”,

Dean of Polytechnic “Dr. G. N. Akhade”, Project Coordinator “Mr. Harshad R.
Akre” for their kind support, blessings and valuable suggestions for completion of
dissertation.

Last but not the least; I am also thankful to all those who have directly or
indirectly helped in completion of the dissertation

Grish Uttam Ilamkar

TEJAS SHIKARI

SIDDHESH TEMBHURKAR

UDAY SHARM

6th Sem, Diploma in EE

G. H. Raisoni College of Engineering
& Management Nagpur

iv
 ABSTRACT

The project focuses on Design, Fabrication and Testing of a VAWT (vertical Axis Wind Turbine) with
external wind. The project is an international ongoing research project and the phase we carried out was
concerned in shifting the design from Darrieus type to Savonius type, which created the necessity of
freshly designing all the parts, increasing the torque and rpm of the VAWT by implementing lightweight
blades, make the whole structure portable meanwhile maintaining the project within a very low-cost
range. The said objectives can be achieved by manipulating the knowledge of Design of Machine
element, fluid dynamics, and Energy Technology. A major concern was fashioning the design to enable
the VAWT to operate with a maximum efficiency. Several parameters were analyzed with respect to
wind speed to determine the best value for each parameter which would give the highest efficiency,
thus ensuring the maximum ultimate performance of the VAWT. The parameters that were considered
for analyzing are the number of blades the rotor should have, positioning of the blade (i.e. the distance
from the shaft to blade and the angle the blade creates with the shaft), the shape of the deflector, and
the angle of the deflector so as to generate the highest efficiency. The fabrication of the VAWT was
carried out under few stages, namely the fabrication of rotor blades, fabrication of main shaft with
bearings and rotor blade support frames, fabrication of support structure, fabrication of wind vane unit,
painting and assembling the structure. As the final step, the VAWT was tested for its performance
practically with digital voltmeter and buck boost rectifier circuit, and the results were recorded and then
analyzed. The comparison between the two displayed a significant increase in the energy extraction
ability of the VAWT from the wind.

v
 LIST OF FIGURE

Sr. No. Figure No. Name of Figure Page No

1 2.1 Vertical axis wind turbine 12

2 2.2 LDR Connection 12

3 2.3 9 volt battery 20

4 2.4 PCB board 21

5 2.5 Dyanamo motor 26

6 4.1 Electrolyte capacitor 32

7 5.1 Resistor 35
8 5.2 LED bulb 39
9 6.1 IC 555 42
10 6.2 LDR 43
11 6.3 Preset 44

vi
 INDEX

Chapter
Content Page No.
No.
Certificate i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii
Abstract iii
List Of Figure IV

INDEX V

1 CHAPTER -1
7

1.1 Introduction 8-9

1.2 Future Scope
9-10

2 CHAPTER -2 13

2.1 Circuit Diagram

14
2.2 Description
15-16
2.3 Advantages of Wind Mill
15-16

2.4 Challanges ofWind Mill

16-17

3 CHAPTER-3 30

3.1 Working Priciple of Dynamo Motor 31-32

3.2 Dynamo Electrical Machine 33

3.3 What is Mean by Self ExcitedGenerator 34

3.4 Commutation 35

3.5 Exitation 36

3.6 Etymology 36-37

vii
4 CHAPTER -4 38

4.1 Capacitor 39

4.2 Introduction 39-40

4.3 What is Capacitor Use 40

5 CHAPTER -5 41

5.1 Resistor 42-45

5.2 Interpreduction 45

5.3 LED Bulb 46-47

5.4 Working Principle 47

6 CHAPTER -6 48

6.1 Darkness Circuit Components 49

6.2 Working 49

6.3 How Does Solar Street Light Work 50

6.4 Do Solar Light Stay On All Night 50

7 CHAPTER-7 51

7.1 Project Guidance 51

7.2 Certificate of Projectees 53

7.3 Conclusion 53

7.4 Reference 54

viii
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION :
Introduction to Vertical Axis Wind Turbine In the realm of renewable energy, harnessing the
power of the wind has emerged as a promising avenue for sustainable electricity generation.
The "Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Project" embodies a convergence of cutting-edge technology
and environmentally conscious innovation. By integrating a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
(VAWT) design with modern electronics such as a DC motor, LDR sensor, IC 555 timer, 9V
battery, 100-ohm resistor, and a 1K ohm preset resistor, this project seeks to revolutionize the
way we utilize wind energy.

Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Design (VAWT)

At the core of this project lies the unique VAWT design. Unlike traditional horizontal axis
wind turbines, the vertical axis design is capable of capturing wind energy from any direction.
This feature makes it particularly suitable for urban and confined spaces where wind direction
is variable. The turbine's blades are intricately crafted to maximize efficiency while
maintaining structural integrity.

Basic details of Introduction

Renewable energy sources play a crucial role in addressing the growing energy needs of our
society while mitigating the adverse effects of fossil fuel consumption on the environment.
Among these sources, wind energy stands out as a promising and sustainable solution. Wind
turbines harness the kinetic energy of the wind and convert it into electrical power, providing
clean and renewable electricity.
In recent years, Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs) have gained attention due to their
unique design and potential advantages over traditional Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines
(HAWTs). Unlike HAWTs, which have their main rotor shaft oriented vertically. This
distinctive configuration offers several advantages, including simplicity of design, ease of
maintenance, and the ability to capture wind from any direction without the need for complex
yaw mechanisms.
The objective of this project is to design and develop a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine prototype
with a focus on efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and ease of implementation. Through this
endeavor, we aim to explore the practicality and performance of VAWTs as a viable renewable
energy solution.
Throughout this report, we will delve into the design process, fabrication techniques, testing
procedures, and performance analysis of the VAWT prototype. By sharing our insights and
findings, we hope to contribute to the advancement of wind energy technology and inspire
further innovation in the field of renewable energy.

Future Scope:
The completion of this Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) project opens up several avenues
for future exploration and development:
Optimization and Performance Enhancement:
• Further optimization of the VAWT design to improve efficiency and power output.
• Experimentation with different blade profiles, materials, and configurations to maximize
energy capture.

2
Scaling Up:
• Scaling up the prototype to larger sizes to evaluate its performance in real-world conditions.
• Investigation into the feasibility of deploying VAWTs in utility-scale wind farms.
Integration with Energy Storage Systems:
• Integration of the VAWT with energy storage systems such as batteries or pumped hydro
storage to provide continuous and reliable power output.
Remote Monitoring and Control:
• Implementation of remote monitoring and control systems to track the performance of the
VAWT and optimize operation based on wind conditions.
Environmental Impact Assessment:
• Conducting an environmental impact assessment to evaluate the potential ecological effects
of VAWT deployment and ensure sustainable development.
Hybrid Energy Systems:
• Exploration of hybrid energy systems combining VAWTs with other renewable energy
sources such as solar or hydro power to create more reliable and resilient energy solutions.
Commercialization and Deployment:
• Transitioning from prototype development to commercialization by collaborating with
industry partners and investors.
• Deployment of VAWTs in rural and off-grid areas to provide access to clean and affordable
electricity to underserved communities.
Education and Outreach:
• Educational outreach programs to raise awareness about the benefits of wind energy and
inspire the next generation of engineers and innovators in renewable energy technologies.

What is the working principle of windmill

A windmill converts wind energy into rotational energy by means of its blades. The basic
principle of every windmill is to convert kinetic energy of wind into mechanical energy which
is used to rotate the turbine of electrical generator to produce electricity.

What is the purpose of windmills

There are windmills that convert the rotational energy directly into heat. The majority of
modern windmills take the form of wind turbines used to generate electricity, or windpumps
used to pump water, either for land drainage or to extract groundwater.

How much power does a wind turbine produce per day

The output of a wind turbine depends on the turbine's size and the wind's speed through the
rotor. An average onshore wind turbine with a capacity of 2.5–3 MW canproduce more than 6
million kWh in a year – enough to supply 1,500 average EU households with electricity.

How do you describe a windmill

Windmills produce electricity through a series of steps. It starts with wind turning the blades.
Then, the blades turn the rotor; the rotor turns the shaft; the shaft spins the generator; and the
generator produces electricity.

What is Windmill write its advantages

Advantages. The advantages of wind energy are more apparent than the disadvantages. The
main advantages include an unlimited, free, renewable resource (the wind itself), economic
value, maintenance cost, and placement of wind harvesting facilities. First and foremost, wind
is an unlimited, free, renewableresource.

