Spaceship Operator

<?php
echo 10 <=> 20; // Output: -1 (10 is less than 20)
echo 20 <=> 20; // Output: 0 (Both are equal)
echo 30 <=> 20; // Output: 1 (30 is greater than 20)
?>
Bitwise Operators
<?php
$a = 5; // Binary: 0101
$b = 3; // Binary: 0011

echo $a & $b; // Output: 1 (Binary: 0001)

echo $a | $b; // Output: 7 (Binary: 0111)
echo $a ^ $b; // Output: 6 (Binary: 0110)
echo ~$a; // Output: -6 (Inverts bits)
echo $a << 1; // Output: 10 (Binary: 1010, Left shift)
echo $a >> 1; // Output: 2 (Binary: 0010, Right shift)
?>
Constant
<?php
define("GREETING", "hello world!");
echo GREETING;
?>
Conditional Statements
if-else Statement
<?php
$year = 2014;
// Leap years are divisible by 400 or by 4 but not 100
if(($year % 400 == 0) || (($year % 100 != 0) && ($year % 4 == 0)))
{
echo "$year is a leap year.";
}
else
{
echo "$year is not a leap year.";
}
?>
if-elseif-else Statement
<?php
$score = 75;
if ($score >= 90) {
echo "Grade: A";
} elseif ($score >= 75) {
echo "Grade: B";
} elseif ($score >= 50) {
echo "Grade: C";
} else {
echo "Grade: F";
}
?>
Switch Statement
<?php
$day = "Monday";

switch ($day) {
case "Monday":
echo "Start of the week!";
break;
case "Friday":
echo "Weekend is near!";
break;
 case "Sunday":
echo "It's a holiday!";
break;
default:
echo "It's a normal day.";
}
?>
Loops
for Loop
<?php
for ($i = 1; $i <= 3; $i++) {
echo "Number: $i <br>";
}
?>
while Loop
<?php
$num = 1;
while ($num <= 3) {
echo "Count: $num <br>";
$num++;
}
?>
do-while Loop
<?php
$x = 5;
do {
echo "Value: $x <br>";
$x++;
} while ($x < 5);
?>
foreach Loop (For Arrays)
<?php
$fruits = array("Apple", "Banana", "Mango");

foreach ($fruits as $fruit) {

echo "$fruit <br>";
}
?>
Function
1)
<?php
function sayHello($name) {
echo "Hello, $name!";
}

sayHello("daksh");
?>
2) Return value
<?php
function add($a, $b) {
return $a + $b; // Returns the sum
}

$result = add(5, 7);

echo "The sum is: $result";
?>
3) Default parameter
<?php
 function welcome($user = "Guest") {
echo "Welcome, $user!<br>";
}

welcome("daksh");
welcome(); // Uses default value "Guest"
?>
3) Variable-Length Argument
<?php
function sumNumbers(...$numbers) {
return array_sum($numbers);
}

echo sumNumbers(2, 4, 6, 8); // Output: 20

?>
4) Passing Arguments by Reference (&)
<?php
function doubleValue(&$num) {
$num *= 2;
}

$value = 10;
doubleValue($value);
echo "Doubled Value: $value";
?>
5) Anonymous Functions (Lambda)
<?php
$greet = function($name) {
return "Hello, $name!";
};

echo $greet("daksh");
?>
Arrays
Numeric (Indexed) Arrays
<?php
// Method 1: Using array()
$fruits = array("Apple", "Banana", "Mango");

// Method 2: Using []
$fruits = ["Apple", "Banana", "Mango"];

// Accessing array elements

echo $fruits[0]; // Output: Apple
?>

Looping Through a Numeric Array

foreach ($fruits as $fruit) {

echo $fruit . "<br>";
}

Associative Arrays
<?php
$marks = [
"Math" => 95,
"English" => 88,
"Science" => 92
];

// Accessing values using keys

 echo $marks["English"]; // Output: 88
?>

Looping Through an Associative Array

foreach ($marks as $subject => $score) {

echo "Subject: $subject, Score: $score<br>";
}
?>

Multidimensional
<?php
$students = [
["daksh", 22, "BCA"],
["John", 21, "BBA"],
["Sara", 23, "MCA"]
];

// Accessing elements
echo $students[0][0]; // Output: Daksh
echo $students[1][2]; // Output: BBA
?>

Looping Through a Multidimensional Array

foreach ($students as $student) {

echo "Name: $student[0], Age: $student[1], Course: $student[2]<br>";
}
Sorting Array

1. Sorting Numeric (Indexed) Arrays

Ascending Order (sort())

<?php
$numbers = [5, 3, 8, 1, 9];
sort($numbers);

print_r($numbers);
?>

Descending Order (rsort())

<?php
$numbers = [5, 3, 8, 1, 9];
rsort($numbers);

print_r($numbers);
?>

2. Sorting Associative Arrays

Sort by Values (Ascending) – asort()

<?php
$ages = ["Daksh" => 22, "John" => 19, "Sara" => 25];
asort($ages);

print_r($ages);
?>
Sort by Values (Descending) – arsort()

<?php
$ages = ["Daksh" => 22, "John" => 19, "Sara" => 25];
arsort($ages);

print_r($ages);
?>

Sort by Keys (Ascending) – ksort()

<?php
$students = ["Daksh" => 95, "John" => 88, "Sara" => 92];
ksort($students);

print_r($students);
?>

Sort by Keys (Descending) – krsort()

<?php
$students = ["Daksh" => 95, "John" => 88, "Sara" => 92];
krsort($students);

print_r($students);
?>
Class
<?php
class Car {
// Properties (variables)
public $brand;
public $color;

// Method (function)
public function displayInfo() {
echo "This car is a $this->color $this->brand.";
}
}
?>
Object
<?php
$myCar = new Car(); // Create an object
$myCar->brand = "Tesla";
$myCar->color = "Red";

$myCar->displayInfo(); // Output: This car is a Red Tesla.

