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Table of Contents
Cover
Title page
Copyright
Preface
1 Cognitive Behavior: Different Human-Computer Interaction
Types
1.1 Introduction: Cognitive Models and Human-Computer
User Interface Management Systems
1.2 Cognitive Modeling: Decision Processing User
Interacting Device System (DPUIDS)
1.3 Cognitive Modeling: Decision Support User Interactive
Device Systems (DSUIDS)
1.4 Cognitive Modeling: Management Information User
Interactive Device System (MIUIDS)
1.5 Cognitive Modeling: Environment Role With User
Interactive Device Systems
1.6 Conclusion and Scope
References
2 Classification of HCI and Issues and Challenges in Smart
Home HCI Implementation
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Literature Review of Human-Computer Interfaces
2.3 Programming: Convenience and Gadget Explicit
Substance
2.4 Equipment: BCI and Proxemic Associations
2.5 CHI for Current Smart Homes
2.6 Four Approaches to Improve HCI and UX
2.7 Conclusion and Discussion
References
3 Teaching-Learning Process and Brain-Computer Interaction
Using ICT Tools
3.1 The Concept of Teaching
3.2 The Concept of Learning
3.3 The Concept of Teaching-Learning Process
3.4 Use of ICT Tools in Teaching-Learning Process
3.5 Conclusion
References
4 Denoising of Digital Images Using Wavelet-Based
Thresholding Techniques: A Comparison
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Literature Survey
4.3 Theoretical Analysis
4.4 Methodology
4.5 Results and Discussion
4.6 Conclusions
References
5 Smart Virtual Reality–Based Gaze-Perceptive Common
Communication System for Children With Autism Spectrum
Disorder
5.1 Need for Focus on Advancement of ASD Intervention
Systems
5.2 Computer and Virtual Reality–Based Intervention
Systems
5.3 Why Eye Physiology and Viewing Pattern Pose
Advantage for Affect Recognition of Children With ASD
5.4 Potential Advantages of Applying the Proposed Adaptive
Response Technology to Autism Intervention
5.5 Issue
5.6 Global Status
5.7 VR and Adaptive Skills
5.8 VR for Empowering Play Skills
 5.9 VR for Encouraging Social Skills
5.10 Public Status
5.11 Importance
5.12 Achievability of VR-Based Social Interaction to Cause
Variation in Viewing Pattern of Youngsters With ASD
5.13 Achievability of VR-Based Social Interaction to Cause
Variety in Eye Physiological Indices for Kids With ASD
5.14 Possibility of VR-Based Social Interaction to Cause
Variations in the Anxiety Level for Youngsters With ASD
References
6 Construction and Reconstruction of 3D Facial and Wireframe
Model Using Syntactic Pattern Recognition
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Literature Survey
6.3 Proposed Methodology
6.4 Datasets and Experiment Setup
6.5 Results
6.6 Conclusion
References
7 Attack Detection Using Deep Learning–Based Multimodal
Biometric Authentication System
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Proposed Methodology
7.3 Experimental Analysis
7.4 Conclusion and Future Scope
References
8 Feature Optimized Machine Learning Framework for
Unbalanced Bioassays
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Related Work
8.3 Proposed Work
8.4 Experimental
 8.5 Result and Discussion
8.6 Conclusion
References
9 Predictive Model and Theory of Interaction
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Related Work
9.3 Predictive Analytics Process
9.4 Predictive Analytics Opportunities
9.5 Classes of Predictive Analytics Models
9.6 Predictive Analytics Techniques
9.7 Dataset Used in Our Research
9.8 Methodology
9.9 Results
9.10 Discussion
9.11 Use of Predictive Analytics
9.12 Conclusion and Future Work
References
10 Advancement in Augmented and Virtual Reality
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Proposed Methodology
10.3 Results
10.4 Conclusion
References
11 Computer Vision and Image Processing for Precision
Agriculture
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Computer Vision
11.3 Machine Learning
11.4 Computer Vision and Image Processing in Agriculture
11.5 Conclusion
References
12 A Novel Approach for Low-Quality Fingerprint Image
Enhancement Using Spatial and Frequency Domain Filtering
Techniques
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Existing Works for the Fingerprint Ehancement
12.3 Design and Implementation of the Proposed Algorithm
12.4 Results and Discussion
12.5 Conclusion and Future Scope
References
13 Elevate Primary Tumor Detection Using Machine Learning
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Related Works
13.3 Proposed Work
13.4 Experimental Investigation
13.5 Result and Discussion
13.6 Conclusion
13.7 Future Work
References
14 Comparative Sentiment Analysis Through Traditional and
Machine Learning-Based Approach
14.1 Introduction to Sentiment Analysis
14.2 Four Types of Sentiment Analyses
14.3 Working of SA System
14.4 Challenges Associated With SA System
14.5 Real-Life Applications of SA
14.6 Machine Learning Methods Used for SA
14.7 A Proposed Method
14.8 Results and Discussions
14.9 Conclusion
References
 15 Application of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Vision to
Identify Edible Bird’s Nest
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Prior Work
15.3 Auto Grading of Edible Birds Nest
15.4 Experimental Results
15.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
16 Enhancement of Satellite and Underwater Image Utilizing
Luminance Model by Color Correction Method
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Related Work
16.3 Proposed Methodology
16.4 Investigational Findings and Evaluation
16.5 Conclusion
References
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Figures
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Cognitive behavioral elements of broad view of
human-computer interfa...
Figure 1.2 Decision processing system user interface
device management as extern...
Figure 1.3 Cognitive modeling process in the visualization
decision processing u...
Figure 1.4 Supporting cognitive model for the interaction
of decision supportive...
 Figure 1.5 Basic elements of management information
user interactive device syst...
Figure 1.6 Model of memory, information passes through
distinct stages in order ...
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 The utility of HCI.
Figure 2.2 The basic of HCI and related spaces.
Figure 2.3 The making of intelligent ease of use.
Figure 2.4 The connected fields of HCI and ease of use
designing.
Figure 2.5 Pictured models of smart devices, (a) Model-1
(b) Model-2 (c) Model-3...
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Human brain bisected in the sagittal plane.
Figure 3.2 Functional areas of the human brain.
Figure 3.3 Parts of the human ear.
Figure 3.4 Regenerative feedback system of the teaching-
learning process.
Figure 3.5 Conceptual diagram of the teaching-learning
process.
Figure 3.6 Structure of a neuron.
Figure 3.7 Block diagram of a typical neurofeedback
system.
Figure 3.8 BCI architecture.
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 PDF of Gaussian noise.
Figure 4.2 Single-level decomposition of 2D image.
Figure 4.3 Single-level DWT decomposition.
Figure 4.4 Three-level DWT decomposition.
 Figure 4.5 Single-level composition step of four sub-
images.
Figure 4.6 Filter arrangement for the dual-tree complex
wavelet transform.
Figure 4.7 Hard thresholding scheme: (a) original signal
and (b) after hard thre...
Figure 4.8 Soft thresholding scheme: (a) original signal
and (b) after soft thre...
Figure 4.9 Neighborhood window centered at thresholded
wavelet coefficient.
Figure 4.10 2 x 2 block partition for a wavelet sub-band.
Figure 4.11 Image denoising using DTCWT-based
thresholding technique.
Figure 4.12 Flow chart for the wavelet-based thresholding
technique.
Figure 4.13 Standard gray images (512 × 512): (a) lena
image; (b) barbara image;...
Figure 4.14 (a) Noisy image (noise level = 10); (b) Denoise
image (SURE shrink);...
Figure 4.15 PSNR values obtained various thresholding
techniques.
Figure 4.16 SSIM values obtained various thresholding
techniques.
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Block diagram of the proposed methodology.
Figure 6.2 (a) Original image. (b) Face detection from the
right angle using Vio...
Figure 6.3 3D wireframe concerning central cell 14.
Figure 6.4 (a) 3 x 3 x 3 size of voxels array. (b) Smallest
possible three-dimen...
 Figure 6.5 Comparative analysis of proposed algorithm
with existing technique on...
Figure 6.6 Comparative analysis of error maps for 3D
detailed reconstruction. Th...
Figure 6.7 Reconstruction result of USF dataset. The
numbers under error image r...
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Hierarchy of biometric traits [2].
Figure 7.2 Block diagram of the proposed methodology.
Figure 7.3 Proposed framework for expert one.
Figure 7.4 Proposed framework for expert two.
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Machine learning framework.
Figure 8.2 Comparison of machine learning structure with
classifiers using accur...
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Predictive analytics process.
Figure 9.2 Decision tree.
Figure 9.3 Regression model.
Figure 9.4 Artificial Neural Network.
Figure 9.5 Bayesian statistics.
Figure 9.6 Ensemble classifier.
Figure 9.7 Gradient boosting.
Figure 9.8 Support Vector Machine.
Figure 9.9 Time series analysis.
Figure 9.10 Regression utilizing k-NN.
Figure 9.11 Principle component analysis.
Chapter 10
 Figure 10.1 Virtual continuum.
Figure 10.2 Research strategies followed.
Figure 10.3 Advancement of publications.
Figure 10.4 Development of AR and VR advancements in
the cycle of hype.
Figure 10.5 Advancement of games published in STEAM.
Figure 10.6 On the top is the level of nations which made
an exploration on AR o...
Figure 10.7 Examination of papers picked step by step:
Ihe blue line is the rela...
Figure 10.8 Conveyance of developed fields.
Figure 10.9 Publications development, everything being
equal.
Figure 10.10 Publications in R&D by nations.
Figure 10.11 Data about distributions on medical care:
The upper left picture is...
Figure 10.12 Data about educational publications: in the
upper left picture is t...
Figure 10.13 Data about distributions on the industry: The
upper left picture is...
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Basic ANN architecture.
Figure 11.2 Vision-based vehicle navigation system.
Figure 11.3 The contadino autonomous implement carrier
can be used for seeding, ...
Figure 11.4 Swarm size agriculture robots [60].
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 Flowchart of proposed algorithm. Workflow
diagram.
 Figure 12.2 (a) Original image (DB1 107_2.tif). (b)
Coherence filter. (c) Gabor ...
Figure 12.3 (a) Original image. (b) Proposed algorithm
using a thinning techniqu...
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 Diagrammatical view.
Figure 13.2 (a-d) is Performance evaluation on state of art
parameters.
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 Five tuples used to evaluate sentiment.
Figure 14.2 ttree values of sentiment.
Figure 14.3 Types of sentiments.
Figure 14.4 Architecture of SA system.
Figure 14.5 Challenges of sentiment classifier.
Figure 14.6 Real-life applications of sentiment analysis.
Figure 14.7 Framework for the proposed model.
Figure 14.8 Comparison chart of different classifiers for
different datasets.
Chapter 15
Figure 15.1 Shapes of EBN of grade AA, grade A, and
grade B. Adapted from [4].
Figure 15.2 Block diagram for feature extraction.
Figure 15.3 Histogram of intensities of saturation layer for
various grades.
Figure 15.4 Original images (top row) and the impurities
detected (bottom row) f...
Figure 15.5 Original image (top row) and HSV colour
model (bottom row) of EBNs (...
Figure 15.6 Original images (top row) and the area
detected for each image (bott...
 Chapter 16
Figure 16.1 Proposed approach block diagram.
Figure 16.2 Similarity among proposed and existing
techniques.
Figure 16.3 Entropy measured using the proposed
method.
Figure 16.4 Time measured using the proposed method.
Figure 16.5 Investigational datasets.
Figure 16.6 Comparison of outcome between proposed
and existing techniques.
Figure 16.7 The outcome appears utilizing proposed GUI
on picture (h).
Figure 16.8 Outcome appears utilizing proposed GUI on
picture (g).
Figure 16.9 Outcome appears utilizing proposed GUI on
picture (e).
Figure 16.10 Outcome appears utilizing proposed GUI on
picture (f).