3
How do we use wind energy
Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power. This mechanical
power can be used for specific tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping water) or a generator
can convert this mechanical power into electricity to power homes, businesses, schools, and
the like.

Where is wind energy used

From old Holland to farms in the United States, windmills have been used for pumping water
or grinding grain. Today, the windmill's modern equivalent - a wind turbine - can use the wind's
energy to generate electricity. Wind turbines, like windmills, are mounted on a tower to capture
the most energy.

4
 CHAPTER -2
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

5
 CHAPTER -2
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

FIGURE NO. 2.1

FIGURE NO. 2.2

6
 ADVANTAGES OF WIND MILL

• Wind power is cost-effective. Land-based utility-scale wind is one of the lowest-priced energy
sources available today, costing between two and six cents per kilowatt-hour, depending on the
wind resource and the particular project’s financing. Because the electricity from wind farms
is sold at a fixed price over a long period of time (e.g. 20+ years) and its fuel is free, wind
energy mitigates the price uncertainty that fuel costs add to traditional sources of energy.
• Wind creates jobs. The U.S. wind sector employed more than 100,000 workers in 2016, and
wind turbine technician is one of the fastest-growing American jobs of the decade. According
to the Wind Vision Report, wind has the potential to support more than 600,000 jobs in
manufacturing, installation, maintenance, and supporting services by 2050.
•
• Wind enables U.S. industry growth and U.S. competitiveness. Wind has an annual
economic impact of about $20 billion on the U.S. economy, The United States has a vast
domestic resources and a highly-skilled workforce, and can compete globally in the clean
energy economy.
• It's a clean fuel source. Wind energy doesn't pollute the air like power plants that rely on
combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas, which emit particulate matter, nitrogen
oxides, and sulfur dioxide—causing human health problems and economic damages. Wind
turbines don't produce atmospheric emissions that cause acid rain, smog, or greenhouse gases.
• Wind is a domestic source of energy. The nation's wind supply is abundant and inexhaustible.
Over the past 10 years, cumulative wind power capacity in the United States increased an
average of 30% per year, and wind now has the largest renewable generation capacity of all
renewables in the United States.
• It's sustainable. Wind is actually a form of solar energy. Winds are caused by the heating of
the atmosphere by the sun, the rotation of the Earth, and the Earth's surface irregularities. For
as long as the sun shines and the wind blows, the energy produced can be harnessed to send
power across the grid.
• Wind turbines can be built on existing farms or ranches. This greatly benefits the economy
in rural areas, where most of the best wind sites are found. Farmers and ranchers can continue
to work the land because the wind turbines use only a fraction of the land. Wind power plant
owners make rent payments to the farmer or rancher for the use of the land, providing
landowners with additional income.

CHALLENGES OF WINDPOWER

• Wind power must still compete with conventional generation sources on a cost
basis. Depending on how energetic a wind site is, the wind farm might not be cost competitive.
Even though the cost of wind power has decreased dramatically in the past 10 years, the
technology requires a higher initial investment than fossil-fueled generators.
• Good wind sites are often located in remote locations, far from cities where the electricity
is needed. Transmission lines must be built to bring the electricity from the wind farm to the
city. However, building just a few already-proposed transmission lines could significantly
reduce the costs of expanding wind energy.
• Wind resource development might not be the most profitable use of the land. Land suitable
for wind-turbine installation must compete with alternative uses for the land, which might be
more highly valued than electricity generation.
• Turbines might cause noise and aesthetic pollution. Although wind power plants have
relatively little impact on the environment compared to conventional power plants, concern
exists over the noise produced by the turbine blades and visual impacts to the landscape.

