SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY – CLASS 9

Dear Students,
In class 9, there is no project work for chemistry as per council’s guidelines. Instead of project work, practical
work is done. The record of practical work is maintained in Lab Manual.
According to the syllabus, the following experiments to be written in the Chemistry Lab Manual. Each
experiment has to be done on a new page. Write the date and heading on top. Draw a finishing line. Be neat
in your work. The Lab Manual work is to be submitted before the deadline.

EXPERIMENT – 1

Aim – To heat the given substance and record your observation, identify the products and make deductions

Apparatus – Borosilicate test tubes, test tube holder, Bunsen burner.

Process – Take a small amount of the given substance in a dry test tube and heat it, first gently and then
strongly. Note any change in colour, evolution of gas or sublimation.

Sr. Test Observation Deduction and

No. Equation

1. Green powder is taken in (i) Amorphous green powder changes to (i) Gaseous product is
a test tube and heated black colour on strong heating. carbon dioxide (CO2).
gently and then strongly.

(ii) Colourless, odourless gas evolved (ii) Residue is Copper

which turns lime water milky. (II) oxide and compound
is Copper (II) carbonate.

(iii) CuCO3 → CuO +

CO2

EXPERIMENT – 2

Aim – To heat the given substance and record your observation, identify the products and make deductions

Apparatus – Borosilicate test tubes, test tube holder, Bunsen burner.

Process – Take a small amount of the given substance in a dry test tube and heat it, first gently and then
strongly. Note any change in colour, evolution of gas or sublimation.
 Sr. Test Observation Deduction and
No. Equation

1. White powder is taken in a (i) White amorphous solid changes to (i) Gaseous product is
test tube and heated yellow colour on strong heating and turns carbon dioxide (CO2).
strongly. white on cooling.

(ii) Residue is Zinc (II)

(ii) Colourless, odourless gas evolved oxide and compound is
which turns lime water milky. Zinc (II) carbonate.

(iii) ZnCO3 → ZnO +

CO2

EXPERIMENT – 3

Aim – To heat the given substance and record your observation, identify the products and make deductions

Apparatus – Borosilicate test tubes, test tube holder, Bunsen burner.

Process – Take a small amount of the given substance in a dry test tube and heat it, first gently and then
strongly. Note any change in colour, evolution of gas or sublimation.

Sr. Test Observation Deduction and

No. Equation

1. Bluish green powder is (i) Bluish green crystalline solid on strong (i) Gaseous products are
taken in a test tube and heating gives off vapours which condense water (steam), Nitrogen
heated strongly. on cooler parts of the test tube. dioxide, oxygen.

(ii) Bluish green solid changes to a black (ii) Residue is Copper

reside. (II) oxide and compound
is Copper (II) nitrate.

(iii) Gives off reddish brown gas which

turns moist blue litmus paper red and (iii) Cu(NO3)2.3H2O →
hence gas is acidic. Cu(NO3)2 + 3H2O

(iv) When glowing splint is brought near 2Cu(NO3)2 → CuO +

the mouth of test tube, it relights. 4NO2 + O2
 EXPERIMENT – 4

Aim – To heat the given substance and record your observation, identify the products and make deductions

Apparatus – Borosilicate test tubes, test tube holder, Bunsen burner.

Process – Take a small amount of the given substance in a dry test tube and heat it, first gently and then
strongly. Note any change in colour, evolution of gas or sublimation.

Sr. Test Observation Deduction and

No. Equation

1. White crystalline powder (i) White crystalline solid on strong (i) Gaseous product is
is taken in a test tube and heating gives off vapours which condense steam.
heated gently and then on cooler parts of the test tube.
strongly.
(ii) Residue is Na2CO3
(ii) The colourless liquid turns cobalt powder and compound is
chloride paper pink. Thus, the salt is Sodium carbonate
hydrated. decahydrate.

(iii) A white amorphous residue is left. (iii) Na2CO3.10H2O →

Na2CO3 + 10H2O

EXPERIMENT – 5

Aim – To heat the given substance and record your observation, identify the products and make deductions

Apparatus – Borosilicate test tubes, test tube holder, Bunsen burner.

Process – Take a small amount of the given substance in a dry test tube and heat it, first gently and then
strongly. Note any change in colour, evolution of gas or sublimation.

