Common to all branches U24EN201- Professional English Question Bank- IAT I
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vishalsud22Common to all branches U24EN201- Professional English Question Bank- IAT I
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vishalsud22PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH - U24EN201
QUESTION BANK
IAT I
1
UNIT 1
PART A
TENSES
EXERCISE 1
Fill in the blanks with the correct tense of the verb in brackets:
1. By the time we get there, they ___will have finished________(finish) their dinner.
2. She was studying (study) for two hours when I called her last night.
3. I ____have not seen_____(not/see) him since we graduated from college.
4. Right now, I ___am waiting___(wait) for the bus.
5. By next month, they____will have moved____(move) to their new house.
6. She ____had worked__(work) at the company for five years before she got promoted.
7. He ___had traveled ______(travel) abroad before last summer.
8. When we arrived, they ____had already left __(leave) the party.
9. I _____have been trying to call you ______(try) to call you all day, but the line was busy.
10.I ______haven’t finished _______(not/finish) my homework yet, but I will soon.
11.The film director _______met (meet) the child star two years ago.
12.My parents ________(live) in the same house since 1995.
13.My aunt _______ (arrive) last sunday.
14.I met him as he ________(cross) the road.
15.The gardener _________(work) in the garden since 8 o’ clock.
16.He called for the taxi after he ____________ (finish) the packing.
17.We _____________ (wait) for you when you finally arrived.
18.The mechanic _________(work) with his new machine when his friend ___________ (visit) him.
19.I think the waiter ________ (forget) us. We _________ (wait) here for over half an hour but nobody
_________ (take) our order yet.
20.He _______ (work) at the hospital for ten years before he decided to retire.
21.They __________ (travel) to five different countries before they settled in Japan.
22.By the time we got to the concert, they ___________ (already/start) playing.
23.I ____________ (wait) for you for over an hour.
24.She ___________________ (not/finish) her lunch yet, but she will soon.
25.We ________ (meet) the new neighbors last weekend at the community event.
26.By the time the movie starts, I _______________ (watch) all the episodes of the series.
27.They _________(eat) dinner before we arrived at the restaurant.
28.I _________________ (work) on this project for several days, and I'm almost done.
29.He _________(see) that movie before, so he didn’t want to watch it again.
30.He _____________ (work) at the hospital for ten years before he retired.
31.I ______________________ (study) all morning for the exam.
32.By the time you arrive, we ____________(finish) our dinner.
33.They________________ (leave) by the time we got there.
34.She ________________(never/travel) abroad.
35.I ______________ (wait) for over an hour now.
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36.He ______________ (never/see) such a beautiful sunset before that day.
37.When we arrived, the show __________ (start).
38.She __________ (work) here for five years.
39.They __________ (visit) several countries before they moved to Germany.
40.I ______________ (not/see) that movie yet, but I plan to watch it soon.
41.By next year, they ____________ (move) to their new home.
42.I _____________ (work) on this project for the past few weeks.
43.He ____________ (study) all night before the exam.
44.By the time we get to the station, the train _________________ (depart).
45.We _________________ (live) in that city for five years before we moved out.
46.I __________________(not/read) the book you recommended yet.
47.She ______________________ (cook) dinner before the guests arrived.
48.We _________________ (walk) for hours before we finally found a café.
49.He ________________ (never/fly) in an airplane before.
50.By the time you wake up, I __________________ (complete) all the tasks.
ANSWERS
1. By the time we get there, they will have finished their dinner.
2. She was studying for two hours when I called her last night.
3. I haven't seen him since we graduated from college.
4. Right now, I am waiting for the bus.
5. By next month, they will have moved to their new house.
6. She had worked at the company for five years before she got promoted.
7. He had traveled abroad before last summer.
8. When we arrived, they had already left the party.
9. I have been trying to call you all day, but the line was busy.
10.I haven't finished my homework yet, but I will soon.
11.The film director met the child star two years ago.
12.My parents had been living in the same house since 1995.
13.My aunt arrived last sunday.
14.I met him as he was crossing the road.
15.The gardener had been working in the garden since 8 o’ clock.
16.He called for the taxi after he had finished the packing.
17.We had been waiting for you when you finally arrived.
18.The mechanic was working with his new machine when his friend had visited him.
19.I think the waiter had forgotten us. We have been waiting here for over half an hour but nobody
has taken our order yet.
20.He had worked at the hospital for ten years before he decided to retire.
21.They had traveled to five different countries before they settled in Japan.
22.By the time we got to the concert, they had already started playing.
23.I have been waiting for you for over an hour.
24.She hasn't finished her lunch yet, but she will soon.
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25.We met the new neighbors last weekend at the community event.
26.By the time the movie starts, I will have watched all the episodes of the series.
27.They had eaten dinner before we arrived at the restaurant.
28.I have been working on this project for several days, and I'm almost done.
29.He had seen that movie before, so he didn’t want to watch it again.
30.He had worked at the hospital for ten years before he retired.
31.I have been studying all morning for the exam.
32.By the time you arrive, we will have finished our dinner.
33.They had left by the time we got there.
34.She has never traveled abroad.
35.I have been waiting for over an hour now.
36.He had never seen such a beautiful sunset before that day.
37.When we arrived, the show had started.
38.She has worked here for five years.
39.They had visited several countries before they moved to Germany.
40.I haven't seen that movie yet, but I plan to watch it soon.
41.By next year, they will have moved to their new home.
42.I have been working on this project for the past few weeks.
43.He had studied all night before the exam.
44.By the time we get to the station, the train will have departed.
45.We had been living in that city for five years before we moved out.
46.I haven't read the book you recommended yet.
47.She had cooked dinner before the guests arrived.
48.We had walked for hours before we finally found a café.
49.He has never flown in an airplane before.
50.By the time you wake up, I will have completed all the tasks.