List of Table
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 The core artifacts provided at the cognitive
modeling of user interact...
Table 1.2 Representational uses of cognitive modeling for
decision support user ...
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 PSNR values for grayscale images (512×512) for
different values of AWG...
Table 4.2 SSIM values for grayscale images (512×512) for
different values of AWG...
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 Study of existing methodology.
Table 6.2 Sample of possible convex polyhedrons.
Table 6.3 Comparative analysis of mean and standard
deviation of point to point ...
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 LivDet 2015 dataset details.
Table 7.2 LivDet 2015 dataset details.
Chapter 8
Table 8.1 Exhibition correlation of enhanced multilayer
perception by different ...
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 The solid ability sets as controlled by area
specialists.
Table 9.2 The after-effects of the PCA examination. All
highlights aside from Z-...
Table 9.3 The coefficients and noteworthiness estimations
of the summed up segme...
Table 9.4 The models developed from highlights in the
critical summed up parts. ...
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 Search measure synopsis.
Table 10.2 Evolution of publications houses.
Table 10.3 Outline of EU and USA publications by topics.
Chapter 11
Table 11.1 Cameras used in precision agriculture
application.
Table 11.2 Plant and fruit detection techniques.
 Table 11.3 Fruit grading and ripeness detection
approaches.
Table 11.4 Fruit counting and yield prediction.
Table 11.5 Weed and disease detection.
Chapter 12
Table 12.1 Texture descriptor results for FVC2004DB1
107_2.tif.
Table 12.2 Texture descriptor results for FVC2004DB2
101_2.tif.
Table 12.3 Texture descriptor results for FVC2004DB3
107_7.tif.
Table 12.4 Texture descriptor results for FVC2004DB4
110_8.tif.
Table 12.5 Minutiae ratio results for the thinning
technique.
Table 12.6 Minutiae ratio results for mindset technique.
Table 12.7 Minutiae ratios obtained for the proposed
algorithm using the thinnin...
Table 12.8 Minutiae ratios obtained for the proposed
algorithm using the mindset...
Chapter 13
Table 13.1 Comparison of performance of applied
classifiers using certain specif...
Table 13.2 Analytical estimation of selected attributes.
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 Dataset statistics.
Table 14.2 Performance comparison of different classifiers
for the IMDB dataset ...
Table 14.3 Performance comparison of different classifiers
for Amazon product re...
 Table 14.4 Performance comparison of different classifiers
for news headlines da...
Table 14.5 Performance comparison of different classifiers
for online blogs data...
Table 14.6 Performance comparison of different classifiers
for Wikipedia dataset...
Table 14.7 Accuracy comparison of different classifiers for
different datasets.
Chapter 15
Table 15.1 Features extracted for various grades.
Table 15.2 Classification accuracies for various radii of
subtractive clustering...
Table 15.3 Accuracies for FCM with different clusters.
Table 15.4 Sensitivity of the neural net with different
number of hidden neurons...
Table 15.5 Auto-grading accuracies (%).
Table 15.6 Maximum and minimum classification
accuracies (%).
Table 15.7 Best classification accuracies.
Chapter 16
Table 16.1 Comparative analysis of submerged images.
Table 16.2 Proposed method time and entropy measured
value.
Scrivener Publishing
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Publishers at Scrivener
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Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Cognitive Behavior and Human
Computer Interaction Based on
Machine Learning Algorithm
Edited by

Sandeep Kumar

Rohit Raja

Shrikant Tiwari

Shilpa Rani
This edition first published 2022 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street,
Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center,
Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Preface
Human-computer interaction (HCI) is the academic discipline,
which most of us think of as UI design, that focuses on how human
beings and computers interact at ever-increasing levels of both
complexity and simplicity. Because of the importance of the subject,
this book aims to provide more relevant information that will be
useful to students, academics, and researchers in the industry who
wish to know more about its realtime application. In addition to
providing content on theory, cognition, design, evaluation, and user
diversity, this book also explains the underlying causes of the
cognitive, social and organizational problems typically devoted to
descriptions of rehabilitation methods for specific cognitive
processes. Also described are the new modeling algorithms
accessible to cognitive scientists from a variety of different areas.
Advances in HCI involve interdisciplinary research, the results of
which are published in theoretical and applied articles covering a
broad spectrum of interactive systems. Therefore, this book is
inherently interdisciplinary and publishes original research in
computing, engineering, artificial intelligence, psychology,
linguistics, and social and system organization as applied to the
design, implementation, application, analysis, and evaluation of
interactive systems. Since machine learning research has already
been carried out for a decade at the international level in various
applications, the new learning approach is mainly used in machine
learning-based cognitive applications. Since this will direct the future
research of scientists and researchers working in neuroscience,
neuroimaging, machine learning-based brain mapping and
modeling, etc., this book highlights the framework of a novel robust
method for advanced cross-industry HCI technologies. These
implementation strategies and future research directions will meet
the design and application requirements of several modern and real-
time applications for a long time to come. Therefore, this book will
be a better choice than most available books that were published a
long time ago, and hence seldom elaborate on the current
advancements necessary for cognitive behavior and HCI algorithms.
Included in the book are:

A review of the state-of-the-art in cognitive behavior and HCI

processing models, methods, techniques, etc.
A review and description of the learning methods in HCI.
The new techniques and applications in cognitive behavior along
with their practical implementation.
The existing and emerging image challenges and opportunities
in the cognitive behavior and HCI field.
How to promote mutual understanding and networking among
researchers in different disciplines.
The facilitation of future research development and
collaborations.
Real-time applications.

To conclude, we would like to express our appreciation to all of the

contributing authors who helped us tremendously with their
contributions, time, critical thoughts, and suggestions to put
together this peer-reviewed edited volume. The editors are also
thankful to Scrivener Publishing and its team members for the
opportunity to publish this volume. Lastly, we thank our family
members for their love, support, encouragement, and patience
during the entire period of this work.

Sandeep Kumar
Rohit Raja
Shrikant Tiwari
Shilpa Rani
October 2021
1
Cognitive Behavior: Different Human-
Computer Interaction Types
S. Venkata Achyuth Rao1*, Sandeep Kumar2 and GVRK
Acharyulu3
1CSE, SIET, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
2Computer Science and Engineering Department, Koneru
Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Andra
Pradesh, India
3Operations & Supply Chain, MBA (Healthcare & Hospital
Management), School of Management Studies, University of
Hyderabad, Telangana, India
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
 Abstract
Cognitive behavior plays a significant and strategic role in human-
computer interaction devices that are deployed nowadays, with
artificial intelligence, deep learning, and machine learning
computing techniques. User experience is the crucial factor of any
successful interacting device between machine and human. The
idea of providing a HCUIMS is to create interfaces in terms of the
bottom level of any organization as Decision Processing User
Interacting Device System (DPUIDS), next at middle level
management, Decision Support User Interacting Device Systems
(DSUIDS), lastly at executive level, Management Information
User Interacting Device System (MIUIDS), where decisions can
take at uncertainty at various catastrophic situations. Here are
specific gaps demonstrated in the various user’s processes in
communicating with computers and that cognitive modeling is
useful in the inception phase to evolve the design and provide
training.
This is provided with the fulfillment of various interactive devices
like Individual Intelligences Interactions (I3), Artificial and
Individual Intelligences Interaction (AI3), Brain-Computer
Interaction (BCI), and Individual Interactions through Computers
(I2C) in a playful manner to meet the corporate challenges in all
stakeholders of various domains with better user experience.
Keywords: Cognitive behavior, user experience, interacting
devices, modeling, intelligence

1.1 Introduction: Cognitive Models and Human-

Computer User Interface Management Systems
Cognitive models are useful in assessing to make predictions ease at
top-level management systems in several aspects or many variables
to interact and provide the approximate behavioral aspects observed
in various experimental empirical studies. In a real-world lifetime
situation, many factors are influenced to produce outcome reports as
a behavioral analysis report. This is done neural processing data with
the representation of patterns. These models outcome in terms of
processes and products interact with various people which are shown
in the empirical experiments. These below are necessary tools for
psychologists to interact with various designers who care about
cognitive models. These models for HCI have an adequate different
goal to use necessary interfaces better for users. In general, there are
at least three cognitive models in service as a general goal [1].

