Electrical Machines I

• Lecturer :Aregawi Kidanemariam

• Email :[email protected]
Electromechanical Energy Conversion
• Electro-mechanical energy conversion theory is basic for the analysis
of the electromechanical motion devices
• It helps to express the electromagnetic force or torque to express in
terms of the devices variable such as current and the displacement of
the mechanical systems
Faraday's law and Lenz's law of electromagnetic induction
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction explains that if the magnetic flux
through a circuit changes, an emf and current are produced
An induced current or emf is generated
• When a magnet moves around a coil
• When a coil moves toward or away to another coil
• change the current in the second coil by opening or closing
Faraday's law and Lenz's law of electromagnetic induction
Magnetic flux

Surface is face on to magnetic field

• 𝐵 and 𝐴 is in parallel
• The magnetic flux ∅𝐵 =𝐵 . 𝐴 = 𝐵𝐴
Faraday's law and Lenz's law of electromagnetic induction

Surface is tilted from a face on orientation

by angle φ
• The angle between 𝐵 and 𝐴 is φ
• The magnetic flux ∅𝐵 =𝐵 .
𝐴 = 𝐵𝐴 cos φ

Surface is edge on a face on to magnetic

field angle φ
• 𝐵 and 𝐴 are perpendicular(the
angle φ=0)
• The magnetic flux ∅𝐵 =𝐵 .
𝐴 = 𝐵𝐴 cos φ=0
Faraday's law and Lenz's law of electromagnetic induction
 The induced emfin a closed loop equals the negative of the time rate of change of
the magnetic flux through the loop

• Direction:curl fingers of right

hand around A, if ε> 0 is in same
direction of fingers (counter-
clockwise), if ε< 0 contrary
direction (clockwise
• Only a change in the flux through a circuit (not
flux itself) can induce emf. If flux is constant no
induced emf.
Faraday's law and Lenz's law of electromagnetic induction
Faraday's law and Lenz's law of electromagnetic induction
Magnetic flux through a loop

When a loop is moved parallel to a

uniform magnetic field, there is no
change in the number of field lines
passing through the loop and no
induced current. What would happen
if the loop was moved vertically?
Faraday's law and Lenz's law of electromagnetic induction
Magnetic flux through a loop

Magnetic Flux

∅𝐵 =𝐵 . 𝐴 = 𝐵𝐴 cos φ
Here φ =0

Area Vector
Faraday's law and Lenz's law of electromagnetic induction
Lenz’s Law

Any induced current in the coil will result in a magnetic flux that is opposite to original flux

 As it can be seen in the fig , if the North pole of the magnet is

moving towards a conducting loop , the induced current
produces a north pole pointing towards the magnet’s north pole
• This creates a repulsive force opposing the change that
causes it
Faraday's law and Lenz's law of electromagnetic induction
Lenz’s Law

When the bar magnet moves towards the coil of the war
• the magnetic flux through the coil increases
• This will induce a voltage in the coil
• The voltage induces current in the coil
• Finally the current in the coil induces a magnet which is opposite to the original magnet \
Faraday's law and Lenz's law of electromagnetic induction
Lenz’s Law
Faraday's law and Lenz's law of electromagnetic induction
Lenz’s Law

If the north pole of the magnet is pulled away

from the conducting loop
• The induced current produced a south
magnetic pole near the magnetic north
pole
• This results an attractive forces which
opposes the motion of the magnet
• magnet
Faraday's law and Lenz's law of electromagnetic induction
Lenz’s Law

As the magnetic field is deceased , the

induced current produces a magnetic field that
passes through the ring in the same direction
as B
Magnetic Circuits and magnetic Material
magnetic circuit
 Magnetic fields are produced by time varying electric fields

 Maxiwell equation relates the magnetic fields and the current produces them

This equation states that the line integral of

the
Tangential components of the magnetic
field H around a closed contour C is equal
to the total current passing through any
surface S linking that contour
The source of H is the current density
Magnetic Circuits and magnetic Material
 Magnetic flux density is conserved ,that the no net flux entering or leaving a closed surface

 From these two equation, the magnetic field quantities can be solely determined from the instantaneous values of the current sources

 The time variation of the magnetic filed also directly follows from time variation of
Magnetic Circuits and magnetic Material
magnetic circuit
 Magnetic circuit consists of a structure composed for the

most part of high permeability magnetic materials

 Materials with high permeability tends to cause magnetic

flux to be confined to the path defined by the structure

 As shown in fig 1.1, the core is assumed to be composed

magnetic material whose permeability is much higher

Fig1.1 Simple magnetic
than that of the surrounding µ» µ0 circuit
Magnetic Circuits and magnetic Material
• When the air gap length is much smaller than the dimension of the adjacent core faces, the magnetic flux will follow the path defined by the

core

• If the air gap length becomes excessively large , the flux will be observed leaked out

• provided that the air gap length is sufficiently small ,the configuration can be analysed as two series components

 a magnetic core of permeability µ, cross sectional area ,𝐴𝑐 and mean length 𝑙𝑐

 An air-gap of permeability µ𝑜 , cross sectional area , 𝐴𝑔 and length𝑙𝑔

Fig1.1 Simple magnetic

circuit
Magnetic Circuits and magnetic Material
• When the air gap length is much smaller than the dimension of the adjacent core faces, the magnetic flux will follow the path defined by the

core

• If the air gap length becomes excessively large , the flux will be observed leaked out

• provided that the air gap length is sufficiently small ,the configuration can be analysed as two series components

 a magnetic core of permeability µ, cross sectional area ,𝐴𝑐 and mean length 𝑙𝑐

 An air-gap of permeability µ𝑜 , cross sectional area , 𝐴𝑔 and length𝑙𝑔

Fig1.1 Simple magnetic

circuit
Magnetic Circuits and magnetic Material

Fig1.1 Simple magnetic

circuit
 Magnetic circuit
• the flux density in the core : The magntomotive force

• The flux density in the air gap

• Finally F can be rewritten in terms of the total flux

The core and air
gap reluctance
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Magnetic Circuits and magnetic Material
Magnetic Circuits and magnetic Material

• Thus
In general for any magnetic circuit of total
reluctance𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡 the flux can be found as

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Magnetic Circuits and magnetic Material

Magnetic circuit
• Analogy between electrical and magnetic circuits

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Electric circuit Magnetic circuit
 Magnetic Circuits and magnetic Material

Magnetic circuit

Solution
The reluctance can be found

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 Magnetic Circuits and magnetic Material

Magnetic circuit

Solution
The reluctance can be found

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 FLUX LINKAGE, INDUCTANCE,AND ENERGY

• When magnetic field varies with time , an electric field produced in

space as determined by the faraday’s law

• the above equation states that the line integral of the electrical field
around a closed contour is equal to the time rate of change of the
magnetic field linking

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