7
BATTERY
An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external
connections provided to power electrical devices.
Such as flashlights, smartphones, and electric cars. When a battery is supplying electric power,
its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode. The terminal marked
negative is the source of electrons that when connected to an external circuit will flow and
deliver energy to an external device. When a battery is connected to an external
circuit, electrolytes are able to move as ions within, allowing the chemical reactions to be
completed at the separate terminals and so deliver energy to the external circuit. It is the
movement of those ions within the battery which allows current to flow out of the battery to
perform work. Historically the term "battery" specifically referred to a device composed of
multiple cells, however the usage has evolved additionally to include devices composed of a
single cell.
Primary (single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and discarded;
the electrode materials are irreversibly changed during discharge. Common examples are
the alkaline battery used for flashlights and a multitude of portable electronic
devices. Secondary (rechargeable) batteries can be discharged and recharged multiple times
using an applied electric current; the original composition of the electrodes can be restored by
reverse current. Examples include the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium-
ion batteries used for portable electronics such as laptops and smartphones.
Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to power hearing aids and
wristwatches to small, thin cells used in smartphones, to large lead acid batteries used in cars
and trucks, and at the largest extreme, huge battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby
or emergency power for telephone exchanges and computer data centers.
According to a 2005 estimate, the worldwide battery industry generates US$48 billion in sales
each year, with 6% annual growth.
Batteries have much lower specific energy (energy per unit mass) than common fuels such as
gasoline. In automobiles, this is somewhat offset by the higher efficiency of electric motors in
producing mechanical work, compared to combustion engines.

FIGURE NO. 2.3

8
INTRODUCTION :

A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic
components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from copper
sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. Components (e.g. capacitors, resistors or
active devices) are generally soldered on the PCB. Advanced PCBs may contain components
embedded in the substrate
PCBs can be single sided (one copper layer), double sided (two copper layers) or multi-
layer (outer and inner layers). Conductors on different layers are connected with vias. Multi-
layer PCBs allow for much higher component density.
FR-4 glass epoxy is the primary insulating substrate. A basic building block of the PCB is an
FR-4 panel with a thin layer of copper foillaminated to one or both sides. In multi-layer boards
multiple layers of material are laminated together.

FIGURE NO. 2.4

Printed circuit boards are used in all but the simplest electronic products. Alternatives to PCBs
include wire wrap and point-to-point construction. PCBs require the additional design effort to
lay out the circuit, but manufacturing and assembly can be automated. Manufacturing circuits
with PCBs is cheaper and faster than with other wiring methods as components are mounted
and wired with one single part.
A minimal PCB with a single component used for easier prototyping is called a breakout board.

FIGURE NO. 2.5

9
When the board has no embedded components it is more correctly called a printed wiring
board (PWB) or etched wiring board. However, the term printed wiring board has fallen into
disuse. A PCB populated with electronic components is called a printed circuit
assembly (PCA), printed circuit board assembly or PCB assembly (PCBA). The IPC preferred
term for assembled boards is circuit card assembly (CCA), and for assembled backplanes it
is backplane assemblies. The term PCB is used informally both for bare and assembled boards.

FIGURE NO. 2.5

PCB Designing :
Initially PCBs were designed manually by creating a photo mask on a clear mylar sheet, usually
at two or four times the true size. Starting from the schematic diagram the component pin pads
were laid out on the mylar and then traces were routed to connect the pads. Rub-on dry transfers
of common component footprints increased efficiency. Traces were made with self-adhesive
tape. Pre-printed non-reproducing grids on the molar assisted in layout. The finished photo
mask was photo lithographically reproduced onto a photoresist coating on the blank copper-
clad boards.

10
Modern PCBs are designed with dedicated layout software, generally in the
following steps:

1) Schematic capture through an electronic design automation (EDA) tool.

2)Card dimensions and template are decided based on required circuitry and case of the PCB.
3) The positions of the components and heat sinks are determined.
4) Layer stack of the PCB is decided, with one to tens of layers depending on complexity.
Ground and power planes are decided. A power plane is the counterpart to a ground plane and
behaves as an AC signal ground while providing DC power to the circuits mounted on the PCB.
Signal interconnections are traced on signal planes. Signal planes can be on the outer as well
as inner layers. For optimal EMI performance high frequency signals are routed in internal
layers between power or ground planes.
5) Line impedance is determined using dielectric layer thickness, routing copper thickness and
trace-width. Trace separation is also taken into account in case of differential signals.
Microstrip, stripline or dual stripline can be used to route signals.
6) Components are placed. Thermal considerations and geometry are taken into account. Vias
and lands are marked.
7) Signal traces are routed. Electronic design automation tools usually create clearances and
connections in power and ground planes automatically.
8) Gerber files are generated for manufacturing.

FIGURE NO. 2.6

11
Why is a circuit board green
* If the PCB itself is green, that indicates, that its made from glass-epoxy which is naturally
green. Also your PCB could be made in every single color that exist. The finishing color is
usually a solder mask. This mask is applied for safety reasons, for preventing eventual short
circuits and etc.

