GUIDED BYMR.

JATISH BAG

SUBMITTED BY086451378

PRATISHTHA SHARMA

 Introduction Objective Scope Approach

Methodology:

Solar Passive Design Building, Himachal Pradesh State Government Secretariat, Shimla

Literature Review Case study Conclusion Timeline References

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 Buildings, as they are designed and used today, contribute to serious

environmental problems because of excessive consumption of energy and other natural resources. The close connection between energy use in buildings and environmental damage arises because energy intensive solutions sought to construct a building and meet its demand for heating, cooling, ventilation, and lighting cause severe depletion of invaluable environmental resources.
However, buildings can be designed to meet the occupants need for

thermal and visual comfort at reduced levels of energy and resources consumption. Energy resource efficiency in new constructions can be effected by adopting an integrated approach to building design.

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 Construction sector contributes to nearly

10% of Indias GDP and growing at about 9 -10%.

Energy demand increasing (30% of total

electricity consumption is in residential/commercial sector).

Domestic water consumption is 30 billion

m3 and projected increase to 111 billion m3 by 2050.

Construction and building wastes pose

serious environmental threats.

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 To understand the need for energy

efficient buildings.
To achieve a practical approach to high

performance/ buildings.

energy

efficient

To understand the methodology and

different ways of achieving a high performance building in cold climates.

To understand the importance of high

performance buildings in these times when the natural resources are getting extinct.
Himurja, Shimla

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 To find further resources and

techniques that add to the efficiency of a high performance building.

To use building envelope and

orientation for increasing the energy efficiency of a building.

To let people understand the need of

the high performance building.

MLA Hostel, Shimla

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The primary steps are as follows:

Incorporate solar passive techniques in a building design to minimize load on

conventional systems (heating, cooling, ventilation, and lighting).

Design energy-efficient lighting and HVAC (heating, ventilation and air-

conditioning) systems.
Use renewable energy systems (solar photovoltaic systems / solar water heating

systems) to meet a part of building load.

Use low energy materials and methods of construction and reduce

transportation energy.

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LITERATURE REVIEW
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Architects can achieve energy efficiency in the buildings they design by studying the macro and microclimate of the site, applying bioclimatic architectural principles to combat the adverse conditions, and taking advantage of the desirable conditions. A few common design elements that directly or indirectly affect thermal comfort conditions and thereby the energy consumption in a building are listed below:
Landscaping
Ratio of built form to open spaces Location of water bodies Orientation

Planform
Building envelope and fenestration
Tabo Monastary Rest House

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 Building orientation is a significant design consideration, mainly with

regard to solar radiation and wind. In predominantly cold regions, buildings should be oriented to maximize solar gain; the reverse is advisable for hot regions. In regions where seasonal changes are very pronounced, both the situations may arise periodically. For a cold climate, an orientation slightly east of south is favored (especially 15 east of south), as this exposes the unit to more morning than afternoon sun and enables the house to begin to heat during the day. This has been amply demonstrated in the MLA hostel building at Shimla.

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 The volume of space inside a building that needs to be heated or cooled and

its relationship with the area of the envelope enclosing the volume affects the thermal performance of the building.
This parameter, known as the S/V (surface-to-volume) ratio, is determined by the

building form. For any given building volume, the more compact the shape, the less wasteful it is in gaining/ losing heat. Hence, in hot, dry, regions and cold climates, buildings are compact in form with a low S/V ratio to reduce heat gain and losses respectively.
Also, the building form determines the airflow pattern a round the

building, directly affecting its ventilation.

The depth of a building also determines

the requirements for artificial lighting - greater more the depth, higher the need for artificial lighting.
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 The building envelope and its components are key determinants of the

amount of heat gain and loss and wind that enters inside. The primary elements affecting the performance of a building envelope are (a) Materials and construction techniques, (b) Roof, (c) Walls, (d) Fenestration and shading, and (e) Finishes.

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 Walls are a major part of the building

envelope and receive large amounts of solar radiation. The heat storage capacity and heat conduction property of walls are key to meeting desired thermal comfort conditions. The wall thickness, material, and finishes can be chosen based on the heating and cooling needs of the building.
Conventional Building, Shimla

Appropriate thermal insulation and

air cavities in walls reduce heat transmission into the building, which is the primary aim in a hot region.
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230mm brick wall with 12.5mm plaster on both the sides

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North facing glazing is ideal for cool temperate climates. It allows maximum solar access in winter and can be easily shaded in summer.

In cool temperate climates:

Maximize north facing glazing with solar exposure (especially in living areas). [See: Passive Solar Heating]
Minimize east & west facing glazing. Use adjustable shading. Minimize south facing glazing. Use insulating glass and frames and/or snug fitting insulating drapes with sealed pelmets.
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Insulating glass unit with low-e

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 A trombe wall is a thermally massive wall

with vents provided at the top and bottom. It may be made of concrete, masonry, adobe, and is usually located on the southern side (in the northern hemisphere) of a building in order to maximize solar gains.
The outer surface of the wall is usually

painted black for maximizing absorption and the wall is directly placed behind glazing with an air gap in between.
Solar radiation is absorbed by the wall

during the day and stored as sensible heat. The air in the space between the glazing and the wall gets heated up and enters the living spaces by convection through the vents.

Cool air from the rooms replaces this air, thus setting up a convection current. The vents are closed during night, and heat stored in the wall during the day heats up the living space by conduction and radiation.