EXERCISE 2
Rewrite the sentences as directed
1. The boy speaks the truth. (Present Continuous Tense)
2. Mr Cooper has spoken about Dinosaurs. (Present Perfect Continuous Tense)
3. The boat sailed yesterday. (Simple Present Tense)
4. Amy went to school yesterday. ( Future Continuous Tense)
5. The baby cried for hours. (Present Perfect Continuous Tense)
6. Robert ate all the cookies. (Present Perfect Tense)
7. I have finished my assignment. (Past Perfect Tense)
8. Mr Bert had taught for five years. (Past Perfect Continuous Tense).
9. Dev saw the Prime Minister yesterday. (Future Continuous Tense)
10.Priya shall finish her stitching by then. (Future Perfect Tense)
11.She writes a letter to her friend. (Present Perfect Tense)
12.They are playing football right now. (Simple Past Tense)
13.She was reading a book when I called her. (Future Perfect Tense)
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14.We are planning a trip next summer. ( (Present Perfect Continuous Tense)
15.She had finished her homework before dinner. (Present Continuous Tense)
16.We are visiting the museum this weekend. (Past Continuous Tense)
17.The team will meet at the office at 9am (Present Continuous Tense)
18.They are visiting their grandparents this weekend. (Simple Past Tense)
19.I have seen that movie already. (Simple Past Tense)
20.She is reading a book. (Simple Past Tense)
21.She will submit the report by Friday. (Future Perfect Tense)
22.He delivered a speech on climate change. (Present Perfect Continuous Tense)
23.She painted a beautiful portrait. (Future Continuous Tense)
24.The students answer the questions quickly. (Present Continuous Tense)
25.By the time we arrived, the play had already begun. (Future Continuous Tense)
Answers
1. The boy is speaking the truth.
2. Mr Cooper has been speaking about Dinosaurs.
3. The boat sails today.
4. Amy will be going to school tomorrow.
5. The baby has been crying for hours.
6. Robert has eaten all the cookies.
7. I had finished my assignment.
8. Mr Bert had been teaching for five years
9. Dev will be seeing the Prime Minister tomorrow.
10.Priya shall have finished her stitching by then.
11.She has written a letter to her friend.
12.They played football yesterday.
13.She will have read the book by the time I call her.
14.We have been planning a trip next summer.
15. She is finishing her homework before dinner.
16. We were visiting the museum last weekend.
17.The team is meeting at the office at 9 a.m.
18.They visited their grandparents last weekend.
19. I saw that movie last weekend.
20.She read a book yesterday.
21. She will have submitted the report by Friday.
22. He has been delivering a speech on climate change.
23.She will be painting a beautiful portrait.
24.The students are answering the questions quickly.
25. By the time we arrive, the play will be beginning soon.
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
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EXERCISE 1
Identify the prepositional phrases in the following sentences and mention if they are adjectival phrases
or adverbial phrases.
1. The book on the table belongs to Sarah.
2. The dog with the brown fur barked loudly.
3. They traveled across the country last summer.
4. We sat under the tree for shade.
5. The building next to the hospital is a hotel.
6. The baby slept throughout the night.
7. She placed the keys on the table.
8. The person behind the counter helped me find a book.
9. The jacket made of leather looks stylish.
10. They walked along the riverbank at sunset.
11.The children ran around the playground after school.
12.The man with the blue jacket is a famous artist.
13. She looked under the bed for her missing shoes.
14.The house beside the lake is up for sale.
15.The woman in the red dress greeted us at the door.
16.She walked to the store early in the morning.
17.He ran across the field with great speed.
18.The dog slept under the tree during the storm.
19.The car with the broken window is parked outside.
20.The students in the front row are very attentive.
21.They arrived at the airport before dawn.
22.The dress made of silk is very expensive.
23. The book on the shelf is mine.
24.The teacher spoke with confidence during the lecture.
25. The woman in the red dress greeted us at the door.
Answers
1. The book on the table belongs to Sarah.– Adjectival phrase
2. The dog with the brown fur barked loudly – Adjectival phrase
3. They traveled across the country last summer. - Adverbial phrase
4. We sat under the tree for shade. - Adverbial phrase
5. The building next to the hospital is a hotel. – Adjectival phrase
6. The baby slept throughout the night.. - Adverbial phrase
7. She placed the keys on the table - Adverbial phrase
8. The person behind the counter helped me find a book.– Adjectival phrase
9. The jacket made of leather looks stylish.- – Adjectival phrase
10.They walked along the riverbank at sunset. - Adverbial phrase
11.The children ran around the playground after school. - Adverbial phrase
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12.The man with the blue jacket is a famous artist. – Adjectival phrase
13. She looked under the bed for her missing shoes. - Adverbial phrase
14.The house beside the lake is up for sale.– Adjectival phrase
15.The woman in the red dress greeted us at the door. – Adjectival phrase
16.She walked to the store early in the morning. - Adverbial phrase
17.He ran across the field with great speed.. - Adverbial phrase
18.The dog slept under the tree during the storm. - Adverbial phrase
19.The car with the broken window is parked outside..– Adjectival phrase
20.The students in the front row are very attentive..– Adjectival phrase
21.They arrived at the airport before dawn.- Adverbial phrase
22.. The dress made of silk is very expensive..– Adjectival phrase
23. The book on the shelf is mine.– Adjectival phrase
24.The teacher spoke with confidence during the lecture..- Adverbial phrase
25. The woman in the red dress greeted us at the door.– Adjectival phrase
EXERCISE 2
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate prepositional phrase
1. The kids hide _____ (behind/in front of/beneath) the tree during the game.
2. She completed the project ___ (on time/under pressure/by accident).
3. We decided to meet ___ (at the corner/in the morning/on the table).
4. The cat jumped ___ (over/on/into) the fence to chase the bird.
5. He solved the problem ___ (in spite of/due to/for the sake of) his determination.
6. They walked ___ (along/in front of/inside) the riverbank, enjoying the view.
7. The teacher praised the student ___ (because of/in case of/for the sake of) his hard work.
8. The book you’re looking for is ___ (on/in/under) the shelf.
9. We waited ___ (inside/near/due to) the station for the bus.
10. She travels to work ___ (by car/on foot/on the plane) every day.
11. The keys were ___ (on/in/under) the table.
12. The meeting will be held ___ (at/in/under) the conference room.
13. We saw him ___ (by/in/near) the park yesterday.
14. They walked ___ (on/in/under) the beach during the sunset.
15. He was sitting ___ (in front of/behind/underneath) the desk when the bell rang.
16. The cat hid ___ (underneath/in front of/beside) the bed.
17. I received the package ___ (by mistake/in case of/for the sake of)with the incorrect address.
18. She made the decision ___ (in case of/for the sake of/under pressure) her family’s happiness.
19. They will meet us ___ (at/on/inside) the restaurant.
20. The painting was placed ___ (on/under/behind) the wall.
21. We arrived ___ (in/on/at) the airport just in time.
22. The food was served ___ (on/in/at) the table.
23. He was punished ___ (because of/in case of/for the sake of) his bad behavior.
24. The children are playing ___ (in front of/behind/near) the house.
25. I will go to the store ___ (by car/on foot/at the corner).
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26. She stood ___ (beside/in front of/under) me during the ceremony.