Interactive user behavioral predicting systems

Adaptive interaction observatory changing systems
Group interaction model building systems

1.1.1 Interactive User Behavior Predicting

Systems
Human behavior predicting system interface is designed and
deployed as the interaction and communication between users and a
machine, an automatic dynamic, versatile system, through a user-
machine interface [2]. There are strongly related real-world
assumptions, and aspects are there to distinguish the domain of
user-machine automatic dynamic, versatile systems, and user-
computer interaction. For 50 years onward, the investigations on
research in this domain are going on with different interactive
human predicting systems that are evolved with the necessary
propagated embedded events via a hardware and software
interaction built-in displays. The best and emerging ambient designs
of user interaction automatic predicting system applications have a
right market place and gain values vertically in all the verticals for
many products and services in various sectors like medical,
transportation, education, games, and entertainment, which are the
needs of the industry [3].

1.1.2 Adaptive Interaction Observatory Changing

Systems
An adaptive interactive observatory system acquires its psychological
aspects to the independent user based on inferences of the user
prototype acquisition and reports involving activity in learning,
training, inference, or necessary constraints of the decision process.
The primary and needful goal of adaptive interaction observatory
changing system interfacing adaptation is to consider unique
perceptual or physical impairments of individual users; it allowed
them to use a dynamic system more flexibly, efficiently, with
minimal errors and with less frustration. An adaptive interaction
observatory system interface is an embedded software artifact that
improves its functionality to interact with an individual user by
prototype model, thereby constructing a user model based on partial
psychological considerable experience with that user [4].
As there are widespread of www, internet, and gopher services
among the population day by day, more sophisticated variety of
softwares, emerging technologies involve hardware events, gadgets,
widgets, and events that are more and more highly interactive and
responsive. Only limited early individual novice people are doing
programs on punch cards and submitting late nights and overnight
jobs, and subsequently time-sharing systems and debug monitors,
text editors have become slower and slower and depend on multiple
cores and moving forward to parallel processing. The latest emerging
operating systems and real-time operating systems support various
interactive software like what you see and what you get. The editor
system software is too high for interactive computer games, most
efficient and eminent embedded systems, automotive responsive,
interactive, and adaptive conservative systems in layered interactive
graphical user interfaces, and such subscribers and listeners are the
key roles of adaptive interaction observatory changing systems. Such
systems have been treated as an essential part of any business and
academic lives with a trillion people depend on them to move toward
their daily lives. Most academic work on machine learning still
focuses on refining techniques and humiliating the steps that may
happen at foreseen and after their invocation. Indeed, most
investigations, conferences, workshops, and research interests,
especially media and entertainment, virtual reality, simulation,
modeling, and design, still emphasize differences between broader
areas of learning methods. Eventually, evidenced by the decision-tree
induction, the design analysis of algorithms, case-based reasoning
methods, and statistical and probabilistic schemes often produce
very similar results [5].

1.1.3 Group Interaction Model Building Systems

This chapter’s main objective is to describe the existing cognitive
framework activities on group modeling information systems using
synergy responsive dynamics. Such information systems are very few
and necessary to be applied in hybrid organizations in order to
support to increase in a wide range of business expansion and to take
their strategic decisions. In this cognitive group interaction model
building theory, the vital methodological dynamics were first located
under the individual user interactions and then classified to allow an
intensive idea to be given as a requirement analysis report for group
activity prototype being a building system consideration [6]. The
outcome of this brainstorming dynamics indicates the existing
methods to propose a global view of interaction model systems are
very rare. Also, three complex issues are needed to discuss: the
inception of knowing the users’ knowledge, the interaction
establishment of a consensus among users, and the main aspects of
providing necessary facilitation.
A group interaction model building system is a dynamic system that
is characterized by the following:

1. The responsive nature and strong interactions among the actors

of the group;
2. An integration exists with necessary interactions, interrelations,
and a strong dependency together;
3. An internal abstractive complex cohesiveness is subjected to
their feedback; and
4. Fuzziness of the delayed behavioral reactions among the groups
to assess or predict.

An organized framework is described here as a generalization of any

organized approach, providing inference process and cohesive
interactions in the detailed guidelines related to any aspect of group
interaction model building. This analysis aims to obtain a broad view
of a global vision of investigating the research that applied group
interaction modeling systems. Using system dynamics allows
drawing keenness to the lack of advanced interactive device
management aspects to support the relating behavior aspects.
The group modeling system approach’s dynamic behavior is
characterized below, emphasizing group interaction model systems.
The modeling process using two types of information systems [7]:

1. Modeling information systems versus group interaction model

information systems.
2. Expert modeling systems versus team expert modeling
information systems.

1.1.4 Human-Computer User Interface

Management Systems
Human-Computer User Interface (HCUI) design mainly emphasizes
foreseeing what computer interaction users need to do and approve
that the human-computer interface has several elements that are
flexible and easy to know, view, navigate, update, manage and
modify, and use to provide facilitation in the form of events and
widgets. HCUI accomplishes the related features from interpreting,
layout design, interaction design, visual design, and information
architecture.
A HCUIMS (HCUI Management System) is treated as not as a
system but rather an interactive software architecture (an HCUIMS
is also called a HCUI Architecture) “in which the design, deployment
of various applications’ user interface is precise and clearly
distinguished from that of other applications’ underlying its
functionality.” Such an eminent division’s cohesive objective is to
enhance the maintenance ease and adaptability with other softwares.
Most of the Modern HCUIMS Architectures are designed with
integrated development environments. With the help of abstraction
of a user interface from the applications logic, syntax, and semantics,
the code generation is better supported for customization. Even
these architectures have been proven and useful with a high degree
of interaction and had semantic feedback at manipulating interfacing
boundaries between applications and HCUIs are difficult or
impossible to maintain [8].
1.1.5 Different Types of Human-Computer User
Interfaces
1. Interface for Command Line
2. Interface for Menu Driven
3. Interface for Touch-Screen Driven
4. Interface for Graphical User Purpose
5. Interface for Event-Driven Purpose
6. Interface for Sensor-Based Users
7. Interface for Voice-Based Users
8. Interface for Natural Language Users
9. Interface for Form-Based Users
10. Interface for Gesture Driven Users
11. Interface for Mobile Users
12. Interface for Data Base Users
13. Interface for VR Design

1.1.6 The Role of User Interface Management

Systems
User interface management system architecture’s role is broader
than a narrow concern concerning hardware, embedded system
software applications, design analysis and algorithms, software
procedures, packages, distributed servers, and other programs. The
majority of domains with respective disciplines are contributed
widely to the discipline of management informative systems,
including the following:

1. Traditional ancestor science and technology related disciplines

such as functional forms, lambda expressions, predicative
calculus, systems theory, operation research, and econometrics;
 2. Technology such as electronics, information technology,
bioinformatics, nano technology, and computer science;
3. Emerging technologies like security management studies that
include cognitive networking, link taping, a man-in-the-middle
attack, brute force, cross-site request forgery, and doom-based
attack; and
4. Social engineering and behavioral theory of ergonomics,
linguistics, etc.

User interface management systems development is exceptionally

different because the Information Systems are to be continued
adequate modeling and working staff need to serve an efficient role
in the enterprise management system organizations [9]. The roles
and responsibilities needed to be performed efficiently as given
below. Some of them are discussed below.

1. Information system programmers and system analysts need to

spare longer to interact with stakeholders individually or group-
wise to elicit more useful information to design and evolve the
system interaction meaningful and rapid responsive purpose.
2. Determine what information is useful to take decision-making in
uncertain times is a challenging task. For this, information
system staff forcing to spare longer time and a great deal to
interact with system users.
3. Development and deployment approaches likely building
prototyping models are based on either rapid application
development model feedback or iterative, incremental feedback
from connected users on interaction efficiency concerning their
needs.
4. The resultant outcome in the form of Information is visualized
as an essential asset by executive information system
management people at the top-level directors.
5. The visualized information systems are displayed, not only at
the given organizations but also use or deployed in many
organizations, as it follows strategically rather than just had an
operational role of the given organization.
 6. If an uncertain condition, catastrophic, or pandemic
environment propagates in uncertainty to take decisions at top-
level management, these systems allowed you to give an optional
decision-making to be implemented to interactive among
connected users.

1.1.7 Basic Cognitive Behavioral Elements of

Human-Computer User Interface Management
Systems
HCUIMS is more than just the user interface management system
interface. There are a gap and significant difference between the user
interface and a computer interaction system. As the above discussed,
finally, what we consider the HCUIMS to be broad includes any
interfaces among users (developers and users) that may require the
systems till the life. Hence, operational research scientists,
investigators of system development, implementation, acceptance,
use, and impact lot in management personnel’s decision-making,
capture broad HCI issues and concerns. In a nutshell, the broad view
of human interaction activities has five components among them:
human (users), technology (H/W, S/W, and other related),
interaction (communication), task (to accomplish), and context
(domain-based).
Finally, from an organizational point of view, there are four essential
contexts identified; these are seen in Figure 1.1 [10]:
Figure 1.1 Cognitive behavioral elements of broad view of human-
computer interface in management [10].

Organizational context,
Technology context,
Social context,
Global context.

When designing your interface in any one of the above contexts, it

should be consistent and predictable in the user choice of interacting
elements. Initially, the experts need to train them to use the
functionality, operation of various events; if whether they are aware
of it or not, users must have to be trained; once they become familiar
with elements; if they act in a certain way, they need to adopt those
elements when appropriate will help to accomplish with efficiently in
utmost satisfaction.
Interface elements include but are not limited to the following:
 Technology and advanced technology: input, output,
information, etc.
Task/job: task goals and task characters
Human: Demographics, physical/motor, cognitional level, and
emotional level
Context: Organizational context, technology context, social
context, and global context.

However, design usability is rapidly increasing day by day and refer

primarily to the ease with connecting users accomplish their
intended tasks and relatively closely associated with the use of
evaluation impact calculated with the usability testing. Therefore,
many perceive usability as a rather tactical aspect of any human-
computer interface management system product design: the global
context, social context, technology context, and organizational
context. However, usability may not complete with the
encompassment of all UI elements relating to ease of use. User
interface elements’ outcome gives out things like flexibility,
adaptability, compatibility and can ease to learn and recognize
information in a possible manner and economic affordability also
comes into this category [10].

