All 2nd Semester Subjects

Professional English - II - HS3252 Engineering Graphics - GE3251

Statistics and Numerical Methods - Physics for Electronics Engineering -
MA3251 PH3254
Physics for Electrical Engineering - Physics for Civil Engineering - PH3201
PH3202
Materials Science - PH3251 Basic Electrical and Electronics
Engineering - BE3251
Physics for Information Science - Basic Civil and Mechanical Engineering -
PH3256 BE3255
Basic Electrical and Instrumentation Electric Circuit Analysis (Circuit
Engineering - BE3254 Theory) - EE3251
Programming in C - CS3251 Circuit Analysis - EC3251
Data Structures Design - AD3251
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4931_Grace College of Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

BE- Civil Engineering

Anna University Regulation: 2021

BE3272 Basic Electrical, Electronics and

Instrumentation Engineering Laboratory

I Year/II Semester

Lab Manual

Prepared By,

Mrs. P.Gayathri, AP/EEE

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GRACE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

MULLAKKADU, TUTICORIN

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

B.E. – Civil Engineering
BE3272 BASIC ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION
ENGINEERING LABORATORY
Regulation: 2021

Prepared by HOD/EEE PRINCIPAL

P.GAYATHRI AP/EEE

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GRACE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

MULLAKKADU, TUTICORIN

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

B.E. – Civil Engineering
BE3272 BASIC ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION
ENGINEERING LABORATORY
Regulation: 2021

Name: ……………………………………………………………

Semester: …………………… Year: ………………………

Register No: …………………………………………………

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GRACE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

MULLAKKADU, TUTICORIN

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this practical work entitled BE3272 Basic Electrical,

Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering Laboratory is the bonafide record of work done
by Mr. / Ms. ............................................. ................................ of II Semester in B.E. – Civil
Engineering in Department of Electrical and Electronics in Grace College of Engineering
during the year _____ _________ – ______ __________

Staff In – Charge Head of the Department

Submitted for the Anna University B.E. (CIVIL) Degree Practical Examination held at Grace

College of Engineering on................................

Internal Examiner External Examiner

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BE3272 BASIC ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION

ENGINEERING LABORATORY LTPC

0042

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

 To train the students in conducting load tests electrical machines

 To gain practical experience in experimentally obtaining the characteristics of electronic devices and rectifiers
 To train the students to measure three phase power and displacement
SYLLABUS
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:

1. Verification of ohms and Kirchhoff’s Laws.

2. Three Phase Power Measurement

3. Load test on DC Shunt Motor.

4. Load test on Self Excited DC Generator

5. Load test on Single phase Transformer

6. Load Test on Induction Motor

7. Characteristics of PN and Zener Diodes

8. Characteristics of BJT, SCR and MOSFET

9. Design and analysis of Half wave and Full Wave rectifiers

10. Measurement of displacement of LVDT

TOTAL: 60 PERIODS

COURSE OUTCOMES:
After completing this course, the students will be able to

CO1: Use experimental methods to verify the Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s Law and to measure three phase power

CO2: Analyze experimentally the load characteristics of electrical machines

CO3: Analyze the characteristics of basic electronic devices

CO4: Use LVDT to measure displacement

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BE3272 BASIC ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION

ENGINEERING LABORATORY LTPC

0042

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

 To train the students in conducting load tests electrical machines

 To gain practical experience in experimentally obtaining the characteristics of electronic devices and rectifiers
 To train the students to measure three phase power and displacement
SYLLABUS
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
CYCLE - I
1. Verification of ohms and Kirchhoff’s Laws.

2. Three Phase Power Measurement

3. Load test on DC Shunt Motor.

4. Load test on Self Excited DC Generator

5. Load test on Single phase Transformer

CYCLE - II
6. Load Test on Induction Motor

7. Characteristics of PN and Zener Diodes

8. Characteristics of BJT, SCR and MOSFET

9. Design and analysis of Half wave and Full Wave rectifiers

10. Measurement of displacement of LVDT

TOTAL: 60 PERIODS

COURSE OUTCOMES:
After completing this course, the students will be able to

CO1: Use experimental methods to verify the Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s Law and to measure three phase power

CO2: Analyze experimentally the load characteristics of electrical machines

CO3: Analyze the characteristics of basic electronic devices

CO4: Use LVDT to measure displacement

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INDEX

S. PAGE NO.
DATE TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENT MARKS SIGN
No.

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INDEX

S. PAGE NO.
DATE TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENT MARKS SIGN
No.

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EXP.NO : 1a
DATE:
VERIFICATION OF OHM’S LAW.

