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monohybrid_cross

The document discusses the history and principles of inheritance, focusing on Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants and the concepts of monohybrid inheritance, test crosses, codominance, and sex-linked characteristics. It explains how traits are inherited and provides examples such as flower color in snapdragons and human blood types. Additionally, it covers the process of protein synthesis from DNA to proteins, detailing transcription and translation.

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joashsm9
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3 views

monohybrid_cross

The document discusses the history and principles of inheritance, focusing on Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants and the concepts of monohybrid inheritance, test crosses, codominance, and sex-linked characteristics. It explains how traits are inherited and provides examples such as flower color in snapdragons and human blood types. Additionally, it covers the process of protein synthesis from DNA to proteins, detailing transcription and translation.

Uploaded by

joashsm9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INHERITANCE

History of Inheritance
https://youtu.be/B7VMXUk6TEg
The father of genetics
https://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=SOgVM904cPc

• Gregor Johann Mendel,


through his work on pea
plants, discovered the
fundamental laws of
inheritance.

• He recognized the
mathematical patterns of
inheritance from one
generation to the next.
• Scientists called geneticists study the inheritance of characteristics
by carrying out breeding experiments.
• Monohybrid inheritance involves the study of inheritance of a
single characteristic/trait, such as plant height, flower colour, etc.

Mendel studied the


inheritance of seven
different features in a
pea plant
MENDELIAN EXPERIMENT ON PLANT HEIGHT [pure tall crossed with pure dwarf plant]

TT, Tt

tt
TRY THIS QUESTION - MENDELIAN EXPERIMENT ON FLOWER COLOUR
[Pure Purple crossed with Pure White]

Let the allele for purple flower be ‘P’ and the allele for white flower be ‘p’
TEST
CROSS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• To explain how test crosses


can help us figure out
unknown genotype
TEST CROSS

 to find out the unknown genotype


 cross the unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive
A person bought a red rose plant from the market. He needs to know if his plant
is homozygous red [RR] or heterozygous red [Rr]. How can he find it out?
Prepare a genetic diagram to prove your findings.

NOTE:
RED FLOWER ALLELE – R
WHITE FLOWER ALLELE - r
https://youtu.be/8y_SLtToUOA

• The test cross is an experiment first employed by Gregor Mendel, in


his studies of the genetics of traits in pea plants.

• A test cross is a way to explore and discover an organism’s


unknown genotype.

• A test cross is used to determine a dominant character's genotype,


to determine whether it is homozygous or heterozygous.

• To find out the genotype of an organism, always cross the unknown


genotype with a homozygous recessive.
If the offsprings are all red flowering plants, it means that
the plant tested is homozygous[RR]

If the offsprings are half red and half white flowering


plants, it means that the plant tested is heterozygous[Rr]
CODOMINANCE

LEARNING OBJECTIVE:

Describe codominance as a situation in which both alleles


in heterozygous organisms contribute to the phenotype
CODOMINANCE
• non-mendelian inheritance
• Codominant alleles are neither dominant nor
recessive.
• heterozygous genotype result in a new phenotype
• To illustrate codominance, let us consider flower colour in
snapdragons .The genes for flower colour has two alleles,
namely CR, which gives red flowers, and CW, which gives
white colour to the flower.

RED WHITE PINK


SNAPDRAGON SNAPDRAGON SNAPDRAGON
Cross pollination of a red and white snapdragon flower
resulted in pink snapdragons. Show it using a genetic
diagram. [NOTE: RED – CR ; WHITE – CW]

This condition is known as


codominance and these
alleles are known as
codominant alleles.
SELF POLLINATION OF PINK SNAPDRAGONS

PHENOTYPIC RATIO:
1 RED: 2 PINK: 1 WHITE
RED- 25%; PINK- 50%; WHITE- 25%

GENOTYPIC RATIO
1CRCR: 2 CRCW: 1CWCW
CRCR- 25%; CRCW 50%; CWCW- 25%
TOPIC: Multiple alleles

LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
• Explain the inheritance of ABO blood groups
• Find out an example for codominance from
human body.
• Some genes have more than two alleles.
• For example, the gene controlling the human ABO blood groups has
three alleles, given the symbols IA, IB and IO.
• Neither of the IA and IB alleles is dominant to the other, but they both
are dominant to IO. This is another example for codominance.
• It results in an extra phenotype when both alleles are present together.
• The genotypes and phenotypes for blood groups are shown below.
Sex-linked Inheritance /
sex-linkage
• Describe a sex-linked characteristic as a feature in
which the gene responsible is located on a sex
chromosome and that this makes the characteristic
more common in one sex than in the other

• Describe red-green colour blindness as an example of


sex linkage
• The sex of a person is determined by the sex chromosomes in his cell.
• The photograph shows a complete set of human chromosomes (a
karyotype).
• A male will always have X and Y chromosomes in the 23rd pair [non-
homologous pair].
• A female will always have X and X chromosomes in the 23rd pair
[homologous pair].