27. He looked for his keys ___ (in the drawer/on the table/under the chair).
28. They arrived ___ (after/before/for) the party started.
29. We went ___ (by bus/on foot/in the plane) to the city center.
30. She kept her diary ___ (on the desk/in the drawer/under the bed).
31. The company was founded ___ (on/in/under) a small budget.
32. We watched the movie ___ (on/at/in) the cinema.
33. The cat ran ___ (into/on/under) the house as soon as the door opened.
34. I can meet you ___ (in the morning/on the table/in front of) your office.
35. He arrived ___ (early/on time/late) for the meeting.
36. They played football ___ (on/at/in) the field all afternoon
37. He was hiding ___ (under/behind/in front of) the curtain.
38. The teacher asked us to be ___ (in front of/on/under) our seats for the lesson.
39. The house is located ___ (near/in front of/under) the park.
40. I heard the doorbell ring ___ (while/after/before) I got to the door.
41. She is working ___ (at/with/in) the office today.
42. The children are playing ___ (underneath/on/in) the tree.
43. The concert is happening ___ (in/on/at) the stadium tomorrow.
44. I put my shoes ___ (under/over/in front of) the bed.
45. We went to the restaurant ___ (in the morning/at night/in the afternoon).
46. He felt bad ___ (for/after/because of) his mistake.
47. They met ___ (at/in/on) the café by the park.
48. I left the keys ___ (on/in/under) the counter.
49. He ran ___ (under/through/on) the tunnel to catch the train.
50. She was reading a book ___ (on/under/near) the couch.
ANSWERS
1. The kids hid behind the tree during the game.
2. She completed the project on time.
3. We decided to meet at the corner.
4. The cat jumped over the fence to chase the bird.
5. He solved the problem due to his determination.
6. They walked along the riverbank, enjoying the view.
7. The teacher praised the student because of his hard work.
8. The book you’re looking for is on the shelf.
9. We waited near the station for the bus.
10. She travels to work by car every day.
11. The keys were on the table.
12. The meeting will be held in the conference room.
13. We saw him near the park yesterday.
14. They walked on the beach during the sunset.
15. He was sitting in front of the desk when the bell rang.
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16. The cat hid underneath the bed.
17. I received the package by mistake with the incorrect address.
18. She made the decision for the sake of her family’s happiness.
19. They will meet us at the restaurant.
20. The painting was placed ___ (on/under/behind) the wall.
21. We arrived at the airport just in time.
22. The food was served on the table.
23. He was punished because of his bad behavior.
24. The children are playing in front of the house.
25. I will go to the store by car.
26. She stood beside me during the ceremony.
27. He looked for his keys in the drawer.
28. They arrived before the party started.
29. We went by bus to the city center.
30. She kept her diary in the drawer.
31. The company was founded on a small budget.
32. We watched the movie at the cinema.
33. The cat ran into the house as soon as the door opened.
34. I can meet you in the morning at your office.
35. He arrived on time for the meeting.
36. They played football on the field all afternoon.
37. He was hiding behind the curtain.
38. The teacher asked us to be in front of our seats for the lesson.
39. The house is located near the park.
40. I heard the doorbell ring while I got to the door.
41. She is working at the office today.
42. The children are playing underneath the tree.
43. The concert is happening at the stadium tomorrow.
44. I put my shoes under the bed.
45. We went to the restaurant in the morning.
46. He felt bad because of his mistake.
47. They met at the café by the park.
48. I left the keys on the counter.
49. He ran through the tunnel to catch the train.
50. She was reading a book on the couch.
EXERCISE 3
Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositional phrases:
1. He always speaks_______his colleagues during meetings
2. The gift ...... is from my side.
3. The book.... has been read many time
4. All the passengers …….. were frightened due to inclement weather.
5. The vehicle ………. is the one which I want to buy.
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6. The clues given there will enable you ……….
7. ………. help city residents, a 24 hour helpline has been set up.
8. Checkpoints have been set up ………….
9. The sponsors funded and fashioned enterprises ……….
10. A little from the government will go a long way ………
11. The teacher provided a list of resources to help students _______ their projects.
12. The police station was built _______ the main road for easy access.
13. The documents were kept _______ the drawer for safekeeping.
14. The new restaurant is located _______ the shopping mall.
15. The charity organized a fundraiser _______ support for children in need.
16. The meeting will be held _______ Thursday afternoon.
17. The manager spoke _______ the team about their performance.
18. The children gathered _______ the playground after school.
19. We need to finish the report _______ Friday afternoon.
20. The information was stored _______ a secure database to protect privacy.
Answers
1. .He always speaks in favour of his colleagues during meetings.
2. The gift on the table is from my side.
3. The book in your hand has been read many times.
4. All the passengers on the flight were frightened due to inclement weather.
5. The vehicle over there is the one which I want to buy.
6. The clues given there will enable you to solve the puzzle.
7. In order to help city residents, a 24-hour helpline has been set up.
8. Checkpoints have been set up along the highway.
9. The sponsors funded and fashioned enterprises in the field of technology.
10. A little from the government will go a long way towards solving the problem.
11. The teacher provided a list of resources to help students with their projects.
12.The police station was built by the main road for easy access.
13.The documents were kept in the drawer for safekeeping.
14.The new restaurant is located near the shopping mall.
15.The charity organized a fundraiser for support for children in need.
16.The meeting will be held on Thursday afternoon.
17.The manager spoke to the team about their performance.
18.The children gathered on the playground after school.
19.We need to finish the report by Friday afternoon.
20.The information was stored in a secure database to protect privacy.
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EXERCISE 4
Fill in the blanks with any one of the following prepositional phrases suitably:
(In favour of, by dint of, with an eye to, by virtue of, in compliance with, in case of, conformably to,
agreeably to, against all odds, in lieu of, in consequence of, for the sake of)
1. He emerged victorious ………..
2. .......... the terms of settlement, we have enclosed a cheque.
3. ……… of the power invested in me by the management, I order to appoint him.
4. I don't say anything ……….. of saying. I mean what I say.
5. Mother always speaks …..... her child.
6. …….. hard work, he succeeded in his mission.
7. ……….. emergency, make a call to Shakthi.
8. Whatever he does, he does …….... the main opportunity
9. Our trading should be ......... law.
10. We speak ………….. the rumour we have heard but we should not spread rumors.
11. ………. of the pandemic, many works have been delayed.
12. The winners took the cash award …….... the prize
Answers
1. He emerged victorious against all odds.
2. In compliance with the terms of settlement, we have enclosed a cheque.
3. By virtue of the power invested in me by the management, I order to appoint him.
4. I don't say anything for the sake of saying. I mean what I say.
5. Mother always speaks in favour of her child.
6. By dint of hard work, he succeeded in his mission.
7. In case of emergency, make a call to Shakthi.
8. Whatever he does, he does with an eye to the main opportunity.
9. Our trading should be in conformity with law.
10.We speak against all odds the rumour we have heard but we should not spread rumors.
