Ac CirCuit

eviodicaliy
T} the Vo lPage ave foom chang es both
in magni tude and direehon is khouon as
Ac ür çt
Siousaidal o ltae and Cument Equaha:
V Vm sinwt (ox) e = Em sinwt
instantanous alus
hia and L
mum OT Dea lC Vales
Mai
Em, Vm, Lm
w 21f inradans E
w) Angulay heany
2T
erwt

T ’ Time penod -Vio

AveTage Valui
direct Curent ohich
Tt is ditind as the alurnahg
chasge as that o
transBers the Samne Sama hma
flowing h:
Curent tlouing the
ovl
Avavage Vae: Area Under the Curve
on Complub
RMS Value: Root Mean Snlare
The direct Curent which ke n 4louoing
hme peno
through a iran asish s os a fren Produ
Prrdues Same am oun o< hoat as eod
thrugh Sa
by atbrnating urrent ln flecoing
 RHS Valu

RNS Vaw Avea Under the Square ave too on

Compla Cyel
Time peniod
Fosm facte:
is the raHo o RMs valu ho
Tt
yalve .
the avelage
RMs Vauu
Aveuage valy
Peak Facla: Val
raho q maim um
Lt is the
the RNS Vau
Macimum Vae
RHS Valus
Power: Ac tua power (ow
Poweeo)
Real powed lo) Taee Achre
in any irC't
Real po Uwel Consu mphon any
inphabe mth
Componunt is att
Nhen a Current in o
T+IS masu red
Volta ge powel Pz VI osd
Acive lor) toad
Reachve
unit Wats powe(o) auadrature Powes (a)

Reachre powe Consumphon

heeas ea a Curent
Com pon nt
in any ircut un
maasuedl
th oltag. îtis
is in aadra ture
Roachve
tn Volt Amere
in
vI sin
Keachve Powel a
unit VAR
Complet (o) Appasor owu (s)voltege and Cumert
Tt isthe Product fo
It
Masue in Volt -am pee

Complx oD APpasent Powen s3= VI

Pouwe ang ui Dm pedonta Trianga

VI Sing=Q

VTEOsR R
Coso R
Powel facter
be ween vo lHa and
The osi ne ange
Curent s Known as powet7ae lor
 Uraut.
(olPuse Resishve civut : Purre Tnduchre raut Pore Capacike

Vm Sinwt UVmgin w
6VmSi nwt VVn Sinwt
|Vmsinwt

dt Ldl ta ce d on both sids

= Im Sinwt on bothsidy
whreTme m
Tnbratb dStdt
R dE
Phasor iagram Jdi =sudt =cdu
dt
-Sudt
and ( ave
(-sVmsinut dt
ane inphae dt
There is ho phasediborona = =c d Nmsinwt
be hween u andI dt
ware htm toswt )
(= Cuw Vm coswt
>wt
sinut-96)
XL
Tnstantangus PoWeiw
hre (= Vm Sinlut 40)
Y) wL and Xe
Knouwn as induc ive wwrere is Ca pacihve
Yeaelance
Pa Vmsinwt Tm sinut Yeactan e

P= Vn To Sinwt Unito x, ; ohm

Tm = Vm
behween
angle
9>Phase
XL L- Tm Sin (uttRB)
P = Yon2m(-los 2o) 2
l=Im sin(ut-g0)
B n Sin wt
|Avelage Powe: OuYent lead
Curent C lagg
Pav "S de by 90
6 Instanta ou power
SngtanÀ anoy pou
Cos
Power Facto
Fo6 pre reive ro msinh ha) Pz VmSinwt TmSinlot)
P= Vn Si nwt T
 PaVmSm Sinwt -ioswt)onTy Stnwt Cosuot
=-Vm Tm Sin 2ut
2
þ Vm Tm Sin2ust
2
2t
mjdo- Mosedd Pay-Vmm sinz
2

FVymr]-Aveae pouee (Pa)

2t
Avelage PowelPa)
Par
-.de Pav(p.da
2
Pav Ym?m
2
Par |av
Pay mIm Pouoel hacter PF = osd Powe 7acte PFf ztosd
Pr cogqo(lnd)
lags
PP= Cosq0 O
Pav VI Phar dia am
Ars Vand I Phasos oiaam
are in phase
Phase angl o
wave pr m
Powatactst=(osp wavefosm

wt
-Tm
Setes RL Cirut

Vm sinwt
Vmsinwt

V + Ve
= iRtXL

Whre z is impe danee Phasos piagtam

unit Ls ohm
Z= 2ti X
Magni tu de
|2l= R4X
phase ang la
: ban!
Magnitudl
phasor Diagtum
(voltagephane anale bl Vattve

TnsBanta Nous powe

( Vmsinwt

Ve R. Pav s VmSinuot Tm Sin fwt9)

ó: tan Pav VmTm Sinwt sintag)
Bnstantohaous powel
=VmmCas (st- t-4) -
2
V Vm sìnwt Cos (wtt+ wt+6))
=VmmCastd) cas (2ot t)
P= VDm Sinwt sinlwt-) 2

Vmm
2
Cos (ot +wt
þ Vmm Cos Cas (at-) cosd
2 2

Cosho-o) Avelae powe

P= Vmm tos be
2 fayb.de
2fT
Avelap Power
D
Vm m
Vmm2 2
2
do
Vm Dm
2X2T 2 2

[Casd.21
2Y2 fay = m Tm (osd
V
2 Par Vsmy' Drons
lave VIcos Powei acbot
Powercta
Cos R
 suady LsAat Anaysi q RLe circuut
R

Phase ang le o tar x-ke

|2)
=TRtjTXTXe Power jach oso = R
) Ve >VL
Where Z T mpedana
Condihon 1:
Junn X, >x CirCuit behaveia
RLcirait Pha se angle o =ta
Condihan behaesad
Nhn >X, lreit
Re circit

Phasor diaqram Tmdanu

mang

Vey

Here as XL> Xe, >Ve

Magni buc
 suady stat Analyi q RLc civaut
R L
|12): e)'+ CXL-tc)]

Phase ana le otar x-e

Ve
|2)
Power faeht osp=R
C) Ve VL
whereZTmpedane
Concli hon 1:
, Circut behaveua,
Nun X, RL ciraut phase angud- tore
|Condihan2 k
XY, Crcuut behavea
hen
Nn Re circuit

Pha sor diaqem Tmedan

iangl

Here as XL Xe, >Vc

Magnibuc