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 Trombe walls have been extensively used in the cold regions of

Leh.
It is noteworthy that in buildings with thermal storage walls,

indoor temperature can be maintained at about 15 oC when the outside temperature is as low as -11 oC.
Generally, thickness of the storage wall is between 200 mm and

450 mm, the air gap between the wall and glazing is 50-150mm, and the total area of each row of vent is about 1% of the storage wall area.
The trombe wall should be adequately shaded for reducing

summer gains.
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In this technique, incident solar radiation is trapped by the roof and is used for heating interior spaces. In the Northern Hemisphere, the system usually consists of an inclined southfacing glazing and a north-sloping insulated surface on the roof. Between the roof and the insulation, an air pocket is formed, which is heated by solar radiation.

A moveable insulation can be used to reduce heat loss through glazed panes during nights.
There can be variations in the detailing of the roof air heating systems.
Roof base air heating system for winter heating in Himachal Pradesh State Cooperative Building.

In the Himachal Pradesh State Cooperative Bank building, the south glazing is in the form of solar collectors warming the air and a blower fan circulating the air to the interior spaces.
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Water walls are based on the same principle as that for trombe walls, except that they employ water as the thermal storage material. A water wall is a thermal storage wall made up of drums of water stacked up behind glazing. It is usually painted black to increase heat absorption. It is more effective in reducing temperature swings, but the time lag is less.

Heat transfer through water walls is much faster than that for trombe walls.

Therefore, distribution of heat needs to be controlled

if it is not immediately required for heating the building. Buildings that work during the daytime, such as schools and offices, benefit from the rapid heat transfer in the water wall.

Overheating during summer may be prevented by

using suitable shading devices.

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A sun space or solarium is the combination of direct and indirect gain systems. The solar radiation heats up the sun space directly, which in turn heats up the living space (separated from the sun space by a mass wall) by convection and conduction through the mass wall. In the northern hemisphere, the basic requirements of buildings heated by sun space are

(a)a glazed south facing collector space attached yet separated from the building

(b) Living space separated from the sun space by a thermal storage wall. Sunspaces may be used as winter gardens adjacent to the living space. The Himurja building in Shimla has well designed solarium as integral part of south wall to maximise solar gain.

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CASE STUDY
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General Information:
Client: Himachal Pradesh State

Government Secretariat
City: Shimla Climate: Cold Operational schedule 7 hours,

6 working days in a week

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 Longer Facades: NE-SW

NE faade gets a certain amount of

Walls

daylight and solar heat due early in the mornings.

SW facade has more optimum

amount of daylight and solar heat in winter months.

Walls of air-conditioned zones in all blocks 230mm brick with 12.5mm plaster .

Roof

150mm concrete slab with cement tile.

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mm clear windows.

single

glazed

Clear glass

helps in receiving required amount of solar heat gain in early mornings and winter months which is required in cold climate of Shimla.

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 Lighting system accounts for 29.7%

(indoor: 95kW).

Luminaries used: mostly open type

luminaries in office spaces, CFLs with electronic ballasts in corridors and florescent lamps in storages, electrical and mechanical rooms. 30% in energy consumption over the standard ballasts. spaces.

The electronic ballasts saves approx 20-

Good natural light available in office

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 Central heating plant with

capacity of 1470kW.
Block1: 630kW, Block2:

840kW
COP: 1 (rated)

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Lighting Energy Performance of the Building

Space Conditioning Energy Performance of the Building

Annual Consumption (lighting) 356044 KWh Lighting Performance Index 28 KWh/Sqmt/annum

Annual Consumption (A/C) 518208 KWh HVAC Performance Index 41 KWh/Sqmt/annum

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Parameters

Solar passive Case (Existing Building) features

Building longer facades are facing SW-NE

Conventional Case (Building features)

Building Longer East-west orientation

Building orientation

No roof and wall shading No insulation on wall and roof. U value for Wall -1.92 W/m2/K U Value for Roof-2.74W/m2/K

No roof and wall shading No insulation on wall and roof. U value for Wall -2.7 W/m2/K U Value for Roof-2.68 W/m2/K Single Glazed windows (U value of glass 4.3 W/m2/K and Shading coefficient 0.89) WWR 28%

Building Envelope
Single Glazed windows (U value of glass - 5.8 W/m2/K and Shading coefficient - 0.87) WWR 50%

Energy performance Index (KWh/m2/yr)

70

237

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MONTH

JANUARY

FEBRUARY

MARCH

APRIL

MAY

LITERATURE STUDY

SURVEY AND DOCUMENTATION

ANALYSIS OF DATA

CONCLUSION/ SUMMARY

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While achieving extra value from sustainable attributes may involve more innovative approaches to asset management, the use of advanced sustainable approaches is not necessarily complex. As governments move to increase price messaging (taxes and credits) to encourage sustainability, this will increasingly affect net value of existing assets and improve investment performance for buildings adapted or adaptable to these goals. It will also increasingly encourage owners to consider less traditional solutions to enhancing asset performance and value.
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 Uses of landscaping for energy conservation

Giani, Florida: Department of Physical Sciences, Florida International University

Manual on solar passive architecture: energy systems engineering IIT Delhi and Solar Energy Centre, Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources,

Government of India, New Delhi)

Bansal N K, Hauser G, Minke G. Passive building design: A handbook of

Natural climatic control.

Nayak J K, Hazra R. Development of design guidelines by laws.

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THANK YOU
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