Fergusson College (Autonomous)

F.Y. B. Sc. (Computer Science)

2020-21

Electronics Paper – I
Fundamentals of Logic Circuit Design
SEM-I & II Electronics Courses
 Reference Books

Digital Principles and Applications

By
Albert Paul Malvino, Donald P. Leach

Modern Digital Electronics

By
R. P. Jain
 Free EBook

https://www.pdfdrive.com/digital-principles-
and-applications-d158092173.html
Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Acquire the skills of logic circuit design using

logic gates.

2. Evaluate various number systems and codes used

in programs development.

3. Solve and implement complex Boolean

expressions using minimisation techniques.

4. Design, analyze and implement combinational,

arithmetic and logic circuits.
 Semester - I
Fundamentals of Logic Circuit Design
Subject Code - ELC 1101
 Unit – I Logic gates

 Unit – II Number system and codes

 Unit – III Boolean Algebra

 Unit – IV Arithmetic and logical circuits

 Unit – V Combinational Circuits

 Unit – I Logic gates
After studying this unit students will
 Understand analog signals and digital signals.

 Know what is Positive and Negative logic.

 Know about digital pulsed waveform.

 Understand Logic gates : definition, symbols, truth

tables and Boolean expressions.

 Understand Pulsed operation of NOT, OR, AND,

NAND, NOR, EX-OR, EX-NOR and working of
universal logic gates.
Introduction to analog signals and digital signals

Signal is an electrical or optical wave form which contain

some information or it is any time varying voltage,
current or electromagnetic wave that carries information.

A signal is a representation, that gives some

information about the data present at the source from
which it is produced.

A signal can be a source of energy which transmits

some information.
A signal produced from an electronic Circuit /
equipment, is called an Electronic Signal or Electrical
Signal.
For example:
 A mobile phone rings signaling a call for you.
 A microwave oven beep signal confirms that the
food is cooked.
 An alarm gives a signal that it’s time you wanted.
 A traffic signal indicates your expected
movement.
 Types of signals

ANALOG SIGNALS DIGITAL SIGNALS

PERIODIC APERIODIC PERIODIC APERIODIC

 Analog Signal
• An analog signal is continuous time-varying signal.
This signal keeps on varying with respect to time,
according to the instantaneous values of the quantity,
which represents it.

• A simple type of analog signal is a sine wave.

• An analog signal can be defined by using amplitude,

time period or frequency, and phase.

• An analog signal is not resistant toward the noise,

therefore it faces distortion and reduces the
transmission quality.
• For the analog signal, minimum and maximum
values can be either positive or negative.

• They can be periodic (repeating) or non-periodic

(aperiodic).

• Sine wave, square wave, triangular wave, sawtooth

wave are some of the common analog signals.

• Normally if a square wave shows a negative value

then its not considered as a digital signal, it will be
known as square wave analog signal.
Different parameters of Sine wave (analog) Signal
 Periodic Signal & Aperiodic Signal

Periodic Signal: Any analog or digital signal, that

repeats its pattern over a period of time, is called as
a Periodic Signal. This signal has its pattern continued
repeatedly.

Among the Periodic Signals, the most commonly used

signals are Sine wave, Cosine wave, Triangular wave,
Square wave, Rectangular wave, Saw-tooth, Pulsed
wave or pulse train etc.
Aperiodic Signal: Any analog or digital signal, that
doesn’t repeat its pattern over a period of time, is
called as Aperiodic Signal.

This signal has its pattern continued but the pattern is

not repeated.
 Digital Signal
• A signal which is discrete in nature or which is non-
continuous in form termed as a Digital signal.

• The digital signal is obtained by converting analog

Signal to digital Signal by Analog to digital (ADC)
Converter.

• A digital signal carries the data in the form of binary

one or zero which signifies the bits.

• Digital signals are more resistant towards the noise

therefore, it barely faces distortion.
• Digital signals are commonly referred to as
rectangular wave signal or clock signals.

• Their minimum value may be 0 volts representing

logic 0, and maximum value may be 5 volt
representing logic 1.

• They can be periodic (repeating) or non-periodic.

• The time the signal is high (tH) can vary anywhere

approximately from 1% of the period to 99% of the
period.
Digital signal representation
 Difference between Analog signal and Digital Signal
Analog Signal Digital Signal
An analog signal is a continuous signal that A digital signal signifies a discrete signal that
keeps changing with a time period. carries binary data and has discrete values.

