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AP2 Unit 1

The document outlines key topics in quantum physics, including wave-particle duality, the De-Broglie hypothesis, and the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. It discusses important experiments like the Davisson-Germer experiment and introduces fundamental concepts such as wave functions and Schrödinger's equations. Additionally, it covers applications of these theories, including tunneling effects and the behavior of particles in potential wells.

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Dev Verma
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3 views

AP2 Unit 1

The document outlines key topics in quantum physics, including wave-particle duality, the De-Broglie hypothesis, and the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. It discusses important experiments like the Davisson-Germer experiment and introduces fundamental concepts such as wave functions and Schrödinger's equations. Additionally, it covers applications of these theories, including tunneling effects and the behavior of particles in potential wells.

Uploaded by

Dev Verma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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QUANTUM PHYSICS

UNIT-1
TOPICS TO BE COVERED

1 1. Wave particle duality 4


2 Wave function

3 4
2 De-Broglie hypothesis 5 Schrodinger wave equation

5 6

3 Heisenberg Uncertainty principle 6 Applications of Schrodinger Wave equation

7 8
IMPORTANT TOPICS
1. Wave particle duality: 6. Applications of SWE
• De-Broglie hypothesis • Tunneling effect
• Davisson Germer experiment • SEM
2. Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle • Quantum simple harmonic oscillator
• Basic numericals • Zero point energy
• Proof
3. Wave function:
• Characteristics of wave function
• Normalization of wave function
• Physical interpretation
• Transmission probability
4. Phase velocity and group velocity
5. Schrodinger Wave Equation
• Time dependent (TDSE)
• Time independent (TISE)
• Eigen function, eigen values, expectation values
• Finite wall
• Infinite wall
LECTURE-1

1 Wave particle 2
1. duality

3 4
2 De-Broglie hypothesis

5 6

3 Heisenberg Uncertainty principle


7 8
WAVE PARTICLE
DUALITY
Radiation (light)
WAVE PARTICLE
• Frequency, wavelength, • Mass, velocity,
amplitude, intensity momentum, energy

• Interference, polarization, • Photoelectric effecT, blackbody


diffraction radiation

• When two waves interact at • When radiant energy interacts


same position at the same with matter in the form of
time photon

• Shows wave nature • Shows particle nature


Wave Particle Duality
According to Quantum Hypothesis, electro-magnetic radiation of light
propagates in the form of wave packets or bundles. These bundles are known
as Photons. It means Electromagnetic radiation of light behaves as a particle
as well as wave. This Characteristic of electro magnetic radiation is known as
wave -particle Duality.
Wave Particle Duality
Phenomena such as the photoelectric effect show the particle nature of light,
while the phenomena of interference and diffraction show the wave nature.

PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT:
• When light of a certain frequency falls on a metal surface, it ejects
electrons from the surface.
• Electrons are only emitted if the light's frequency is above a certain
minimum threshold frequency, regardless of intensity.

If light behaved purely as a wave, increasing its intensity (energy) should


eventually eject electrons regardless of frequency.
However, electrons are only ejected if the light has a high enough frequency
(energy per photon), this proves that light energy is quantized i.e, discrete,
not continuous.
Wave Particle Duality
INTERFERENCE:
• Light passes through two closely spaced slits, acting as coherent
sources of waves.
• The waves emerging from the slits interfere with each other.
• This results in an interference pattern of alternating bright and
dark fringes on a screen

If light were purely particle-like, we would expect only two bright


spots behind the slits.
Instead, an interference (wave-like) pattern forms, confirming that
light behaves as a wave.
DE-BROGLIE HYPOTHESIS
Matter possesses wave as well as particle nature. Both these nature are not exhibited simultaneously.
The De-Broglie hypothesis states that all moving particles exhibit wave-like properties i.e, every moving
particle is associated with a wave called as matter wave or De-Broglie wave. This concept introduced wave-
particle duality, which is fundamental to quantum mechanics.