Sr. Test Observation Deduction and

No. Equation

1. White crystalline solid is (i) A white crystalline solid on strong (i) Gaseous products are
taken in a test tube and heating sublimes to form dense white ammonia and HCl which
heated strongly. fumes. condense to a white mass
on cooler parts of test
tube.
 (ii) Dense white fumes condense to form
a powdery mass on cooler parts of the test
(ii) No residue is left and
tube.
compound is
Ammonium chloride.

(iii) NH4Cl ↔ NH3 +

HCl

EXPERIMENT – 6

Aim – To heat the given substance and record your observation, identify the products and make deductions

Apparatus – Borosilicate test tubes, test tube holder, Bunsen burner.

Process – Take a small amount of the given substance in a dry test tube and heat it, first gently and then
strongly. Note any change in colour, evolution of gas or sublimation.

Sr. Test Observation Deduction and

No. Equation

1. Orange powder is taken in (i) Orange crystalline solid swells up and (i) Gaseous products are
a test tube and heated gives off steamy vapours which condense nitrogen and water
strongly. on cooler parts of the test tube to form tiny vapour.
droplets of colourless liquid.

(ii) Residue is Chromium

(ii) The colourless liquid turns cobalt oxide and compound is
chloride paper pink. Ammonium dichromate.

(iii) The residue in the test tube is green. (iii) (NH4)2Cr2O7 → N2 +

Cr2O3 + 4H2O

EXPERIMENT – 7

Aim – To heat the given substance and record your observation, identify the products and make deductions

Apparatus – Borosilicate test tubes, test tube holder, Bunsen burner.

Process – Take a small amount of the given substance in a dry test tube and heat it, first gently and then
strongly. Note any change in colour, evolution of gas or sublimation.

Sr. Test Observation Deduction and

No. Equation

1. Blue crystalline solid is (i) Blue crystalline solid on heating forms (i) Gaseous products are
taken in a test tube and a white powder. water vapour, sulphur
heated strongly. dioxide and oxygen.

(ii) Gives off steamy vapours which form

tiny droplets on cooler parts of test tube (ii) Residue is Copper
and turns cobalt chloride paper pink. (II) oxide and compound
is Copper (II) sulphate
pentahydrate.
(iii) A black residue is obtained on strong
heating.
(iii) CuSO4.5H2O →
CuSO4 + 5H2O
(iv) Colourless gas with smell of burning
sulphur is evolved which turns acidified
potassium dichromate paper green. CuSO4 → 2CuO + 2SO2
+ O2

EXPERIMENT – 8

Aim – To heat the given substance and record your observation, identify the products and make deductions

Apparatus – Borosilicate test tubes, test tube holder, Bunsen burner.

Process – Take a small amount of the given substance in a dry test tube and heat it, first gently and then
strongly. Note any change in colour, evolution of gas or sublimation.

Sr. Test Observation Deduction and

No. Equation

1. White powder is taken in a (i) On strong heating it gives off steamy (i) Steamy vapours are
test tube and heated. vapours which condense on the cooler water vapours.
parts of test tube. It turns cobalt chloride
paper pink.
(ii) The acidic gas is
nitrogen dioxide.
 (ii) On further heating it gives off a
reddish brown gas which is acidic in
(ii) Residue is Zinc oxide
nature.
and compound is Zinc
nitrate hexahydrate.

(iii) The residue is yellow when hot and

white when cold.
(iii) Zn(NO3)2.6H2O →
Zn(NO3)2 + 6H2O

2Zn(NO3)2 → 2ZnO +
4NO2 + O2

EXPERIMENT – 9

Aim – To heat the given substance and record your observation, identify the products and make deductions

Apparatus – Borosilicate test tubes, test tube holder, Bunsen burner.

Process – Take a small amount of the given substance in a dry test tube and heat it, first gently and then
strongly. Note any change in colour, evolution of gas or sublimation.

Sr. Test Observation Deduction and

No. Equation

1. White crystalline solid is (i) The white crystalline solid precipitates (i) Gaseous products are
taken in a test tube and on heating. nitrogen dioxide and
heated strongly. oxygen.

(ii) Gives off a reddish brown gas which

is acidic in nature. (ii) Residue is Lead (II)
oxide and compound is
Lead (II) nitrate.
(iii) Residue is reddish brown but changes
to yellow on cooling.
(iii) 2Pb(NO3)2 →
2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
 EXPERIMENT – 10

Aim – To identify the given substance by adding dilute sulphuric acid and record your observation, identify
the gas evolved and make deductions

Apparatus – Borosilicate test tubes, test tube holder, Bunsen burner.