11.In consequence of the pandemic, many works have been delayed.
12.The winners took the cash award in lieu of the prize.
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TECHNICAL VOCABULARY (SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS)
1. Accelerate
● Synonyms: Speed up, hasten
● Antonyms: Decelerate, slow down
2.Optimize
● Synonyms: Enhance, improve
● Antonyms: Diminish, degrade
3. Validate
● Synonyms: Confirm, verify
● Antonyms: Invalidate, reject
4. Mitigate
● Synonyms: Alleviate, reduce
● Antonyms: Aggravate, intensify
5. Analyze
● Synonyms: Examine, evaluate
● Antonyms: Ignore, overlook
6. Integrate
● Synonyms: Combine, unify
● Antonyms: Segregate, separate
7. Facilitate
● Synonyms: Ease, assist
● Antonyms: Hinder, obstruct
8. Implement
● Synonyms: Execute, apply
● Antonyms: Abandon, neglect
9. Innovate
● Synonyms: Invent, create
● Antonyms: Imitate, follow
10. Refine
● Synonyms: Improve, perfect
● Antonyms: Degrade, worsen
11.Streamline
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● Synonyms: Simplify, optimize
● Antonyms: Complicate, hinder
12.Enhance
● Synonyms: Elevate, improve
● Antonyms: Diminish, reduce
13. Expand
● Synonyms: Increase, enlarge
● Antonyms: Contract, shrink
14. Synthesize
● Synonyms: Combine, integrate
● Antonyms: Separate, divide
15. Collaboration
● Synonyms: Cooperation, teamwork
● Antonyms: Competition, opposition
16. Clarify
● Synonyms: Explain, elucidate
● Antonyms: Confuse, obscure
17. Adapt
● Synonyms: Adjust, modify
● Antonyms: Resist, oppose
18. Elaborate
● Synonyms: Expand, explain
● Antonyms: Simplify, shorten
19. Consolidate
● Synonyms: Combine, merge
● Antonyms: Split, divide
20. Evaluate
● Synonyms: Assess, appraise
● Antonyms: Ignore, overlook
21. Envision
● Synonyms: Imagine, visualize
● Antonyms: Disregard, ignore
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22. Convert
● Synonyms: Transform, change
● Antonyms: Preserve, maintain
23. Detect
● Synonyms: Identify, discover
● Antonyms: Overlook, miss
24. Establish
● Synonyms: Set up, found
● Antonyms: Abandon, dissolve
25. Enhance
● Synonyms: Improve, boost
● Antonyms: Decrease, diminish
26. Generate
● Synonyms: Produce, create
● Antonyms: Destroy, consume
27. Optimize
● Synonyms: Maximize, improve
● Antonyms: Minimize, worsen
28. Resolve
● Synonyms: Solve, settle
● Antonyms: Aggravate, complicate
29. Support
● Synonyms: Assist, back
● Antonyms: Undermine, oppose
30. Modify
● Synonyms: Change, alter
● Antonyms: Maintain, preserve
31. Clarify
● Synonyms: Explain, clear up
● Antonyms: Obscure, confuse
32. Adapt
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● Synonyms: Adjust, acclimate
● Antonyms: Resist, reject
33. Strengthen
● Synonyms: Fortify, reinforce
● Antonyms: Weaken, diminish
34. Negotiate
● Synonyms: Discuss, bargain
● Antonyms: Disagree, oppose
35. Assess
● Synonyms: Evaluate, judge
● Antonyms: Ignore, overlook
36. Incorporate
● Synonyms: Include, integrate
● Antonyms: Exclude, segregate
37. Minimize
● Synonyms: Reduce, lessen
● Antonyms: Maximize, increase
38. Distinguish
● Synonyms: Differentiate, discern
● Antonyms: Confuse, mix up
39. Investigate
● Synonyms: Examine, explore
● Antonyms: Ignore, neglect
40. Collaborate
● Synonyms: Cooperate, partner
● Antonyms: Compete, oppose
41. Refine
● Synonyms: Perfect, polish
● Antonyms: Deteriorate, degrade
42. Design
● Synonyms: Plan, create
● Antonyms: Destroy, dismantle
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43. Improve
● Synonyms: Enhance, upgrade
● Antonyms: Deteriorate, worsen
44. Maintain
● Synonyms: Preserve, sustain
● Antonyms: Abandon, neglect
45. Implement
● Synonyms: Enforce, execute
● Antonyms: Discontinue, abandon
46.Communicate
● Synonyms: Convey, inform
● Antonyms: Conceal, withhold
47. Streamline
● Synonyms: Simplify, systematize
● Antonyms: Complicate, confuse
48. Facilitate
● Synonyms: Ease, assist
● Antonyms: Hinder, obstruct
49. Contribute
● Synonyms: Donate, give
● Antonyms: Withdraw, take
50. Critique
● Synonyms: Evaluate, assess
● Antonyms: Praise, approve
Vocabulary Test – Fill in the Blanks
1. The scientist made a __________ discovery that changed the course of medical history.
(a) trivial
(b) groundbreaking
(c) meaningless
(d) ordinary
Answer: (b) groundbreaking
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2. She showed great __________ in handling the difficult situation.
(a) cowardice
(b) intelligence
(c) courage
(d) laziness
Answer: (c) courage
3. His explanation was so __________ that nobody understood it.
(a) simple
(b) confusing
(c) clear
(d) concise
Answer: (b) confusing
4. The manager decided to __________ the meeting due to unforeseen circumstances.
(a) continue
(b) postpone
(c) schedule
(d) initiate
Answer: (b) postpone
5. The book was so __________ that I couldn’t put it down.
(a) boring
(b) fascinating
(c) dull
(d) tiresome
Answer: (b) fascinating
6. She was feeling __________ after working for 12 hours straight.
(a) energetic
(b) exhausted
(c) thrilled
(d) relaxed
Answer: (b) exhausted
7. The politician’s speech was filled with __________ statements that lacked real substance.
(a) profound
(b) vague
(c) meaningful
(d) specific
Answer: (b) vague
8. The artist’s work was known for its __________ beauty.
(a) exceptional
(b) unimpressive
(c) common
(d) dull
Answer: (a) exceptional
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9. His __________ behavior made him unpopular among his classmates.
(a) friendly
(b) rude
(c) helpful
(d) kind
Answer: (b) rude
10.The students were asked to __________ their ideas before writing an essay.