The wavelength of De-Broglie’s wave is given by:

λ = h/p
where h (Planck's constant) = 6.62607 x 10-34 J
p (momentum) = m x v
FORMULA:
• λ = h / mv
Charged particle (charge=q) accelerating through potential difference,V: (K.E = qV)
• λ = h / √2m(K.E)
• λ = h / √2mqV

Particle in thermal equilibrium at temperature at T, (K.E = 3/2KT)


• λ = h / √3mKT

(** q,m are of the particle mentioned)


DAVISSON GERMER EXPERIMENT
According to De-Broglie Hypothesis, every material
particle (e/p/n) in motion behaves as a particle as well
as wave.
Davison-Germar experiment is used to prove the De-
Broglie hypothesis.
DAVISSON GERMER EXPERIMENT
Working:
1. The electron gun produces a beam of electrons by heating a
tungsten filament and accelerating them with a potential V
2. The electrons strike the nickel crystal, behaving like waves and
undergoing Bragg's diffraction similar to X-rays.
3. The detector measures the intensity of diffracted electrons at
different angles.
A peak intensity of reflected electrons was observed at θ=50 degree
for an accelerating voltage of 54V

λ = h/p = h / √2mqV

Calculating for electron, λ = 1.67 A⁰


In X-ray diffraction, d (for Ni) = 0.91 A⁰
λ(e)= 2dsinØ/n = 1.65 A⁰ ~~ 1.67 A⁰
HEISENBERG UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle states that it is impossible to simultaneously measure both the
exact position and exact momentum of a particle with absolute precision.
Mathematically, it is given by:

Δx⋅Δp≥h/4π
Δx⋅mΔv≥h/4π
NUMERICAL:

Q. Determine the uncertainty in position of an electron whose speed is measured to be 5× 10³


m/s to an accuracy of 0.003%
Applications:
Non-existence of electrons in nucleus:
Since the radius of nucleus is of the order 10 ^ -14m. Diameter of nucleus will be of order of 2 * 10 ^ - 14 * m
For electron to exist in nucleus, the uncertanity in the position of electron in the nucleus will be very small
Thus, uncertainty in momentum will be very high and so as the kinetic energy will be very high. (~96 MeV)
But experimentally, max K.E of electron is 4 MeV
This shows electron doesn’t exist inside the nucleus.
Applications:
Radius of Bohr first Orbit
WAVE PACKET
A wave packet is a localized wave formed by the superposition of multiple waves with different
wavelengths and frequencies. It represents the quantum state of a particle, such as an electron or
photon, in space and time.
Acc to De-Broglie hypothesis,
Schrodinger assumed that a moving material particle is equivalent
to a wave packet, instead of a single wave
PHASE VELOCITY AND GROUP VELOCITY

In quantum mechanics, wave-particle duality describes particles as wave


packets rather than single monochromatic waves. These wave packets have
two important velocities:

• Phase Velocity– The speed at which the phase of the wave propagates.

• Group Velocity – The speed at which the overall wave packet (representing
Every single particle moves as bunch of
the particle) propagates. waves and not a single wave
RELATION BETWEEN PHASE VELOCITY AND GROUP VELOCITY

Vgr = Vph + K d(Vp)/dK


DISPERSIVE MEDIUM
Vph depends on 𝜆

Vgr = Vph - 𝜆 d(Vp)/d𝜆


NON DISPERSIVE MEDIUM
Vph doesn’t depend on 𝜆

Vgr = Vph
WAVE FUNCTION
The Probability of finding a particle within volume dv is

The Probability of finding a particle within region -2 to 2 is


The Probability of finding a particle within universe
COMPLEX CONJUGATE (ψ
PROPERTIES OF WAVE FUNCTION:

• Single-Valued – The wave function must have a unique value at each point in space.
• Continuous & Differentiable – ψ and d(ψ)/dx must continuous and differentiable.
• Normalized – The wave function must satisfy normalization condition.
SCHRODINGER EQUATIONS

TIME DEPENDENT TIME INDEPENDENT


SCHRODINGER TIME-DEPENDENT
EQUATION
Consider a particle of mass m moving along x direction:
EIGEN VALUE AND EIGEN FUNCTION
Q.
SCHRODINGER TIME-INDEPENDENT
EQUATION
If the potential energy (V) of particle does not depend on time: Stationary field
APPLICATIONS:
Particle in rigid one dimensional box or infinitely potential well
APPLICATIONS:
Particle in non rigid box or finite potential well
TUNELLING EFFECT
TUNELLING EFFECT
TUNELLING EFFECT

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