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UNIT III Friction and trusses (06 Hours)

Introduction, sliding and rolling friction, laws of coulomb friction, coefficient of friction,
angle of repose,angle of friction, cone of friction, friction on inclined plane, ladder friction
and belt friction.
Trusses: two force and multi force member, assumption of analysis, analysis of truss,
identification of zero force members, method of joint and method of section.

 Introduction :
When a body moves or tends to move over another body, a force opposing the motion develops
at the contact surfaces. This force which opposes the movement or the tendency of movement is
called frictional force or simply friction. Friction is due to the resistance to motion offered by
minutely projecting particles at the contact surfaces.

 FRICTIONAL FORCE: It is the resisting force which oppose the movement the body, it always
acts opposite the movement of the body.

P = Applied Force
R = Normal Reaction
F= Frictional Force
W = Weight of the body

 Classification of the friction:

The frictional forces are classified into two types:

(i) Static friction

(ii) Dynamic Friction

 STATIC FRICTION:

It is the friction experienced by a body when it is at rest,

 DYNAMIC FRICTION:

It is the friction experience by a body when it is in motion. It is also called kinetic friction.

The Dynamic friction is further divided into two types

(i) Sliding friction: It is the friction experienced by a body when it slides over another body.

(ii) Rolling friction: It is the friction experience by a body when it rolls over another body.

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 COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION:

It is the ratio of limiting friction or frictional force and normal reaction. It is generally denoted by
μ (mu).
In mathematically:
μ=F/R
μ= tan φ or F=μR
Where φ= Angle of friction
F= Frictional force
R= Normal reaction
μ= Coefficient of friction

 The coefficient of static friction μs is defined as the ratio of limiting friction (Fmax) to
corresponding normal force,
μs = Fmax / R
Fmax = μs X R

 If two surfaces move relative to each other, the ratio of the friction developed to the
corresponding normal force is known as coefficient of kinetic friction
μk = Fk / R

Note : It should be noted that frictional force is equal to (μs X R ) is applicable only at the
point of impending motion. If the body does not move under the action of external forces
then the frictional force developed is less than the maximum value of static friction . Once
the motion has started , the frictional force is equal to kinetic friction which is less than the
maximum static friction

 LAWS OF FRICTION
The principles discussed in are mainly due to the experimental studies by Coulomb (1781) and
by Morin (1831) on solids in dry conditions. These principles constitute the laws known as
Coulomb’s laws of friction/laws of dry friction/laws of solid friction. These laws are listed
below:
(1) The force of friction always acts in a direction opposite to that in which body tends to move.
(2) Till the limiting value is reached, the magnitude of friction is exactly equal to the force which
tends to move the body.
(3) The magnitude of the limiting friction bears a constant ratio to the normal reaction between
the two surfaces of contact and this ratio is called coefficient of friction .
(4) The force of friction depends upon the roughness/smoothness of the surfaces.
(5) The force of friction is independent of the area of contact between the two surfaces.
(6) After the body starts moving, the dynamic friction comes into play, the magnitude of which is
less than that of limiting friction and it bears a constant ratio with normal force. This ratio is
called coefficient of dynamic friction.

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 ANGLE OF FRICTION ( ϴ ) : The angle of limiting friction may be defined as the

angle between the resultant reaction and the normal to the plane on which the motion of
the body is impending.

 ANGLE OF REPOSE (α ) :
It is an angle of the inclined plane at which the body is tends to slide downwards. This
angle is generally specified by α

 CONE OF FRICTION :

Cone of friction: The resultant reaction S makes an angle ϕ with normal reaction R as shown for
given set of axes XY. If X axis is rotated about Y axis, the resultant reaction S will also rotate.
The line of action of action of S will always lie on surface of right circular cone whose vertex
angle is equal to 2ϕ. This cone is known as cone of friction

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EQUILIBRIUM OF A BODY ON A ROUGH HORIZONTAL PLANE :

Example: A parcel weighing 200 N is just on the point of moving horizontally by a force of
52 N. What is coefficient of friction?

Example : A body of weight 300N is lying on a rough horizontal plane having a

coefficient of friction 0.3. Find the magnitude of force which can move the body,
while acting at an angle of 250 with the horizontal.

Solution :

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Find the value of μ if the body is in limiting equilibrium. Refer fig.