1.2 Cognitive Modeling: Decision Processing

User Interacting Device System (DPUIDS)
Cognitive modeling is helpful in the decision processing systems
through user interface device systems. Data science and behavioral
sciences are viewed as significant parts of any decision making. It
gives us a powerful new tool and these are suppressing tedious tasks
to make it as simple by analytic indication through behavior changes
and represent their consequences day by day and presented to their
visuals. Machine learning and data science studies help predict
future outcomes by using analytics from widespread large data sets
to assess the desired outcomes to accomplish personalized
behavioral interventions. This may not be a concern for most
businesses’ aspects; some of the programs are adequate and
applicable to everyday issues. Through cognitive behavior
assessment, the investigators and researchers are designed new
algorithms to recognize the circumstances around their
environments and subsequently change the negative energy to
positive energy to bring out more outcomes to meet the predicted
outcome. It allows us to quickly do basic arithmetic and read
emotional intelligence, body language, postures and gestures, and
complete sentences.

1.2.1 Cognitive Modeling Automation of Decision

Process Interactive Device Example
For a typical discussion, if anyone of the person, energy is low from
any number of tasks or processes or over successive or meetings or
engaging intensive concentration, his or her mental energy will be
going to be decreased to the point that point the automatic system
needs to take over the carry out next task. Where cognitive decision
processing user interface device systems are designed and developed
with algorithmic prediction, there can begin to identify policymakers’
characteristics, factors, and like benefit and appropriately target the
interacting people.
The paramedical structure describes the business intelligence user
community decision processing system. Data analytics is a process of
monitoring, the inception of inspection, cleaning of data like
imbalances, identifying skewness, external noise, transforming the
data and information through online analytical process and online
transaction process, and modeling data to extract useful information
through supporting decision-making. Data analysis process has
multiple facets and strategic approaches, encompassing diverse
techniques under a variety of cubes, names, under a different
business, science, and social science domains. Suppose a typical user
does not have the expertise or the resources to employ dedicated
information technology resources to develop reports, tools, or
customization applications. He or she can take the help of software
tools, and the visualization of events will help make decisions. In this
respect, automatic interactive visualizations are helped on behalf of
users.
One aspect of decision processing user interaction device systems is a
collection of integrated embodiments of events. Those who respond
to a system and collect interactive visualizations methods include
receiving a selection of required data through the report processing
generation system. Integrated data consists of database storage
systems and their active listening interfaces are given between the
source senders to the received listener. Those storage databases and
respective interfacing devices invoke the necessary methods,
automatically generated functional activity then accomplish the user
tasks. They are easy to determine an associated visualization for the
selected data based on heuristics; it is said that a set of rules is used
to determine the associated visualization most appropriately for
interacting decision process systems [12].
Decision processing and interacting device systems identify complex
data as more accessible, understandable, and usable. These systems
are used in the domains like business, organizations, and various
endeavors, and massive amounts of data are being collected,
processed, and stored. This trend is growing exponentially with the
adoption of the internet, intranet, advancing networking
technologies, powerful mobile devices, wearable devices, and the like
many vast device’s interconnectivity. The world makes it into a
Global village and most of the devices are connected in the Internet
of Things (IoT) and through Sensor Networks. The applications of
the interactive device systems are one of the sets of cognitive-
behavioral and neural network-related machine learning, deep
learning and type of convolutional networks, and recurrent neural
networks that are running an enterprise, such as without limitation,
payrolls, inventory, marketing, sales and distribution, vendor
management, accounting, supply chain management, and resource
planning applications (Figure 1.2) [13].
Figure 1.2 Decision processing system user interface device
management as external customer [13].

1.2.2 Cognitive Modeling Process in the

Visualization Decision Processing User
Interactive Device System
Cognitive models are useful artifacts used to understand a better way
to accomplish a real-world object task in our world. In the context of
knowledge representation and automated reasoning. The use of
visualization tools is used to create useful patterns in the extraction
of knowledge.
The important modeling visualization tools are described below with
their functionality and objective role of decision processing
interaction role in various devices that are shown in the below
diagram (Figure 1.3) [15].
The flow chart description is step by step.

1. Views to mental model, thereby computing sensory input

devices to visualize data to discover useful information.
Understand and justify.
2. A collection of methods, procedures, algorithms, and learning
methods on the data preprocessing, interpretation,
 visualization, storage, analysis, and transformation as compared
to desired outcomes.
3. System (DPUIMS). The following are models Visualize model
outputs to understand and communicate the necessary
computational models. Finally, the visualization model has been
resultant as information.

Figure 1.3 Cognitive modeling process in the visualization decision

processing user interacting device system [15].

1.3 Cognitive Modeling: Decision Support User

Interactive Device Systems (DSUIDS)
Cognitive models are used to support user interactive device systems
in the form of computer programs, applications, algorithms, events,
and sensors or devices or components or controls or tools that
simulate human performance based on cognitive skills. They are
useful through human-computer interaction to assist users in
predicting tasks and finding meaningful and useful patterns. If these
models are evolved through emerging design methodologies
compared with historical interfaces, excellent and strange results are
produced with high interactive graphical visualization tools. This
strategic approach is abstracted and encapsulated as a yield of the
cognitive model decision supported interface device, analogous to
and based on a Cognitive Model Decision Support User Interface
Management System (DPUIMS). The following are models and
structural representation of interactive management interactive
device system. The systems will help exploit the synergy between the
branches, and interdisciplinary domain areas have interactions
among the users [15].

1.3.1 The Core Artifacts of the Cognitive

Modeling of User Interaction
There are various artifacts helped as tools to provide the
development of interaction among user interfaces. Some tools can be
designed and deployed through a task simulation mechanism in the
development of cognitive models. There is no other linkage
mechanism that may support and interpret cognitive models to the
wide range of interfaces in a large organization’s decision support
systems (Table 1.1).
For an initial consideration for an Integration purpose, the following
is featured process [16]:

1. Creation of computer user interface tools.

2. Task simulation involvement mechanism in a model eye during
run-time is necessary interaction as per the model.
3. Need communication mechanism to be passed with information
in the cognitive model and simulation of the task.

1.3.2 Supporting Cognitive Model for Interaction

Decision Supportive Mechanism
Cognitive decision supportive mechanism implementation is based
on essential elements; they are composed with the cognitive
architecture via a cognitive modeling tool, and then communication
mechanism combined with the hand and eye is implemented,
thereby find the respective HCUI to interact with users. This
environment model with task simulation tools effectively runs on
heterogeneous and homogeneous environments (operating systems,
real-time operating systems, various servers and clients, multiple
computers, databases, etc.). It is finally integrated with the user
interaction management system interface and computer-based
management interaction management systems.
Table 1.1 The core artifacts provided at the cognitive modeling of
user interaction [16].
Artifact Purpose
Cognitive It provides the simulation of the cognitive performance
model and user’s behavior to perform the task.
Task It provides the task for the cognitive model. Also, the
simulation user interface will be used in the model.
Linkage It provides the pathway between the model and
mechanism simulation to communicate for human perception and
action. It simulates human perception and action.

Figure 1.4 Supporting cognitive model for the interaction of

decision supportive mechanism [16].
Supporting cognitive model (Figure 1.4) for interaction of decision
supportive architecture is embodied with the following three
necessary steps.
The initial step to provide the model with supporting decision-
making capabilities for perception and action among human-
computer interaction with the task simulation is to extend the
necessary cognitive tools as architecture to become a complete model
by adding an eye with a simulated hand.
In the second step of the cognitive model to the simulation, the
simulated eye and hand observations are to be recorded, and that
information is to pass into the cognitive model for necessary actions.
The model’s final step is categorized into two specific parts as
simulated eye and hand implemented in that environment as the
simulation by using necessary simulation tools, whereas the
cognitive model can be separated. Here, there occurs a
communication mechanism between two such separated specific
parts as in the form of interaction done simulated eye and hand with
cognitive modeling [16].

1.3.3 Representational Uses of Cognitive

Modeling for Decision Support User Interactive
Device Systems
Some of the representations in cognitive modeling topics are
described with descriptions in the following diagram [17].
Table 1.2 Representational uses of cognitive modeling for decision
support user interactive device systems [17].
Topic Representational Comments
expectations
Model Objectives in the form of The ambiguity
understand the sentential statements, to verify possible with
context the relationship, data sentential
discovery, and investigation of representations
data. To high-level can be an
requirements for visualization advantage without
model or architecture. The ambiguity.
dominant type of visualization
is based on data analysis and
exploration.
Model structure The relationship provided in The activity
definition model supportability through usually received
data analysis, visualization of total resources
the model, decomposition of what we thought
the problem, and variable was the significant
specifications. portion.
The dominant type of Visual tools range
visualization model may be from “Balloons
computed probably with the and Strings
help of given fullest resources representation of
utilization. relatedness” to
tables of storage
format,
spreadsheets, and
visual framework
of activities.
Topic Representational Comments
expectations
Realization of Identification of solution with Supports for the
the model the help of a more concrete hierarchical
model as adequate parameter problem
estimation. decomposition
The dominant visualization into chunks at
type is to be built by various levels
continuing the suitable model visualization.
at various levels of hierarchy.
Assessment of Provided correctness, The stakeholder
the model feasibility, and acceptability in target is justified
validation of the model. through context
given by the right
modeler with
colleagues,
customers, and
users.

Implementation The suitable model is Completeness of

of the model implemented and managed its visualization to
transmission into active usage. assist marketing
and training. Good
speed and benefits
concerning
turnover in
personals the
number of new
users of the model.

Understand model context

Define structural model
Realization of the model
Assessment of the model
Model implementation
1.4 Cognitive Modeling: Management Information
User Interactive Device System (MIUIDS)
Today, all industry stakeholders consider the different interfaces
since it provides feedback on a new product’s effectiveness in real
life. However, one must not forget the adoption of interface
communication from character user interface data to voice user
interface information. The information is a key to the process and
storage of any organization. The stakeholder, mainly customer
experience, is immediate valuable feedback and product safety and
low maintenance are complemented strategically designed with the
necessary management user interactive device system. The essential
elements of the management user interactive device system are
described with the necessary diagram (Figure 1.5).

