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This chemistry project outlines a method to determine the presence and concentration of chloride ions in various water samples through titration with silver nitrate (AgNO₃). The procedure involves using potassium chromate as an indicator to identify the endpoint of the titration, where a red precipitate forms. Results indicate varying chloride concentrations, with some samples exceeding the WHO acceptable limit for drinking water.

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6 views

?????????

This chemistry project outlines a method to determine the presence and concentration of chloride ions in various water samples through titration with silver nitrate (AgNO₃). The procedure involves using potassium chromate as an indicator to identify the endpoint of the titration, where a red precipitate forms. Results indicate varying chloride concentrations, with some samples exceeding the WHO acceptable limit for drinking water.

Uploaded by

sribalaji718
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

CHEMISTRY PROJECT

Determination of Presence of Chloride Ions in Some Water Samples


by Titrating Against Silver Nitrate (AgNO₃)

INDEX

1. Introduction
2. Objective
3. Theory
4. Requirements (Materials Used)
5. Chemical Reactions Involved
6. Procedure
8. Calculations
9. Results
10. Precautions
11. Discussion
12. Conclusion
13. Applications
14. Bibliography

1. Introduction
Water is one of the most essential natural resources for life. It is
used in drinking, cooking, agriculture, and industries. However, it
may contain various dissolved substances, both useful and
harmful. Among these, the presence of chloride ions (Cl ) is a
common phenomenon in natural and treated water.

Excessive chloride in water can cause a salty taste, corrosion of


metal pipes, and damage to crops. Therefore, it is important to test
and measure the amount of chloride ions in water. In this project,
we determine the presence and concentration of chloride ions
using a simple volumetric titration method involving silver nitrate
(AgNO₃).

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2. Objective

To determine the presence and concentration of chloride ions (Cl )


in various water samples by titrating them with standard silver
nitrate (AgNO₃) solution using potassium chromate (K₂CrO₄) as an
indicator.

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3. Theory

The principle behind the experiment is the precipitation reaction


between chloride ions and silver ions:

Ag⁺ (aq) + Cl (aq) → AgCl (s) (white precipitate)


The titration is carried out using silver nitrate (AgNO₃) as the
titrant. Chloride ions in the water react with silver ions to form a
white precipitate of silver chloride (AgCl).

Potassium chromate (K₂CrO₄) is used as an indicator. When all


chloride ions have reacted, excess Ag⁺ reacts with chromate ions to
form a red precipitate of silver chromate (Ag₂CrO₄), which marks
the endpoint.

Indicator Reaction at Endpoint: 2Ag⁺ + CrO₄² → Ag₂CrO₄ (brick-


red precipitate)

4. Requirements (Materials Used)


Burette
Pipette
Conical flask
Beakers
Wash bottl
Funnel
Glass rod
White tile
Distilled water
Standard AgNO₃ solution (0.02 N)

Potassium chromate (K₂CrO₄) solution (indicator)

Water samples from different sources (tap water, well water, pond
water, etc.)
5. Chemical Reactions Involved

1. Titration Reaction:
AgNO₃ + NaCl → AgCl (ppt) + NaNO₃

2. Indicator Reaction (Endpoint):


2AgNO₃ + K₂CrO₄ → Ag₂CrO₄ (brick-red ppt) + 2KNO₃

6. Procedure

1. Rinse and fill the burette with the standard silver nitrate (AgNO₃)
solution.
2. Pipette 25 mL of the water sample into a clean conical flask.
3. Add 1 mL of potassium chromate indicator solution to the flask.

4. Titrate the solution by slowly adding AgNO₃ from the burette


while swirling the flask.
5. The white precipitate of AgCl will form first.
6. Continue titration until a permanent red coloration appears,
indicating the endpoints
7. Record the burette reading.
8. Repeat the titration for 2-3 concordant readings.
9. Repeat the same steps for all other water samples.

8. Calculations

Let’s assume the normality of AgNO₃ = 0.02 N

Volume of AgNO₃ used = V mL

Volume of water sample = 25 mL


Using the formula:

N₁V₁ = N₂V₂
Where,
N₁ = Normality of AgNO₃
V₁ = Volume of AgNO₃ used
N₂ = Normality of Cl in water

V₂ = Volume of water sample

Calculate the normality of Cl , and then convert to mg/L using:

Cl (mg/L) = Normality × 35.5 × 1000


Example (Tap Water):
N₂ = (0.02 × 15) / 25 = 0.012 N

Cl = 0.012 × 35.5 × 1000 = 426 mg/L


(Repeat for other samples.)

9. Results

The concentration of chloride ions in different water samples is:

10. Precautions

Use freshly prepared standard AgNO₃ solution.

Rinse burette and pipette properly before use.


Add the indicator in the correct amount.
Swirl the conical flask continuously while titrating.
Note the endpoint accurately.
Perform titration 2–3 times for consistent results.

11. Discussion

The results show varying chloride ion concentrations in different


water samples. The well water had the highest concentration,
possibly due to underground mineral sources or contamination.
Tap water and pond water also contained chloride but within
different levels. According to WHO, the acceptable limit of chloride
in drinking water is around 250 mg/L, so some of these samples
exceed the safe limit.

12. Conclusion

This experiment successfully demonstrated a simple volumetric


method to detect and quantify chloride ions in water samples. The
silver nitrate titration method is effective and gives accurate results
when performed carefully. Based on the results, some water
sources may require treatment before being used for drinking or
irrigation.

13. Applications
Testing water quality for drinking and agriculture
Monitoring industrial effluents
Used in environmental chemistry and pollution control
Applicable in municipal water treatment plants
14. Bibliography
NCERT Chemistry Textbook for Class 12
Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis
Environmental Chemistry by A.K. De
WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality
www.sciencedirect.com
www.chemguide.co.uk

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