WHICH IS THE MALE KARYOTYPE? LEFT OR RIGHT


• The sex chromosomes carry genes related to sexual
development, such as development of the sex organs
and position of fat stores.
• The sex chromosomes also carry a few genes that
code for characteristics that are not concerned with
sex. Since these genes are carried on the sex
chromosomes, they may show their characteristics only
in one sex.
• For example the gene that causes colour blindness
and hemophilia are carried on the X chromosome. We
say that colour blindness and hemophilia is sex linked.
The inheritance of sex-linked characteristics
• One well-known sex-linked characteristic is red-green colour
blindness. This is a disease in which the person cannot tell the
difference between red and green. It is an X-linked condition.

Let,
XC be the normal allele
Xc be the color blind allele

NOTE:
XCXc - carrier female
XCXC – normal female
XcXc – colour blind female

XCY – normal male


XcY – colour blind male

The recessive allele causes colour


blindness.
A man with normal vision married a carrier colour blind woman. What is their
probability to have children with normal vision and colour blindness?

PARENT PHENOTYPE:

PARENT GENOTYPE:

GAMETES:

Offspring:

colour blind male: ………………………………


Colour blind female: ……………………………
Carrier female: ……………………………………
Normal male:……………………………………….
Normal female: ………………………………….
Colour blind male: 25% chance
Colour blind female: 0% chance
Carrier female: 25% chance
Normal male: 25% chance
Normal female: 25% chance
• Haemophilia (a failure in blood clotting) is inherited in a similar way.
What would be the result if a man without Haemophilia is married to a
female with haemophilia.

Let,
XH be the normal allele
Xh be the allele for haemophilia

The recessive alleles causes the


disease.

Normal male genotype:


Normal female:
Carrier female:
Hemophiliac male:
Hemophiliac female:
• What would be the result if a man with Haemophilia is married to a normal
female
Solution:

Carrier female – 50%


Hemophiliac male – 50%
PEDIGREE
Pedigrees are used to analyze the pattern of inheritance of a
particular trait throughout a family.

• Pedigrees show the presence or absence of a trait as it


relates to the relationship among parents, offspring, and
siblings.

• Pedigrees represent family members and relationships using


standardized symbols.

• By analyzing a pedigree, we can determine genotypes,


identify phenotypes, and predict how a trait will be passed
on in the future.
MEANING OF SYMBOLS IN A PEDIGREE DIAGRAM:

Marriage line

Offspring
PEDIGREE RULES
• Check the key and find out which individual is dominant /
recessive

• Write the homozygous recessive genotype [2 small letters]


below all recessive individuals in a pedigree

• Write one capital letter for all dominant individuals

• Check which offspring is recessive

• Start solving the pedigree from the offspring to the parent. If


an offspring is “bb” it means that one “b” came from father
and the other “b” came from mother.

• If any parent is homozygous recessive [bb], it means that all


the offsprings will receive one b from the recessive parent.
PEDIGREE QUESTIONS
Rr rr

Rr
rr
rr

Rr
3.

WW/Ww
ww

ww Ww Ww Ww Ww

Ww
ww
5.
4.
DNA TO PROTEINS
https://youtu.be/gG7uCskUOrA

•DNA carries the informations


to build proteins.
•These informations are carried
from DNA to the site of protein
synthesis [Ribosomes] by a
kind of messenger molecule.
This molecule is RNA and is
given the name messenger
RNA [mRNA].
•mRNA carries a copy of the
base sequence in DNA from
the nucleus to the ribosome,
where protein synthesis takes
place.
SUMMARY OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

NUCLEUS
STEP 1: TRANSCRIPTION

DNA unwinds inside the nucleus with the help of an enzyme. A new mRNA
molecule is formed using bases corresponding to one of the unwinded DNA
strand. This process is called transcription.
STEP 2: TRANSLATION [RNA TO PROTEIN]

• The mRNA with the triplet codes


leaves the nucleus through the
nuclear pores.
• The mRNA then passes through the
ribosomes.
• Ribosome assembles amino acids
from the cell cytoplasm using transfer
RNA [tRNA]
• Amino acid bonds each other using
peptide bonds to make protein
molecules.
• The specific order of amino acids is
determined by the sequence of
bases in the mRNA.
• Amino acids together make proteins.
• There are 20 different amino acids, each coded by a triplet
code in DNA.
• For example TAC, CGA, ATG, GCC etc.
• TAC in DNA is AUG in mRNA.
• AUG is a triplet code that codes for an amino acid named
methionine.

• Finally, these amino acids together makes a protein in the


ribosome.
AMINO ACIDS
• Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
• There are 20 different amino acids and 64 possible
combinations, or codons.
• Aminoacids join together using peptide bonds.
HOW mRNA’s PASS THROUGH THE RIBOSOMES?

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