Memory
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

In comparisons of actual with predicted performance, bars for actual

performance are always wider. Comments are added to the displays
to explain abnormal conditions, explain graphic depictions, reference
related displays, and inform pending changes. For example, a display
may show that signups may be less than three as forecasted.
However, the staff member responsible for the display knows that a
down payment from Peru for three aircraft is an end route and adds
this information as a comment on the display. Without added
comments, situations can arise, referred to as “paper tigers”, because
they appear to require managerial attention though they do not. The
MIDS staff believes that “transmitting data is not the same as
conveying information” [8]. The displays have been created with the
executives’ critical success factors in mind. Some of the measures,
such as profits and aircrafts sold, are obvious. Other measures, such
as employee participation in company-sponsored programs, are less
obvious and reflect the MIDS staff’s efforts to understand and
accommodate the executives’ information needs fully.
Figure 1.5 Basic elements of management information user
interactive device system.

Figure 1.6 Model of memory, information passes through distinct

stages in order for it to be stored in long-term memory.
Keys to the success of MIDS descriptions of successful systems are
useful to people responsible for conceptualizing, approving, and
developing similar systems. Perhaps even more critical are insights
about what makes a system a success. A committed senior executive
sponsor wanted a system like MIDS, committed the necessary
resources, participated in its creation, and encouraged its use by
others. It carefully defined system requirements. Several
considerations governed the design of the system. It had to be
custom-tailored to meet the information needs of its users. Ease of
use, an essential item to executives who were wary of computers, was
critical. Response time had to be fast. The displays had to be updated
quickly and efficiently as conditions changed. They have carefully
defined information requirements. There has been a continuing
effort to understand management’s information requirements.
Displays have been added, modified, and deleted over time.
Providing information relevant to management has been of
paramount importance (Figure 1.6). The staff that developed the
operated and evolved MIDS combines information systems skills and
functional area knowledge. The computer analysts are responsible
for the system’s technical aspects, while the information analysts are
responsible for providing the information needed by management.
This latter responsibility demands that the information analysts
know the business and maintain close contact with information
sources and users [18].
The initial version of MIDS successfully addressed the company
president’s most critical information needs and strengthened his
support for the system. There is little doubt that developing a fully
integrated system for a full complement of users would have
substantial delays and less enthusiasm for the system.
Careful computer hardware and software selection is essential in this
model. The decision to proceed with MIDS development was made
when the right color terminals at reasonable prices became available.
At that time, graphics software was very limited, and it was necessary
to develop the software for MIDS in-house. MIDS development could
have been postponed until hardware and software with improved
performance at reduced cost appeared, but this decision would have
delayed providing management with the information needed. Also
affecting the hardware selection was the organization’s existing
hardware and the need to integrate MIDS into the overall computing
architecture. While it is believed that excellent hardware and
software decisions have been made for MIDS, different
circumstances at other firms may lead to different hardware and
software configurations. Future plans for MIDS continues to evolve
along the lines mentioned previously. Improvements in display
graphics are also planned through the use of a video camera with
screen digitizing capabilities. Several other enhancements are also
projected. A future version of MIDS may automatically present
variance reports when actual conditions deviate by more than user-
defined levels. Audio output may supplement what is presented by
the displays. The system may contain artificial intelligence
components. There may be a large screen projection of MIDS
displays with better resolution than is currently available. The
overriding objective is to provide Lockheed Georgia management
with the information they need to effectively and efficiently carry out
their job responsibilities.

1.5 Cognitive Modeling: Environment Role With

User Interactive Device Systems
Environment plays a crucial role in interacting with various kinds of
interactive device systems. Behind this, there are four “E’s” that
motivate the theories and assumptions of cognition modeling [19];
these are mainly the following:

Embodied,
Embedded,
Extended, and
Enactive.

So, various interactive devices like Individual Intelligences

Interactions (I3), Artificial and Individual Intelligences Interaction
(AI3), Brain-Computer Interaction (BCI), and Individual
Interactions through Computers (I2C) in a playful manner are
provided to meet the corporate challenges in all stakeholders of
various domains with better user experience.

1.6 Conclusion and Scope

Cognitive modeling plays a significant and strategic role in human-
computer interaction devices deployed these days and in the future,
with artificial intelligence, deep learning, and machine learning
computing techniques. Data science and data analytics provided an
accurate visualization analysis with customer feedback experiences
to know the expeditions of the users with their interactions of the
above interactive devices. User experience is the crucial factor of any
successful interacting device between machine and human because
decisions can be uncertain due to various situations. One of the key
strengths of the cognitive model interactive device system is its many
practical applications. It is used in the field experiment to investigate
the effects of cognitive interviewing techniques training on
detectives’ performance in eyewitness interviews. This means that
studies taking the cognitive approach are somewhat scientific and
have good internal validity in the long future deterministic decision-
making in all the levels of management decisions.

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20. Peerce, J., Rogers, Y., Sharp, H., Interaction design: beyond
human- computer interaction, John Wiley & Sons, Inc,
Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, UK, 2002.
21. Bernard, C., Paris-Dauphine et al., Group Model Building Using
System Dynamics: An Analysis of Methodological Frameworks,
Control Systems, Robotics, And Automation, in: Human-
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11, 105–136, 2020.
2
Classification of HCI and Issues and
Challenges in Smart Home HCI
Implementation
Pramod Vishwakarma1*, Vijay Kumar Soni1, Gaurav
Srivastav1 and Abhishek Jain2
1Department of AIT-CSE, Chandigarh University, Mohali (SAS
Nagar), India
2Department of Computer Science, Roorkee Institute of
Technology, Roorkee, India
*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract
Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) implies an association with
humans or individuals with computer or machine. Human-
computer cooperation is likewise called as computer-human
connection or CHI. HCI is the arranging, planning, and improving
human-computer gadgets, predominantly interface of the
computer, page, ATM interface, portable interface, etc. The
principle point of HCI is to improve the cooperation among
utilization and machine or processing association. HCI
additionally treated plan and assessed execution of computer
screen or other UI. This article manages the part of HCI, its job,
and current guidelines. The paper likewise informs us concerning
the human gadget cooperation.
Keywords: Human-Computer-Interaction, human cooperation,
design, ease of use, ease of use designing, information science,
user amicability, MMI, CHI