Solution:
For limiting equilibrium
Σ Fy = 0
+ R – W – 400 sin 30= 0
R = 1000 + 200
R = 1200 N
Σ Fx = 0
+ 400 cos 30 – F = 0
F = 346.410 N
But, F = μR
346.410 = μ (1200)
μ = 346.410 / 1200
μ = 0.288

Example : A cuboid block of weight 240 N rests on a rough floor as shown in Fig.
Determine the minimum force which can impend the block? Take co-efficient of
friction between the contact surfaces 0.28.Determine the maximum height at
which this minimum force can be applied to just impend the block without
toppling.

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when minimum force P is applied at maximum height, the block tends to topple and slide
about D, thus block remain in contact with surface about D as shown in Fig.

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EQUILIBRIUM OF A BODY ON A ROUGH INCLINED PLANE

1. Force acting along the inclined plane or Parallel to the Plane.

2. Force acting horizontally.
3. Force acting at some angle with the inclined plane.

Type : . Force acting along the inclined plane or Parallel to the Plane

Example: A block of mass 150 Kg is resting on a plane inclined at 300 with horizontal as
shown in fig. Determine range of an external force P to maintain equilibrium. Assume µ =
0.25

Case I : For Minimum Value of P , the block has tendency to slide down the plane. Consider
Following FBD

Solution : FBD
Σ Fy = 0

R – W cos 30 = 0

R = W cos 30 = 150 X 9.81 X cos 30 =

1274.35 N

Σ Fx = 0
P + F –W sin 30 = 0
P + (0.25 X 1274.35 ) – (150 X 9.81 X sin 30 )
=0

P - 417.16 = 0

P = 417.16 N

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Case II : For Maximum Value of P , the block has tendency to move up the plane. Consider
Following FBD

FBD
Σ Fy = 0

R – W cos 30 = 0

R = W cos 30 = 150 X 9.81 X cos 30 =

1274.35 N

Σ Fx = 0
P - F –W sin 30 = 0
P - (0.25 X 1274.35 ) – (150 X 9.81 X sin 30 )
=0

P – 1054.3375 = 0

P = 1054.33 N

Range of P for Equilibrium is 417.16 N ≤ P ≤ 1054.33 N

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Example : A block of mass 10 Kg rests on an inclined plane as shown in fig. If the coefficient
of static friction between the block and plane is µ = 0.25 , determine the Maximum force P to
maintain Equilibrium .

Solution: FBD
Σ Fy = 0

R – W cos 30 = 0

R = W cos 30 = 10 X 9.81 X cos 30 = 84.95 N

Σ Fx = 0
P - F –W sin 30 = 0
P - (0.25 X 84.95 ) – (10 X 9.81 X sin 30 ) = 0

P – 70.28 = 0

P = 70.28N

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Example : A 500 N force acting on the 150 Kg block resting on the inclination as shown in the
fig. If the coefficient of static and kinetic friction are 0.25 and 0.20 respectively. State whether
the block is in equilibrium or not . Also find the value of the frictional force.

Solution: tan Ѳ = 3/ 4 = 36.870

Σ Fy = 0
R – 150 X 9.81 cos 36.87 = 0
R = 1177.198 N

Σ Fx = 0
500 – 150 X 9.81 X sin 36.87 = -382.902N
Fmax = µs X R = 0.25 X 1177.198 = 294.3 N.

Since Fmax = 294.3 N > Σ Fx = -382.902 N the block is not in equilibrium i.e It slides down
the plane . hence frictional force will be upward along the plane .

Frictional Force ( F) = µk X R = 0.2 x 1177.198 = 235.439

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Type : Force acting horizontally.

Example : Determine the horizontal force P needed to just start moving the 300N crate up the
plane as shown in fig . Take Coefficient of friction = 0.1

Solution:

Σ Fy = 0

R – 300 cos 20 - P sin 20 = 0

R = ( 300 cos 20 + P sin 20)
Σ Fx = 0

P cos 20 – 300 sin 20 – F = 0

P cos 20 – 300 sin 20 – µ R = 0

P cos 20 – 300 sin 20 – 0.1 ( 300 cos 20 + P sin 20) = 0

P = 144.45 N
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Example : Determine whether the block shown in fig is in equilibrium and find the
magnitude and direction of the friction force when Ѳ = 30o and P = 200N.