Sine wave is one of the commonly referred Digital signal is rectangular or pulsed wave
Analog signals. signal.

Analog signals describe the behavior of the Digital signal describes the behavior of the signal
wave with respect to amplitude, time period, with respect to the rate of a bits as well as bit
& phase of the signal. interval.

Analog signal amplitude range may not be Digital signal amplitude is fixed which is low
fixed. voltage i. e. logic 0 and high voltage i.e. logic 1.

Effect of noise on the digital signal are easily

As compared to digital signal, Analog signals minimized. Therefore, it does not often face much
are more affected by the noise. distortion.

The example of an analog signal is the

human voice converted to equivalent electrical The example of a digital signal is the data
signal by microphone. transmission in a computer.
 Advantages of Digital Signal Over Analog Signal

There are several advantages using digital signal over

an analog signal.
Digital signals are more secure, and they do not get
much distorted by noise.

 Digital signals are transmitted over a longer distance

with less power consumption.

 Digital signal has a higher rate of data transmission.

 By using these signals, it is possible to transmit the

messages, audio, video into device language.
 Logic Levels Representation
Most digital systems use the simplest possible type of
signal which has just two values. This type of signal
is called a logical signal because the two values (or
states) can be called true and false.

There are two types of representations used in digital

systems, the positive logic and the negative logic
representations.
Positive Logic
In positive logic representation Bit 1 represents Logic
high and Bit 0 represent a Logic low as shown in figure
on the next slide.
High is represented by +5 Volts and low is represented
by 0 Volts (in TTL circuits).

Other labels for the true and false states are shown in
the table.
 Logic states
True False
1 0
High Low
+Vs 0V
On Off

In the negative logic representations exactly opposite

logic levels exists.
Negative Logic
In Negative logic representation logic 1 represents low
voltage and logic 0 represents high voltage as shown in
figure on the next slide or logic High is represented by 0
Volts and logic low is represented by +5 Volts (in TTL
circuits).
Other labels for the true and false states are shown in the
table.
 Logic states
0 1
True False
High Low
+Vs 0V
ON OFF
 Pulse Waveform
Series of 1s and 0s can be found in digital systems which
are called as pulse trains.
This can be further classified as periodic and nonperiodic.

• Periodic – repeating the same waveform at a fixed

interval, called period (T)
• Nonperiodic – opposite to periodic, where the waveform
does not repeat itself at a fixed interval

Terms related to Pulse waveform are

• Period – total of time that a waveform repeats itself
• Frequency(Hz) – rate of waveform repetition per second
• Duty cycle – ratio of the pulse width to the pulse period.
Periodic and Non-periodic Pulse representation
Relationships between period, frequency and duty cycle
 Clock

Clock is a basic timing waveform which is used to

synchronize input/s and output in digital systems.

A clock signal is periodic signal that oscillates

between low state and high state.

It is also used to synchronize the internal operations

in digital circuits.

It, itself does not carry any data or information.

Timing diagram:
It is a graph of digital waveforms showing the actual
time relationship of two or more inputs and output,
and how each waveform changes in relation to the
clock input.
 Introduction to Logic Gates
George Boole developed a mathematical system for formulating
logic statements with symbols so that problems can be written and
solved in a manner similar to ordinary algebra.
The Real world basic example:
“The Bulb is ON”
We need to think about the bulb’s condition and the switch position
(ON or OFF).

The term “logic” is applied in such a scenario to explain relation

between input i.e. switch and output i.e. Bulb.
Logic Gates:
Logic gates are the basic building blocks of any digital system.
Logic gate is an electronic circuit having one or more than one
inputs and only one output.

The relationship between the input and the output is based on a

certain logic.

These gates are implemented using electronic switches like

transistors, diodes etc.

Logic gate’s ICs (Integrated Circuits) are built using different logic
families like TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic), CMOS
(Complementary Metal Oxide semiconductor) etc. in which BJT’s
FET’s ( Field Effect Transistor) and MOSFET’s (Metal Oxide
Semiconductor FET) etc.
Truth Table:
The table used to represent the Boolean expression of a logic gate
function is commonly called a Truth Table.

