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PV System Design Report

The report details the design of a standalone solar PV system, including sizing of the solar array, battery bank, voltage regulator, inverter, and system wiring. It outlines the energy requirements, calculations for peak power, and the necessary components to ensure efficient energy generation and storage. The total costs for the system components are also provided, emphasizing the sustainability and financial benefits of solar energy solutions.

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Dyar Abubakr
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12 views7 pages

PV System Design Report

The report details the design of a standalone solar PV system, including sizing of the solar array, battery bank, voltage regulator, inverter, and system wiring. It outlines the energy requirements, calculations for peak power, and the necessary components to ensure efficient energy generation and storage. The total costs for the system components are also provided, emphasizing the sustainability and financial benefits of solar energy solutions.

Uploaded by

Dyar Abubakr
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sulaimani Politechnic University

College of Technical Engineering


Electrical Power Engineering Department
{2022 - 2023}

PV SYSTEM DESIGN
REPORT

Prepared by
DYAR ABUBAKR

Supervised by
KARZAN QADIR
1 Contents

2 Introduction

3 Sizing the solar PV array

4 Sizing of Battery Bank

5 Sizing the voltage regulator

5 Sizing the inverter

5 Sizing of the system wiring


1. Introduction

A Solar PV (Photovoltaic) system, is a green energy solution, which generates renewable energy
from the sun. Photovoltaic systems utilize solar cells to collect solar energy from sunlight and convert
it into direct current, DC electricity. This electricity once passed through an inverter and converted
into Alternating Current (AC) is safe to use to power your household appliances. A solar PV system
is the perfect sustainable solution for anyone interested in reducing their carbon footprint and any
bills. This is because generating Solar Energy doesn’t produce any pollutants and is free.

Essentially, there are two types of photovoltaic systems:

• Grid-connected systems are systems that are integrated with conventional residential
and industrial electricity systems. These can be used when required in alternation or in
combination with the electricity grid in order to meet the energy requirements of the end
user.

• Standalone systems are designed in such a way as to include a battery system in order
to ensure “service continuity”, i.e., the supply of electric energy also during the night or
when the level of solar irradiation is insufficient or absent.

STAND ALONE PV SYSTEM DESIGN 2


2. Sizing the solar PV array

Loads and daily energy table


Rated Power Hours/day
Appliance Quantity Power (𝑾) Energy/day
(𝑾) used
LED Lamp 18 20 360 10 3600
TV 160 1 160 5 800
Refrigerator 220 1 220 24 5280
Freezer 200 1 200 24 4800
Vacuum cleaner 2200 1 2200 1 2200
Washing machine 1600 1 1600 1 1600
Hair dryer 2000 1 2000 0.5 1000
Air condition 1600 1 1600 4 6400
Iron 1200 1 1200 1 1200
Total Energy demand per day 𝟐𝟔. 𝟖𝟖 𝑲𝑾𝒉

Peak sun hours in Sulaymaniyah = 5 hours

𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝐿 26.88 𝐾𝑊ℎ


𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = = = = 5.376 𝐾𝑊
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑠𝑢𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 5ℎ

Then we should find the 𝑃𝑃𝑉 array required power:


The overall efficiency factor of the system is obtained of:
▪ average solar access of 95% (shading derate factor).
▪ inverter efficiency of 96%.
▪ module temperature derate factor of 0.85.
▪ DC and AC wiring derate of 0.98% and 0.99%.
▪ module soiling derate = 0.95%, module mismatch derate = 0.98%, system availability derate
= 0.99%.

𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.95 × 0.96 × 0.85 × 0.98 × 0.99 × 0.95 × 0.98 × 0.99 = 0.72
then,
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 5.376
𝑃𝑃𝑉 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = = = 7.47 𝐾𝑊
𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 0.72

STAND ALONE PV SYSTEM DESIGN 3


The total DC current needed can be calculated by dividing the peak power by the DC- voltage of the
system, 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝐷𝐶 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 48 𝑉.
𝑃𝑃𝑉 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 7.47 𝑘𝑊
𝐼𝐷𝐶 = = = 155.63 𝐴
𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝐷𝐶 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 48 𝑉

According to the selected panel (180W, 24V, 7.45A).