Solution: FBD of the block as shown in fig :

Σ Fy = 0
R – 1000 cos 30 – 200 Sin 30 = 0
R = 966.025 N

Σ Fx = 0
200 cos 30 – 1000 sin 30 = -326.8 N
F = µs X R = 0.3 X 966.025 = 289.3 N.

Since Fmax = 289.3 N > Σ Fx = -326.8 N the block is not in equilibrium i.e It slides down the
plane hence frictional force will be upward along the plane .

Frictional Force ( F) = µk X R = 0.2 X 966.025 = 193.2 N

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Example : Determine whether the 10Kg block shown in fig is in equilibrium and find the
magnitude and direction of the friction force When P = 40N and Ѳ = 20o .

Solution : FBD of the block as shown in fig :

Σ Fy = 0
R + 40 Sin 20 – 98.1 cos 30 = 0
R = 71.276 N
Σ Fx = 0
40 cos 20 – 98.1 sin 30 = -11.46 N
Fmax = µs X R = 0.3 X 71.276 = 21.383 N.
Since Fmax = 21.383 N > Σ Fx = -11.46 N the block is not in equilibrium i.e It slides down the
plane hence frictional force will be upward along the plane .

Frictional Force ( F) = µk X R = 0.25 X 71.276 = 17.819 N

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 Ladder Friction :

Note :

1) If wall is smooth µw = 0 & Fw = 0

2) If ground is Smooth µg = 0 & Fg = 0

Condition Use : 1) Σ Fx = 0 2) Σ Fy = 0 3) Σ M = 0

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Example : A 5 m ladder of weight 300 N is placed against a smooth vertical wall as shown
in Figure Does the ladder remains in equilibrium? Assume µs between ladder and
horizontal surface as 0.3

Solution : FBD of Ladder As shown in fig : Assume equilibrium of the ladder and apply
conditions of equilibrium

FBD
Step 1 : Σ F x = 0
Rw–Fg =0
R w = F g ……… (1)
Step 2 : Σ F y = 0
R g – 300 = 0
R g = 300 N
Step 3 : Σ MA = 0
R w X 5 Sin 60 – 300 X 2.5 Cos 60 = 0
R w = 86.60 N

F max = μ s N, we can check our assumption of

equilibrium of the ladder as below,

F g max = 0.3 × R g
= 0.3 × 300 = 90 N > F g = 86.6 N
Since calculated value of friction force from
equilibrium analysis is less than F max , we
conclude that the ladder is in static
equilibrium.
The ladder will not slip .

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Example : A 800 N man starts climbing a ladder that placed against a wall as shown in
Figure Neglecting the weight of the ladder, determine how far up the ladder the man can
climb before the ladder starts slipping. Assume µs at both surfaces as 0.25.

Solution :

FBD
Step 1 : Σ F x = 0
Fg–Rw =0
0.25 R g - R w = 0 ……… (1)
(1)
Step 2 : Σ F y = 0
R g + F w – 800 = 0
R g + 025 R w=800
R g + R w = 3200 ………(2)

Solving Equation 1 & 2 We get

R g = 752.94 N
R w = 188.23 N

Step 3 : Σ MA = 0
800 X x Cos 60 – F w X 8 Cos 60 - R w X 8
Sin 60 = 0

800 X x Cos 60 – µ w X R w X 8 Cos 60 - R w

X 8 Sin 60 = 0

x = 3.73 m

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A 600 N man starts climbing a ladder of weight 100 N that placed against a wall as shown
in Figure The centre of mass of 10 m ladder is at its midpoint. What is the largest value of
α for which a man can climb to the top of the ladder without slipping? Assume coefficient
of static friction between ladder and floor as 0.4 and coefficient of static friction between
ladder and the wall as 0.3

Solution :

FBD
Step 1 : Σ F x = 0
Fg -Rw =0
0.4 Rg – Rw = 0 ……… (1)
(1)
Step 2 : Σ F y = 0
R g + F w –100 - 600 = 0
R g + 0.3 R w = 700
R g +0.3 R w = 700
3.33 Rg + Rw = 2333.33 N …..(2)
Solving Equation 1 & 2 We get
Rg = 625.55 N
R w = 250.22 N