AIM:
To practically verify the ohm’s law, for the given electrical circuit with the theoretical calculations.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 RPS

2 Resistor

3 Ammeter

4 Voltmeter

5 Bread board

6 Connecting wires

THEORY:
Ohm’s law states that “At constant temperature, the steady current flowing through the conductor is
directly proportional to the potential difference across the two ends of the conductor”.

FORMULA:
V=I*R
WHERE V – VOLTAGE
I – CURRENT
R -RESISTANCE

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram
2. By Varying the Input Voltage, the voltage and the corresponding current values are noted down
for the given Resistor.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORETICAL CALCULATION:

OBSERVATION TABLE

RESULT:
Thus Ohm’s law has been verified both theoretically and practically.

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EXP.NO: 1b
DATE:

VERIFICATION OF KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS.

AIM:
To verify (i) Kirchhoff’s current law (ii) Kirchhoff’s voltage law
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 RPS

2 Resistor

3 Ammeter

4 Voltmeter

5 Bread board

6 Connecting wires

KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW:

THEORY:
The law states, “The sum of the currents entering a node is equal to sum of the
currents leaving the same node”. Alternatively, the algebraic sum of currents at a node
is equal to zero.
The term node means a common point where the different elements are connected.
Assume negative sign for leaving current and positive sign for entering current.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the supply.
3. Set different values of voltages in the RPS.
4. Measure the corresponding values of branch currents I 1, I2 and I3.
5. Enter the readings in the tabular column.
6. Find the theoretical values and compare with the practical values

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FORMULA:

∑ Currents entering a node = ∑ Currents leaving the node

I1 = I 2 + I 3

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW

OBSERVATION TABLE

S.No V I1 I2 I3 I1 = I 2 + I 3
(Volts) (mA) (mA) (mA) ( mA)

THEORETICAL CALCULATION

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S.No. V I1 I2 I3 I1 = I2 + I 3
(Volts) (mA) (mA) (mA) ( mA)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW:

OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.No. V V1 V2 V3 V = V1+
V2
Volt Volt Volt Volt
s s s s +V3
Volts

KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW: THEORY:

The law states, “The algebraic sum of the voltages in a closed circuit/mesh is zero”.The voltage rise is
taken as positive and the voltage drop is taken as negative.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

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2. Switch on the supply.

3. Set different values of voltages in the RPS.
4. Measure the corresponding values of voltages (V1 , V2 and V3) across resistors R1, R2
and R3 respectively.
5. Enter the readings in the tabular column.
6. Find the theoretical values and compare with the practical values.
FORMULA:
∑ Voltages in a closed loop = 0
V-V1 -V2 -V3 = 0

THEORETICAL CALCULATION:

S.No. V V1 V2 V2 V = V1+ V2 + V3
Volts Volts Volts Volts Volts

RESULT:

Thus the Kirchhoff’s Current and Voltage laws are verified.

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EXP.NO: 2
DATE:

THREE PHASE POWER MEASUREMENT

AIM:

To measurement of power in a three phase system by two wattmeter method

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

THREE PHASE VARIABLE LOAD, AMMETERS 0-10 A, MI, 2NOS, WATTMETERS 0-5 A, 300V,2
NOS, VOLTMETER 0-300V,MI

FUSE RATING:

125% of rated current

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections should be tight.
2. Take the readings carefully.
3. Switch off the circuit when not in use.
THEORY:
Surprisingly, only two single phase wattmeters are sufficient to measure the total power consumed by a three
phase balanced circuit. The two wattmeters are connected as shown in figure. The current coils are connected
in series with two of the lines .The pressure (or voltage ) coils of the two wattmeters are connected between
that line and reference.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2. Keep the three phase variac at its zero position .
3. Switch on the main supply.
4. Increase the voltage supplied to the circuit by changing the positions of variac so that all the meters give
readable deflection.
5. Note down readings of all the meters
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