Sr. Experiment Observation Deduction and

No. Equation

1. Take the given substance in (i) A colourless, odourless gas is evolved. (i) Gas evolved is
a test tube, add a little of hydrogen (H2).
dilute sulphuric acid and
warm it. (ii) The gas burns with a pop sound and a
pale blue flame. (ii) The given substance
is a metal above
hydrogen in the activity
series.

(iii) Example: Mg +
H2SO4 → MgSO4 + H2

Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4
+ H2

EXPERIMENT – 11

Aim – To identify the given substance by adding dilute sulphuric acid and record your observation, identify
the gas evolved and make deductions

Apparatus – Borosilicate test tubes, test tube holder, Bunsen burner.

Sr. Experiment Observation Deduction and

No. Equation

1. Take a pinch of unknown (i) A colourless gas is evolved with (i) Gas evolved is carbon
substance in a dry test tube. effervescence. dioxide (CO2).
Add a few ml of dilute
sulphuric acid to the solid.
 (ii) Gas turns moist blue litmus paper red (ii) The given substance
and turns lime water milky. is a carbonate.

(iii) Gas does not have any effect on (iii) Example: Na2CO3 +
orange potassium dichromate. H2SO4 → Na2SO4 +
H2O + CO2

EXPERIMENT – 12

Aim – To identify the given substance by adding dilute sulphuric acid and record your observation, identify
the gas evolved and make deductions

Apparatus – Borosilicate test tubes, test tube holder, Bunsen burner.

Sr. Experiment Observation Deduction and

No. Equation

1. Take a pinch of unknown (i) A colourless gas with a foul smell, as (i) Gas evolved is
substance in a dry test tube. of rotten eggs, is evolved. hydrogen sulphide
Add a few ml of dilute (H2S).
sulphuric acid and heat it
gently. (ii) Gas turns moist lead acetate paper
black. (ii) The given substance
is a sulphide.

(iii) Example: FeS +

H2SO4 → FeSO4 + H2S

ZnS + H2SO4 → ZnSO4

+ H2S

EXPERIMENT – 13

Aim – To identify the given substance by adding dilute sulphuric acid and record your observation, identify
the gas evolved and make deductions
Apparatus – Borosilicate test tubes, test tube holder, Bunsen burner.

Sr. Experiment Observation Deduction and

No. Equation

1. Take a pinch of unknown (i) A colourless gas with a suffocating (i) Gas evolved is
substance in a dry test tube. smell of burning sulphur is evolved. sulphur dioxide (SO2).
Add a few ml of dilute
sulphuric acid and heat it
gently. (ii) Gas turns lime water milky. (ii) The given substance
is a sulphite.

(iii) Gas turns acidified potassium

dichromate paper green. (iii) Example: Na2SO3 +
H2SO4 → Na2SO4 +
H2O + SO2

K2SO3 + H2SO4 →
K2SO4 + H2O + SO2

EXPERIMENT – 14

Aim – To identify the given metallic ion using flame test

Apparatus – Platinum loop, watch glass, glass rod, Bunsen burner.

Procedure – Take the platinum loop and dip it in conc. HCl. Hold the loop in non-luminous flame till the
platinum wire does not impart any colour to the flame. Make a paste of the compound with two to three drops
of conc. HCl on the watch glass. Take a little of the paste on the platinum loop and introduce it into the non-
luminous flame. Observe the colour imparted to the flame with naked eye and then through cobalt blue glass.

Observation table –

Substance Colour observed with naked eye Colour observed through cobalt blue
glass

A potassium salt Violet Violet or pink

 A sodium salt Golden yellow Yellow colour vanishes

A calcium salt Brick red Light green

Experiment – 15

Aim – To differentiate between temporary and permanent hard water

Apparatus – Borosilicate test tubes, test tube holder, Bunsen burner.

Procedure – Two unknown samples ‘A’ and ‘B’ containing temporary and permanent hard water are taken
separately in a test tube. The water is boiled slowly, gases allowed to escape out, and then the water is filtered.
Ordinary soap is rubbed by the hands inside each filtered sample.

Observation – The sample of water ‘A’ lathers with soap. The sample of water ‘B’ does not lather with soap.

Result – The boiled and filtered sample ‘A’ which lathers is temporary hard water whose hardness is removed
by boiling. Sample ‘B’ is permanent hard water whose hardness cannot be removed by boiling.