Step 3 : Σ MA = 0
-100 X 5 cos α – 600 X 10 cos α + Rw X 10
Sin α – Fw X 600 X 10 Cos α = 0

-500 Cosα -6000 Cosα +75.066 Cosα +

2502.2 Sin α = 0
-6424.934 Cosα + 2502.2 Sin α = 0
2502.0 Sinα = 6424.934 Cos α
tanα = 2.56 α = 68.72 0

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Example : A uniform ladder weighing 800 N and 10m long is resting on a rough horizontal
floor and inclined at an angle of 300 with the vertical wall . The ladder would just slip if a
man of 1000 N weight reaches a point that is 8 m from the lower end of the ladder . If the
coefficient of friction between the wall and the ladder is 0.4 , determine the coefficient of
friction between the ladder and the floor

Solution :

FBD
Step 1 : Σ F x = 0
Rw–Fg =0
Rw - µgXRg=0 ……… (1)

Step 2 : Σ F y = 0
R g + F w – 1000 - 800 = 0
R g + 0.4 X R w = 1800…….. (2)

Step 3 : Σ MA = 0
R w X 10 Sin 60 + F w X 10Cos60 -800 X 5
Cos 60 – 1000 X 8 cos 60 = 0

R w X 10 Sin 60 + 0.4 X R w X 10 Cos60 -

800 X 5 Cos 60 – 1000 X 8 cos 60 = 0

R w = 562.85 N
Put Rw in equation (2 ) we get

R g = 1574.86 N
From Equation 1

µg = Rw / Rg = 562.85 / 1574.86 = 0.357

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Belt Friction:

The Figure shows a thin flexible flat belt passing over a cylinder. The angle of contact is β and
belt tensions are T1 and T2. T1 is the force on low tension side and T2 is the force on high
tension side.

At impending slip between cable/ rope and cylinder, the ratio of tension on high side and tension
on low side are related as,

𝑻𝟐
= 𝒆 µ𝜷
𝑻𝟏

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Example : The 500 N block is attached to a rope that passes over a fixed cylinder as shown
in Figure Determine the range of the horizontal force P for which the system will be at
rest. Assume coefficient of static friction between the rope and the cylinder as 0.3.

Solution :

1) For Maximum value of P

T2 = Pmax and T1 = 500 N ,β = 900 = (90 X π / 180 ) rad = 1.57 rad

𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙
= 𝒆 (𝟎.𝟑 𝑿𝟏.𝟓𝟕)
𝟓𝟎𝟎
Pmax = 800.79 N

2) For Minimum value of P

T2 = 500 and T1 = Pmax ,β = 900 = (90 X π / 180 ) rad = 1.57 rad

𝟓𝟎𝟎
= 𝒆 (𝟎.𝟑 𝑿𝟏.𝟓𝟕)
𝑷𝒎𝒊𝒏
Pmax = 312.30 N

Range of horizontal force P is from 800.79 N to 312.30 N that can keep the block in
equilibrium.

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Example : Two blocks of 175 N and 350 N respectively are suspended from a rope that
passes over a fixed cylinder as shown in Figure Determine minimum coefficient of friction
between rope and the cylinder that keep system in equilibrium.

Solution : T2 = 350 N , T1 = 175 N ,

β = 1800 = ( 180 X π / 180 ) rad = 3.14

𝑻𝟐 𝟑𝟓𝟎
= 𝒆 µ𝜷 = = 𝒆 (µ 𝑿𝟑.𝟏𝟒)
𝑻𝟏 𝟏𝟕𝟓

𝟑𝟓𝟎
ln ( ) = (µ 𝑿𝟑. 𝟏𝟒)
𝟏𝟕𝟓

µ = 0.2206

Example The 500 N block is attached to a rope that passed over a fixed cylinder as shown
in Figure . If P = 250 N, determine the minimum value of angle α at which block begins to
slip. Assume coefficient of static friction between the rope and the cylinder as 0.3.

