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IC_Lecture semiconductor

The document discusses various applications of diodes, including half-wave and full-wave rectifiers, as well as Zener diodes and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). It explains how rectifiers allow current to flow in one direction and how Zener diodes can maintain a constant output voltage. Additionally, it highlights the advantages of LEDs over traditional incandescent lamps, such as lower energy consumption and longer lifespan.

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mohamed A.abdeltwab
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1 views

IC_Lecture semiconductor

The document discusses various applications of diodes, including half-wave and full-wave rectifiers, as well as Zener diodes and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). It explains how rectifiers allow current to flow in one direction and how Zener diodes can maintain a constant output voltage. Additionally, it highlights the advantages of LEDs over traditional incandescent lamps, such as lower energy consumption and longer lifespan.

Uploaded by

mohamed A.abdeltwab
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬

Autotronics Program
Integrated Electronics
q Systems
Assoc. Prof. Shaimaa Ali Mohasseib

Lecture 9 24 April 2025


‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬
6.5 Diode Applications ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬
Within the power supply are circuits that allow current to flow in only one direction. These circuits are called
rectifiers. Other circuits will filter and regulate the dc output.

Figure: Power Supply


 Half-wave Rectifier ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬
The following Figure shows a half-wave rectifier circuit. The ac source produces a sinusoidal voltage. Assuming an
ideal diode, the positive half-cycle of source voltage will forward-bias the diode. Since the switch is closed, as shown
in Fig. b, the positive half-cycle of source voltage will appear across the load resistor. On the negative half-cycle, the
diode is reverse biased. In this case, the ideal diode will appear as an open switch, as shown in Fig. c, and no voltage
appears across the load resist

Fig. (a) Input to half-wave rectifier; (b) circuit; (c) output of positive half-wave rectifier; (d)
output of negative half-wave rectifier
‫‪ Half-wave Rectifier‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬
 Full-wave Rectifier ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬

Fig. Full-wave rectifier


‫‪ Full-wave Rectifier‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬
6.6 Zener Diode ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬
A Zener diode is different; it is a silicon diode that the manufacturer has optimized for operation in the
breakdown region.
 Zener Regulator ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬

A Zener diode is sometimes called a voltage-regulator diode because it maintains a constant output voltage even
though the current through it changes. For normal operation, you have to reverse-bias the Zener diode, as shown in
Fig. (a). Furthermore, to get breakdown operation, the source voltage Vs must be greater than the Zener
breakdown voltage Vz.

Fig. Zener regulator. (a) Basic circuit; (b) same circuit with grounds; (c) power supply drives regulator.

 Ideal Zener Diode


The ideal approximation of a Zener diode. This means that a Zener diode operating in the
breakdown region ideally acts like a battery. In a circuit, it means that you can mentally replace a
Zener diode by a voltage source of Vz, provided the Zener diode is operating in the breakdown
region.
‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬
Suppose the Zener diode of Fig. a has a breakdown voltage of 10 V. What are the minimum and maximum Zener
currents?

SOLUTION
The applied voltage may vary from 20 to 40 V. Ideally, a Zener diode acts like the battery shown in Fig. b. Therefore, the
output voltage is 10 V for any source voltage between 20 and 40 V. The minimum current occurs when the source voltage is
minimum. Visualize 20 V on the left end of the resistor and 10 V on the right end. Then you can see that the voltage across
the resistor is 20 V 2 10 V, or 10 V. The rest is Ohm’s law:
10
𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠 = =12.2 mA
820 Ω
The maximum current occurs when the source voltage is 40 V. In this case, the voltage across the resistor is 30 V, which
gives a current of 820 V 5 36.6 mA
30
𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠 = =36.6 mA
820 Ω
6.7 Light Emitting Diode (LED) ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬

 Opto-electronics the technology that combines optics and electronics. This field includes many devices based on
the action of a pn-junction. Examples of optoelectronic devices are light-emitting diodes(LEDs), photodiodes,
optocouplers, and Laser diodes.
 LEDs have replaced incandescent lamps in many applications because of the LED’s lower energy consumption,
smaller size, faster switching and longer lifetime.
6.7 Light Emitting Diode (LED) ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬

Fig. (a) shows a source connected to a resistor and an LED. The outward arrows symbolize the radiated light. In a forward-
biased LED, free electrons cross the pn-junction and fall into holes. As these electrons fall from a higher to a lower energy level,
they radiate energy in the form of photons. In ordinary diodes, this energy is radiated in the form of heat. But in an LED, the
energy is radiated as light. This effect is referred to as electroluminescence.

Fig. LED indicator. (a) Basic circuit; (b) practical circuit; (c) typical LEDs
‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬
Fig. a shows a voltage-polarity tester. It can be used to test a dc voltage of unknown polarity. When the dc voltage is
positive, the green LED lights up. When the dc voltage is negative, the red LED lights up. What is the approximate LED
current if the dc input voltage is 50 V and the series resistance is 2.2 kV?
‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬

‫‪Thank‬‬
‫‪q‬‬
‫‪you‬‬

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