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TABULATION:

MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT:

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EXP.NO: 3
DATE:

LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR

AIM:
To conduct load test on DC shunt motor and to find efficiency.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No. Apparatus Type Range Quantit

y
1 Voltmeter MC (0-300)V 1
2 Ammeter MC (0-20)A 1

3 Rheostat 230 Ω /1.5A 1

4 Tachometer Digita 60,000RPM 1

l
FUSE RATING:

125% of rated current

PRECAUTIONS:

 The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position.

 The motor should be started at no load condition.
 The motor should be cooled by circulating water throughout the experiment.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect as per the circuit diagram.

2. Close the DPSTswitch.
3. Stat the motor using three point starter.
4.Adjust the field rheostat till the motor reaches its rated speed.
5. Note down the no load reading of voltmeter, ammeter, speed and
spring balance reading.
6. Apply load in steps and note down the corresponding reading till the
ratedcurrent is reached rated value.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM ( LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR):

FORMULAE:

 Torque (T) = 9.81(s1 s2)R

 Output power = 2ΠNT/60
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 Input power = V*I

Efficiency , %=output power/input power * 100

Where,
9.81 = gravity constant , R = radius of brake drum , N = speed in RPM

MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT:

Thus the load test on DCshunt motor was performed and the performance graphs were
drawn.

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EXP.NO: 4
DATE:
LOAD TEST ON SELF EXCITED DC GENERATOR

AIM:

To conduct OCC and load test of a self excited DC generator and to plot the internal and external
characteristics.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No. Apparatus Type Range Quantit

y
1 Voltmeter MC (0-300)V 1
2 Ammeter MC (0-20)A,(0-2)A 2

3 Rheostat 1250Ω,0.8A 1

4 Tachometer Digital 60000RPM 1

FUSE RATING:

125% of rated current

PRECAUTIONS:
 Field rheostat of motor should be kept at minimum resistance position.
 Field rheostat of generator should be kept at minimum resistance position.

PROCEDURE:
OC TEST:
1. Connect as per the circuit diagram.
2. Close the DPST switch.
3. Start the motor using three point starter.
4. By keeping the field current (If) as constant value, adjust the
armature rheostat and note down the corresponding armature
voltage and motor speed.
5. Adjust the potential divider and note down ammeter and
voltmeter readings.
LOAD TEST:
1. Connect as per the circuit diagram.
2. Close the DPST switch.
3. Start the motor using three point starter.
4. By keeping the armature voltage as constant value, adjust the field rheostat and note
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down corresponding field current and motor speed.

5.Adjust the potential divider and note down ammeter and voltmeter readings
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM ( SELF EXCITED DC SHUNT GENERATOR):

TABULATION:
OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS:

Field Generated
S.no current If voltage Va
Amps volts

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LOAD CHARACTERISTICS:

Load Load Armatur Powe Generated

S.no curren voltage VL e current r voltage
t IL Ia= I L IaRa Eg = VL+
Volts IaRa
Amps Amps watts
Volts

MODEL GRAPH:

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MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT:

The direct load test on the given self-excited DC generator has been
conducted and the internal & external characteristics are plotted.

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EXP.NO: 5
DATE:
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM:

To conduct load test on single phase transformer and to obtain percentage efficiency &
regulation.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.N APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

O
1 Voltmeter MI (0-300)V 2
2 Ammeter MI (0- 2
20)A
3 Wattmeter UPF 0-300 V/5A 2
4 Single phase transformer 1 KVA,230/115 V 1
5 Auto transformer 230V/0- 270 V 1
6 Load 1

FUSE RATING:

125% of rated current

PRECAUTIONS:
 The autotransformer should be kept at minimum voltage position.
 Before switching off the supply the variac should be brought back to0 minimum voltage
position.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect as per the circuit diagram.
2. Close the DPST switch.
3. Start the motor using auto transformer starter.
4. Note down the readings of primary and secondary side.
5. Repeat the procedure until it reaches rated current value.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

TABULATION:

FORMULAE:

Efficiency,% ŋ = output power/input power * 100

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 Output power = V*I

 Input power = W1 + W2
MODEL GRAPH:

MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT:

Thus the load test on single phase transformer was performed and the
respective graph were plotted.