Solution: T2 = 500 N , T1 = 250 N , β

= ? , µ = 0.3
𝑻𝟐
= 𝒆 µ𝜷
𝑻𝟏
𝟓𝟎𝟎
= 𝒆 (𝟎.𝟑 𝑿 𝜷)
𝟐𝟓𝟎
𝟓𝟎𝟎
ln ( ) = (𝟎. 𝟑 𝑿 𝜷)
𝟐𝟓𝟎

β = 2.31 rad

= 2.31 X (180 / π ) degree

= 132. 380

α = 132.38° – 90°

α = 42.4°

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Example : The 200 N block is suspended from a rope that passes over two f ixed cylinder as
shown in Figure Determine the smallest vertical force P required to exert on the rope to
support the block. Assume coefficient of static friction between the rope and the right
cylinder as 0.2 and between the rope and the left cylinder as 0.3.

Solution :

Considering impending motion, apply to the right cylinder of figure

In this equation T2 = 200 N, T1 = T (tension in the rope between two cylinders) and

β = 1.57 rad.

𝑻𝟐
= 𝒆 µ𝜷
𝑻𝟏
𝟐𝟎𝟎
=𝒆( 𝟎.𝟐 𝑿 𝟏.𝟓𝟕)
𝑻
T =146.19 N

Now apply to the left cylinder of figure In this equation T2 = T, T1 = P and β = 1.57 rad.

𝟏𝟒𝟔. 𝟏𝟗
=𝒆( 𝟎.𝟑 𝑿 𝟏.𝟓𝟕)
𝑷
P = 91.31 N

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WEDGES:

Wedges are small pieces of materials with two of their opposite surfaces not parallel. They are used to
slightly lift heavy blocks, machinery, precast beams etc. for final alignments or to make place for
inserting lifting devices.

 The weight of the wedge is very small compared to the weight lifted. Hence, in all problems, the
self-weight of wedge is neglected.
 In the analysis, instead of treating normal reaction and frictional force independently, it is
advantageous to consider their resultant.
 If F is limiting friction, then resultant makes limiting frictional angle Ф with the normal. Its
direction should be marked correctly.
 For this, it should be noted that the tangential component R is the frictional force and it always
acts opposite to impending motion. The analysis procedure is illustrated with two examples
below:

Example: A block overlying a 100 wedge on a horizontal floor and leaning against a vertical
wall and weight 15 KN is to be raised by applying a horizontal force to the wedge. Assuming the
coefficient of friction between all the surfaces in contact to be 0.3, determine the minimum
horizontal force to be applied to raise the block.

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Example: Two wedge blocks A and B are employed to raise a load of 20 KN resting on
another block C by application of force P as shown in fig. Neglecting weights of the blocks
and assuming coefficient of friction = 0.25 for all the surfaces, determine the value of P for
impending upward motion of the block C.

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Trusses: Truss is one of the important engineering structures. Truss is used to support the load.
A frame which is composed of members joined at their ends to form a structure, called a
truss. Members of a truss are two-force members that are subjected to two equal and opposite
forces directed along member. Truss structures are used in buildings, bridges, roofs, transmission
towers etc.

Types of Trusses :

1) Perfect Truss: A pin jointed truss which has got just sufficient number of members to
resist the load without undergoing any deformation in shape is called a perfect truss.

Triangular frame is the simplest perfect frame and it has 03 joints and 03 members. It may
be observed that to increase one joint in a perfect frame, two more members are required.
Hence, the following expression may be written as the relationship between number of joint
j, and the number of members m in a perfect frame. m = 2j – 3.

A truss which satisfies the relation m = 2j - 3 is called a perfect truss. Perfect truss can be
completely analysed by static equilibrium condition. Therefore, it is also called a determinate
structure.

Example :

Here m = 3 , j = 3

m = 2j - 3

3=2X3-3

3=3

i.e m = 2j - 3→ Perfect Truss

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2) Imperfect Truss :°This type of truss does not retain its shape under external loading due
to joining of fewer members as compare to perfect truss. It is also called deficient truss

Mathematically, the condition for an imperfect truss is m < (2j − 3)

Following are two subimperfect trusses.

a) Imperfect Deficient Truss : A truss which satisfies the relation m < 2j - 3 is called a
deficient truss. It is unstable and may collapse under external forces

Example :

Here m = 8 , J = 6

m = 2j - 3
8=2X6–3
8≠9
8<9
i.e m < (2j − 3) → deficient truss

b) Imperfect Redundant Truss : A truss which satisfies the relation m > 2j - 3 is called a
redundant truss. It is over rigid truss. It cannot be completely analysed by static equilibrium
condition. Therefore, it is an indeterminate structure

Example :

Here m = 10 , J =6
m = 2j - 3
10 = 2 X 6 – 3
10 ≠ 9
10 > 9
i.e m > (2j − 3) → Redundant truss

(a) When LHS = RHS, Perfect frame.