(a) ignore
(b) brainstorm
(c) discard
(d) memorize
Answer: (b) brainstorm
11.The house was __________ in an earthquake last year.
(a) built
(b) destroyed
(c) painted
(d) expanded
Answer: (b) destroyed
12.She has a very __________ sense of fashion.
(a) outdated
(b) trendy
(c) dull
(d) ordinary
Answer: (b) trendy
13.The teacher asked the students to __________ the meaning of the word.
(a) define
(b) forget
(c) erase
(d) ignore
Answer: (a) define
14.The book contains a __________ explanation of the topic.
(a) brief
(b) thorough
(c) vague
(d) incorrect
Answer: (b) thorough
15.He showed great __________ for the suffering of others.
(a) indifference
(b) compassion
ii(c) rudeness
(d) ignorance
Answer: (b) compassion
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16.The athlete was __________ for his outstanding performance.
(a) criticized
(b) praised
(c) punished
(d) ignored
Answer: (b) praised
17.The government imposed strict __________ on imported goods.
(a) encouragement
(b) regulations
(c) benefits
(d) assistance
Answer: (b) regulations
18.The detective was able to __________ the mystery.
(a) solve
(b) complicate
(c) ignore
(d) misunderstand
Answer: (a) solve
19.She is known for her __________ attitude toward work.
(a) lazy
(b) diligent
(c) careless
(d) uninterested
Answer: (b) diligent
20.The baby was __________ when she heard her mother’s voice.
(a) frightened
(b) comforted
(c) annoyed
(d) confused
Answer: (b) comforted
21.The company announced its plans to __________ its business overseas.
(a) shrink
(b) expand
(c) eliminate
(d) ignore
Answer: (b) expand
22.The criminal was sentenced to life in __________.
(a) freedom
(b) happiness
(c) prison
(d) safety
Answer: (c) prison
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23.The speech was so __________ that the audience was moved to tears.
(a) dull
(b) inspiring
(c) boring
(d) confusing
Answer: (b) inspiring
24.The hotel offered its guests __________ service.
(a) exceptional
(b) poor
(c) rude
(d) unsatisfactory
Answer: (a) exceptional
25.The scientist conducted an __________ experiment to test his hypothesis.
(a) unplanned
(b) intentional
(c) unnecessary
(d) careless
Answer: (b) intentional
26.The teacher asked the students to __________ the poem aloud.
(a) whisper
(b) recite
(c) ignore
(d) erase
Answer: (b) recite
27.His speech was filled with __________ arguments that lacked evidence.
(a) weak
(b) strong
(c) convincing
(d) compelling
Answer: (a) weak
28.The __________ of the meeting was to discuss the company’s future.
(a) goal
(b) confusion
(c) problem
(d) mistake
Answer: (a) goal
29.The painting was __________ and had never been seen before.
(a) original
(b) copied
(c) fake
(d) common
Answer: (a) original
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30.She was __________ by the beauty of the sunset.
(a) disappointed
(b) mesmerized
(c) annoyed
(d) indifferent
Answer: (b) mesmerized
31.The employees were given a __________ for their hard work.
(a) penalty
(b) reward
(c) warning
(d) punishment
Answer: (b) reward
32.The author’s latest book was a __________ success.
(a) huge
(b) minor
(c) forgotten
(d) invisible
Answer: (a) huge
33.He has a natural __________ for music and can play several instruments.
(a) dislike
(b) talent
(c) hesitation
(d) struggle
Answer: (b) talent
34.The two companies decided to __________ to increase their profits.
(a) separate
(b) compete
(c) merge
(d) ignore
Answer: (c) merge
35.She was __________ when she heard the good news.
(a) disappointed
(b) ecstatic
(c) furious
(d) uninterested
Answer: (b) ecstatic
36.The project was delayed due to __________ funding.
(a) insufficient
(b) excessive
(c) unnecessary
(d) irrelevant
Answer: (a) insufficient
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37.The police arrived at the scene of the crime to __________ the situation.
(a) investigate
(b) ignore
(c) celebrate
(d) abandon
Answer: (a) investigate
38.The students were asked to __________ their work before submitting it.
(a) neglect
(b) review
(c) forget
(d) destroy
Answer: (b) review
39.The storm caused __________ damage to the town.
(a) minimal
(b) extensive
(c) imaginary
(d) fake
Answer: (b) extensive
40.The company launched a new marketing __________ to attract more customers.
(a) scheme
(b) campaign
(c) punishment
(d) mistake
Answer: (b) campaign
41.His speech was so __________ that the audience was captivated.
(a) monotonous
(b) engaging
(c) boring
(d) vague
Answer: (b) engaging
42.The doctor prescribed medication to __________ the patient’s pain.
(a) increase
(b) relieve
(c) worsen
(d) ignore
Answer: (b) relieve
43.The ancient ruins were well __________ despite their age.
(a) destroyed
(b) preserved
(c) neglected
(d) forgotten
Answer: (b) preserved
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44.The politician was accused of __________ behavior.
(a) unethical
(b) honest
(c) responsible
(d) fair
Answer: (a) unethical
45.The soldier showed great __________ in battle.
(a) bravery
(b) hesitation
(c) fear
(d) weakness
Answer: (a) bravery
46.She is __________ about her chances of winning the competition.
(a) pessimistic
(b) optimistic
(c) doubtful
(d) nervous
Answer: (b) optimistic
47.The lawyer presented __________ evidence to support his case.
(a) convincing
(b) weak
(c) fabricated
(d) irrelevant
Answer: (a) convincing
48.The company faced a major __________ when its main product failed.
(a) disaster
(b) victory
(c) celebration
(d) promotion
Answer: (a) disaster
49.The government launched a new initiative to __________ unemployment.
(a) reduce
(b) increase
(c) ignore
(d) celebrate
Answer: (a) reduce
50.The teacher asked the students to __________ their assignments by Friday.