2.1 Introduction
 Another Random Document on
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my own men were left here as prisoners. We heard heavy firing, and
guessed there was an action. What has happened?"
Mr. Riley turned and pointed at the French prize won by the frigate.
"We beat her," he said, with pride in his tones. "You've had luck to
escape so early from a French prison. Where were you bound for?"
"In the first place, Oporto," came the answer. "Later, as a prisoner, for
Bayonne. Now, I suppose, we shall have to return to England?"
As it turned out, however, it was to Oporto that the little sloop made.
"The frigate makes for home at once," Mr. Riley reported, when he
had rowed back to the ship, and had again come out to the sloop.
"She sails in company with her prize, and no doubt the homecoming
will be a fine triumph. I have orders to take this sloop to Oporto,
there to hand over this young fellow to the authorities."
He pointed to Tom and smiled, while the ensign, turning upon our
hero, surveyed him with amazement, and with some amount of
superciliousness if the truth be told.
"Pardon, sir," he said, "I don't understand."
"Of course not," came the smiling answer; "nor does he. Come here,
Tom."
Our hero, as may be imagined, was just as dumbfounded as the
ensign; for though Mr. Riley had been wonderfully kind to him from
the beginning, his manner had suddenly changed. He addressed him
as if he were an equal, not as if he were one of the crew.
"I'll explain," he smiled, seeing the bewilderment expressed by both
young fellows. "While the action was passing between us and the
man-of-war our lookouts reported a sail in the offing. She has come
up to us since, and turns out to be a smaller frigate than ourselves.
But the point is this—she left the Thames after us, and has carried a
brisk breeze with her all the way. She asked at once for information
concerning a young fellow brought aboard just before we weighed,
who had been impressed by a gang having quarters near London
Bridge. That, sir, is the young fellow."
He pointed at Tom, whom the ensign still regarded in amazement.
"The whole thing has been cleared up, of course," said Mr. Riley.
"There is no longer any doubt that this gentleman is the son of Mr.
Septimus John Clifford, wine merchant, of London Bridge."
"Eh?" suddenly interjected the ensign, staring hard at Tom. "Clifford,
of London Bridge. Well, I'm bothered! Why, Tom, don't you know
me?"
It must be confessed that our hero was somewhat taken aback. In
this young officer so much above himself, clad in the handsome
uniform of the 60th Rifles, he had not recognized an old friend.
Indeed his attention had been centred on his own officer. But now,
when Jack Barwood lifted his cap, Tom recognized him at once, and
gave vent to a shout of delight.
"Why, it's you!" he cried, gripping the hand extended. "Haven't seen
you since—now when did we meet last?"
"Time you licked that cub of a grocer's boy," laughed Jack, who
seemed to be just such another as our hero, and who was evidently a
jovial fellow. "He passed when we were with your cousin, and
grinned and sauced you. You were at him in a jiffy."
Mr. Riley laughed loudly when he heard what was passing. "Why, he's
been at one of our men aboard the frigate," he cried. "Hammered
him badly just before we fell in with the Frenchman. He's a tiger."
"He's a demon to fight, is Tom, sir," laughed Jack. "Ask him how we
became acquainted."
"Eh? How?" asked the officer curiously, and then pressed the
question when he saw that Tom had gone a crimson colour and was
looking sheepish. "Eh?" he repeated.
"He's pretending to have forgotten," shouted Jack, enjoying the
situation. "I'll tell the tale. It was at school one day. Tom was chewing
toffee, mine had disappeared from a pocket. I tackled him with the
theft, and we went hammer and tongs for one another. It was a busy
time for us for some ten minutes."
"Ah!" smiled Mr. Riley. "Who won?"
"Drawn battle," exclaimed Tom, somewhat sulkily.
"I had a licking," laughed Jack. "It was a certainty for him from the
beginning."
"Not surprised," came from the officer. "And the toffee?"
"Eh?" asked Jack.
"The toffee you accused him of stealing?" asked Mr. Riley. "You found
it later?"
"In another pocket—yes," admitted Jack, with a delightful grin. "I
deserved that hiding; it made us fast friends. So Tom's been
impressed."
"By the machinations of his cousin."
That caused Tom to lift his head and come nearer. He had wondered
time and again how that impressment had been brought about,
whether by accident or design, and had never been able to bring
himself to believe that José was responsible. Mr. Riley's words made
him open his ears.
"You are sure, sir?" he asked.
"The commander has letters from your father with positive proof.
However, things seemed to have happened fortunately. You are to be
taken to Oporto after all, and here you meet with an old friend.
Things couldn't have been better. Now I shall leave you both aboard
while I go to get together a crew. We'll set a course for Oporto when
I return, and ought to reach the place inside the week. Tom, you'll no
longer be a sailor before the mast. I have the commander's orders to
take you as a passenger, or, if you wish it, to appoint you an officer
for the time being. How's that?"
It was all delightful hearing; and when at length the sloop turned her
bows for Oporto, leaving the frigate to sail away with her prize, and
incidentally to carry Tom's letter to his father in England, the party
aboard the little vessel could not have been merrier.
"You'll have to turn soldier yet," declared Jack to our hero, standing
so that the latter could inspect his uniform, and indeed the young
fellow cut such a neat figure that Tom was even more tempted than
formerly. For Jack was slimmer and shorter than he, while the few
months of training he had experienced had taught him to hold
himself erect. A jollier and more careless ensign never existed. It can
be said with truth that, had the fortunes of the troops in the
Peninsula depended on Jack's wisdom and military knowledge,
disaster would promptly have overtaken our arms. He was just one of
those jolly, inconsequential sort of fellows, always skylarking, always
gay and laughing, who go through the world as if serious subjects
were not in existence.
"Hooray for the life of a soldier!" he shouted, knowing Tom's ardent
wishes that way, and anxious to fill him with envy. "Who'd ever sit on
a stool and sweat over books in an office?"
"I'll lick you if you don't stop short," growled Tom sourly, and yet
laughing for all that; for who could take Jack seriously? "Who knows,
I may be a leader of troops before you have cut your wisdom teeth?
Who knows?"
Who could guess the future indeed? Not Tom. Not the jovial,
thoughtless Jack. Not even the wise Mr. Riley, with all his experience
of the sea and of the men who go upon it. It seemed that Oporto
would receive them in the course of a few days, and that Jack and
Tom would there part. But within twenty-four hours of that
conversation the scene was changed. Two vessels raised their peaks
from the offing, and, sailing nearer, declared themselves as French.
They overhauled the little sloop, in spite of a spread of canvas that
threatened to press her beneath the water. And that evening Tom
and his companions were prisoners.
"My uncle! What awful luck!" groaned Jack, in the depths of despair,
as is often the case with high-mettled people when reverses come
along. "No soldiering, Tom; no office for you. I'd prefer that to a
prison."
"It's the fortune of war," exclaimed Mr. Riley with resignation. "For me
it makes no great difference. The wound I received aboard the frigate
has not improved, and, even if I become a prisoner, I shall receive
proper treatment, which is impossible aboard this sloop. I'm sorry for
you two young fellows."
"Pooh, sir," smiled Tom, "we'll give 'em the slip! Seems to me I'm not
meant for Oporto yet awhile. We'll give 'em the slip, and then I'll take
on as a soldier."
"Slip? How?" asked Jack, somewhat staggered, for the idea had not
occurred to him.
"Depends; couldn't say now how we'll bring it about. But we'll
manage it some way. I speak Spanish and Portuguese and a little
French. If with those advantages we can't manage the business, well,
we're only fit for a prison."
"Hooray!" shouted the excited Jack; whereat one of the French
officers accosted them angrily. But Tom quickly appeased him.
"Where do we get landed, Monsieur le Lieutenant?" he asked politely.
"Ah, you speak our tongue! That is good," came the more pleasant
answer. "But where you land I cannot say; you will be sent with
troops to the north of Spain, and so to a prison."
It was not very cheering news, but Tom made the best of it.
"I don't put my nose into a French prison if I can help it!" he
declared, in that particular tone of voice to which Jack had grown
accustomed when they were chums at school.
"And he won't!" declared the latter. "I know Tom well—a pig-headed,
stubborn beggar from his cradle. Tom'll give 'em the slip, and we with
him. One thing seems all right in the meanwhile—there's grub and
drink in plenty. I never could stand starvation; I'd rather go to
prison."
But whatever thoughts they may have had as regards escaping were
set aside when they landed. Putting in at an obscure port, Tom and
his friends found a squadron of horsemen waiting to receive them,
for the ship had flown signals. The three friends, together with the
two men belonging to Jack's regiment, were given horses, while a
trooper took their reins, two other men riding close to each one of
them. And then they set off across a barren country, which, however
fair it may have been in other days, was burned black, stripped of all
eatables, while those villages which had not been swallowed by the
flames were wrecked and useless.
"You will be careful not to attempt an escape," said the officer in
command of the squadron, speaking to Tom, the only one of the
prisoners who could understand him. "I have given orders for the
troopers to shoot at the first attempt. We ride now to join our main
army, and through a country inhabited by people who would flay us
alive if they could catch us. Let that alone warn you not to attempt
escape. The Portuguese peasants are more dangerous than my
soldiers."
He shouted to the head of the column, set his own horse in motion,
and led the way at a pace that threatened to be trying. It was
obvious, in fact, that he was anxious to reach the summit of the hills
near at hand, and not to be found in the open when night fell. As for
Tom and his friends, the outlook seemed hopeless; an attempt at
escape meant a bullet from their guard. And, even were they
successful, they were in a country where bands of peasants scoured
the valleys murdering all who were too weak to oppose them. It
looked indeed as if a French prison would shortly shelter them, and
as if there Jack's military career would come to a halt before it had
actually begun, while Tom's ambitions in that direction would be cut
in twain and end only in bitter disappointment.
 CHAPTER V
Prisoners