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EXP.NO: 6
DATE:
LOAD TEST ON INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM:

To conduct load test on the given single phase induction motor and to plot its
performance characteristics.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. Voltmeter (0-300V) MI 1
2. Ammeter (0-10A) MI 1
3. Wattmeter (300V,10A) UPF 1
4. Tachometer (0-10000 RPM) - 1

FUSE RATING:

125% of rated current

PRECAUTIONS:
1. The auto transformer is kept at minimum voltage position.
2. The motor is started at no load condition.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. The DPST switch is closed and the single phase supply is given.

3. By adjusting the variac the rated voltage is applied and the corresponding no load
values of speed, spring balance and meter readings are noted down. If the wattmeter
readings show negative deflection on no load, switch of the supply & interchange the
terminals of current coils (M & L) of the wattmeter. Now, again starting the motor
(follow above procedure for starting), take readings.
4. The procedure is repeated till rated current of the motor.

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5. The motor is unloaded, the auto transformer is brought to the minimum voltage
position, and theDPST switch is opened.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

TABULATION:

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MODEL GRAPH:

MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT:

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EXP.NO: 7
DATE:
CHARACTERISTICS OF PN AND ZENER DIODES

AIM:

The purpose of the experiment is to examine (i) the characteristics of Silicon PN junction diode. (ii) the
characteristics of Zener diode

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1N4007 silicon rectifier diode , 1Z5V6 Zener diode, 1 kΩ resistor, ¼ W 0-30 V dc regulated power supply ,
(0-50)mA, (0–100)µA dc ammeter, (0–1)V, (0-30)V, (0 – 10)V dc voltmeter, Breadboard
THEORY:
PN Junction diode is a device made up of a junction of n-type and p-type semiconductor material. An ideal
diode has two regions: a conduction region of zero resistance and a non-conduction region of infinite
resistance. In forward bias operation, the silicon diode will not conduct significant current until the voltage
reaches about 0.7V, called cut-in voltage. In reverse bias operation, the diode will not conduct significant
current until certain threshold voltage called breakdown voltage.
Zener diode Diodes which are designed with adequate power dissipation capabilities to operate in the
breakdown region are known as avalanche, breakdown, or Zener diodes. Zener diodes are heavily doped
diodes. It behaves as ordinary diode in the forward bias mode. Zener diodes are employed as voltage-
reference or constant-voltage devices.
PROCEDURE:
PN Junction diode Characteristics
Forward Bias
1. Construct the circuit as per the diagram shown in figure1.
2. Vary the power supply voltage in steps of 0.1V upto cut-in voltage and thereafter in steps of 1V upto a
maximum of 10V.
3. Note down the voltage drop across the diode and the corresponding current.
4. Plot the graph: IF against VF
5. From the plot, find the static resistance, R = VF / IF.
6. Find also the dynamic resistance, r = VF /Δ IF.
Reverse Bias
1. Connect the circuit as per the diagram shown in figure2.
2. Vary the power supply voltage in steps of 1V upto 15V.
3. Note down the voltage drop across the diode and the corresponding current.
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4. Plot the graph: IR against VR.

Zener diode Characteristics
1. Forward Bias
1. Construct the circuit as per the diagram shown in figure3.
2. Vary the power supply voltage in steps of 0.1V upto cut-in voltage and thereafter in steps of 1V upto a
maximum of 10V.
3. Note down the voltage drop across the diode and the corresponding current.
4. Plot the graph IF Vs VF. Find the static resistance, R = VF / IF and dynamic resistance, r = Δ VF /Δ IF.
Reverse Bias
1. Connect the circuit as per the diagram shown in figure4.
2. Vary the power supply voltage in steps of 1V upto breakdown voltage.
3. Note down the voltage drop across the diode and the corresponding current.
4. Increase the supply voltage beyond the breakdown voltage by upto 50% (ensure maximum current is within
ammeter range) and record the voltage drop across the diode and the corresponding current.
5. Plot the reverse characteristics with voltage along x-axis and current along y-axis in third quadrant.
6. From the plot observe the break down voltage.
7. From the plot also calculate static resistance and dynamic resistance before and after breakdown.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

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TABULATION:

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MODEL GRAPH:

PN Junction diode Characteristics

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Zener diode Characteristics

RESULT:

The V-I characteristics and Regulation characteristics of a PN junction diode and zener diode
are observed.

