solahuddin2021
solahuddin2021
E-Mail: [email protected]
Abstract. Cement, sand, coarse aggregate and water are the materials to make concrete. The
waste paper has been dumped as waste and causes environmental pollution behind mill or
landfill. The industry paper wastage for every year is increasing gradually. More spaces are
being needed for landfills, uses energy loss of natural resources and increase of expenditure
and various types of pollutions. Utilizing waste paper as cement replacement or addition in
concrete production will reduce environmental pollutions. This review paper is to investigate
the effect of waste paper on mechanical properties of concrete such as compressive strength
and flexural strength. From many previous studies before this, 5% and 10% waste paper as
cement replacement and additions were the ideal percentages to increase the compressive and
flexural strengths of concrete. This study indicates waste paper can give benefit by using it as
additional material in concrete production.
1. Introduction
Nowadays, carbon dioxide (CO2) gas emission from houses is attributed to cement usage, which is a
massive issue for all nations. Consequently, people's crave for eco-living is increasing. This research is
conducted to address these kinds of problems. Using waste paper in concrete can produce new and
modern construction material. By using waste paper, the cement amount used reduces as it provides an
environmentally friendly construction material [1]. Portland cement and waste paper are the materials
that make a fibrous cemented material called papercrete. Papercrete might be a material initially
developed 80 years ago that has recently been rediscovered. It should be noted that papercrete has a
limited-range concept [2]. For decades, as an alternative building material stated by [2], a committed
environmentalist has designed homes and structures made of cement, other materials and waste paper.
They argued that this papercrete structure is perfect and durable for insulating and durability. A paper
reinforced structure is a structurally and economically viable alternative based on the indicated result
within a range of size [3]. Portland cement or clay with re-pulped paper fibre develop a new
construction material that called papercrete. They identified their discovery of adobe and fibrous
cement and found themselves independently [4].
Due to the alternative building material known as papercrete, the dead load of the main structure
can be diminished [5]. Water and any types of papers such as cardboard, sparkling magazine stock,
daily paper, waste mail advertising or any other types of papers are the fundamental components of
papercrete. The paper mill publishes most of the paper recycling works [6-11] or to manufacture
cement board [12-13]. Other than that, it can end up a reasonable and productive substitute in landfills,
incinerators, or other utilize choices [14]. Moreover, waste paper can be used in the right way by using
it in construction materials to reduce its density, as stated by [15]. The building expenses can be
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Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
iCITES 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1092 (2021) 012067 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1092/1/012067
reduced by measuring quality, workability, and other papercrete properties [16]. Furthermore, due to
its lightweight characteristic, papercrete can also be used for the interior wall of a high-rise building in
seismically active regions. Moreover, papercrete usage will decrease the dead load of the structure, the
depth of foundation required and the percentage of steel used, so the labour amount and energy
expense will be decreasing significantly [17]. Papercrete can grant numerous benefits and wide
utilization in concrete. In addition to that, papercrete persuades waste paper recycling, particularly in a
community without recycling activity. It cuts the waste space, holds paper production and chemical
printing out of the water table [18]. The effect of waste paper on mechanical properties of concrete
such as compressive strength and flexural strength are reviewed in this paper based on numerous
research papers before this.
2. Mechanical Properties
This section discusses the effect of waste paper on mechanical properties of concrete such as
compressive strength and flexural strength based on previous studies before this.
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iCITES 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1092 (2021) 012067 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1092/1/012067
comparison, for 5%, the strength was higher than the reference mix, 0% since waste paper contains a
considerable amount of alumino-siliceous material that combines with calcium, leading to the
improvement in its strength [21]. The advancement was caused by hydraulic and pozzolanic activities
of waste paper that activated by the alkalis and calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 was released from the
hydration process [21].
[23] experimented with concrete containing coarse aggregate replaced with paper pulp with the
percentages varying from 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% and 12.5% by volume. There were two types of
concrete grades designed, such as M20 and M25. The M20 and M25 concrete mixes were done
according to IS 10262:2009. The hardened properties of the papercrete were studied. For both
mixtures M20 & M25 concrete grade, it was observed that 10% and 12.5% replacement of paper pulp
with aggregate could be considered as an acceptable percentage limit for replacement as the strength
observed was the well acceptable range [23]. This paperweight is a non-government approval, but it
can be utilized in the construction industries and also an excellent choice to use waste paper as it is
economical [23]. Table 1 shows the compressive strength of papercrete.