If ever a band of prisoners could be described as jovial it was the

little band with whom Tom Clifford was travelling. For the
confinement at sea made a trip ashore most enchanting; then the
quick and unaccustomed movement, the efforts more than one of
them were forced to make continually to keep in their saddles,
provoked an amount of amusement which even infected their escort.
"I was as near off as anything that time," shouted the irrepressible
Jack, when his horse had shied at a rock and nearly thrown him.
"Wish one of these fellows would rope me to the saddle instead of
leading me as if I were a child."
"What does he say, monsieur?" asked the trooper riding near our
hero, and at once Tom explained.
"That would not be good for him," laughed the man. "If we have to
gallop at any time, and the horse fell, he would be left to be
butchered. I tell you, monsieur, these peasants are terrible. I do not
say that they are not justified, for our men have behaved cruelly to
them. But the peasants care nothing whether it be horse soldiers or
foot. If a man of ours falls into their hands he is butchered; that
would be your fate also if you were to lag behind."
Every now and again, as the small party made for the hills, groups of
men were seen hovering in the distance. And once, when the
squadron was riding through a narrow defile, rocks descended from
above.
"Gallop!" commanded the officer, and striking their heels into the
flanks of the horses the soldiers soon passed through. When the dusk
of evening began to fall, shots rang out in the distance, and one of
the troopers was wounded.
"I see men gathering in front of us," suddenly exclaimed one of the
sergeants. "They fill the gap through which we must pass to gain the
road for the hill."
"Halt!" came from the commander. "Place the prisoners in the centre.
We will ride forward steadily till within shot of them, and then we will
charge. There is nothing else to be done. To retreat would be to have
the whole population of the country about us to-morrow; monsieur,"
he said, as if by an afterthought; "you and your comrades realize the
danger?"
Tom nodded at once. "We see the position, Monsieur le Capitaine,"
he said. "You are a detached party away from the army."
"We are one of hundreds of squadrons told off to clear the country
during the retreat of our armies across the Tagus," came the answer.
"From to-day we march for Spain, and I hope we may never put foot
in Portugal again. It is not a pleasant duty, this burning of villages
and crops, but orders must be obeyed. We are detached, as you say,
and to join our friends we have to run the gauntlet. Monsieur and his
friends can have temporary liberty, and arms with which to fight, if
they will give their word of honour to respect me and my men, and
hand themselves over later on as captives to us."
"I will speak with my friends," replied Tom at once, overjoyed at the
proposal; for he could see easily that there was a strenuous time
before the little party, and in the event of a reverse to the troopers
the position of himself and his friends might be very serious. Armed
and ready they would be in a different position. Rapidly, therefore, he
explained the position to Mr. Riley.
"Agreed!" cried the latter eagerly. "Not that I'm much use either way.
It takes me all my time to stick to this animal, let alone use a
weapon; for I have only one useful arm. Tell him we agree. You
men,"—and he swung round on Andrews and Howeley, the two men
of the 60th accompanying them, "you men understand the position,
no doubt. We are fighting for the Portuguese, and against the
French; but here is a case where our friends will not know us. They
will kill us with the others before we can explain. It is a question of
self-preservation."
"Right, sir," answered Andrews cheerily. "We're game, and though it'll
be hard luck to have to become prisoners again, we see the reason.
We give our word."
"Good, then," exclaimed the officer of the party with relief, and at
once gave orders to his troopers to throw off the leading reins, and
to hand each of the prisoners a sabre. To Mr. Riley he presented a
pistol.
"For you, monsieur," he bowed. "If there is need, you will know how
to use it. Now, men," he commanded, "we will ride forward in column
of files, and when I shout, spread out into line. A charge should carry
us through them. Gallop right through the village and up the road.
Forward!"
Nowhere, perhaps, were there finer troopers to be found than those
in the French army invading the Peninsula. Napoleon had, in fact,
swamped the country with divisions of magnificent cavalry, with
numerous veterans in the ranks, and under leaders skilled in cavalry
work who had taken their squadrons into action many and many a
time, and had won victories. The preceding years of this eventful
campaign in the Peninsula had seen detached parties of French
horsemen penetrating far into country held by Wellington's troops, or
by Spanish or Portuguese irregulars; and while the former had taught
them many a lesson, and had, indeed, shown the French troops that
if they were brave, the lads from England were equal to them, there
is little doubt that, just as Wellington and our armies had learned to
despise the Portuguese irregulars, and those of Spain in particular,
the French held them even more in contempt. It was the detached
bands of guerrillas, however, that did them the greatest injury. No
wandering party of horsemen could bivouac without fear of having
sentries and outposts murdered in the night. Sudden and ferocious
attacks were frequent, and at this time, when the French were
retreating before our armies, and when without shadow of doubt
they had treated the Portuguese peasantry and townspeople with
horrible cruelty, a detached squadron such as the one Tom
accompanied was liable to annihilation unless handled with great
skill. However, this squadron in particular and its officer seemed to
make light of the difficulties before them. They were accustomed to
the hatred of the peasants, accustomed also to see them take to
their heels when they charged, and disappear in their mountains. It
was, therefore, with a cheer, in which Tom and his friends joined, that
they jogged forward in column of file, their sabres drawn and ready,
their leader a horse's length in advance of them.
Tom rose in his stirrups and surveyed the enemy. Even through the
gloom he could see that there must be two hundred at least gathered
at the entrance of the village through which the squadron must pass
to reach the road to the heights. Shots came from the mass every
now and again, while there were red flashes from the buildings. Shrill
cries of rage and hate reached his ears, and amongst the voices he
could distinguish those of women.
Phit! Phit! Bullets whizzed overhead, while the trooper next to him
suddenly gave vent to a growl of anger.
"Struck me in the arm, monsieur," he said, after a few moments. "I
would rather far receive a wound in proper battle than from these
wolves. But you will see; they will scatter as we charge. We shall cut
down a few of the laggards, burn the village, and thus light our way
to the mountains. Poof! The Portuguese are brutes, the Spaniards are
gentlemen beside them."
That was the way in which the French looked at the nations in the
Peninsula. Truth compels us to admit that they had reason for liking
the Spaniards; for not only were they able to play with them as if
they were children, utterly despising them as soldiers, but also they
obtained real help from them in their campaign, and though England
had sent troops to repel the invader, and to help the Spaniards as
well as the Portuguese to rid their country of oppression, yet
throughout the campaign the Spaniards in particular foiled the wishes
of Wellington and his generals in every direction. They withheld
supplies even from the wounded. They parted with nothing save at
an exorbitant price, and always there were traitors amongst them
ready to disclose our plans to the enemy. The Portuguese, too, were
not guiltless in this matter; but, on the whole, their irregulars did
some excellent work, and they at least made an attempt to help the
British to drive Napoleon and his armies out of the Peninsula.
"Canter!" the command rang out loudly as a wide splash of flame
came from the peasants, while bullets clipped the air, sang shrilly
overhead, and sometimes hit horses or accoutrements. Tom heard a
sharp metallic sound, and lost a stirrup, shot away by one of these
bullets; but he managed to secure it again, though he was no great
horseman.
"Form line on the left!" The command rang out, while answering
howls and shouts came from the village. "Charge!"
Tom could see the commander standing in his stirrups, his sword
raised overhead, his face turned towards his men. And that
exhilarating shout, the excitement in the air, the bullets and the cries,
sent his blood surging through him. Let us remember that Tom was
young, and possessed of excellent health and spirits, also that
soldiering was no new ambition with him. Fear for the future he had
none, but all the while he was wondering how the matter would
progress, and what would happen supposing the villagers held their
ground and refused to be driven from the village. The hammer of the
horses' hoofs, the jingle of bits and stirrups, and the sharp reports of
muskets sent a thrill through his frame from head to foot, and in a
moment he was leaning forward like the troopers, his sabre down
over his knee, all eagerness to reach the enemy. Nor was it long
before the squadron got to striking distance. The peasants held their
ground till the horses were fifty paces away, and then raced into the
houses. A storm of bullets came from windows and doorways, and
then, of a sudden, there was a clatter in front, and the commander of
the squadron disappeared from view entirely. By then Tom was within
ten paces of him; for the formation had brought him to the very
centre.
"Halt!" he bellowed, seeing what had happened. "The road is
blocked. The peasants have dug a huge ditch, and the commander
has gone into it. Here—hold my horse!"
He flung the reins to a trooper riding at his knee, and slid to the
ground. A moment later he was down in the rough and deep ditch
which the peasants had made ready, and leaning over the
unfortunate commander of the squadron found that he was dead.
"Il est mort!" he shouted to the troopers, making his way back to his
horse at once.
"Monsieur, this is terrible!" cried the trooper who had held the reins.
"We are being shot down rapidly, and nothing is being done to help
us. The captain is dead and his lieutenant; I think the sergeants are
also hurt."
The engagement, so far as the squadron was concerned, had indeed
come to a curious and dangerous halt. The troopers sat bunched
together, some of the men reining their horses back as if about to
flee. Yet no order came. There was no one to give the word of
command. It was then that Tom showed the stuff of which he was
made. It is true Mr. Riley should perhaps have come to the fore, or
Jack; but neither could speak the language, while, in any case, it was
the duty of one of the troopers to conduct the action. However, when
no one comes forward, and men are being shot down rapidly, it is
clear that he who takes command on his shoulders, and acts wisely,
is a blessing to his comrades. Jack took the post without a thought.
To sit still longer was madness, and quite impossible.
"Wheel about," he shouted in French. "Ah, they have closed in on us!
We are caught between two fires. Forward, men, charge!"
He led them at the enemy at full gallop; but what could fifty men do
against some hundreds? It happened that this squadron of horse had
been watched by the peasants, and for two days past efforts had
been made to surround it. The wild inhabitants of this mountainous
region, burning with hatred of the invader, had been brought
together, and gradually, as the horsemen retreated from the coast
and got into difficult country, the net had been drawn about them.
There were perhaps five hundred peasants in rear of the party when
Tom faced them about and charged. A crashing discharge of
musketry swept the ranks of the troopers, dropping a dozen of the
men from their saddles, and then began a rush on the part of the
enemy. It looked, indeed, as if the remnant would be annihilated, and
slashed to pieces where they stood. Tom looked anxiously and swiftly
about him, and perceiving a building on the outskirts of the village, a
little to one side, he instantly decided to occupy it.
"Right wheel!" he shouted. "Now gallop to that building. If the door is
big enough, and we can open it, ride right in. Forward! Clear the
rabble coming towards us."
It happened that another section of the circle was approaching the
scene of the action from the direction of the building towards which
he and the troopers were now making, and these at once opened
fire. But Tom set heels to his horse, and in a minute he and the men
supporting him burst amongst the peasants, slashing at them to right
and left, riding them down, and scattering them in every direction. It
was exciting work while it lasted, and it had the effect of allowing the
party a little breathing time. They rode up to the door of the building,
to find it was a church, and in a twinkling the door was open. Up the
five steps leading to it rode Tom, and after him came his comrades.
"Dismount," he commanded. "Draw your carbines and scatter about
the place, to make sure that no windows or doors are open. Two of
you stand guard over the horses."
It was pitch dark within the church; but a trooper quickly discovered
a torch, and then some candles stored away in a box.
"It won't do to keep them burning," said Tom, thinking rapidly. "The
light would help the enemy to shoot us; but we must have something
with which to inspect the place. Ah, I know—Andrews!"
"Yes, sir?"
The big rifleman was standing stiffly at attention before Tom, his arm
at the salute.
"Take the torch and this trooper with you. Go round; return when you
have inspected, and report."
The soldier saluted again with as much briskness as he would have
displayed had Tom been a regular officer, and went away with one of
the troopers whom Tom called.
"Howeley!" he shouted.
"Sir?"
Like Andrews, the man was drawn up with the rigidity of a bayonet.
"Collect all ammunition, place it in a central position, and dish it out
ten rounds at a time. Report the total amount."
"Yes, sir."
The fine fellow went off like a rocket to perform the task, while Tom
called to the troopers.
"My lads," he shouted, "let us be silent; I have sent a man to inspect
the place, and will post you all presently. Another will collect the
ammunition, and give it out ten rounds at a time. Don't forget that
we may be held up here for hours, and our lives will depend on the
amount of cartridges we have. Now, I want two of you for another
purpose."
Two men at once came forward. "We are ready, monsieur," one of
them said. "For the moment we and our comrades look to you as the
leader. Indeed you are a leader; but for your quickness and decision
we should be back there at the entrance to the village shot down
beside our comrades."
"Then collect all saddle bags," said Tom, "pile them in a corner, and
with them all water bottles. They are the most important. I'm not
afraid of starvation; for we have horses here, and one of them
slaughtered will provide us with ample food. It is the water that is
important; see to it, please."
It was perhaps some ten minutes later that the defences of the
church were ready. Tom busied himself posting men at all vulnerable
spots, and then clambered into the tower with Andrews. It was quite
a modest erection, some fifty feet in height, but sufficient to give a
view over the village. Lights could be seen in many directions, while
shouts echoed through the air. There was the tramp of feet also, and
a dull mass over at the entrance to the village.
"They're gloating over the poor chaps they shot and knocked out of
their saddles, sir," said Andrews. "It was sharp business; I was never
in a brisker, and I've done two years of the campaign already. Came
out in 1808, sir, and went home wounded. Beg pardon, sir, but what
might your corps be?"
"Corps? Corps?" exclaimed Tom, mystified for the moment. "Oh, I
follow! I'm not in the army, Andrews. I was on my way out to Oporto,
or, more correctly, I was going to sail for that place when I was
impressed and sent aboard a British frigate. We had that action with
the French man-of-war, and you were released. News had come out
to the frigate, meanwhile, that I ought never to have been
impressed, and so the captain sent me on in the sloop to Oporto. By
rights I ought to be seated at a desk adding up long, dry columns."
Andrews gave vent to a gruff expression. "Strike me!" he cried, as if
dumbfounded by the information; "and I and Howeley and all them
French boys took you for an orficer. Anyways, sir, beggin' your
pardon, you've done handsomely. It was a lucky thing for us that you
took the command, for Mr. Barwood ain't fit for it. He got knocked
out by the first bullet almost, and it was as much as he could do to
stick to his saddle till we reached here. Mr. Riley ain't no better. If
Howeley hadn't held him he'd have been left outside to be murdered.
This here's a tough little business."
It proved, in fact, a fortunate thing for all concerned that Tom had
taken the command. There are some who might express the opinion
that he should not have done so, that it displayed an uppish spirit.
Granted all that; but uppishness is just what is required in moments
of stress and danger. The lad who is modest at all times, and yet who
can come to the fore when circumstances urgently call for a leader, is
a lad of the right sort, a benefactor to his comrades. In this case Tom
had undoubtedly done the right thing, and, moreover, had done it
well.
"It was real smart," said Andrews respectfully. "Beggin' pardon again,
sir; there's many who would have been cornered. To go forward was
impossible, to retreat out of the question, seeing as there were three
hundred or more of the ruffians behind us. This was the only course.
It's queer to think that we, who are fighting for the Portuguese
against the French, should be boxed up here in danger of having our
throats slit by those who ought to be friends."
"It's the fortune of war, Andrews," declared Tom. "I'm sorry for the
wretches outside. By all accounts the French hate them intensely, for
the Portuguese have shown more spirit than have the Spanish. They
have contested the rights of the invaders from the beginning, and as
a result the French have burned their villages and treated them badly.
Indeed I believe they have behaved with the grossest cruelty. As a
result there are reprisals, and we are swept up in one of these, and
are likely to have a warm time of it before we are free."
"It's bound to be an ugly business," admitted Andrews. "I can hear
them coming now."
"Then we'll go to the men," said Tom. "I'll give them orders not to
fire till I tell them. Of course I shall make an attempt to win over the
peasants."
"Eh? How's that, sir?" asked Andrews. "What about their lingo?"
"You forget I was meant for Oporto. I and my family have had
associations with Portugal and Spain for a long while, and my cousins
are Spanish. I speak both languages, but not well, I fear. I always
hated lessons, and now wish to goodness I had been a little more
diligent. However, I can make myself understood easily, and will try
to win the peasants over."
They clambered down the long, rough ladder that led from the belfry,
and went amongst the men, Tom warning all of them to hold their
fire till he shouted. Meanwhile Howeley had reported to him that
there was ammunition sufficient to supply each man with forty-two
rounds. As for food and drink, to his dismay he was informed that
there was little of either; so that it looked as if the contest could not
last for long.
"We've just twenty-two men all told, counting yourself and the other
officers," reported Andrews, some minutes later, saluting Tom as if he
had no doubt as to his position. "Every window and door is guarded,
and from what I can see of the troopers they are ready for any
fighting. It's queer to think that we who were prisoners are in
command, and no difficulty about it."
There was little doubt that the situation was more or less unique, and
caused Mr. Riley the utmost amusement. He, poor fellow, had been
struck in the ribs somewhat heavily, and lay in a corner, with Jack
close beside him; but he smiled when our hero at length had time to
approach him.
"My lad, you've done right well; you're a dead loss to the navy," he
smiled. "I'm not surprised; after what I saw aboard the frigate I felt
you would do something. Jack and I haven't worried you since we got
here, as we saw you wanted freedom to think and arrange matters;
but we're glad now that you're able to spare a few minutes. What will
happen?"
Tom stayed with them for a quarter of an hour, and now that he felt
that he had done all that was possible in arranging the defence, he
employed his wits and energies in seeing to his comrades. In the
case of Mr. Riley, he, with the help of Andrews and Howeley, bound
his chest very firmly with a couple of girths taken from the horses,
first of all, however, placing a pad over the wound, which was little
more than a contusion. For Jack equally simple surgery sufficed, for a
bullet had penetrated his thigh, and, the bleeding having stopped, all
that was wanted was a dressing and a bandage, and fortunately the
troopers carried these with them. They had hardly made him
comfortable when the lookout man posted in the tower reported that
a mass of men were coming.
"Remember—not a shot, my friends," Tom called out to the troops,
"and take care not to show a light. I will see to these people and try
to win them over."
He scrambled up an ancient flight of stone steps and passed on to a
ledge over the doorway, which, no doubt, served the purpose of a
pulpit in fine weather. There was a dull roar of voices coming towards
him, while the space between himself and the village seemed to be
filled with figures. Ten minutes later a mob had drawn up in front of
the church. Tom stood to his full height and hailed them.
"My friends," he shouted in Portuguese. "We are English!"
A fearful yell answered him. Shrieks of anger floated up to his ears,
while a hurricane of shots swept in his direction. Amidst the dancing
torches that many of the people carried there flashed out splashes of
flame. The vibrating roar of voices which followed had in it an awe-
inspiring note. Tom might have been on the verge of a rocky coast on
which huge breakers were thundering in their fury. That note spoke
of hatred, of an approaching triumph, of a horrible gloating on the
part of the peasants. It told better than individual words could do
what were the intentions of the enemy, what would be the fate of the
besieged if they fell into their hands. Then, of a sudden, catching a
better view perhaps of the solitary figure above them, the mob
became silent.
"My friends," called Tom, his tones clear, not a whimper in his voice,
"you have made an error. There are five Englishmen amongst this
party, five friends of the Portuguese. Let someone come forward to
identify us."
There might have been a mob of wild beasts outside by the answer.
The crowd, thinking no doubt that one of the Frenchmen was
attempting to fool them, and rob them of a prey they now counted
upon as their own, shrieked aloud and came surging forward. More
shots rang out, stones were thrown; and then, with a loud crash, the
leaders came against the door of the church. Tom clambered down to
his men, stern and pale and determined.
"Post three of them up on the ledge," he told Andrews, who was a
valuable help to him. "Let others fire through the windows when I
shout. Don't fire till then."
He repeated the words in French, and then waited till there came a
stunning blow upon the door, a blow which shook it to the hinges and
threatened to throw it down. It was clear, in fact, that the mob
outside were longing to get at the troopers. Shouts and oaths could
be heard, while the clatter of firearms was incessant.
 CHAPTER VI
Napoleon the Ambitious

