According to the CBSE Syllabus 2023-24, this chapter has been

renumbered as Chapter 6.

Class 10 Science Notes Chapter 7 Control and

Coordination

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Introduction
The human body is a complex machine performing tons of functions
and processes to maintain and sustain life. Explore how the body
controls its movements and coordinates its actions with other parts of
the body and the environment by exploring notes for Class 10 Chapter
7 Control and Coordination.

The Nervous System

Movement in Organisms

The ability of organisms to move certain body parts is

movement.

When they move from one place to another, it is called

locomotion.

Organisms show movements in response to stimuli.

Introduction to Control & Coordination

Organisms move in response to various kinds of stimuli like light, heat,
nutrients/food, etc.
All the activities in animals are controlled and coordinated by the nervous
and endocrine systems.
Hormones are chemical messengers which assist the nervous system in
carrying out various functions. They are secreted by endocrine glands.
Hormones in plants coordinate the movements.

For more information on Nervous System, watch the below

video
 3,53,617
To know more about The Nervous System, visit here
(https://byjus.com/biology/nervous-system/).

The Nervous System

Neuron

Neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous

system.

Each neuron has three main parts: dendrites, cyton/soma/cell body and
axon.
Dendrites receive impulses from other neurons.
Cyton/soma processes the impulse.
Axon transmits the impulse, either to another neuron or to muscles/glands,
etc.
 Axon may be myelinated or non-myelinated.
The impulse transmission is faster in myelinated neurons
(https://byjus.com/biology/neurons/).

Central Nervous System

The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and the
spinal cord. The functions of different parts of the brain are:

The cerebrum is responsible for reasoning, logic, emotions, speech,

memory, visual processing, recognition of auditory and taste stimuli, etc.
Cerebellum regulates and coordinates body movements, posture and
balance.
Pons relays signals from the hindbrain to the forebrain.
Medulla Oblongata controls all involuntary movements like vomiting,
sneezing, yawning, heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, etc.
Medulla oblongata continues as the spinal cord, which runs through the
vertebral column and it controls reflex actions.

Read more: Central Nervous System

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Peripheral Nervous System
The nerves coming out from the brain and the spinal cord constitute the
peripheral nervous system (PNS).
There are 12 cranial nerves and 31 spinal nerves in humans.

Read more: Peripheral Nervous System

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Somatic Nervous System

It forms a part of the PNS.
The nerves of PNS that control the voluntary actions of the body form the
somatic nervous system.

Autonomic Nervous System

All the nerves of the PNS that control the involuntary actions in the body
form the autonomic nervous system. E.g. respiration, heart rate, blood
pressure, digestion, etc., are regulated by the autonomic nervous system.
Two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous systems.
The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for intense physical
activity and is often referred to as the fight-or-flight response, while
the parasympathetic nervous system has almost the exact opposite effect
and relaxes the body and inhibits or slows many high-energy functions.

Reflex Action
Reflex action is a sudden, involuntary reaction of the body in response
to stimuli.

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Reflex Arc
It is the path followed by an electrical impulse during a reflex action.
The impulse travels from the receptor organ to the spinal cord/brain. It is
processed there, and the information is brought back to the concerned
muscle to carry out the action.
Thus, the receptor organ, sensory/afferent neuron, interneuron,
motor/efferent neuron and effector organ are the components of a reflex
arc.
Protection of CNS
The brain is protected by 3 main layers –
The bony skull (cranium)
The cerebrospinal fluid
The meninges (Dura mater, Arachnoid and Pia mater).

For more information on Brain, watch the below video

7,46,745

Plant Hormones and Movements

Plant Hormones
Control and coordination in plants are carried out by hormones.
 Plant
Function
Hormone

Auxin Helps in the growth of plant tissues

Cytokinin Promotes cell division, delays ageing of cells

Helps in the growth of stems, initiates seed germination,

Gibberellins promotes flowering, cell division and seed growth after
germination

Inhibits growth and causes wilting of leaves, promotes

Abscisic acid
dormancy of buds and seeds

Ethylene This is a gaseous hormone which causes the ripening of fruits

To know more about Plant hormones, visit here

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Growth Independent Movements

The movements which are not growth related are called nastic
movements. These movements occur in response to
environmental stimuli but the direction of response is not
dependent on the direction of the stimulus.

The movement in the touch-me-not plant is thigmonastic movement

(movement in response to touch).

Growth-Related Movements in Plants

The movements which are growth related are called tropic

movements. These movements occur in response to
environmental stimuli and the direction of the response is
dependent on the direction of the stimulus.
For more information on Tropic Movements in Plants, watch
the below video

35,179
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Examples:
Phototropic movement (light-dependent)
Geotropic movement (gravity-dependent)
Chemotropic movement (chemical-dependent)
Hydrotropic movement (water-dependent)
Thigmotropic movement (touch dependent)

Geotropism

Movement of plant parts in response to earth’s gravitational

force is known as geotropism/gravitropism.

Towards gravity – positive geotropism

Away from gravity – negative geotropism
The root grows towards gravity, and the shoot grows away from gravity
Phototropism

Movement of plant parts in response to light is known as

phototropism.

Towards light-positive phototropism.

