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Physics

This document certifies that Master Kannan completed a physics project on the internal resistance of a cell under the guidance of Mr. Balanchandar at The Vijay Millenium School. It outlines the project's objectives, apparatus, theory, procedures, observations, and conclusions, emphasizing the factors affecting internal resistance. The project aims to contribute to the understanding of battery efficiency and reliability in electronic devices.

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elavarasupramith
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3 views

Physics

This document certifies that Master Kannan completed a physics project on the internal resistance of a cell under the guidance of Mr. Balanchandar at The Vijay Millenium School. It outlines the project's objectives, apparatus, theory, procedures, observations, and conclusions, emphasizing the factors affecting internal resistance. The project aims to contribute to the understanding of battery efficiency and reliability in electronic devices.

Uploaded by

elavarasupramith
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Master Kannan,


a student of class 12th (science) has
successfully completed his project
work under the guidance of subject
teacher Mr. Balanchandar during the
year 2024/25 from The Vijay Millenium
School in partial fulfillment of physics
practical examination conducted by
CBSE.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I feel proud to present my Investigatory


project in Physics on the topic "To study the
various factors on which the internal
resistance of a cell depends" .This project
wouldn't have been feasible without the
proper and rigorous guidance of my Physics
teacher Mr.Balachandar who guided me
throughout this project in every possible way
on a step by step basis and ensuring that I
completed my project with ease. His
suggestions and instructions have served as
the major contributor towards the
completion of the project. Then I would also
like to thank my principal Ms.S.Jigimol
Rigorous hard work has been put in this
project to ensure that it proves to be the best.
I hope that this project will prove to be a
breeding ground for the next generation of
students and will guide them in every possible
way
CONTENTS
 Introduction

 Internal resistance
 Objective

 Apparatus

 Theory

 Circuit diagram

 Procedure

 Observations

 Flow chart Conclusions

 Precautions

 Sources of error

 Bibliography
INTRODUCTION
 There is a great need of batteries in our daily
use electronic appliances and the use is
increasing every day.
 Thus, the batteries need to be made more
powerful so that their potential can be
increased greatly.
 Thus, this project report is based on practical
analysis for the factors affecting the internal
resistance of a cell.
 When the internal resistance of the cell is
decreased, we can increase the potential
difference across it and hence make it more
reliable

INTERNAL RESISTANCE
Internal resistance is defined as the resistance
offered by the electrolyte of the cell to the flow of
ions,

• Its S.I. unit is Ohm (Q)

For a cell of e.m.f. (E) and internal resistance (r),


connected to an external resistance (R) such that
(I) is the current flowing through the circuit,
E = V + Ir
Internal Resistance
r = E-V
I

OBJECTIVE
To study the various factors on which the internal
resistance of a cell depends.
APPARATUS
 A Potentiometer
 a battery (battery eliminator)
 two one - way keys
 a rheostat of low resistance
 a galvanometer
 a high resistance
 an ammeter
 a cell
 a Jockey
 a set square
 connecting wires
 water bath
 thermometer(0-100°C)
 burner
 tripod stand
 wire gauge

THEORY
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered
by its electrolyte to the flow of ions. The internal
resistance of a cell is
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered
by its electrolyte to the flow of ions. The internal
resistance of a cell
• is directly proportional to the distance between
the electrodes.
• is inversely proportional to facing surface area of
the electrodes in electrolyte.
• decreases with increase in temperature of
electrolyte.
• is inversely proportional to concentration of
electrolyte

The internal resistance of a cell is given by:


r= [E-V]/R

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
R – Shunt Resistance:
Shunt resistance is a low
resistance connected in parallel with a
galvanometer to allow most of the current to
bypass it, enabling it to measure large currents
without damage.
G – Galvanometer
A – Ammeter

PROCEDURE
1. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with
sand paper and make tight connections
according to the circuit diagram.
2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
3. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and of the cell
and make sure that e.m.f. of the battery is
more than that of the cell, otherwise null or
balance point will not be obtained.

To study variation of internal resistance with


distance of separation:

4. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16


cm.
5. Take maximum current from the battery,
making rheostat resistance small.
6. Without inserting a plug in key K2, adjust the
rheostat so that the null point is obtained on
the last wire of the potentiometer

7. Determine the position of the null point


8. accurately using a set square and measure
the balancing length (1;) between the null
point and the end P.
9. Next introduce plugs in both keys K; and Ko.
At the same time, take out a small resistance
(1 - 5 W) from the shunt resistance box
connected in parallel with the cell.
10. Slide the jockey along a potentiometer
wire and obtain the null point.
11. Measure the balancing length (lz) from
end P. Record these observations.
12. Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.
13. Then remove the plugs of kevs K; and K>.
Wait for some time and repeat steps 7 to 10.
14. Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to
obtain another set of observations.
15. To study variation of internal resistance
with area of electrodes

To study variation of internal resistance


with area of electrodes
14. Keeping all other factors constant, increase the
area of electrodes in the electrolyte by dipping
them into the electrolyte at different depths for
each observation.
15. Obtain three such observations by repeating
steps 7 to 10. Record your readings.

To study variation of internal resistance


with concentration of electrolyte

16. Keeping all other factors constant, decrease


the concentration of electrolyte by adding distilled
water for different observations.
17. Obtain three such observations by repeating
step 7 to 10. Record your readings.

OBSERVATION
Table for effect of separation between
electrodes:

Table for effect of temperature:

FLOW CHART CONCLUSION


 The Electromotive Force of the cell is
constant and is equal to E = 0.98 Volt.

PRECAUTIONS
1. The connections should be neat, clean and
tight.
2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys
only when the observations are to be taken.
3. The positive polls of the battery E and cells
E1 and E2 should, all be connected to the
terminal at the zero of the wires.
4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along
the wire. It should touch the wire gently.
5. The ammeter reading should remain constant
for a particular set of observation. If
necessary, adjust the rheostat for this
purpose.
6. The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater
than the e.m.f.'s of the either of the two cells.
7. Some high resistance plug should always be
taken out from resistance box before the
jockey is moved along the wire.
8. The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater
than that of the cell.
9. For one set of observation the ammeter
reading should remain constant.
10. Current should be passed for short time only,
while finding the null point.
11. Rheostat should be adjusted so that initial
null point lies on last wire of the
potentiometer.
12. Cell should not be disturbed during
experiment.
13. Jockey should not be rubbed against the
potentiometer wire.

SOURCE OF
ERROR
1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
2. The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform
cross-section and material density throughout
its length.
3. End resistances may not be zero.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

 WWW.GOOGLE.COM

 WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM

 WWW.SLIDESHARE.NET

 WWW.KNOWLEDGECYCLE.COM

 WWW.SCRIBD.COM

 WWW.NCERT.NIC.COM

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