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EXP.NO: 8
DATE:
CHARACTERISTICS OF BJT, SCR AND MOSFET

AIM:

To plot characteristics of a Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT).

To plot the static characteristics of the given SCR.

To plot the Transfer and Drain characteristics of MOSFET

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

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THEORY:
The transistor is a two junction, three terminal semiconductor device which has three regions namely the
emitter region, the base region, and the collector region. The current conduction in transistors takes place due
to both charge carriers- that is electrons and holes and hence they are named Bipolar Junction Transistors
(BJT).
An SCR is a 4-layer, 3-junction, 3-terminal device. When anode is positive w.r.t cathode, the curve between
VAK and IA is called the forward characteristics. During forward bias condition, the junction J2 is reverse
biased and when across J2 above break over voltage (VBO), J2 breaks down and heavy current will flow in
the device. Hence a load resistance is always connected in series with the SCR to limit the anode current to
safe value

A MOSFET (Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor) has three terminals called Drain, Source and
Gate. MOSFET is a voltage controlled device. It has very high input impedance and works at high switching
frequency.
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram. 2. Switch ON the regulated power supply. Apply some
constant voltage say 30V by varying VAK source. 3. Gradually increase the gate current by varying VGK
source till the SCR becomes ON. Note down the corresponding value of IG from the milliammeter. Then
decrease VAK and VGK to minimum. 4. Set gate current equal to noted value in step 3 by varying VGK
source. 5. Gradually increase VAK in steps of 2V and for each step note down the value of VAK and IA , and
then reduce VAK to minimum. 6. Set gate current to some other value (preferably higher than that of the value
set in step 3) 7. Repeat step 5. 8. Plot a graph of VAK versus IA for different values of IG.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF BJT CHARACTERISTICS

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TABULATION:

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RESULT:

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EXP.NO: 9
DATE:
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF HALF WAVE AND FULL WAVE RECTIFIERS
AIM:

To study the characteristics of half wave, full wave and bridge rectifier

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Diodes, Resistor, Transformer, Voltmeter, Ammeter, Breadboard and CRO.

THEORY:
Rectifier changes ac to dc and it is an essential part of power supply. The unique property of a diode,
permitting the current to flow in one direction, is utilised in rectifiers.
PROCEDURE:
1. Wire up the half wave rectifier circuit without capacitor after testing all the components. 2. Switch on the
main supply. Observe the transformer secondary voltage waveform and output voltage waveform across the
load resistor, simultaneously on the CRO screen. 3. Connect the capacitor filter and observe the waveforms. 5.
Repeat the above steps for full wave rectifier.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

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TABULATION:

MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:

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EXP.NO: 10
DATE:
MEASUREMENT OF DISPLACEMENT OF LVDT

AIM:

To determine the characteristics of LVDT (linear variable differential transformer).

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

LVDT, Digital displacement indicator

THEORY:
LVDT (LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMER) The most widely used inductive
transducer to translate the linear motion into electrical signals is the linear variable differential transformer
(LVDT). The basic construction of LVDT is shown in fig:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

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TABULATION:

MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:

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 All 2nd Semester Subjects
Professional English - II - HS3252 Engineering Graphics - GE3251
Statistics and Numerical Methods - Physics for Electronics Engineering -
MA3251 PH3254
Physics for Electrical Engineering - Physics for Civil Engineering - PH3201
PH3202
Materials Science - PH3251 Basic Electrical and Electronics
Engineering - BE3251
Physics for Information Science - Basic Civil and Mechanical Engineering -
PH3256 BE3255
Basic Electrical and Instrumentation Electric Circuit Analysis (Circuit
Engineering - BE3254 Theory) - EE3251
Programming in C - CS3251 Circuit Analysis - EC3251
Data Structures Design - AD3251