(a) submit
(b) ignore
(c) lose
(d) forget
Answer: (a) submit
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Fill in the blanks with suitable antonyms
English Vocabulary Antonyms Test – Fill in the Blanks
1. The weather was extremely hot, but by evening, it became __________.
(a) warm
(b) humid
(c) cold
(d) dry
Answer: (c) cold
2. The soldiers displayed great bravery, but their enemies showed __________.
(a) courage
(b) cowardice
(c) strength
(d) determination
Answer: (b) cowardice
3. The exam was difficult, but the previous one was quite __________.
(a) easy
(b) lengthy
(c) important
(d) confusing
Answer: (a) easy
4. The glass is transparent, but the wooden door is __________.
(a) clear
(b) fragile
(c) opaque
(d) visible
Answer: (c) opaque
5. She is known for her generosity, but her brother is quite __________.
(a) selfish
(b) kind
(c) polite
(d) cheerful
Answer: (a) selfish
6. The new bridge is very strong, unlike the old one, which was __________.
(a) stable
(b) weak
(c) heavy
(d) firm
Answer: (b) weak
7. The company reported a profit, but last year, it suffered a __________.
(a) success
(b) revenue
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(c) loss
(d) benefit
Answer: (c) loss
8. Her room is always neat, but her brother’s room is __________.
(a) tidy
(b) messy
(c) beautiful
(d) decorated
Answer: (b) messy
9. The teacher asked for a precise answer, not a __________ one.
(a) clear
(b) vague
(c) short
(d) detailed
Answer: (b) vague
10.We should be honest, not __________ in our dealings.
(a) trustworthy
(b) generous
(c) dishonest
(d) confident
Answer: (c) dishonest
11.The meeting was very formal, but the dinner party was __________.
(a) strict
(b) serious
(c) casual
(d) boring
Answer: (c) casual
12.She always speaks in a loud voice, but her sister is quite __________.
(a) soft-spoken
(b) noisy
(c) cheerful
(d) confident
Answer: (a) soft-spoken
13.He looked miserable, but after hearing the good news, he became __________.
(a) sad
(b) delighted
(c) depressed
(d) lonely
Answer: (b) delighted
14.The team suffered a defeat, but last year, they had a __________.
(a) loss
(b) victory
(c) challenge
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(d) match
Answer: (b) victory
15.This book is very interesting, but the other one is quite __________.
(a) boring
(b) exciting
(c) thrilling
(d) suspenseful
Answer: (a) boring
16.The water in the pond is very shallow, unlike the river, which is __________.
(a) small
(b) deep
(c) clear
(d) muddy
Answer: (b) deep
17.The boss was pleased with the project, but last week, he was __________.
(a) happy
(b) satisfied
(c) disappointed
(d) cheerful
Answer: (c) disappointed
18.His words were harsh, but her response was __________.
(a) rude
(b) kind
(c) strict
(d) serious
Answer: (b) kind
19.The sunset was beautiful, but the abandoned building was __________.
(a) magnificent
(b) ugly
(c) charming
(d) breathtaking
Answer: (b) ugly
20.He works slowly, but his assistant is very __________.
(a) careless
(b) fast
(c) steady
(d) late
Answer: (b) fast
21.She remained calm, but he became __________ in the crisis.
(a) composed
(b) nervous
(c) peaceful
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(d) patient
Answer: (b) nervous
22.The walls were dull, so we painted them in __________ colors.
(a) bright
(b) faded
(c) ordinary
(d) pale
Answer: (a) bright
23.The food was stale, but the new batch was __________.
(a) rotten
(b) fresh
(c) hard
(d) dry
Answer: (b) fresh
24.The new employee was very efficient, unlike his __________ predecessor.
(a) hardworking
(b) lazy
(c) smart
(d) productive
Answer: (b) lazy
25.His decision was very wise, but his past choices were __________.
(a) foolish
(b) intelligent
(c) smart
(d) careful
Answer: (a) foolish
26.The desert is extremely dry, whereas the rainforest is __________.
(a) humid
(b) sandy
(c) lifeless
(d) rocky
Answer: (a) humid
27.He is known for his humility, but his rival is full of __________.
(a) modesty
(b) arrogance
(c) kindness
(d) patience
Answer: (b) arrogance
28.The film was fictional, but the documentary was __________.
(a) true
(b) factual
(c) imaginary
27
(d) entertaining
Answer: (b) factual
29.She found the test simple, but he thought it was __________.
(a) hard
(b) easy
(c) interesting
(d) enjoyable
Answer: (a) hard
30.The new law will increase employment, unlike the previous one, which __________ it.
(a) raised
(b) decreased
(c) improved
(d) supported
Answer: (b) decreased
31.The puppy was very energetic, while the older dog was __________.
(a) sleepy
(b) playful
(c) curious
(d) happy
Answer: (a) sleepy
32.The river was very narrow, but the lake was __________.
(a) small
(b) wide
(c) deep
(d) shallow
Answer: (b) wide
33.He was very cautious, but his friend was __________.
(a) careless
(b) careful
(c) alert
(d) wise
Answer: (a) careless
34.The weather was calm in the morning, but by evening, it became __________.
(a) pleasant
(b) stormy
(c) cool
(d) warm
Answer: (b) stormy
35.His behavior was very polite, unlike his brother, who was __________.
(a) arrogant
(b) rude
(c) charming
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(d) cheerful
Answer: (b) rude
36.The teacher gave a brief explanation, but the student wanted a __________ one.
(a) short
(b) clear
(c) long
(d) simple
Answer: (c) long
37.The old man walked slowly, but the young boy ran __________.
(a) quickly
(b) softly
(c) calmly
(d) silently
Answer: (a) quickly
38.His speech was logical, but his opponent’s arguments were __________.
(a) wise
(b) irrational
(c) persuasive
(d) strong
Answer: (b) irrational
39.The politician gave a convincing speech, but his rival’s speech was __________.
(a) compelling
(b) weak
(c) interesting
(d) inspiring
Answer: (b) weak
40.The garden was filled with artificial flowers, but the backyard had __________ ones.
(a) plastic
(b) real
(c) old
(d) fake
Answer: (b) real
41.The ground was hard, but after the rain, it became __________.
(a) soft
(b) dry
(c) strong
(d) wet
Answer: (a) soft
42.He was confident about his decision, but she was __________.
(a) bold
(b) uncertain
(c) proud
29
(d) determined
Answer: (b) uncertain
43.The glass is very fragile, but the metal door is quite __________.
(a) weak
(b) strong
(c) delicate
(d) transparent
Answer: (b) strong
44.His handwriting was legible, but hers was __________.
(a) readable
(b) messy
(c) neat
(d) clear
Answer: (b) messy
45.He was always punctual, while his colleague was __________.
(a) early
(b) prompt
(c) late
(d) reliable
Answer: (c) late
46.The detective was very observant, but his assistant was __________.
(a) careless
(b) watchful
(c) aware
(d) sharp
Answer: (a) careless
47.The hotel room was spacious, but the apartment was __________.
(a) comfortable
(b) cramped
(c) huge
(d) luxurious
Answer: (b) cramped
48.He was optimistic about the future, but she was __________.
(a) hopeful
(b) pessimistic
(c) excited
(d) cheerful
Answer: (b) pessimistic
49.His handwriting was neat, but hers was __________.