(b) When LHS < RHS, Deficient frame.

(c) When LHS>RHS, Redundant frame.

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 Assumptions for a Perfect Truss

1. All the members of truss are straight and connected to each other at their ends by frictionless
pins.

2. All loading (external forces) on truss are acting only at pins.

3. All the members are assumed to be weightless.

4. All the members of truss and external forces acting at pins lies in same plane.

5.Static equilibrium condition is applicable for analysis of perfect truss

 Two-Force Member Concept :

When a member is in equilibrium under only two forces it is called as two force member
The two force must be collinear , equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. Consider a
simply supported truss as shown in Fig. shows the FBD of pin C. Tensile force is
represented by an arrow drawn away from the pin. Compressive force is represented by an
arrow drawn towards the pin.

 Multi Force Member: When a member is acted upon by three or more forces it is
called Multi force member. These forces are not directed along the members on
which they act and their directions is also unknown .
 Frames , Machines , Cranes are example of Multi force members.

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RULES FOR FINDING ZERO FORCE MEMBER :

1) If there are three members at a joint out of which two are collinear and no external
force acts on that joint , The third member is a zero force member as shown in fig.
The other two members have same force.

2) If there are only two members at a joint and there is no external force on that joint
both members are zero force members.

3) If there are only two members at a joint and the external force is along one of the
members , then the other is a zero force member

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 Method of Joints :

Procedure for Method of Joints :

1. For simply supported truss, consider the FBD of the entire truss. Applying condition of
equilibrium

(i.e. Σ F x = 0 , Σ FY = 0 , Σ M = 0 ) find support reactions.

2. Consider the FBD of joint (pin) from the truss at which not more than two members with
unknown force exists.

3. Assume the member to be in tension or compression by simple inspection and applying

condition of equilibrium (i.e., Σ F x = 0 , Σ FY = 0 ) to find the answers.

4. The assumed sense can be verified from the obtained numerical results. A positive answer
indicate that the sense is correct, whereas a negative answer indicates that the sense shown on the
FBD must be changed.

5. Select the new FBD of joint with not more than two unknowns in a member and repeat points
3, 4 and 5 for complete analysis.

6. Tabulate the answer representing the member, magnitude of force and their nature.

 Method of Sections :

1. Consider the FBD of entire truss and find the support reactions applying equilibrium
conditions.

2. Select the cutting section to cut the truss into two parts such that it should not cut more than
three unknown members.

3. Select the FBD of any one of the two parts considering all active and reactive force acting on
that part.

4. Assume tension or compression in the cut members and by applying equilibrium condition its
numerical values can be obtained. If the obtained value is negative, do the required change in
nature of force (T/C)

5. Though three equations of equilibrium are available (i.e(i.e. Σ F x = 0 , Σ FY = 0 , Σ M = 0 )

by selecting appropriate point for moment such that two known passes through that point.
Moment of centre may or may not lie on the FBD of truss.

6. Do not consider the effect of uncut member in FBD

NMIET –FE DEPT –EGM – Anil J .Yadav

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I ) Method of Joints

Example : A truss of 8m span consisting of seven members each of 4m length supported at

its ends and loaded as shown in Fig. Determine the forces in the members by method of
joints

Solution : Find Support Reaction using condition of equilibrium :

Σ MA = 0 Σ Fy = 0
(3 X 2 ) + (2 X 6) – ( 8 X Rc ) = 0 RA + RC - 3 - 2 = 0
Rc = 2.25 KN RA = 2.75 KN

 Consider the joint A

Σ Fy = 0

RA+FAE sin 600 = 0

FAE X 0.866 = - 2.75

FAE = -3.17 KN (C )

Σ Fx = 0

FAB + FAE cos 600 = 0

FAB = 1.58 KN ( T )

NMIET –FE DEPT –EGM – Anil J .Yadav

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 Consider the joint C.

Σ Fy = 0

RC + FDC sin 600 = 0

FDC X 0.866 = - 2.25

FDC = -2.59 KN (C )

Σ Fx = 0

FBC - FDC cos 600 = 0

FBC = 1.29 KN (T )

 Consider the joint B.