Away from light – negative phototropism.
Stems move towards the light, and roots move away from the light.

To know more about Phototropism, visit here

(https://byjus.com/biology/phototropism/).

Hydrotropism

Movement of plant parts in response to water or moisture.

Towards water-positive hydrotropism.

Away from water – negative hydrotropism.
Again, root movement in search of water is positive hydrotropism.
E.g. movement of roots towards high humidity level.

Chemotropism

Movement of plant parts in response to chemical stimuli is

known as chemotropism.

Towards chemical-positive chemotropism.

Away from chemical-negative chemotropism.
The growth of the pollen tube towards the ovule is positive chemotropism.

Thigmotropism

Movement of plant parts in response to touch is called as

thigmotropism.

Towards touch – Positive thigmotropism.

Away from touch – negative thigmotropism.
Movement of tendrils around the support is positive thigmotropism.
The Endocrine System

Exocrine Glands

Exocrine glands are glands that discharge secretions by means

of ducts, which open onto an epithelial surface.

Endocrine Glands

Endocrine glands are the ductless glands which secrete

hormones into the bloodstream in humans.

The endocrine glands present in the human body are the pituitary,
thyroid, adrenal, pineal, pancreas, ovary (female), testis (male), etc.
Let us now learn more about each of the glands below.
For more information on Endocrine Glands, watch the below
video

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Pituitary Gland
It is a pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain.
It is the master gland, as it controls the secretions of all the other
endocrine glands.
It also secretes Growth Hormone (GH). Under-secretion of GH causes
Dwarfism, and over-secretion causes Gigantism in children and
‘Acromegaly’ in adults.

To know more about the Pituitary gland, visit here

(https://byjus.com/biology/pituitary-gland/).

Thyroid Gland
It is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the throat.
It secretes the hormone ‘Thyroxine’, which regulates the metabolism of the
body.
Iodine is required to synthesize thyroxine in the body.
In the case of iodine deficiency, under-secretion of thyroxine leads to
goitre.

To know more about the Thyroid gland, visit here

(https://byjus.com/biology/thyroid-gland/).

Pancreas
It is a leaf-like gland present behind the stomach in the abdomen.
It is an endocrine as well an exocrine gland.
As an endocrine gland, it manufactures two hormones – Insulin and
glucagon. Both these hormones act antagonistically and regulate the
sugar level in the blood.
As an exocrine gland, it secretes enzymes to break down the proteins,
lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids in food.
 An insufficient amount of insulin from the pancreas leads to diabetes.

To know more about Pancreas, visit here

(https://byjus.com/biology/pancreas/).

Adrenal Gland
Occurs in pairs above each kidney.
It decreases in size with age.
Secrets the hormone adrenaline, which helps in flight and fight response.
Also secretes noradrenaline.

To know more about the Adrenal gland, visit here

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Gonads
Gonads are the gamete-producing organs – testes in males and ovaries
in females.
The testes produce the male hormone testosterone, and the ovaries
produce the female hormones oestrogen and progesterone.
Testosterone and oestrogen help in producing gametes and are
responsible for the sexual characteristics of males and females,
respectively.
Progesterone is the pregnancy hormone.

To know more about Gonads, visit here

(https://byjus.com/biology/gonads/).

Other Endocrine Organs

The other endocrine organs include the hypothalamus, parathyroid, pineal
and thymus glands.

To know more about The Endocrine System, visit here

Introduction(https://byjus.com/cbse-notes/cbse-class-10-science-notes-ch
(https://byjus.com/biology/endocrine-system-ductless-glands/).

Also Check:

CBSE Class 10 Science Notes Chapter 6 Life Processes

(https://byjus.com/cbse-notes/life-processes-class-10-notes/)
CBSE Class 10 Science Chapter 8 How Do Organisms Reproduce Notes
(https://byjus.com/cbse-notes/cbse-class-10-science-notes-chapter-8-
how-do-organisms-reproduce/)
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 7 Control and Coordination
(https://byjus.com/ncert-solutions-class-10-science-chapter-7-control-
and-coordination/)
NCERT Exemplar Class 10 Science Solutions for Chapter 7 – Control And
Coordination (https://byjus.com/ncert-exemplar-class-10-science-
chapter-7-control-and-coordination/)
Real Numbers Class 10 Notes: Chapter 1 (https://byjus.com/maths/real-
numbers-for-class-10/)
CBSE Class 10 History Notes Chapter 1 – The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
(https://byjus.com/cbse-notes/class-10-social-science-history-chapter-
1-the-rise-of-nationalism-in-europe/)
(https://app.byjus.com/ZiQHSASNmKb)

Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 10

Science Notes Chapter 7 Control and
Coordination
Q1 What is the function of the Central nervous system?
The central nervous system (CNS) controls most functions of the
body and mind. It consists of two parts: the brain and the spinal
cord. The brain is the centre of our thoughts, the interpreter of our
external environment, and the origin of control over body
movement.

Q2 What are some facts about the human brain?

1. 60% of the human brain is composed of fat.

2. The brain contains about 100 billion neurons and 100 trillion
connections.
3. The texture of the brain is similar to that of firm jelly.

Q3 How many parts does the human eye have?

The human eye totally consists of 7 parts that work together.

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