GUIDELINES IN

DISASTER AND
EMERGENCY
SITUATIONS
GROUP 4
OBJECTIVES
Students should be able to identify
01 and describe different types of
natural disasters.

Demonstrate knowledge of safety

02 measures and preparedness for
natural disasters.

Understand the impact of natural

03 disasters on human lives and the
environment.
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S U P P O R T
 MENTAL HEALTH AND
PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT IN
EMERGENCY SETTINGS
MENTAL HEALTH AND PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT (MHPSS)

DEFINITION
here
IMPORTANCE
Reducing Psychological Distress and
01 05 Protecting Human Rights and Dignity
Promoting Well-being

Preventing Long-term Mental Reducing Social and Economic

02 Health Disorders 06
Consequences

Strengthening Community and Integrating Mental Health into

03 Social Support Networks 07
General Healthcare

Supporting Aid Workers and First

04 Enhancing Resilience and Recovery 08
Responders
 IMPACT OF EMERGENCIES
ON MENTAL HEALTH

MAJOR SOCIAL ISSUES

Pre-existing social problems Emergency-induced social Humanitarian aid-

problems induced social problems
 IMPACT OF EMERGENCIES
ON MENTAL HEALTH

PSYCHOLOGICAL CHALLENGES

Pre-existing problems Emergency-induced Humanitarian aid-

problems related problems
PEOPLE AT INCREASED RISK
OF PROBLEMS

Women Children Extremely Poor

People

Men Elderly People with

disablities
KEY MHPSS INTERVENTIONS

The IASC Reference Group on MHPSS

developed the IASC Guidelines for
MHPSS in Emergency Settings in 2007
Acknowledging the strong need for
MHPSS interventions in all phases of
emergencies:

preparedness, response and recovery.

Developing of
Guidelines and
Technical Notes
Training and
Capacity Building
 An MHPSS response includes:
advocating that these services are put in place with responsible actors
documenting their impact on mental health and psychosocial well-being
influencing humanitarian actors to deliver them
family tracing and reunification
assisted mourning
mass communication
programmes and livelihood activities
educational activities
activation of social networks
psychological first aid (PFA) basic mental health care
psychiatrists psychologist specialized
psychiatric nurses
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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 P R O P E R
F E E D I N G
 INTRODUCTION

Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) during

emergencies and disasters refers to the
strategies and interventions aimed at
ensuring that infants (0–12 months) and
young children (1–5 years) receive
adequate, safe, and appropriate nutrition
despite crisis conditions.
 PURPOSE
PREVENT MALNUTRITION AND
01 MORTALITY

02 STRENGTHEN IMMUNITY

03 ENSURE SAFE FEEDING

04 PROVIDE EMOTIONAL SECURITY

 First responders
Relief workers
Community health
workers
Volunteers
INTENDED AUDIENCE Health care
Providers
Community Partners
The Public
Families and
Individuals
POPULATIONS TO CONSIDER
 IMPORTANCE
Prevent Infections and Malnutrition
Support healthy growth and
development

CHALLENGES
Displacement
Lack of Family-Friendly Spaces
Inadequate Food or Water
Risks of Infant Formula Use
Worsening Disparities
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CORRECT
ANSWER:
W A R N I N G

S Y S T E M
PAGASA RAINFALL
WARNING SYSTEM
 PHILIPPINE ATMOSPHERIC, GEOPHYSICAL AND
ASTRONOMICAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION
PAGASA is the Philippine national institution dedicated to provide flood and
typhoon warnings, public weather forecasts and advisories, meteorological,
astronomical, climatological, and other specialized information and services

MORE OF PAGASA

One of the attached agencies of the Department of Science and Technology

(DOST) under its Scientific and Technical Services Institutes, is mandated to
“provide protection against natural calamities and utilize scientific
knowledge as an effective instrument to insure the safety, well being and
economic security of all the people, and for the promotion of national
progress.” (Section 2, Statement of Policy, Presidential Decree No. 78;
December 1972 as amended by Presidential Decree No. 1149; August 1977)
WEATHER SATELLITES AND REMOTE SENSING
HIMAWARI 8/9
Himawari is a series of Japanese geostationary
weather satellites operated by the Japan
Meteorological Agency (JMA). The most recent
version, Himawari-9, provides real-time weather
observation over the Asia-Pacific region, including
the Philippines.

