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Experiment no2

The experiment aims to determine transformer parameters and losses through open-circuit and short-circuit tests, focusing on core and copper losses. The open-circuit test measures core losses with a power reading of 9W, while the short-circuit test measures copper losses with a power reading of 20W. Calculated parameters such as resistance, reactance, and impedance were derived, showing results consistent with expected values.

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Rayhan Khan
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7 views

Experiment no2

The experiment aims to determine transformer parameters and losses through open-circuit and short-circuit tests, focusing on core and copper losses. The open-circuit test measures core losses with a power reading of 9W, while the short-circuit test measures copper losses with a power reading of 20W. Calculated parameters such as resistance, reactance, and impedance were derived, showing results consistent with expected values.

Uploaded by

Rayhan Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment no: 2

Name of the Experiment: Determining Transformer Parameters and Losses by Open Circuit
Test and Short Circuit Test
Objectives:
i. To determine the equivalent circuit parameters of a transformer using open-circuit and
short-circuit tests.
ii. To evaluate the core (iron) losses and copper losses of the transformer.
iii. To analyze the efficiency and voltage regulation of the transformer.
Theory:
Types of Transformer Losses:
1. Core Losses (Iron Losses): There are two main reasons for Core Loss, they are—
i. Hysteresis Loss: Occurs due to the lagging of magnetic flux in the core material relative
to the magnetizing force. The loss depends on the material used for the core and the
frequency of operation.
ii. Eddy Current Loss: Caused by circulating currents induced in the core due to the
alternating magnetic field. These currents cause heating in the core, contributing to
power loss.
2. Copper Losses (Winding Losses): Occur due to the resistance of the windings (both primary
and secondary). When current flows through the windings, power is dissipated as heat due
to the resistance of the wire.
Copper Loss = I²R, where I is the current, and R is the resistance of the windings.
Open Circuit Test: The open-circuit test (OCT) is performed to determine the core (iron) losses
and magnetizing impedance of a transformer. The test is conducted by applying the rated
voltage to the low-voltage (LV) side while keeping the high-voltage (HV) side open. It is also
used in order to determine the resistance (RC) and the Reactance (XM) of the core.
Short Circuit Test: The short-circuit test (SCT) is conducted to determine the copper losses and
equivalent impedance of a transformer. In this test, a reduced voltage is applied to the high-
voltage (HV) side while the low-voltage (LV) side is short-circuited, and the rated current is
made to flow. It is also used in order to determine the resistance (R01 – secondary referred to
primary) and the Reactance (X01 – secondary referred to primary) of the winding.
Required Apparatus:
Apparatus Name Model Rating
Universal Power Supply DL 30016 3×0÷380 V, 2 A / 3×0÷240 V, 3 A
Ammeter DL 2109T12 2.5/5 A (DC and AC)
Voltmeter DL 2109T15 250/500 V (DC and AC)
500VA
Single-phase Transformer DL 1093
Primary: 220/380V, Secondary: 2x110V
Circuit Diagram:

Figure 1

Figure 2

Experimental Data-table:

i. Open Circuit Test:

Open Open Open Reactance


𝐼𝑊 = 𝐼𝜇 = Resistance
Circuit Circuit Circuit of the core,
𝐼𝑂 cos 𝜃0 𝐼𝑂 sin 𝜃0 of the core, 𝑉
Voltage, Current, Power, 𝑉 𝑋𝑀 = 𝐼 𝑂
(A) (A) 𝑅𝐶 = 𝐼 𝑂 (Ω) 𝜇
VO (Volts) IO (A) PO (W) 𝑊
(Ω)
220 0.1 9 0.04091 0.09125 5377.65827 2410.9589
ii. Short Circuit Test:
Impedance Resistance Reactance of the
Short Short of the wire, of the wire, wire,
Short Circuit
Circuit Circuit
Voltage, VSC
Current, ISC Power, PSC 𝑉𝑆𝐶 𝑃𝑆𝐶
(Volts) 𝑍01 = 𝑅01 = 2 𝑋01 =
(A) (W) 𝐼𝑆𝐶 𝐼𝑆𝐶
2 2
(Ω) (Ω) √𝑍01 − 𝑅01 (Ω)

45 0.8 20 56.25 31.25 46.77

Calculations:

We know,

𝑃𝑂 = 𝑉𝑂 𝐼𝑂 cos 𝜃0

𝑃𝑂
cos 𝜃0 = 𝑉
𝑂 𝐼𝑂

𝑃𝑂 9
∴ 𝜃0 = cos −1 (𝑉 ) = cos −1 (220×0.1) = 65.85°
𝑂 𝐼𝑂

𝐼𝑊 = 𝐼𝑂 cos 𝜃0 = 0.1 × cos 65.85° = 0.04091𝐴

𝐼𝜇 = 𝐼𝑂 sin 𝜃0 = 0.1 × sin 65.85° = 0.09125𝐴

𝑉 220
Resistance of the core, 𝑅𝐶 = 𝐼 𝑂 = 0.04091 = 5377.65827Ω
𝑊

𝑉𝑂 220
Reactance of the core, 𝑋𝑀 = = 0.09125 = 2410.9589Ω
𝐼𝜇

Again,

2
𝑃𝑆𝐶 = 𝐼𝑆𝐶 𝑅01

𝑃𝑆𝐶 20
∴ 𝑅01 = 2 = (0.8)2 = 31.25Ω
𝐼𝑆𝐶

𝑉𝑆𝐶 45
𝑍01 = = = 56.25Ω
𝐼𝑆𝐶 0.8

2 2
𝑋01 = √𝑍01 − 𝑅01 = √(56.25)2 − (31.25)2 = 46.77Ω

Core Loss, 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 𝑃𝑂 = 9𝑊

Copper Loss, 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 𝑃𝑆𝐶 = 20𝑊


Discussion:

The open circuit test was conducted by applying 220V to the LV side, and the measured power
was 9W, indicating the core losses. The short circuit test was performed by applying 45V to
the HV side while ensuring a current of 0.8A, and the measured power was 20W, indicating
the copper losses. The calculated parameters, such as equivalent resistance, reactance, and
impedance, were derived using the measured values. The experimental results aligned with the
expected values within an acceptable margin of error.

References:

▪ A Textbook of Electrical Technology

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