• the number of panels connected in series are:
𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝐷𝐶 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑉𝐷𝐶 48
𝑁𝑆 = = = = 2 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑉𝑟 24
• The number of panels connected in parallel are:
𝑊ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐼𝐷𝐶 155.63
𝑁𝑃 = = = = 20.9 ≃ 21 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝐼𝑟 7.45
• Total number of modules needed is:
𝑁𝑚 = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 × 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 𝑁𝑆 × 𝑁𝑃 = 2 × 21 = 42 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
with total cost:
Total cost = 42 * 120 = 5040

3. Sizing of Battery Bank

𝐸𝐿 = 7.47 𝑘𝑊ℎ ∶ 𝑁𝐶 = 2 ∶ 𝐷𝑂𝐷 = 0.80 : 𝜂𝑖𝑛𝑣 = 0.96 : 𝜂𝐵 = 0.85


𝐸𝐿 × 𝑁𝐶 7.47 𝑘𝑊ℎ × 2
𝐵𝐶 = = = 22.89 𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝐷𝑂𝐷 × 𝜂𝑖𝑛𝑣 × 𝜂𝐵 0.80 × 0.96 × 0.85

According to this battery (LiFePO4, 12V, 400Ah,).

Capacity of battery bank in Ampere-hours required assuming we select a battery voltage of 12V is:
𝐵𝐶 22.89 × 103 𝑊ℎ
𝐶= = = 1907.5 𝐴ℎ
𝑉𝑏 12
The number of batteries needed is:
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝐶 1907.5 𝐴ℎ
𝑁𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 = = = = 4.77 ≃ 5 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝐶𝐵 400 𝐴ℎ
With DC-voltage of 48 V, the number of batteries in series is:
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝐷𝐶 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑉𝐷𝐶 48
𝑁𝑆 = = = = 4 , 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑉𝐵 12
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑁𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠 5
𝑁𝑃 = = = = 1.25 ≃ 2 , 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑁𝑆 4
Then batteries price = 8 * 180$ = 1440$

STAND ALONE PV SYSTEM DESIGN 4


4. Sizing the voltage regulator

Selecting a charge controller which its voltage matches the voltage of the PV array and batteries:
We are using (MPPT, 60A, 48V, charge controller, and price of 230$)
𝐼 = 𝑁𝑃 × 𝐼𝑆𝐶 × 𝐹𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 = 21 × 10.8 × 1.25 = 283.5 𝐴
𝐼 283.5 𝐴
𝑁𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 = = ≃ 5 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 (𝐼𝑐 ) 60 𝐴
Total cost = 5 * 230$ = 1150$

5. Sizing the inverter

The power of appliance that running simultaneously:


𝑃𝑟𝑠 = [360 + 160 + 220 + 200 + 1200] = 2140 𝑊
The power of appliance that have large surge current:
𝑃𝐿𝑆𝐶 = [2200 + 1600 + 2000 + 1600] = 7400 𝑊
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 = [7400 + 2140] = 9540 𝑊 ⇨ 9540 × 1.25 = 11.925 𝑘𝑊 = 11.925 𝑘𝑉𝐴
The inverter to be used for this system should be able to about 11.925 kVA and nominal voltage of
48 VDC, and the list price for this inverter is 2200$.

6. Sizing of the system wiring

Calculating of cable size for PV modules through the battery voltage regulators:
The max current can be calculated as following:
𝐼𝑀𝑎𝑥 = 𝑁𝑃 × 𝐼𝑆𝐶 × 𝐹𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 = 2 × 10.8 × 1.25 = 27 𝐴
The X-section area of cable is given by:
𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 × 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 × 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐴= ×2
𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝
The resistivity of copper wire ρ is taken as 1.724 𝑥 10−8 Ωm and the cable length assumed to be
1m. the maximum voltage drop for Dc wiring is taken not to exceed the 4%.
1.724 𝑥 10−8 × 1 × 27
𝐴= × 2 = 0.485 𝑚𝑚2
0.04 × 48

Calculating of cable size between the battery bank and the inverter:
𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 11.925 𝑘𝑉𝐴
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 258.79 𝐴
𝜂𝑖𝑛𝑣 × 𝑉𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 0.96 × 48

STAND ALONE PV SYSTEM DESIGN 5


By assuming the cable length, L = 10m we can determine the cable size as follows:
1.724 𝑥 10−8 × 10 × 258.79
𝐴= × 2 = 0.465 𝑚𝑚2
0.04 × 48

Calculating of cable size between the inverter and the load:


Let the length of cable be 20m and single phase:
𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐾𝑉𝐴 11.925 𝑘𝑉𝐴
𝐼𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = = 54.20 𝐴
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 (𝑉) 220
𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 × 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 × 𝐼𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝐴= ×2
𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝
1.724 × 10−8 × 20 × 54.20
= × 2 = 4.25 𝑚𝑚2
220 × 0.04

STAND ALONE PV SYSTEM DESIGN 6

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