A logic gate truth table shows each possible input combination to the
gate or circuit with the resultant output depending upon the
combination of these input(s).

Boolean Expression:
The relation between inputs and the output can be expressed
mathematically by means of the Boolean expression.
Classification of Logic Gates
NOT Gate- The basic logic gate having one input (A) and one
output (Y)

The output of NOT gate is high (1) if its input is low (0).
The output of NOT gate is low (0) if its input is high (1).
It is clear that NOT gate simply inverts the given input.

Since NOT gate simply inverts the given input, therefore it is also
known as Inverter Gate.

Logic Symbol- The logic symbol for NOT Gate is as shown below
Truth Table-
The truth table for NOT Timing Diagram-
Gate is as shown below-
AND Gate
The output of AND gate is high (1) if all of its inputs are high (1).
The output of AND gate is low (0) if at least one of its inputs is low
(0).

Logic Symbol
The logic symbol for AND Gate is as shown below
Truth Table
The truth table for AND Gate is Timing Diagram
as shown below-

A B Y = A.B

0 0 0

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 1
OR Gate-
The output of OR gate is high (1) if any one or more of its inputs
are high (1).
The output of OR gate is low (0) if all of its inputs are low (0).

Logic Symbol-
Truth Table-
The truth table for OR
Timing Diagram-
Gate is as shown below-

A B Y = A+B

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 1
Universal Logic Gates-

They are called as “Universal Gates” because-

 They can realize all the binary operations.
 All the basic logic gates can be derived from them.
There are following two universal logic gates-
1. NAND Gate
2. NOR Gate
 NAND Gate-
 NAND Gate is constructed by connecting a NOT Gate at the
output terminal of the AND Gate as shown in diagram1.

 The output of NAND gate is high (1) if at least one of its inputs
is low (0).

 The output of NAND gate is low (0) if all of its inputs are high
(1).

Diagram1
 Logic Symbol-
The logic symbol for NAND Gate is as shown below-

Truth Table
The truth table for NAND Timing Diagram
Gate is as shown below-
NOR Gate-
• A NOR Gate is constructed by connecting a NOT Gate at the output
terminal of the OR Gate as shown in diagram1.

•The output of NOR gate is high (1) if all of its inputs are low (0).

•The output of NOR gate is low (0) if any of its inputs is high (1).

Logic Symbol- Diagram1

The logic symbol of NOR Gate is as shown below-
The truth table of NOR Gate Timing Diagram
is as shown below
DERIVED LOGIC GATES
The logic gates which are derived from the basic gates such as AND,
OR, NOT gates are called derived gates. XOR and XNOR are derived
logic gates.
Exclusive OR - EXOR Gate (XOR)
• The XOR gate is derived gate.
•In two i/p XOR gate when both the inputs are identical (A =B), the
output is LOW (0).
• When the inputs are not identical (A ≠ B), the output is HIGH (1).

Logic Symbol
The logic symbol for Ex Gate is as shown below-
Truth Table
The truth table for XOR Gate is as
shown below-
Timing Diagram
Exclusive NOR - EXNOR Gate (XNOR)-
• The XNOR gate is derived gate.
• In two i/p XNOR gate, when both the inputs are identical (A =B),
the output is HIGH (1).
• When the inputs are not identical (A ≠ B), the output is LOW (0).
Logic Symbol
The logic symbol for Ex NOR Gate is as shown below-
Truth Table-
The truth table for XNOR Timing Diagram-
Gate is as shown below-
 De-Morgan’s First Theorem
It states that complement of sum is equal to the product of their
complements.
In equation it stated as: A  B  A  B

Where A and B are Binary variables.

The LHS of theorem represents NOR gate with inputs A and B,

whereas RHS of this theorem represents an AND gate with inverted
inputs (bubbled AND gate).
Verification of First theorem:

The theorem can be verified by writing a truth table as shown below.

 De-Morgan’s Second Theorem:
It states that complement of Product is equal to the Sum of their
complements.
In equation it stated as :

Where A and B are Binary variables.

The LHS of theorem represents NAND gate with inputs A and B,

whereas RHS of this theorem represents an OR gate with inverted
inputs (bubbled OR gate).
Verification of first theorem:

The theorem can be verified by writing a truth table as shown below.