?>
Constructor Method (__construct())
<?php
class Car {
public $brand;
public $color;

// Constructor method
public function __construct($brand, $color) {
$this->brand = $brand;
$this->color = $color;
}

public function displayInfo() {

echo "This car is a $this->color $this->brand.";
}
}
// Create objects with constructor
$car1 = new Car("BMW", "Black");
$car2 = new Car("Audi", "Blue");

$car1->displayInfo(); // Output: This car is a Black BMW.

$car2->displayInfo(); // Output: This car is a Blue Audi.
?>
Biggest Element in Array
<?php
// Define an array
$array = [3, 5, 7, 2, 8, 1, 6];

// Initialize the first element as the largest

$largest = $array[0];

// Loop through the array to compare each element

for ($i = 1; $i < count($array); $i++) {
if ($array[$i] > $largest) {
$largest = $array[$i];
}
}
echo "The largest number is: " . $largest;
?>
Factorial
<?php
// Define the number
$number = 5;

// Initialize the factorial variable to 1

$factorial = 1;

// Loop to calculate the factorial

for ($i = 1; $i <= $number; $i++) {
$factorial *= $i; // Multiply the factorial by the current number
}
echo "The factorial of " . $number . " is: " . $factorial;
?>
Factorial Using Recursion
<?php
function factorial($n) {
if ($n == 0 || $n == 1) {
return 1; // Base case
}
return $n * factorial($n - 1); // Recursive call
}
$num = 5;
echo "Factorial of $num is: " . factorial($num);
?>
Fibonacci
<?php
// Function to generate Fibonacci series
function fibonacci($n) {
$a = 0; // First number
$b = 1; // Second number
echo "Fibonacci Series up to $n terms: \n";

for ($i = 0; $i < $n; $i++) {

echo $a . " ";
$next = $a + $b;
$a = $b;
$b = $next;
}
}
// Number of terms in Fibonacci series
$num = 10;
fibonacci($num); // 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34
?>
Number of Digits
<?php
function countDigits($number) {
// Handle negative numbers
if ($number < 0) {
$number = abs($number);
}
// Special case for zero
if ($number == 0) {
return 1;
}
$count = 0;
// Loop to divide the number by 10 until it becomes zero
while ($number > 0) {
$number = (int)($number / 10); // Remove last digit
$count++; // Increment digit count
}
return $count;
}
$number = 12345;
echo "Number of digits in $number is: " . countDigits($number);
?>
Multidimensional Associative Array
<?php
// Multidimensional associative array
$students = array(
"student1" => array(
"name" => "Alice",
"age" => 20,
"marks" => array("Math" => 85, "Science" => 90)
),
"student2" => array(
"name" => "Bob",
"age" => 22,
"marks" => array("Math" => 78, "Science" => 88)
),
"student3" => array(
"name" => "Charlie",
"age" => 21,
"marks" => array("Math" => 92, "Science" => 95)
)
);

// Looping through the array

foreach ($students as $key => $student) {
echo ucfirst($key), ":- Name: " . $student["name"] . ", Age: " . $student["age"] . "<br>";
echo "Marks: " . $student["marks"] ["Math"] . " in Math, " . $student["marks"] ["Science"] . "
in Science<br><br>";
}
?>
Output
Student1:- Name: Alice, Age: 20
Marks: 85 in Math, 90 in Science

Student2:- Name: Bob, Age: 22

Marks: 78 in Math, 88 in Science

Student3:- Name: Charlie, Age: 21

Marks: 92 in Math, 95 in Science
Student Marks with name average and grade Associative Array

<?php
// Simple array of students with their marks
$students = [
['name' => 'Alice', 'marks' => ['Math' => 85, 'Science' => 78, 'English' => 92]],
['name' => 'Bob', 'marks' => ['Math' => 67, 'Science' => 74, 'English' => 70]],
['name' => 'Charlie', 'marks' => ['Math' => 90, 'Science' => 88, 'English' => 95]],
];

// Function to calculate average marks

function calculateAverage($marks) {
return array_sum($marks) / count($marks);
}

// Function to assign a grade based on the average

function getGrade($average) {
if ($average >= 90) {
return 'A';
} elseif ($average >= 80) {
return 'B';
} elseif ($average >= 70) {
return 'C';
} elseif ($average >= 60) {
return 'D';
} else {
return 'F';
}
}

// Loop through each student, calculate average and grade, then display the results
foreach ($students as $student) {
$average = calculateAverage($student['marks']);
$grade = getGrade($average);
echo $student['name'] . " - Average: " . round($average, 2) . ", Grade: " . $grade . "<br>";
}
?>
Output
Alice - Average: 85, Grade: B
Bob - Average: 70.33, Grade: C
Charlie - Average: 91, Grade: A

Class and Object (Rectangle area & perimeter)

<?php
class Rectangle
{
// Declare properties
public $length = 10;
public $width = 5;

// Method to get the perimeter

public function getPerimeter(){
return (2 * ($this->length + $this->width));
}

// Method to get the area

public function getArea(){
return ($this->length * $this->width);
}

public function showResult(){

echo "Length of Rectangle: " . $this->length . "<br>";
echo "Width of Rectangle: " . $this->width . "<br>";
echo "Perimeter of Rectangle: " . $this->getPerimeter() . "<br>";
echo "Area of Rectangle: " . $this->getArea() . "<br>";
}
}
 $rec = new Rectangle();
$rec->showResult();
?>