Why are printed circuit boards

* A printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to mechanically support and electrically connect
electronic components using conductive pathways, tracks or signal traces etched from
copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate.

What is the importance of PCB

* The Printed Circuit Board (PCB) is very important in all electronic gadgets, which are used
either for domestic use, or for industrial purpose. PCB design services are used to design the
electronic circuits. Apart from electrically connecting, it also gives mechanical support to the
electrical components.

How does the PCB work

* A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic
components or electrical components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched
from one or more sheet layers of copper laminated onto and/or between sheet layers of a non-
conductive substrate.

How can I design a PCB

* A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic
components using conductive tracks, pads, and other features etched from copper sheets
laminated onto a non-conductive substrate.

What are printed circuit boards made of

The substrate most commonly used in printed circuit boards is a glass fiber reinforced
(fiberglass) epoxy resin with a copper foil bonded on to one or both sides. PCBs made from
paper reinforced phenolic resin with a bonded copper foil are less expensive and are often
used in household electrical devices.

12
 CHAPTER-3

WORKING PRINCIPLE

13
 CHAPTER-3
WORKING PRINCIPLE

Dynamo - MOTOR

FIGURE NO. 2.7

What is the working principle of Dynamo
The operating principle of electromagnetic generators was discovered in the years 1831-1832
by Michael Faraday. The principle, later called Faraday's law, is that an electromotive force is
generated in an electrical conductor which encircles a varying magnetic flux.

How is dynamo working

The generator/dynamo is made up of stationary magnets (stator) which create a powerful
magnetic field, and a rotating magnet (rotor) which distorts and cuts through the magnetic lines
of flux of the stator. When the rotor cuts through lines of magnetic flux it makes electricity.

DC Generators (DC Dynamo)

Just as a simple DC electric motor uses direct current (DC) electricity to produce continual,
rotary motion, so a simple DC generator produces a steady supply of direct current electricity
when it spins around. Like a DC motor, a DC generator uses a commutator. It sounds technical,
but it's just a metal ring with splits in it that periodically reverses the electrical contacts from
the generator coil, reversing the current at the same time. As we saw up above, a simple loop
of wire automatically reverses the current it produces every half-turn, simply because it's
rotating, and the commutator's job is to cancel out the effect of the coil's rotation, ensuring that
a direct current is produced.

Can we generate electricity from DC motor

Introduction: DC Motor As a Generator. The DC motor is a ready made generator that will
generate electricity. All that you have to do is turn the Axle of the generator using a mechanical
outside source of energy

How does a dynamo on a car work

14
The battery is charged by an alternator on modern cars, or by a dynamo on earlier ones. Both
are types of generator, and are driven by a belt from the engine. The alternator consists of a
stator - a stationary set of wire coil windings, inside which a rotor revolves.

What is Dynamo BIM for

Open-source Dynamo is a visual programming extension for Autodesk® Revit that allows you
to manipulate data, sculpt geometry, explore design options, automate processes, and create
links between multiple applications.

What does it mean by self excited generator

Modern DC generators with field coils are self-excited generators which get started with the
nitial current in the field coils. When generator is switched off, a small magnetism is developed
in rotor iron which induced electromotive force in the armature due to which current is
produced in the field windings.

"Dynamo Electric Machine" (end view, partly section,

A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator.
Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry, and the
foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based,
including the electric motor, the alternating-current alternator, and the rotary converter. Today,
the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation, for efficiency, reliability and
cost reasons. A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator. Also, converting
alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently
solid state) is effective and usually economical.

Description
The electric dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert mechanical
rotation into a pulsing direct electric current through Faraday's law of induction. A dynamo
machine consists of a stationary structure, called the stator, which provides a constant magnetic
field, and a set of rotating windings called the armature which turn within that field. Due to
Faraday's law of induction the motion of the wire within the magnetic field creates an
electromotive force which pushes on the electrons in the metal, creating an electric current in
the wire. On small machines the constant magnetic field may be provided by one or more
permanent magnets; larger machines have the constant magnetic field provided by one or more
electromagnets, which are usually called field coils.