Himawari provides high-resolution images every 10

minutes, with infrared sensors detect cloud
temperature and moisture, helping PAGASA estimate
potential rainfall and storm severity.
 RAINFALL WARNING SYSTEM

THUNDERSTORM HEAVY RAINFALL

WARNING SYSTEM WARNING SYSTEM
TSTM- WS HR-WS
THUNDERSTORM
WARNING SYSTEM TSTM- WS
 HEAVY RAINFALL
WARNING SYSTEM HR-WS
 HEAVY RAINFALL
WARNING SYSTEM HR-WS
 HEAVY RAINFALL
WARNING SYSTEM HR-WS
 HEAVY RAINFALL
WARNING SYSTEM HR-WS
 FLOOD
WARNING
SYSTEMS
are systems designed to monitor and predict
potential flood events, providing timely alerts
to people in affected areas.

these systems use various methods, including

weather data, river gauges, satellite imagery,
and computer models, to forecast the
likelihood of flooding.
AN EFFECTIVE EARLY WARNING SYSTEM
MUST INCLUDE FOUR INTERCONNECTED
COMPONENTS TO ENSURE IT IS
COMPREHENSIVE AND FUNCTIONAL:
 RADAR
FLOOD RAIN AND STREAM GAUGES
FORECASTING SATELLITE
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
 ROAD FLOOD
WARNING SYSTEM
is a device that buries the water sensor on
the ground to monitor the groundwater
depth. Once the water depth exceeds the
set value, the alarm will be used to remind
the staff to drain water in time and remind
pedestrians to pay attention to the water
depth.
is usually installed in low terrain locations,
SYSTEM COMPOSITION
such as bridge holes, underpasses, low-lying
LORA buried water sensor intersections, overpasses, tunnels and
monitoring master station
rain gauge (including LED display, horn, other places to protect the safety of
comprehensive environmental alarm, telemetry, waterproof
box, 2m pole, etc.) people’s access.
monitoring cloud platform

TYPES OF FLOOD WARNING SYSTEMS

 RIVER FLOOD
WARNING SYSTEM
this flood warning system is
used to measure changes in
the water level of rivers and
water bodies to predict
flood damage. This flood
SYSTEM COMPOSITION alarm system has protective
level staff alarm light
measures such as lightning
two-color LED display horn
waterproof box two-meter pole protection and anti-jamming.
solar power supply system (optional)
(including telemetry)

TYPES OF FLOOD WARNING SYSTEMS

 SENIX ULTRASONIC WATER LEVEL SENSORS
FLOOD
DETECTION are devices designed to measure the level of water in various
SYSTEM IN applications, such as monitoring rivers, reservoirs, lakes,
ponds, and industrial tanks. They use ultrasonic technology to
THE PHILIPPINES measure the distance to the surface of the water, which can
then be translated into the water level.

HOW THEY WORK?

it emits high-frequency sound waves towards the water surface and calculate the time it
takes for the waves to reflect back. This time is used to determine the distance between the
sensor and the water surface, which is then converted into the water level.

these sensors offer real-time, continuous monitoring, making them ideal for applications like
flood monitoring, wastewater management, and environmental monitoring. They are typically
installed on the side of tanks, structures, or above water bodies..
 EARTHQUAKE
EARLY WARNING
SYSTEMS
EARTHQUAKE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS

Earthquake early warning systems detect

ground motion as soon as an earthquake begins
and quickly send alerts that a tremor is on its way,
giving people crucial seconds to prepare.