(a) clean
(b) sloppy
(c) careful
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(d) tiny
Answer: (b) sloppy
50.The scientist made a major discovery, but the assistant’s work was __________.
(a) significant
(b) minor
(c) crucial
(d) essential
Answer: (b) minor
PART B
BOOK REVIEW
EXAMPLES
1. Review of George Orwell’s Animal Farm
George Orwell’s Animal Farm is a remarkable political allegory that, despite its simplicity, carries a
profound critique of power, corruption, and human nature. What begins as a hopeful revolution among farm
animals soon spirals into tyranny, illustrating the dark reality of how power can manipulate and oppress.
Though written in response to Soviet totalitarianism, Orwell’s novel remains disturbingly relevant today.
A Simple Story with a Deep Message
At first glance, Animal Farm appears to be a simple fable about animals overthrowing their human master.
Orwell’s clear and direct prose makes it accessible, but beneath the surface lies a biting satire of authoritarian
rule. The novel’s plot is structured around the rise and fall of an idealistic revolution, echoing historical
events such as the Russian Revolution and Stalin’s dictatorship. As the pigs, led by Napoleon, assume
control, the farm’s vision of equality crumbles, exposing the irony of power: those who seek to overthrow
oppression often become the new oppressors.
The Themes: Power, Propaganda, and Betrayal
Orwell’s most striking theme is the corruption of power. The famous commandment, “All animals are
equal, but some animals are more equal than others,” encapsulates the manipulation of ideals for personal
gain. Napoleon’s dictatorship is not just a failure of leadership; it’s a commentary on how revolutions often
betray their founding principles.
Another significant theme is propaganda and the distortion of truth. Squealer, Napoleon’s mouthpiece,
systematically rewrites history, controls information, and convinces the animals to accept falsehoods. This is
chillingly reflective of real-world regimes, where truth is often twisted to maintain control. The novel also
explores class struggle, with Boxer the horse embodying the working class—loyal, hardworking, and
tragically exploited. His blind faith in “Napoleon is always right” is heartbreaking, as it highlights how rulers
manipulate the masses to maintain power.
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Characters: A Powerful Allegory
Orwell’s characters are not just animals; they symbolize political figures and societal roles. Napoleon
embodies Stalin’s ruthless rise to power, while Snowball represents Trotsky, an intellectual leader ultimately
exiled. Squealer is the propaganda machine, twisting words to control the population, much like historical
media manipulation. Boxer, the tragic hero, illustrates the dangers of unquestioning loyalty to authority.
Even minor characters, such as Mollie, the vain horse who prefers ribbons over freedom, serve as metaphors
for those who prioritize comfort over political change.
The most haunting transformation is that of Napoleon himself. Initially a leader of the revolution, he slowly
becomes indistinguishable from the humans the animals once despised. The chilling final scene, where pigs
and humans dine together, reinforces the idea that power ultimately corrupts all rulers.
Narrative Technique: Allegory and Satire
Orwell’s genius lies in his use of allegory and satire. By framing a political critique within a simple fable,
he makes complex political themes accessible. The third-person omniscient narration allows readers to
witness manipulation from an outside perspective, making the deception even more apparent. Dramatic
irony plays a major role, as the audience understands the pigs’ schemes while the animals remain oblivious.
The use of repetition—such as Boxer’s unwavering trust in Napoleon—emphasizes the cyclical nature of
oppression.
Symbolism: More Than Just a Farm
Every element of Animal Farm holds symbolic weight. The farm itself represents a nation, while the
windmill serves as a symbol of false promises—used to keep the animals working while benefiting only the
ruling class. The commandments of Animalism, initially created to establish equality, are systematically
altered, reflecting how governments rewrite history to serve their interests. Even the shift in Napoleon’s
behavior—from outlawing human traits to eventually adopting them—mirrors the way revolutionaries often
become the very dictators they opposed.
A Timeless Warning
What makes Animal Farm so powerful is its timelessness. While it was written as a critique of Soviet rule,
its themes apply to countless political regimes, past and present. Orwell’s warning about authoritarianism,
propaganda, and blind loyalty continues to resonate, reminding us that power unchecked inevitably leads
to corruption.
Despite its strengths, one might argue that Animal Farm presents an overly cynical view of revolution.
Orwell suggests that all revolutions are doomed to failure, but is that truly the case? While history supports
his argument, not all political movements lead to tyranny. Some critics believe the novel oversimplifies
power dynamics, reducing political struggles to an inevitable cycle of oppression.
Final Verdict
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Animal Farm is an essential read for anyone interested in politics, history, or human nature. Orwell’s ability
to blend storytelling with deep political insight makes it both an engaging and thought-provoking work. It is
a stark reminder that power, when unchecked, leads to exploitation, and that societies must remain vigilant
against manipulation. Whether read as a historical critique or a warning for the future, Animal Farm remains
one of the most influential and relevant works of political literature.
Rating: 9.5/10 – A brilliantly crafted, accessible yet profound allegory of power and corruption. Highly
recommended for both casual readers and serious analysts.
2. Review and Critical Analysis of The Alchemist
Paulo Coelho’s The Alchemist is a short yet powerful novel that inspires readers to follow their dreams and
listen to their hearts. The story is simple but carries a deep message about personal growth, destiny, and the
journey of self-discovery. First published in 1988, the book has gained worldwide popularity because of its
universal themes that apply to people from all walks of life.
A Simple but Engaging Plot
The story follows Santiago, a young shepherd from Spain, who dreams of finding a hidden treasure near the
Egyptian pyramids. Encouraged by a mysterious king named Melchizedek, he sells his flock and begins his
journey. Along the way, he meets different people, including an Englishman searching for the secrets of
alchemy and a wise alchemist who teaches him about following his destiny, or what Coelho calls a
"Personal Legend."
Through hardships, love, and self-doubt, Santiago learns that the real treasure is not just gold but the
knowledge and experiences gained along the journey. The novel’s message is clear: chasing one’s dreams
requires courage, patience, and faith in oneself.
Themes: Destiny, Dreams, and Personal Growth
The most important theme of The Alchemist is following one’s dreams. Santiago’s journey represents the
challenges we all face when trying to achieve our goals. The novel teaches that the universe helps those who
are determined to succeed, a concept summed up in the famous quote:
"When you want something, all the universe conspires in helping you to achieve it."
Another key theme is self-discovery. Santiago learns that true wisdom comes from within, not from external
rewards. This connects with the idea that happiness and success are more about personal growth than
material wealth.
The book also explores fate vs. free will. While Santiago is destined for greatness, he must still make
choices and overcome obstacles to reach his goal. This highlights the idea that success is a combination of
fate and personal effort.
