COURSE STUDENT INTERNSHIP ENRICH

REPORT DESIGN OF STANDALONE

DATE 14/06/2023

DESIGN OF STANDALONE

Chapter 1: Preliminary Design.

Preliminary design is the stage in which general project location and design concepts
are determined. A preliminary production design allows more thought toward selecting the best
priced components.

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Chapter 2:STANDALONE project.

A standalone photovoltaic (PV) system is a type of solar power system that is not
connected to the electric grid. The system is comprised of PV panels, a charge controller,
batteries, an inverter, and a load. The PV panels generate electricity from sunlight, which is
stored in batteries.

Purpose of SOLAR PLANT:

A solar power plant is a facility that converts solar radiation, made up of light, heat, and
ultraviolet radiation, into electricity suitable to be supplied to homes and industries. As a
renewable source of power, solar energy has an important role in reducing greenhouse gas
emissions and mitigating climate change, which is critical to protecting humans, wildlife, and
ecosystems. Solar energy can also improve air quality and reduce water use from energy
production. (TO MAKE MONEY) How we can make money

Generation of Power = Generation of Money

Cost and Construction Years of SOLAR PLANT and other plants:

100 THERMAL >3 years

100 WIND MILL 2-4 years
100 SOLAR 1.5 years

Why PV SYST?

PVsyst allows users to input a wide range of data and customize their simulations to
their needs. Optimizing system performance based on various circumstances saves the user
money. Ease of use: PVsyst makes it easy for solar energy professionals to input data, run
simulations, and analyse results.

What is the outcome of PVSYST?

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 The results of PVsyst software show different simulation variables of calculated energy
as monthly, daily, or hourly values. PVSyst is the ability to quickly design a PV power system
and estimate hourly, monthly and yearly energy production numbers. PVsyst is a software tool
designed for the solar energy industry. PVsyst creates, simulates, and analyses solar energy
systems of all types.

PVsyst Software Overview

PVsyst is a comprehensive software package specifically designed for the study, design,
and optimization of grid-connected solar photovoltaic systems. It is developed by PVsyst SA, a
leading company specializing in solar energy software solutions. PVsyst offers a wide range of
features and capabilities that enable users to perform detailed analysis and simulation of solar
power projects.

How PVSYST is related with money?

The financial aspect comes into play because the performance analysis provided by PVSYST
allows users to evaluate the economic feasibility of a solar project. By estimating the energy production,
PVSYST helps calculate the potential revenue from selling the generated electricity, as well as the
savings from reduced energy bills in case of self-consumption.

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ORIENTATION AND SYSTEM DESIGN :

It includes various file types such as seasonal orientation, fixedorientation etc... Seasonal orientation:

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 Fixed orientation :

TILT AND AZIMUTH ANGLE :

The angle between the horizontal plane and the solar panel is called the tilt angle.
The azimuth is the angle between the North, measured clockwise around theobserver's
horizon, and a celestial body (sun, moon) is Azimuth angle .

Albedo in Solar panels usually convert 16.67% of the incident radiation

todirect current. The rest is dissipated as heat. Albedo measures the diffused
and reflected solar radiation incident from any astronomical body.

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 F-TRANSPOSE

F-TRANSPOSE is the ratio of GINC on the plane,to the GHI, defined in

hourly,daily,monthly or yearly.

ABBREVIATIONS

AC – Alternating current
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DC – Direct Current

GINC – Global Incident Irradiation Collector

GHI – Global Horizontal Irradiation

MPPT – Maximum Power Point Tracking

PV – Photo-Voltaic

STC – Standard Test Condition

SSRN – Social Science Research Network

NOMENCLATURE

INR – International Normalized Ratio

kWh – Kilowatt hour

kWp – Kilowatt Peak

kWh/kWp/yr – Kilowatt hour per kilowatt peak per year

kWh/kWp/day – kilowatt hour per kilowatt peak per day

MWh/yr – Megawatt Hour per year

Albedo coefficient:

The albedo coefficient is the fraction of global incident irradiation reflected by the ground in
front of a tilted plane. This effect takes place during the transposition computation of the
horizontal irradiation onto a tilted plane. The albedo "seen" by the plane is of course null for
an horizontal plane, and increases with tilt.Its contribution is proportional to (1 - cos i) / 2,
where i = plane tilt (see for example the Hay model). This means 0 for horizontal, 0.5 for
vertical, and 0.067 for a 30° plane.