In 1985, Caltech seismologist Tom Heaton

published the first paper on the concept of
earthquake early warning systems, networks of
ground-based sensors that send alerts to user
when the earth begins to tremble.
SHAKEALERT

Such systems, including

ShakeAlert on the West Coast of
the United States, operate on the
principle that while seismic waves
travel at just a few miles per
second, electronic alerts from the
region of the epicenter can be
sent almost instantly.
 SEISMOGRAPH

A seismograph, or seismometer, is an instrument

used to detect and record earthquakes.
Generally, it consists of a mass attached to a
fixed base. During an earthquake, the base moves
and the mass does not.
 ACCELEROGRAPHS

Accelerographs are specialized seismic instruments

used to measure and record ground acceleration
during earthquakes. In the Philippines, they are
mandated by the Department of Public Works and
Highways (DPWH) for certain buildings in Seismic Zone
4, including hospitals, schools, and structures over 50
meters in height.
 In the Philippines, earthquake monitoring and early warning efforts
are primarily managed by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (PHIVOLCS), a specialized agency under the Department of
Science and Technology (DOST).
 PHIVOLCS

PHIVOLCS Seismic Monitoring Network: PHIVOLCS operates a nationwide

network of seismic stations equipped with various sensors, including
seismometers, to detect and analyze seismic activities. These instruments
are crucial for monitoring earthquakes and assessing potential risks.

HOW PHIVOLCS DETECTS EARTHQUAKES AND SENDS WARNINGS

1. Earthquakes are detected using seismometers and accelerographs across the

country.
2. PHIVOLCS analyzes data and announces earthquake details within minutes.
3. Warnings are sent via website updates, social media, SMS, and news broadcasts.
4. Tsunami alerts are issued if necessary.
5. A full Earthquake Early Warning System (EEWS) is still in development.
 ANDROID EARTHQUAKE ALERTS SYSTEM

Android Earthquake Alerts System: In June 2021, Google extended its

Android Earthquake Alerts System to the Philippines. This system uses
accelerometers in Android smartphones to detect seismic activities and
provide early warnings to users, thereby enhancing the country's
earthquake preparedness.

SMARTPHONE ACCELEROMETERS AS MINI-SEISMOMETERS

1. Millions of Android phones can detect small tremors.

2. When many phones sense shaking at the same time, they send data to Google’s
servers.
3. Google analyzes the data and determines if an earthquake is occurring.
4. If confirmed, users in affected areas receive alerts before strong shaking
starts.
TYPES OF EARTHQUAKE ALERTS ON ANDROID PHONES

A. "Be Aware" Alert (Weak to Moderate Shaking)

Appears as a silent notification on the screen.
Provides information about the earthquake's estimated magnitude and
location.
No loud sound, to avoid unnecessary panic.

B. "Take Action" Alert (Strong to Intense Shaking)

Triggers a loud alarm on the phone (even in Silent mode).
Shows a full-screen warning with instructions like "Drop, Cover, and Hold".
Aims to give people a few seconds to take cover before the strong shaking
begins.
 BEING READY IS OUR SECRET
POWER, GUIDING US THROUGH
TOUGH TIMES WITH COURAGE.
 REFERENCES
Caltech. (2023). How Do Earthquake Early Warning Systems Work? Caltech Science Exchange.
https://scienceexchange.caltech.edu/topics/earthquakes/earthquake-early-warning-systems
Department of Public Works and Highways. (2025). Guidelines and Implementing Rules on
Earthquake Recording Instrumentation for Buildings | Department of Public Works and Highways.
Dpwh.gov.ph.
https://www.dpwh.gov.ph/dpwh/references/guidelines_manuals/earthquake_recording
PAGASA. (n.d.). PAGASA. Www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph. https://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/about-us
PAGASA. (n.d.). https://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/learnings/publication
PHIVOLCS Staff. (2020). PHIVOLCS Module. Dost.gov.ph. https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/
World Health Organization. (2021). Infant and young child feeding in emergencies: Operational
guidance for emergency relief staff and programme managers. World Health Organization.
https://www.who.int
INTRODUCTION