 NAND gate as universal gate
NOT Gate: Using Only NAND Gates

When A= 0 Y= 1
When A= 1 Y=0

It is a truth table of NOT gate

 AND Gate: Using Only NAND Gates

When A= 0 and B = 0 Y= 0
When A= 0 and B = 1 Y=0
When A = 1 and B = 0 Y=0
When A = 1 and B = 1 Y=1

It is a truth table of AND gate

 OR Gate: Using Only NAND Gates

---Using De- Morgan’s 2nd theorem

When A= 0 and B = 0 Y=0

When A= 0 and B = 1 Y=1
When A = 1 and B = 0 Y=1
When A = 1 and B = 1 Y=1

It is a truth table of OR gate

XOR Gate: Using Only NAND Gates

-----------Using De- Morgan’s 2nd theorem

When A= 0 and B = 0 Y= 0
When A= 0 and B = 1 Y=1
When A = 1 and B = 0 Y=1
When A = 1 and B = 1 Y=0

It is a truth table of XOR gate

 XNOR Gate: Using Only NAND Gates

When A= 0 and B = 0 Y= 1
When A= 0 and B = 1 Y=0
When A = 1 and B = 0 Y=0
When A = 1 and B = 1 Y=1

It is a truth table of XNOR gate

 NOR Gate as Universal Gate

NOR Gate NOT Gate: Using Only NOR Gate

Y=

Ref: https://www.lancasterschools.org/cms/lib/NY19000266/Centricity/Domain/1055/UniversalNOR.pdf
 OR Gate: Using Only NOR Gates

A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
AND Gate: Using Only NOR Gates

A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
NAND Gate: Using Only NOR Gates

When A= 0 and B = 0 Y= 1
When A= 0 and B = 1 Y=1
When A = 1 and B = 0 Y=1
When A = 1 and B = 1 Y=0

It is a truth table of NAND gate

 XOR Gate: Using Only NOR Gates

When A= 0 and B = 0 Y2 = 0
When A= 0 and B = 1 Y2 = 1
When A = 1 and B = 0 Y2 = 1
When A = 1 and B = 1 Y2 = 0

It is a truth table of XOR gate

XOR Gate using NOR Gate
 XNOR Gate: Using Only NOR Gates

When A= 0 and B = 0 Y= 1
When A= 0 and B = 1 Y=0
When A = 1 and B = 0 Y=0
When A = 1 and B = 1 Y=1

It is a truth table of XNOR gate

Logic ICs (Integrated Circuits)
Long answer type questions (5 Marks each)

Q.1 Explain with appropriate wave forms analog and digital signals.
Q.2 Explain basic logic gates.
Q.3 How are AND & OR gates are obtained using only NAND
gates?
Q.4 How are AND & OR gates are obtained using only NOR
gates?
Q.5 Explain NAND / NOR gate as universal gate.
Q. 6 How are XOR & XNOR gates designed using NAND / NOR
gates?
Q. 7 State and prove De-Morgan’s theorems.
Q. 8 Explain derived gates.
Q. 9 What is difference between analog and digital signals?
Short answer type questions (3 Marks each)

Q. 1 Explain analog signal.

Q. 2 Explain digital signal
Q. 3 What is positive and negative logic?
Q. 4 Explain NOT & OR gates.
Q. 5 Explain XOR / XNOR gate with proper logic diagram,
symbol and truth table.
Q. 6 How is OR gate constructed using only NAND gates?
Q. 7 How is AND gate constructed using NOR gates?
Q. 8 What are the truth tables of XNOR, NAND and OR gates?
Questions of 1 or 2 marks.

Q. 1 What is periodic and aperiodic signal?

Q. 2 Write the truth tables of NOT, AND & OR gates.
Q. 3 Draw the symbols of NOT, AND & OR gates.
Q. 4 Which gates are known as Universal gates?
Q. 5 Which gates are known derived gates?
Q. 6 Draw the equivalent XOR gate using NAND / NOR gates.
Q. 7 Draw the equivalent XNOR gate using NAND / NOR gates.
Q. 8 State the De-Morgan’s 1st / 2nd theorem.
Q. 9 Prove the De-Morgan’s 1st / 2nd theorem.
Q. 10 What is the output of two i/p XNOR gate if the applied
inputs are zero and one