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The following table gives some usual values for the albedo factor:

OBJECTIVE OF SCOPE

Designing a grid connected PV power plant, Standalone PV plant and pumping systems
at various scenarios. Preliminary design, to decide the system comparing its energy yield. It
also validates simulation software results with manual calculations.

SIMULATION TOOL

Photovoltaic Systems (PVSyst), PVSyst is a PV-centric simulation tool that was

originally developed at the University of Geneva but is now a standalone company. This
software helps defining the project, creating a system variant and running the simulation

SYSTEM LOSSES

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Thermal losses

The thermal behaviour of the array is computed at each simulation step, by a thermal
balance. This establishes the instantaneous operating temperature, to be used by the PV
modules modelling. The thermal balance involves the “ heat loss factor:

U = Uc + Uv wind speed [W/m2 K ]

The losses due to temperature in the system is -9.81%

Wiring losses

The wiring ohmic resistance induces losses (I2R) between the power available from the
modules and that at the terminals of the array. These losses can be characterized by just one
parameter R defined for the global array.The wiring losses in the system is -1.04%

Module quality losses

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 The aim of this parameter is to reflect the confidence that the designer put in the
matching of your real module set performance, with respect to the manufacturer’s specification.
The module quality loss is +0.50%

Mismatch losses

2% power losses can be seen if the converter is MPPT. 2.5% of losses if not MPPT.-
2.10% is the mismatch loss noticed.

Soiling losses

It varies with location eg: desert or more sand that has to be cleaned. They are dust
affected.-3.0% is the soiling loss in the system.

IAM losses(Incidence Angle Modifier)

Due to irradiation losses, the sunrays get decreased. The industries try to reduce IAM
losses by keeping uneven glass structure.-2.23% of IAM losses is found in the system

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 CHAPTER-1

Preliminary Design

Gather project information:

Collect all the necessary information related to the project, including the
location of the installation, available solar resource data, electricity consumption
patterns, utility rate structures, and any specific requirements or constraints.

Create a new project:

Open PVSYST software and create a new project for the grid-connected
PV system. Enter the relevant project details, such as the location coordinates,
orientation of the PV modules, and system specifications.

Define system parameters:

Set the system parameters, including the module type, inverter

specifications, and any specific design constraints or preferences. Specify the
desired system capacity or size.

Define meteorological data:

Import or input the meteorological data for the project location, such as
solar irradiation and temperature data. PVSYST provides an extensive database
of meteorological data for various locations worldwide.

Define user needs:

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 The programme offers great flexibility to define the needs of the user (or
the "load" of the system). You can choose among the following options:

Unlimited load, which only concerns installations connected to a sufficiently

"strong" grid to absorb all the power produced. This is the default option with
grid systems. But this option obviously makes no sense with a stand-alone
installation, where production and especially battery behaviour are closely related
to electricity use.

Fixed constant load, offers the simplest way to define user's needs. You just have
to define it as constant power or yearly energy.

• Constant over the year: the same profile all along the year,

• Seasonal modulation: four specific daily profiles, for each season (defined
as June-August, September-November, December-February, March-May).

• Monthly normalisations: one only daily profile, the amplitude of which

being modulated according to given monthly sum values.

• Weekly modulation: a specific daily profile for "working days", and

another one for "week-ends". Each of these staying constants over the year.
The number of “Working days" in a week is user defined.
Configure system layout:

Design the system layout by placing PV modules on the available rooftop

or ground area. Consider shading analysis to minimize any obstructions that could
affect the system's performance. Define the tilt angle and azimuth of the modules
based on the project requirements and orientation of the installation site.

Simulate system performance:

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 Run a simulation to estimate the energy production and performance of the
PV system. PVSYST uses the meteorological data, system specifications, and site
conditions to calculate the system's energy output. It considers factors like
shading losses, temperature effects, and losses in electrical components.

Analyse results:

Evaluate the simulation results provided by PVSYST, which include the

energy production, system performance ratios, and other relevant metrics. Assess
the financial aspects by considering the electricity savings, potential revenue from
feed-in tariffs or net metering, and the project's economic viability.

Optimize the design:

Make adjustments to the system parameters, such as module tilt angles,

orientations, or inverter sizing, to optimize the system's performance and
financial returns. Repeat the simulation process as needed to assess the impact of
design changes.

Generate reports:

Generate detailed reports and outputs from PVSYST, including energy

production estimates, financial analysis, performance ratios, and graphs. These
reports can be used for project documentation, feasibility studies, and
communication with stakeholders.

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Step 1: Select preliminary design and choose Standalone .

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STEP 2:Give the project name and choose the site.

STEP 3:Choose the horizon.