Within the village church in which the French troopers and their one-
time English prisoners had taken refuge under Tom Clifford's
guidance there was a deathly silence while the mob outside shrieked
and shouted. Not one of the defenders but knew what fate awaited
them if once the enemy beat in the doors, and knowing that they
listened as blow after blow thundered upon the woodwork, shaking
the doors till they threatened to fall down.
"Andrews," shouted Tom, who had been listening acutely like the
rest, and wondering what action he ought to take, "light up one of
the torches and take a couple of men with you. We want something
to place behind the doors, for in a little while they will be beaten in.
Meanwhile I will try again to pacify the peasants."
It was a forlorn hope, and yet worth trying. Tom, therefore,
clambered up the steep flight of stone steps again, while Andrews
went off to do his bidding. Stepping past the three men who had
ascended to the ledge above the crowd our hero once more stood to
his full height and shouted to attract the attention of the peasants.
And once more his coming was the signal for an outburst of shouts,
shrieks, groans, and hisses which might well have appalled a brave
man. Muskets flashed in the semi-darkness, for night had now come,
while here and there torches flamed over the heads of the people.
Bullets spattered and broke against the stonework about him,
thudding heavily, even splashing him with portions of lead. One
enthusiast, in fact, as if driven frantic by the sight of his person,
made a vain attempt to clamber up the ledge, and, missing his
footing, fell back upon the crowd, his coming setting rise to oaths
and shouts of anger. Then there fell a sudden silence while a brawny
giant, a blacksmith no doubt, stepped from under the archway of the
door, a huge hammer over his shoulder, showing that it was he who
had been delivering those smashing blows on the door.
"People of Portugal," Tom called out loudly, "I have come again to
speak to you. You fight with friends, not with enemies."
The howl that followed would have scared even a veteran.
"Friends! You say friends!" shouted the blacksmith, stepping still
farther out from the arch, while a couple of torches near him
illuminated his person. "Who are you that you should try to fool us?
We know our business well enough. For days we have watched this
troop of horse, and for days we have vowed to kill every man of
them, to kill them slowly if we may. Who are you, speaking our
tongue, who dare to say that you are friends?"
Shouts of applause greeted the words. An excited individual near the
speaker levelled a pistol and fired point-blank at Tom, narrowly
missing his head. Then once more there was silence. The crowd, in
fact, seemed to have realized their own power now, and knew well
that the church was surrounded. Eager though they were to
slaughter the troopers, they did not grudge a few moments' delay.
"Who are you?" they shouted hoarsely.
"I am English," answered Tom at once, "and so are four others
amongst us. We were being carried as prisoners."
"A lie!" came fiercely from someone in the crowd. "If he and the four
beside were prisoners, why then were they armed? Why did they
fight us at the entrance to the village?"
The argument was greeted with roars of applause again, which
silenced all Tom's efforts. Then the blacksmith held his hammer aloft
to command silence, and, having obtained it, seized a torch and held
it high up toward our hero.
"Listen, friends and brothers," he called in hoarse tones. "There is
one above who speaks our tongue and tells us that he and four
others are English and therefore friends. Good! Let us say that this is
no lie. There are four, while we are four hundred. Let these four, with
the one who speaks to us, come out from the church. If their tale is
true they shall live and we will feed and house them. If they lie——"
The sentence was broken by discordant shouts of glee at the
blacksmith's wit, shouts that boded ill for anyone foolhardy enough to
place himself in the hands of such people, so roused by events, and
mad for slaughter, that they were incapable of recognizing friend
from foe.
"Let the five come out to us," shouted the blacksmith, "leaving the
others to be dealt with as we will."
Tom waited for the noise which followed to die down, and then bent
over the crowd. "What you ask is impossible," he said firmly. "I and
my English friends will not desert the troopers. But we are ready to
hand ourselves over to a body of English troops when you bring them
to us. To you we will not trust ourselves, and I warn you that efforts
on your part will lead to the death of many. Now, be wise; reflect on
the consequences and leave us alone."
Had he wished to stir the rage of the peasants Tom could not have
done it more effectually. Screams of rage filled the air, while a torrent
of bullets sped toward him. He stepped back from the ledge,
clambered down the stairs, and seized a carbine and ammunition.
"My friends," he said in French, "those wolves outside ask for our
lives. We will sell them dearly. Let each man fire the moment the
attack begins, remembering to make each shot tell, for ammunition is
very scarce. Ah, is that you, Andrews?"
"Yes, sir," came the answer, while the rifleman drew himself up stiffly
in front of our hero, a lighted torch still in one hand. "There are
pews, which we might break up," he reported; "but they're light, too
light to be of use in a doorway. But one of the horses is dead, sir. If
we were to pull him along here he'd make an obstacle they'd have
difficulty in moving."
"A horse!" the novel idea startled Tom. And then, on consideration, it
appeared that nothing could be better. At once he sent Andrews off
with four of the men to drag the animal towards the door, while he
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