0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% 5%, 10% replacement of cement with waste paper pulp [19]
0%, 5%, 10%, 15% 5%, 10% of paper pulp addition [20]
0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% 5% of waste paper addition [21]
0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5% 10%, 12.5% replacement of paper pulp with aggregate [23]
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iCITES 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1092 (2021) 012067 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1092/1/012067
One control and seven papercrete mixes were investigated with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%
and 35% replacement of ordinary portland cement with waste paper pulp [27]. The ratio of the mix
(cement:sand:coarse aggregate = 1:1.5:2) with a w/c ratio of 0.4. The beam specimens with a 700 mm
x 150 mm x 150 mm size were used for the flexural strength test. All the specimens were cured for 28
days in a curing tank. The demand for water mixing increased with the increasing percentage of paper
mass. This increasing demand was due to the absorption characteristic of cellulose materials in water.
[27] described that the flexural strength showed drastically decreasing values at 28 days as the
percentages of ordinary portland cement replacement were 15%, 20%, 30% and 35% except for 5%
and 10%. The cellulose fibre caused these increasing values of flexural strength to bend adequately to
get the bending stress produced during the flexural test [27]. The bending stress produced shows that
this application is suitable for boards, partitions, beams, and roofing sheets. The fibrous cellulosic
material absorbs a high amount of impact forces. Thus, pavement tiles, partition boards, ceiling
boards, and other lightweight parts of structures are quite fit to be made using this papercrete material
[27].
An experiment was studied on fine aggregate replacement with paper pulp with various
percentages such as 5%, 10% and 15% in M30 concrete mix [28]. This experiment wanted to test the
concrete flexural strength containing paper pulp. Hence, it was compared with conventional concrete.
Each concrete mix proportion has six concrete 500 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm beams. The flexural
machine applied a three-point loading point. At 7 days, the flexural strength increased by 10% and
15% replacement of fine aggregate with paper pulp, while at 28 days, the flexural strength decreased
by 5%, 10% and 15% replacement [28]. At 7 days, the maximum flexural strength was at 15%
replacement while at 28 days, the maximum flexural strength was at 0% replacement [28]. Table 2
shows the flexural strength of papercrete.
3. Conclusion
From the extensive literature review done on the topic, the following conclusions can be drawn about
the effect of waste paper on concrete mechanical properties.
Compressive Strength
1. The concrete compressive strength increases with 5% and 10% replacement of cement with waste
paper pulp, but 15% and 20% gradually reduce the strength.
2. 5% and 10% additions of paper pulp increase the compressive strength of concrete. Above 10%,
the strength decreases.
3. 5% of waste paper addition increase the concrete compressive strength compared to 10%, 15% and
20% additions.
4. 10% and 12.5% replacement of paper pulp with aggregate increase the concrete compressive
strength compared to 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%.
5. 5% and 10% are the best percentages of cement and aggregate replacement with waste paper and
waste paper addition in concrete.
Flexural Strength
1. The concrete flexural strength increases with 5% of the waste paper edition and diminishes by 10%
and 15%.
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iCITES 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1092 (2021) 012067 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1092/1/012067
2. The flexural strength of concrete increases with 5% and 10% of waste paper pulp additions, and a
further increase reduces the strength gradually.
3. 5% and 10% replacement of cement with waste paper pulp increase the flexural strength of
concrete, but 15%, 20%, 30%, and 35% reduce the strength.
4. The concrete flexural strength increases with 10% and 15% replacement of fine aggregate with
paper pulp and decreases with 5% replacement.
5. 5% and 10% are the ideal percentages of waste paper addition and replacement of cement and fine
aggregate with waste paper in concrete.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to acknowledge Universiti Malaysia Pahang in financially supporting this
research through the UMP Postgraduate Research Grant Scheme (PGRS200373).
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iCITES 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1092 (2021) 012067 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1092/1/012067