Σ Fy = 0

FBE Sin 600 + FBD Sin 60 = 0

FBE Sin 600 = - FBD Sin 60

FBE = - FBD

Σ Fx = 0

FBC + FBD Cos 600 - FBE cos 600 - FAB = 0

1.29 + 0.5 FBD - 0.5 FBE - 1.58 = 0

-0.29 + 0.5 FBD - 0.5 (- FBD ) = 0

-0.29 + FBD = 0

FBD = 0.29 KN (T )

FBE = - FBD = - (0.29 )

FBE = - 0.29 KN (C )

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 Consider the joint D.

Σ Fx = 0

-FDE – FBD Cos 60 + FCD Cos 60 =0

-FDE – 0.29 X 0.5 + 2.59 X 0.5 =0

FDE = -1.44 KN ( C )

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Example : Determine the forces in the truss shown in Fig It carries a horizontal load of 16
kN and vertical load of 24 kN.

Solution :

Find Support Reaction using condition of equilibrium :

Σ MA = 0

(24 X 2 ) + (16 X 1.5) – ( 4 X RB ) = 0

RB = 18 KN

Σ Fy = 0

RA + RB - 24 = 0

RA = 6 KN

Σ Fx = 0
In the triangle BCD, BC2 = CD2 + BD2
16 – HA = 0 BC2 = (1.5)2 + ( 2 )2
BC = 2.5 m
HA = 16 KN Sin Ѳ = DC / BC = 1.5 / 2.5 = 0.6

Sin Ѳ = 0.6

θ = 36.800

NMIET –FE DEPT –EGM – Anil J .Yadav

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 Consider the joint A.

Σ Fy = 0

RA + FAC sin 36.800 = 0

6 + FAC X 0.599 = 0

FAC = - 10 KN (C )

Σ Fx = 0

FAC cos 36.8 + FAD - HA = 0

FAC X 0.8 + FAD - 16 = 0

- 8 + FAD - 16 = 0

FAD = 24 KN (T )

 Consider the joint B

Σ Fy = 0

RB + FBC sin 36.800 = 0

18 + FBC X 0.599 = 0

FBC = - 30 KN (C )

Σ Fx = 0

FBC cos 36.8 + FBD = 0

-30 X 0.8 + FBD = 0

- 24 + FBD = 0

F BD = 24 KN (T )

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Example: Determine the forces in all members of a truss loaded and supported as shown in
fig :

Σ MA = 0

5 X 3 – RD X 1 = 0

RD = 15 KN

Σ Fy = 0
Ay - 5 = 0

Ay = 5 KN

Σ Fx = 0

15 + Ax = 0

Ax = - 15 KN

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 Consider the joint B

Σ Fy = 0

-FBC Sin 45 - 5 = 0

FBC = - 7.071 KN ( C )

Σ Fx = 0

- FBC cos 45 - FBA = 0

FBA = 4.99 KN ( T )

 Consider the joint C

Σ Fy = 0

- 7.071 Sin 45 + FCA Sin 26.56 = 0

FCA = 11.30 KN

NMIET –FE DEPT –EGM – Anil J .Yadav

 https://t.me/sppu_fe_solve_paper

 Consider the joint D

Σ Fy = 0

FDA = 0

Σ Fx = 0

FDC + 15 = 0

FDC = - 15 KN (C )

RESULT :

Sr. No Member Force (KN) Nature of Force

1 CD 15 C
2 CB 7.071 C
3 BA 5 T
4 DA 0 ----
5 CA 11.30 T

NMIET –FE DEPT –EGM – Anil J .Yadav

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II) METHOD OF SECTION:

Example :Determine the force in members FE, FC and BC of the truss using method of
Sections and state if the members are in tension or compression . Given P1 =2.22 KN and P2
= 6.66 KN.