Commutation
Main article: Commutator (electric)
The commutator is needed to produce direct current. When a loop of wire rotates in a magnetic
field, the magnetic flux through it, and thus the potential induced in it, reverses with each half
turn, generating an alternating current. However, in the early days of electric experimentation,
alternating current generally had no known use. The few uses for electricity, such as
electroplating, used direct current provided by messy liquid batteries. Dynamos were invented
as a replacement for batteries. The commutator is essentially a rotary switch. It consists of a
set of contacts mounted on the machine's shaft, combined with graphite-block stationary
contacts, called "brushes", because the earliest such fixed contacts were metal brushes. The
commutator reverses the connection of the windings to the external circuit when the potential
reverses, so instead of alternating current, a pulsing direct current is produced.
15
Excitation
Main article: Excitation (magnetic)
The earliest dynamos used permanent magnets to create the magnetic field. These were referred
to as "magneto-electric machines" or magnetos.[5] However, researchers found that stronger
magnetic fields, and so more power, could be produced by using electromagnets (field coils)
on the stator.[6] These were called "dynamo-electric machines" or dynamos.[5]The field coils
of the stator were originally separately excited by a separate, smaller, dynamo or magneto. An
important development by Wilde and Siemens was the discovery (by 1866) that a dynamo
could also bootstrap itself to be self-excited, using current generated by the dynamo itself. This
allowed the growth of a much more powerful field, thus far greater output power.
Self-excited direct current dynamos commonly have a combination of series and parallel
(shunt) field windings which are directly supplied power by the rotor through the commutator
in a regenerative manner. They are started and operated in a manner similar to modern portable
alternating current electric generators, which are not used with other generators on an electric
grid.
There is a weak residual magnetic field that persists in the metal frame of the device when it is
not operating, which has been imprinted onto the metal by the field windings. The dynamo
begins rotating while not connected to an external load. The residual magnetic field induces a
very small electrical current into the rotor windings as they begin to rotate. Without an external
load attached, this small current is then fully supplied to the field windings, which in
combination with the residual field, cause the rotor to produce more current. In this manner the
self-exciting dynamo builds up its internal magnetic fields until it reaches its normal operating
voltage. When it is able to produce sufficient current to sustain both its internal fields and an
external load, it is ready to be used.
A self-excited dynamo with insufficient residual magnetic field in the metal frame will not be
able to produce any current in the rotor, regardless of what speed the rotor spins. This situation
can also occur in modern self-excited portable generators, and is resolved for both types of
generators in a similar manner, by applying a brief direct current battery charge to the output
terminals of the stopped generator. The battery energizes the windings just enough to imprint
the residual field, to enable building up the current. This is referred to as flashing the field.
Both types of self-excited generator, which have been attached to a large external load while it
was stationary, will not be able to build up voltage even if the residual field is present. The load
acts as an energy sink and continuously drains away the small rotor current produced by the
residual field, preventing magnetic field buildup in the field coil.

Etymology
The word dynamo (from the Greek word dynamis(δύναμις), meaning force or power) was
originally another name for an electrical generator, and still has some regional usage as a
replacement for the word generator. The word "dynamo" was coined in 1831 by Michael
Faraday, who utilized his invention toward making many discoveries in electricity (Faraday
discovered electrical induction) and magnetism [1][2]
Electricity Werner von Siemens in 1882[why?].[3] The original "dynamo principle" of W.
Siemens meant only the direct current generators which use exclusively the self-excitation
(self-induction) principle to generate DC power. The earlier DC generators which used
permanent magnets were not considered "dynamo electric machines".[4] The invention of the
dynamo principle (self-induction) was a huge technological leap over the old traditional
permanent magnet based DC generators. The discovery of the dynamo principle made
industrial scale electric power generation technically and economically feasible. After the
invention of the alternator and that alternating current can be used as a power supply, the word

16
 CHAPTER -4
INTRODUCTION OF COMPONENTS

17
 CHAPTER -4
INTRODUCTION OF COMPONENTS

INTRODUCTION:

The capacitor is a component which has the ability or “capacity” to store energy in the form of
an electrical charge producing a potential difference (Static Voltage) across its plates, much
like a small rechargeable battery
There are many different kinds of capacitors available from very small capacitor beads used in
resonance circuits to large power factor correction capacitors, but they all do the same thing,
they store charge.

What is capacitor used for?

Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices.
Unlike a resistor, a capacitor does not dissipate energy. Instead,a capacitor stores energy in the
form of an electrostatic field between itsplates.

