Field Equipment

WEL LOGGING
Group (Z)

Arranged by:
• Mohammed Adel Aribi 12219047
• Ahmed Said Al-Shaftri 32219001
• Mohammed Adel Khalifa 12219048
• Lamis Ali Fadel 12219039

Supervisioned by: Eng. Mohammed Lamoj

1
Contents
Well logging ............................................................................................ 1
 Abstract:.............................................................................................3
 The applications of running well logs:..............................................4
 Two types of well logs:......................................................................4
Common Logging tools:..........................................................................5
Self-Potential Log (SP)..........................................................................5
The purpose of running of SP log:.....................................................6
Gamma Ray log (GR)............................................................................7
GR log is useful for:............................................................................8
Electric Resistivity Log:.......................................................................10
Sonic Log:............................................................................................11
Density Log:........................................................................................12
Neutron Log:.......................................................................................14
Caliper Log:.........................................................................................15
Drill Stem Test:....................................................................................16
DST Component:..............................................................................17
2. Subsurface Equipment’s (DTS Components)..............................18
The next pages will show a real gamma ray log on well R391-59E in
Alwaha oil company (Gailo field):..........................................................18
References:............................................................................................25

2
 Abstract:

Logging, when correctly applied, can answer a great

many questions from geology to economics.
Equally important however, is the fact that logging by
itself cannot provide answers to all the formation
evaluation questions. Well logging, core analysis, and
formation testing are integral parts of any formation
evaluation effort.

3
 The applications of running well logs:

 Lithology & Oil saturation

 Bed thickness
 Average porosity,
 Average permeability,
 In Gas oil contact
 Oil water contact
 Wellbore diameter
 Location of casing collar,
 Cement bond
 Perforation interval
 initial oil in place

 Two types of well logs:

1. Open hole well logs
2. Cased hole well log

4
Common Logging tools:
The most used log tools in oil industry are:
• Self-potential log
• Gamma ray log
• Resistivity log
• Density log
• Neutron log
• Caliper log
• Sonic log
• Induction log
• Nuclear Magnet Resonance log (NMR)

Self-Potential Log (SP)

• The spontaneous potential log, commonly called Self-
Potential log or (SPL), the theory behind SP log is
measuring the small electric potentials of rocks (measured
in millivolts) between the borehole and a grounded
voltage at the surface. The change in voltage through the
well bore is caused by a buildup of charge on the well bore
walls. Clays and shales will generate one charge and
permeable formations such as sandstone will generate an
opposite one. This buildup of charge is caused by

5
 differences in the salt content of the well bore fluid
(drilling mud) and the formation water (connate water).
The purpose of running of SP log:

1. Lithology (type of formation)

2. Identifying permeable formation
3. Identifying boundaries or thickness of permeable
formation
4. Correlation between wells

6
Gamma Ray log (GR)

• provide an evaluation of natural radio activity of formation,

due to its presence in certain rocks such: Potassium (K),
Thorium (T), and Uranium (U)
• This difference in radioactivity between shales and
sandstones/carbonate rocks allows the gamma tool to
distinguish between shales and non-shales.

• The gamma ray log, like other types of well logging, is done
by lowering an instrument down the hole and recording
gamma radiation at each depth. Gamma radiation is
usually recorded in API units,
• An advantage of the gamma logs over some other types of
well logs is that it works through the steel and cement
walls of cased boreholes.

GR log is useful for:

1. Identifying permeable and non-permeable zones
2. Estimating shale volume
3. Identifying lithology
4. Correlation between formation

7
Lithology Type Average Radioactivity in
radium
Equiv lent per gram x
10¯¹²

Black Shale 26.1

Shale 20.3
Sandy Shale 11.0
Siltstone 10.3
Calcareous Shale 8.5
Shaly and Silty Sand 7.1
Granite Wash 6.9
Sand 4.1
Limestone 3.8
Dolomite 3.1
Gamma Ray Activity of Sedimentary Rock

8
Electric Resistivity Log:

Resistivity is one of the most useful physical properties

measured in the borehole.
Formation resistivity measurements, in conjunction with
porosity and water resistivity, are used to:
• Measure the value of water saturation
• Calculate the value of hydrocarbon saturation
• Detection of hydrocarbon bearing intervals
• Estimate the net pay thickness

Resistivity logging is a method of well logging that works

by distinguished the rock or sediment in a borehole by
measuring its electrical resistivity. Resistivity is a
fundamental material property which represents how
strongly a material opposes the flow of electric current.