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STEP 4:Select the standard csv file option.

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STEP 4:Import the horizon file downloaded from solar-gis site.

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STEP 6:Select the user appliances, the power rating and usage hours.

STEP 7:Set the tilt angle

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STEP 8: Now you can get the data of amount of energy and cost required.

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REPORT OF THE PROJECT:

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 CHAPTER-2

Standalone Project Design

Designing a standalone PV solar plant, also known as an off-grid solar

system, involves creating a self-sufficient power generation and storage
system that operates independently from the utility grid. Here are the key steps
involvedin designing a standalone PV solar plant:

• Load Analysis
• Solar Resource Assessment
• System Sizing
• Component Selection
• Battery Storage System
• Charge Controller and Power Electronics
• Electrical Design
• System Configuration
• Power Backup
• System Control and Monitoring

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 • Permitting and Regulatory Compliance
• Operations and Maintenance

Designing a standalone PV solar plant requires careful consideration

of the energy demand, solar resource availability, battery storage capacity,
and system components to ensure reliable and sustainable power supply.
Consultingwith experienced solar engineers and considering local regulations
and guidelines is essential for a successful design.

Site and meteo of the PV system:

✓ Geographical co-ordinates

The latitude and longitude of a location determine the amount of

solarradiation that falls on a surface

✓ Direct radiation

The amount of sunlight that reaches the earth's surface in a straight

linewithout any scattering or diffusion.

✓ Diffuse radiation

Solar radiation that is scattered or reflected by the atmosphere and

clouds, and is not coming from the direct sun.

✓ Reflected radiation

Reflected radiation can increase the amount of energy produced by

the PV panels by providing an additional source of light.

✓ Ambient temperature

The ambient temperature increases, the efficiency of the PV panels

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 decreases due to an effect called temperature coefficient
Define user needs:

The programme offers great flexibility to define the needs of the user (or the "load" of
the system). You can choose among the following options:

Unlimited load, which only concerns installations connected to a sufficiently "strong" grid to
absorb all the power produced. This is the default option with grid systems. But this option
obviously makes no sense with a stand-alone installation, where production and especially
battery behaviour are closely related to electricity use.

Fixed constant load, offers the simplest way to define user's needs. You just have to define it
as constant power or yearly energy.

• Constant over the year: the same profile all along the year,

• Seasonal modulation: four specific daily profiles, for each season (defined as June-
August, September-November, December-February, March-May).

• Monthly normalizations: one only daily profile, the amplitude of which being
modulated according to given monthly sum values.

• Weekly modulation: a specific daily profile for "working days", and another one for
"week-ends". Each of these staying constants over the year. The number of “Working
days" in a week is user defined.

HORIZON:
Defining a horizon profile is a very simple operation with the PVsyst graphical tool.
The horizon is a broken line superimposed on the sun path diagram, which can hold any number
of height/azimuth points.

• To modify it, simply drag the red dots with the mouse (or define the desired value in
the corresponding edit box).
• To add a point, click anywhere with the right button.

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 • To delete a point, click on this point with the right button.

This is my system which was I designed today in PVSyst.

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These are the losses I have dictated. During the simulation.

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STEP 1: Select project and new Grid-connected project.

STEP 2: Choose the file name and select the site location and save.

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STEP 3: Select the orientation option.

STEP 4: Choose the tilt angle and azimuth angle and click ok.

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STEP 5: Fill the user appliances, usage and power rating of the appliances.

STEP 6: Click ok and check the ratings of the appliances.

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STEP 7: Choose the inverter type according to the PV module.

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STEP 8: Select the number of panels in series and number of strings.

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STEP 9: Click on detailed losses & choose the mounted position of the panel.

STEP 10: Click on ohmic losses and set the loss fraction.

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STEP 11: Choose the module quality and select the default values.

STEP 12: Choose the soiling loss and select the percentage.

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STEP 13: Select the IAM losses and set the values.

STEP 14: Set the attributes value.

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STEP 15: Choose the horizon and click import.

STEP 16: Search the particular location on the solar-gis website and get the
horizon of your location.

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STEP 20: Click on modify horizon and export the file.

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STEP 21: Click on standard csv file and select the downloaded file and import.

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STEP 22: Click on near shadings and select construction.

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STEP 23: Select on x-y coordinate. Choose create and add object.

STEP 24: Create the object in required shape.

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STEP 25: Choose the array table configurations according to the area.

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STEP 26: Click the computed table value and graph.

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STEP 27: Run the stimulation and observe the result.

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Report Of The Project:

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