FIGURE NO. 4.1

FIGURE NO. 4.2

18
 CHAPTER-5
INTRODUCTION OF COMPONENTS

19
 CHAPTER-5
INTRODUCTION OF COMPONENTS

INTRODUCTION :
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance
as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal
levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other
uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may be
used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators,
Fixed resistors have resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time
or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume
control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical
activity.

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous
in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components ccan be composed of
various compounds and forms. Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits.
The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial resistors
are manufactured over a range of more that nine orders of magnitude. The nominal value of
the resistance falls within the manufacturing tolerance, indicated on the component.

FIGURE NO. 5.1

20
FIGURE NO. 5.2

FIGURE NO. 5.3

21
INTRODUCTION :

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n

junction diode that emits light when activated. When a suitable current is applied to the
leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy
in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light
(corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the
semiconductor. LEDs are typically small (less than 1 mm2) and integrated optical components
may be used to shape the radiation pattern.
Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low-intensity
infrared light. Infrared LEDs are still frequently used as transmitting elements in remote-
control circuits, such as those in remote controls for a wide variety of consumer electronics.
The first visible-light LEDs were of low intensity and limited to red. Modern LEDs are
available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.
Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps for electronic devices, replacing small
incandescent bulbs. They were soon packaged into numeric readouts in the form of seven-
segment displays and were commonly seen in digital clocks. Recent developments have
produced LEDs suitable for environmental and task lighting. LEDs have led to new displays
and sensors, while their high switching rates are useful in advanced communications
technology.
LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources, including lower energy
consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching.
Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting, automotive
headlamps, advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, camera flashes, lighted wallpaper and
medical devices. They are also significantly more energy efficient and, arguably, have fewer
environmental concerns linked to their disposal.
Unlike a laser, the color of light emitted from an LED is neither coherent nor monochromatic,
but the spectrum is narrow with respect to human vision, and for most purposes the light from
a simple diode element can be regarded as functionally.

FIGURE NO. 5.4

22
 FIGURE NO. 5.5

Working Principle :
A P-N junction can convert absorbed light energy into a proportional electric current. The same
process is reversed here (i.e. the P-N junction emits light when electrical energy is applied to
it). This phenomenon is generally called electroluminescence, which can be defined as the
emission of light from a semiconductor under the influence of an electric field. The charge
carriers recombine in a forward-biased P-N junction as the electrons cross from the N-region
and recombine with the holes existing in the P-region. Free electrons are in the conduction
band of energy levels, while holes are in the valence energy band. Thus the energy level of the
holes is less than the energy levels of the electrons. Some portion of the energy must be
dissipated to recombine the electrons and the holes. This energy is emitted in the form of heat
and light.

The electrons dissipate energy in the form of heat for silicon and germanium diodes but
in gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) and gallium phosphide (GaP) semiconductors, the
electrons dissipate energy by emitting photons. If the semiconductor is translucent, the junction
becomes the source of light as it is emitted, thus becoming a light-emitting diode. However,
when the junction is reverse biased, the LED produces no light and—if the potential is great
enough, the device is damaged.

23
 CHAPTER-6

WORKING OF COMPONENTS

24
 CHAPTER-6
WORKING OF COMPONENTS

Darkness Circuit Components and Working

What is Darkness Circuit Working

Darkness Circuit Working Only is When coming darkness then he is ON LED Bulb,
When Darkness Came Then LDR Sensor sense the Darkness and give to signal IC 555 and IC
555 give to power O/P and LED Bulb start Glowing.

FIGURE NO. 6.1

The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation,
and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and
as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide two or four timing circuits in one
package.Introduced in 1972[1] by Signetics, [2] the 555 is still in widespread use due to its
low price, ease of use, and stability. It is now made by many companies in the original bipolar
and in low-power CMOS. As of 2003, it was estimated that 1 billion units were manufactured
every year. [3] The 555 is the most popular integrated circuit ever manufactured.

LDR SENSOR (Photoresistor)

A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) is also called a photoresistor or a cadmium sulfide (CdS)
cell. It is also called a photoconductor. It is basically a photocell that works on the principle
of photoconductivity. The passive component is basically a resistor whose resistance value
decreases when the intensity of light decreases.

