‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬

Autotronics Program
Integrated Electronics
q Systems
Assoc. Prof. Shaimaa Ali Mohasseib

Lecture 10 1 May 2025

‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬
7.1 Introduction ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬

 Analog * quantity is one having continuous values

 ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫‪ Analog System‬‬
 Digital * quantity is one having a discrete set of values ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬
 7.2 Digital Circuits ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬
 Binary Digit

 Logic Levels
‫‪ Digital waveform‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬
 Timing Diagram ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬
A timing diagram is a graph of digital waveforms showing the actual time relationship
of two or more waveforms and how each waveform changes in relation to the others. By
looking at a timing diagram, you can determine the states (HIGH or LOW) of all the
waveforms at any specified point in time and the exact time that a waveform changes state
relative to the other waveforms
 7.3 Basic Logic Function ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬
 List three basic logic functions

 NOT

Symbol Operation
 AND ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬

Symbol

Truth table

Operation

10
 ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬
 OR
Symbol

Truth table

Operation

11
  NAND ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬

Symbol

Operation Truth table

  NOR
‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬

Symbol

Operation Truth table

 ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬
As part of an aircraft’s functional monitoring system, a circuit is required to indicate the status of the landing gears prior to
landing. A green LED display turns on if all three gears are properly extended when the “gear down” switch has been activated in
preparation for landing. A red LED display turns on if any of the gears fail to extend properly prior to landing. When a landing
gear is extended, its sensor produces a LOW voltage. When a landing gear is retracted, its sensor produces a HIGH voltage.
Implement a circuit to meet this requirement.
 ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬
Power is applied to the circuit only when the “gear down” switch is activated. Use a NOR gate for each of the two
requirements as shown in Figure. One NOR gate operates as a negative-AND to detect a LOW from each of the three
landing gear sensors. When all three of the gate inputs are LOW, the three landing gears are properly extended and the
resulting HIGH output from the negative-AND gate turns on the green LED display. The other NOR gate operates as
a NOR to detect if one or more of the landing gears remain retracted when the “gear down” switch is activated. When
one or more of the landing gears remain retracted, the resulting HIGH from the sensor is detected by the NOR gate,
which produces a LOW output to turn on the red LED warning display.
 ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬
 Exclusive-OR Symbol
Truth table

 Exclusive-NOR
Symbol Truth table
 ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫‪XOR and XNOR Operation‬‬
 7.4 Boolean Algebra ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬

 Basic Rules of Boolean

Algebra

 DeMorgan’s Theorems
 ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Example‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬

‫‪Solution‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬
  Boolean Expressions for logic gates ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬

 Constructing a Truth
Table for a Logic Circuit
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Example‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬

‫‪Solution‬‬
 7.5 Integrated Circuit (IC) ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬
A monolithic integrated circuit (IC) is an electronic circuit that is constructed entirely on a single small chip of silicon. All
the components that make up the circuit—transistors, diodes, resistors, and capacitors—are an integral part of that single
chip. Fixed-function logic and programmable logic are two broad categories of digital Ics.

FIGURE: Cutaway view of one type of fixed-function IC package (dual in-line package) showing the chip
mounted inside, with connections to input and output pins.
  Fixed-Function Logic Gates ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬

Fixed-function logic integrated circuits have been around for a long time and are available in a variety of logic functions.
Unlike a PLD, a fixed-function IC comes with logic functions that cannot be programmed in and cannot be altered. The
fixed-function logic is on a much smaller scale than the amount of logic that can be programmed into a PLD.

AND Gate: Figure shows three configurations of fixed-function AND gates in the 74 series. The 74xx08 is a quad 2-
input AND gate device, the 74xx11 is a triple 3-input AND gate device. and the 74xx21 is a dual 4-input AND gate
device. The label xx can represent any of the integrated circuit technology families such as HC or LS. The numbers on
the inputs and outputs are the IC package pin numbers.
  Fixed-Function Logic Gates
‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬
AND Gate: Figure shows three configurations of fixed-function AND gates in the 74 series. The 74xx08 is a quad 2-
input AND gate device, the 74xx11 is a triple 3-input AND gate device. and the 74xx21 is a dual 4-input AND gate
device. The label xx can represent any of the integrated circuit technology families such as HC or LS. The numbers on
the inputs and outputs are the IC package pin numbers.

Figure: 74 series AND gate devices with pin numbers

  Fixed-Function Logic Gates ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬

NAND Gate: Figure shows four configurations of fixed-function NAND gates in the 74 series. The 74xx00 is a quad 2-
input NAND gate device, the 74xx10 is a triple 3-input NAND gate device, the 74xx20 is a dual 4-input NAND gate
device, and the 74xx30 is a single 8-input NAND gate device.

Figure: 74 series NAND gate devices with pin numbers

‫‪ Fixed-Function Logic Gates‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬
 ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬
 Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs)

 Two major categories of user-programmable logic are PLD (programmable logic device)
and FPGA (field-programmable gate array)
 PLDs are either SPLDs (simple PLDs) or CPLDs (complex PLDs)
 7.6 IC Packages ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬

Integrated circuit (IC) packages are classified according to the way they are mounted on printed circuit boards (PCBs) as
either through-hole mounted or surface mounted. The through-hole type packages have pins (leads) that are inserted
through holes in the PCB and can be soldered to conductors on the opposite side. The most common type of through hole
package is the dual in-line package (DIP) shown in Figure.

FIGURE : Examples of through-hole and surface-mounted devices. The DIP is larger than
the SOIC with the same number of leads.
 7.7 Pin Numbering ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬

All IC packages have a standard format for numbering the pins (leads). The dual inline packages (DIPs) and the shrink
small-outline packages (SSOP) have the numbering arrangement illustrated in Figure.

FIGURE: Pin numbering for two examples of standard types of IC packages. Top views
are shown.
 7.8 Combinational Circuit ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬
 Half-Adder
 ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬

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