Most rock materials are essentially insulators, while their

enclosed fluids are conductors. Hydrocarbon fluids are an
exception, because they are almost infinitely resistive.
When a formation is porous and contains salty water, the
overall resistivity will be low. When the formation contains
hydrocarbon, or contains very low porosity, its resistivity

9
 will be high. High resistivity values may indicate a
hydrocarbon present in formation.

Sonic Log:

Sonic logging shows a

formation’s interval transit
time designated Δt. It is a measure of a formation’s
capacity to transmit sound waves. Geologically, this
capacity varies with lithology and rock textures, means
porosity.
The sonic log is used to evaluate porosity in liquid filled
pores. The sonic tool is only capable of measuring travel
time.

10
 Acoustic logging is an important part of formation
evaluation. Acoustic logging can be used in both cased
hole and open hole. It measures the wave velocities sand
traveling time. From time measurements, it can be used to
determine formation porosity, lithology, and rock
compressibility, cement bond quality (CBL).

Density Log:

The principles of density log, a radioactive source applied

to the hole wall emits medium-energy gamma rays into the
formation so these gamma rays as high velocity particles
which collide with the electrons in the formation. At each
collision the gamma ray loses some of its energy to the
electron, and then continues with reduced energy. The
scattered gamma rays reaching the detector, at the fixed
station from the source, are counted as an indication of
formation density.
The number of Compton scattering collisions is related
directly to the number of the electron density of the
formation. Consequently, the electron density determines
the response of the density tool.

The density log is a toll that measures the electron density

of the formation by emitting GR into formation. By
11
 knowing the matrix density, fluid density, and bulk density
porosity can be calculated by using the equation.
Density log is used in open hole wells.

Density logs are run in open hole, and are used as:

12
 • Porosity logs
• An identifier of minerals
• Detector of gas
• An evaluating of shale

Neutron Log:

Neutron logs are porosity log that essentially measures the

hydrogen concentration in the formation. In clean
formation, when the pore spaces are filled with water or
oil, the neutron log measures liquid filled porosity.

Caliper Log:

13
A caliper log is a set to measure of the size and shape of a
bore hole commonly made when drilling oil and gas wells.
This can be an important indicator of cave in or shale
swelling in the bore hole.
The caliper log is printed as a continuous series of values of
hole diameter with depth.
Caliper log, runs in open hole, and it is used to measure
the geometry of the hole using 1, 2,3or 4 arms. It
measures the change of hole size. In well completion,
caliper log can be beneficial in estimating cement required
volume.

14
Drill Stem Test:

A Drill stem test is test which

uses a special tool mounted on
the end of the drill string. In a
DST, the well is opened to flow
by a valve at the base of test
tool, and reservoir fluid flows
up the drill string, which is
usually empty to start with.

A common test sequence is to

produce, shut in, produce again
and shut in again. Drill stem test
can be quite short. Analysis of
the DST requires special
techniques, since the flow rate
is not constant as the fluid level
rises in drill string.

15
DST Component:
It is divided into two parts, surface equipment and subsurface
equipment
1. Surface equipment
• Lift nipple, is used to hang the
device or the test tool at derrick
• Bar sub drop, is used to down
hole the solid column (tool) which
is used to open side port of the
test device at the bottom hole
• Flow tee, is used to flow the fluid
from working string during the
test.
• Swivel is used to rotate the
testing tool when it is hanged
without rotating the above tools
• Master valve is used to open and
close the test tool.
• Needle valve is located in the side
of the tool below the master
valve, and is used to inject
chemicals into the well. Gauge
pressure could be installed too.
• Drill pipes are the connection
means and passage way of the
fluid from reservoir to the surface

16
 2. Subsurface Equipment’s (DTS Components)
1. Dual closed in pressure valve
2. Reverse circulation port
3. Test valve
4. Upper gauge recorder
5. Hydraulic jar
6. Safety joint
7. By-pass valve
8. Packer
9. Perforated screen anchor
10.Bottom hole gauge pressure
11.Guide shoes

The Next Pages Will Show a Real (gamma ray log) on

Well (E391-59E) in WAHA OIL COMPANY (Gailo-59 field):

17
18
19
20
21
22
 References:

Well completion book for 3rd year production department

of PTQI.

Well testing book for 3rd year production department of

PTQI.

Well completion book for 3rd year drilling department of

PTQI.

All books from petroleum training and qualifying

institute (PTQI).

23