Solution: Take Cutting section FE , FC and BC as shown in fig :

Σ MA = 0 FBD of Truss

(2.22 X 3) + ( 6.66 X 6 ) – ( RD X 9 ) = 0

RD = 5.18 KN

Σ Fy = 0

Ay + RD – 2.22 – 6.66 = 0

Ay = 3.7 KN

Σ Fx = 0

Ax = 0

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FBD of Left portion Truss

tan Ѳ = 3/3 =1 Ѳ = 450

Taking Moment at Joint F

Σ MF = 0

( 3.7 X 3 ) - ( FBC X 3 ) = 0

FBC = 3.7 KN (T)

Σ Fy = 0

3.7 – FFC Sin 45 - 2.2 = 0

FFC = 2.12 KN (T)

Σ Fx = 0

FFE + FBC + FFC Cos 45 = 0

FFE + 3.7 + 2.12 X 0.707 = 0

FFE = - 5.19 KN (C)

RESULT :

Sr. No Member Force (KN) Nature of Force

1 BC 3.7 T
2 FC 2.12 T
3 FE 5.19 C

NMIET –FE DEPT –EGM – Anil J .Yadav

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Example : The roof truss support the vertical loading shown in fig . Determine the force in
member BC, CK, and KJ and state if these members are in tension or Compression.

Solution: Take Cutting section BC , CK and KJ as shown in fig :

Σ MA = 0 FBD of Truss

(4 X 4) + ( 8 X 6 ) – ( RG X 12 ) = 0

RG = 5.33 KN

Σ Fy = 0

Ay + RG – 4 – 8 = 0

Ay = 6.67 KN

Σ Fx = 0

Ax = 0

NMIET –FE DEPT –EGM – Anil J .Yadav

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tan Ѳ = 3/6 =0.5 Ѳ = 26.5650 FBD of Left portion Truss

Taking Moment at Joint A

Σ MA = 0
- ( FCK X 4 ) = 0

FCK =0

Σ Fy = 0

6.67+ FBC Sin 26.565 =0

FBC = - 14.91 KN (C)

Σ Fx = 0

FKJ + FBC Cos 26.565 = 0

FKJ = 13.33 KN (T)

RESULT :

Sr. No Member Force (KN) Nature of Force

1 CK 0 ---
2 BC 14.91 C
3 KJ 13.33 T

NMIET –FE DEPT –EGM – Anil J .Yadav

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Example : Determine forces in members BC, GF and CG and nature of forces also using
method of section.

FBD of Truss

α = tan-1 (3/4) = 36.87

Solution : Take Cutting section BC , GF and CG as shown in fig

Taking Moment at Joint G Consider right side of truss FBD

Σ MG = 0
(6 X 4 ) - ( FBC X 3 ) = 0

FBC = 8 KN (T)

Σ MA = 0
( FCG Sin 36.87 X 4) + ( FCG cos 36.87 X 3)
– (4 X 4 )

FCG = 3.33 KN (T)

Σ Fy = 0

FCG Sin 36.87 - FGF sin 36.87 - 4 - 6 = 0

FGF = 13.33 KN ( C )

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Question Bank

1. What is Friction? Explain with a neat sketch any two properties of Friction.
2. Explain angle of repose and angle of friction with sketch.
3. State and explain ladder friction with free body diagram.
4. Define zero force members in truss and what are the conditions to identify them, with a
sketch?
5. Define two force and multi force members.
6. Differentiate truss and frame with suitable sketch.
7. Explain 2j –3 < m , 2j –3 = m , 2j –3 > m with sketch.
8. A body which weights 1000N rests on a horizontal plane , the coefficient of friction
between the body and the plane being 0.1. Find the force , which acting at 300 to the
horizontal will just move thw body. ( Ans : P : 109.2 N)
9. A body of weight 50 N is traveled along a rough horizontal plane by a pull of 18 N
acting at an angle of 140 with the horizontal. Find the coefficient of ststic friction.
(Ans=0.383)
10. A 45 Kg block is resting on a rough inclined surface as shown in fig . If the coefficient
of ststic friction is 0.20 , determine the range of force P required to cause motion.

11. A 4 m ladder is rest against smooth wall and on a horizontal floor as shown in Fig. 4c. If
coefficient of statics friction. µs = 0.2 and the mass of the ladder is 25kg, determine the normal
reaction to maintain the equilibrium.

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11. Identify the zero force members and find forces in the remaining members for the
pin jointed truss as shown in Fig.

12. The roof truss support the vertical loading shown in fig .Determine the force in
members BC, CK and KJ and state if these members are in tension or compression .

NMIET –FE DEPT –EGM – Anil J .Yadav