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Physics

This project investigates the factors affecting the internal resistance and EMF of a cell, highlighting the importance of batteries in daily electronic use. It includes practical analysis with objectives, apparatus, theory, and procedures to measure variations in internal resistance based on electrode distance, area, and electrolyte concentration. The document also outlines precautions, potential sources of error, and provides a bibliography for further reference.

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elavarasupramith
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1 views

Physics

This project investigates the factors affecting the internal resistance and EMF of a cell, highlighting the importance of batteries in daily electronic use. It includes practical analysis with objectives, apparatus, theory, and procedures to measure variations in internal resistance based on electrode distance, area, and electrolyte concentration. The document also outlines precautions, potential sources of error, and provides a bibliography for further reference.

Uploaded by

elavarasupramith
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 18

THE VIJAY MILLENIUM

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT


Topic : To study various factors on which the
internal resistance/EMF depends

NAME: PRAMITH E S
CLASS : XII - NEET
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that of class XII-NEET has
completed the physics project entitled “TO
STUDY VARIOUS FACTORS ON WHICH
INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF A CELL DEPENDS”
under the guidance of his physics teacher
Mr.Balachander . The progress of the project
has been continuously reported and has been
acknowledged consistently

DATE: Teachers In-charge

Internal Examiner External Examiner


Acknowledgement
I would like to own the sense of gratitude to our
physics teacher Mr.Balachander for his consistent
guidance, support and encouragement without
which this project would not able to exist in present
shape
I would also like to extend my gratitude to my
principal Mrs.jigu mole for providing me with all
facilities that were required in satisfactorily
completing my project
INDEX

1. INTRODUCTION
• INTERNAL RESITANCE

2. PRACTICAL ANALYSIS
• OBJECTIVE
• APPRATUS
• THEORY
• CIERCUIT DIAGRAM
• PROCEDURE
• OBSERVATION
• PRECAUTION
• SOURCE OF ERROR

3. BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
• There is a great need of batteries in our daily use
electronic appliances and the use is increasing
every day.
• Thus, the batteries need to be made more
powerful so that their potential can be increased
greatly.
• Thus, this project report is based on practical
analysis for the factors affecting the internal
resistance of a cell.
• When the internal resistance of the cell is
decreased, we can increase the potential
difference across it and hence make it more
reliable
INTENAL RESISTANCE
Internal resistance is the opposition to the flow of current
within a cell or battery due to its electrolyte and electrodes. It causes a
voltage drop when current flows, leading to terminal voltage (V) being
less than the emf (E) of the cell:

V = E− Ir
where r is internal resistance and I is current. It affects the efficiency
and power output of the cell.
SI Unit: Ohm (Ω).
PRACTCAL ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVE
To study the various factors on which the internal resistance
of a cell depends

APPARATUS
➢ A Potentiometer
➢ a battery (battery eliminator)
➢ two one - way keys
➢ a rheostat of low resistance
➢ a galvanometer
➢ a high resistance
➢ an ammeter
➢ a cell
➢ a Jockey
➢ a set square
➢ connecting wires
➢ water bath
➢ thermometer(0-100°C)
➢ burner
➢ tripod stand
THEORY
1. Definition: Resistance inside a cell/battery due to
electrolyte & electrodes (r).

2. EMF (ℰ): Max voltage when no current flows


(open circuit).

3. Terminal Voltage (V): Voltage across cell when


current flows (V = ℰ – Ir).

4.Voltage Drop: Due to internal resistance (Ir).

5.Relation: V=E−IrV=E−Ir (for discharging cell).

6.Factors Affecting (r):


Electrolyte concentration (↑ conc. → ↓ r).
Electrode distance (↑ distance → ↑ r).
Temperature (↑ temp → ↓ r).
Electrode area (↑ area → ↓ r).
7.Power Dissipation: I2r lost as heat inside cell.

8.Maximum Current: Imax=E/r (short


circuit).

9.Efficiency: Higher r → lower efficiency.

10. Real vs Ideal Cell: Real cell has rr, ideal


has r = 0.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

R – Shunt Resistance:
Shunt resistance is a low resistance connected in
parallel with a galvanometer to allow most of
the current to bypass it, enabling it to measure
large currents without damage.

G – Galvanometer

A – Ammeter
PROCEDURE
1. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand
paper and make tight connections according to the
circuit diagram.

2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.

3. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and of the cell and


make sure that e.m.f. of the battery is more than that
of the cell, otherwise null or balance point will not
be obtained.

To study variation of internal resistance with distance


of separation:

4. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 cm.

5. Take maximum current from the battery, making


rheostat resistance small.

6. Without inserting a plug in key K2, adjust the


rheostat so that the null point is obtained on the last
wire of the potentiometer
7. accurately using a set square and measure the
balancing length (1;) between the null point and the
end P.

8. Next introduce plugs in both keys K; and Ko. At the


same time, take out a small resistance (1 - 5 W)
from the shunt resistance box connected in parallel
with the cell.

9. Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and


obtain the null point.

10. Measure the balancing length (lz) from end P.


Record these observations.

11. Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.

12. Then remove the plugs of kevs K; and K>. Wait


for some time and repeat steps 7 to 10.

13. Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to obtain


another set of observations.

14. To study variation of internal resistance with


area of electrodes
To study variation of internal resistance with area
of electrodes

14. Keeping all other factors constant, increase the


area of electrodes in the electrolyte by dipping
them into the electrolyte at different depths for each
observation.

15. Obtain three such observations by repeating steps


7 to 10. Record your readings.

To study variation of internal resistance with


concentration of electrolyte

16. Keeping all other factors constant, decrease the


concentration of electrolyte by adding distilled water
for different observations.

17. Obtain three such observations by repeating step


7 to 10. Record your readings.
OBSERVATION

Table for effect of separation between electrodes:

Table for effect of temperature:


PRECAUTIONS
1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight.

2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only


when the observations are to be taken.

3. The positive polls of the battery E and cells E1 and


E2 should, all be connected to the terminal at the zero of
the wires.

4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire.


It should touch the wire gently.

5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a


particular set of observation. If necessary, adjust the
rheostat for this purpose.

6. The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater than the


e.m.f.'s of the either of the two cells.
7. Some high resistance plug should always be taken
out from resistance box before the jockey is moved
along the wire.

8. The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater than that


of the cell.

9. For one set of observation the ammeter reading


should remain constant.

10. Current should be passed for short time only, while


finding the null point.

11. Rheostat should be adjusted so that initial null point


lies on last wire of the potentiometer .

12. Cell should not be disturbed during experiment.

13. Jockey should not be rubbed against the


potentiometer wire.
S OURCE OF ERROR

• The auxiliary battery may not be fully


charged.

• The potentiometer wire may not be of


uniform cross-section and material density
throughout its length.

• End resistances may not be zero.


BIBLIOGRAPHY
WWW.GOOGLE.COM

WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM

WWW.SLIDESHARE.NET

WWW.KNOWLEDGECYCLE.COM

WWW.SCRIBD.COM

WWW.NCERT.NIC.COM

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