This optoelectronic device is mostly used in light varying sensor circuit, and light and dark
activated switching circuits. Some of its applications include camera light meters, street lights,

25
 clock radios, light beam alarms, reflective smoke alarms, and outdoor clocks

FIGURE NO. 6.2

10k preset Variable Resistor

A preset is a three legged electronic component which can be made to offer varying resistance
in a circuit. The resistance is varied by adjusting the rotary control over it. The adjustment can
be done by using a small screw driver or a similar tool. The resistance does not vary linearly
but rather varies in exponential or logarithmic manner. Such variable resistors are commonly
used for adjusting sensitivity along with a sensor.

The variable resistance is obtained across the single terminal at front and one of the two other
terminals. The two legs at back offer fixed resistance which is divided by the front leg. So
whenever only the back terminals are used, a preset acts as a fixed resistor. Presets are
specified by their fixed value resistanceHow does a solar street light work Solar street
lights are raised light sources which are powered by solar panels generally mounted on
the lighting structure or integrated into the pole itself. The solar panels charge a rechargeable
battery, which powers a fluorescent or LED lamp during the night.

How does a solar street light work

The solar street lights comprise of, which absorb the solar energy during daytime. The
photovoltaic cells convert solar energy into electrical energy, which is stored in the battery. At
the nighttime the lamp starts automatically and it consumes the electricity already stored in the
battery.

Do solar lights stay on all night

How long do solar lights stay lit? If your outdoor solar lights receive enough sunlight for a full
charge (usually about eight hours), they will be able to illuminate all evening, starting when
the light gets low, around sunset

26
 CHAPTER-7

ACTUAL PROJECT

27
 CHAPTER-7

ACTUAL PROJECT

Actual project

FIGURE NO. 7.1

28
Guidance of project

29
Certificates of projectees

30
31
CONCLUSION

the "Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Project" showcases a fusion of forward-looking engineering
and sustainable energy solutions. By harnessing the dynamic capabilities of a VAWT design,
integrating modern electronics, and optimizing operational parameters, this project symbolizes
a step toward a greener future. Subsequent sections of this project documentation will delve
deeper into the technical intricacies, circuit diagrams, operational sequences, and performance
analyses, providing a comprehensive view of this innovative venture in renewable
energy.Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs) present a promising alternative to traditional
horizontal axis wind turbines, particularly in urban and low-wind environments. Their compact
design, ability to capture wind from any direction, and lower noise levels make them ideal for
residential and small-scale energy applications. While they generally produce less energy than
their horizontal counterparts, ongoing advancements in materials and turbine design continue
to improve their efficiency and viability. With continued innovation and support, VAWTs can
play a significant role in sustainable energy solutions and contribute to a greener future.

32
References

1. ^ Jha, A. R. (2010). Wind turbine technology. Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC
Press.[page needed]
2. ^ Raciti Castelli, Marco; Englaro, Alessandro; Benini, Ernesto (2011). "The Darrieus
wind turbine: Proposal for a new performance prediction model based on
CFD". Energy. 36 (8): 4919–
4934. Bibcode:2011Ene....36.4919R. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2011.05.036.
3. ^ Battisti, L.; Brighenti, A.; Benini, E.; Castelli, M. Raciti (September 2016). "Analysis of
Different Blade Architectures on small VAWT Performance". Journal of Physics:
Conference Series. 753 (6): 062009. Bibcode:2016JPhCS.753f2009B. doi:10.1088/1742-
6596/753/6/062009. hdl:11572/152690. S2CID 4880064.
4. ^ Longo, Riccardo; Nicastro, Patricia; Natalini, Matteo; Schito, Paolo; Mereu, Riccardo;
Parente, Alessandro (August 2020). "Impact of urban environment on Savonius wind
turbine performance: A numerical perspective" (PDF). Renewable Energy. 156: 407–
422. Bibcode:2020REne..156..407L. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2020.03.101. hdl:11311/1136
273. S2CID 219003726.
5. ^ "Vertical turbines could be the future for wind farms". EurekAlert!.
6. ^ Hansen, Joachim Toftegaard; Mahak, Mahak; Tzanakis, Iakovos (June
2021). "Numerical modelling and optimization of vertical axis wind turbine pairs: A scale
up approach". Renewable Energy. 171: 1371–
1381. Bibcode:2021REne..171.1371H. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2021.03.001.
7. ^ Islam, M.; Ting, D.; Fartaj, A. (2008). "Aerodynamic models for Darrieus-type straight-
bladed vertical axis

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