Characters: Lessons from Each Encounter
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● Santiago – A relatable protagonist who grows from an ordinary shepherd into a wise traveler. His
transformation shows that persistence and courage are key to success.
● Melchizedek (The King of Salem) – Introduces the idea of a “Personal Legend” and encourages
Santiago to pursue his dreams. He represents fate and guidance.
● The Englishman – A scholar searching for the secret of alchemy, representing the pursuit of
knowledge. He shows that theory alone is not enough; experience is equally important.
● The Alchemist – Santiago’s mentor, who teaches him the deeper meaning of life and transformation.
He represents wisdom and enlightenment.
● Fatima – A desert woman who falls in love with Santiago. She teaches that true love does not hold
someone back but instead encourages them to fulfill their destiny.
Narrative Style: Simple Yet Meaningful
Coelho’s writing is easy to understand but full of philosophical meaning. The book is written like a fable,
using simple language, symbolism, and moral lessons. The third-person narration allows readers to see
Santiago’s journey clearly, making it easy to connect with his emotions and challenges.
Symbolism: Hidden Meanings in the Journey
● The Desert – Represents the struggles and challenges in life that shape us.
● The Treasure – A metaphor for one’s true purpose and dreams.
● Alchemy – The transformation of metal into gold symbolizes personal transformation and
self-improvement.
● Omens – Signs that guide Santiago, showing the importance of trusting one’s intuition.
A Book for Everyone
What makes The Alchemist special is that anyone can relate to it, regardless of their background. The book
is not about complex literary techniques but about real-life lessons. It encourages readers to step out of their
comfort zones and believe in themselves.
However, some critics argue that the novel is too simplistic and relies too much on destiny rather than
practical effort. While the idea that "the universe helps you" is inspiring, real-life success often requires more
than just faith. Nonetheless, the book serves as a motivational guide rather than a strict life philosophy.
Final Verdict
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For non-literary students, The Alchemist is an ideal book because it is short, easy to read, and packed with
inspiration. Whether you are a student, a professional, or someone searching for purpose, this book provides
valuable insights into personal growth and chasing dreams.
Rating: 9/10 – A simple yet powerful novel that teaches timeless lessons on life, dreams, and self-discovery.
Highly recommended for those looking for motivation and direction.
3. The Bee Sting by Paul Murray
In The Bee Sting, Paul Murray delivers a sprawling, tragicomic masterpiece that delves deep into the lives of
the Barnes family, capturing their dysfunctions, desires, and the intricate web of relationships that define
them. Set against the backdrop of Ireland's economic downturn, the novel paints a vivid portrait of a family
grappling with loss, identity, and the relentless passage of time.
The narrative unfolds through the perspectives of each family member, offering readers an intimate glimpse
into their inner worlds. Dickie Barnes, the patriarch, is a man clinging to the remnants of his former success.
His obsession with constructing a doomsday bunker in the woods symbolizes his futile attempt to control an
uncontrollable world. Imelda, his wife, communicates her thoughts in a stream-of-consciousness style,
reflecting her internal chaos and the weight of unspoken truths. Their children, Cassie and PJ, navigate their
own tumultuous paths, each seeking meaning and connection in a world that often feels indifferent.
Murray's prose is both lyrical and incisive, capturing the nuances of human emotion with precision. The
novel's structure, interweaving past and present, allows for a rich exploration of themes such as memory,
regret, and the search for redemption. The author's keen observations and dark humor provide a poignant
commentary on the human condition, making The Bee Sting a compelling read that resonates long after the
final page.
Critics have lauded the novel for its depth and complexity. Justine Jordan of The Guardian describes it as "a
sprawling, capacious novel, but expertly foreshadowed and so intricately put together that many throwaway
moments only take on resonance on a second reading." She concludes, "You won't read a sadder, truer,
funnier novel this year."
The Bee Sting has garnered numerous accolades, including being shortlisted for the 2023 Booker Prize and
winning the An Post Irish Book of the Year award. Its inclusion in year-end best-of lists by The New York
Times and The New Yorker further underscores its critical acclaim.
In essence, Paul Murray's The Bee Sting is a masterful exploration of family, identity, and the complexities of
modern life. Its rich narrative and profound insights make it a standout work in contemporary literature.
4. The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger
In The Catcher in the Rye, J.D. Salinger presents a candid and poignant portrayal of adolescence through the
eyes of Holden Caulfield, a sixteen-year-old boy navigating the complexities of growing up. The novel
delves into Holden's experiences and reflections over a few days in New York City, capturing his
disillusionment with the adult world and his quest for authenticity.
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Holden's narrative is marked by his distinctive voice, characterized by cynicism and a deep-seated yearning
for connection. His interactions with various individuals—from former classmates to strangers—reveal his
profound sense of isolation and his struggle to find meaning in a world he perceives as phony. Salinger's
skillful use of colloquial language and stream-of-consciousness technique immerses readers in Holden's
turbulent state of mind, making his journey both relatable and compelling.
The novel's exploration of themes such as innocence, identity, and the transition from childhood to adulthood
resonates with readers across generations. Holden's idealization of his younger sister, Phoebe, and his fantasy
of being the "catcher in the rye" who saves children from falling into the corruption of adulthood, underscore
his desire to protect innocence and preserve purity in a world he finds increasingly disheartening.
Salinger's nuanced character development and the novel's introspective narrative structure invite readers to
reflect on their own experiences and perceptions. The Catcher in the Rye remains a seminal work in
American literature, offering a timeless exploration of the complexities of adolescence and the human
condition.
The Catcher in the Rye has been consistently listed as one of the best novels of the twentieth century. Shortly
after its publication, in an article for The New York Times, Nash K. Burger called it "an unusually brilliant
novel," while James Stern wrote an admiring review of the book in a voice imitating Holden's.
5. The Guide by R.K. Narayan
R.K. Narayan's The Guide is a seminal work in Indian English literature, offering a profound exploration of
human nature, morality, and the quest for self-realization. Set in the fictional town of Malgudi, the novel
follows the life of Raju, a charismatic tour guide whose journey from a carefree youth to a revered spiritual
leader is both captivating and thought-provoking.
Plot Overview
Raju's life takes a transformative turn when he becomes involved with Rosie, a dancer married to the
archaeologist Marco. Their relationship leads Raju to abandon his previous life and assume the role of
Rosie's manager, guiding her career in the world of classical dance. However, as their professional and
personal lives become increasingly entangled, Raju's moral compass is tested, leading to his imprisonment.
Upon his release, he inadvertently becomes a spiritual guide, a role that challenges his understanding of self
and society.
Character Development
Narayan's portrayal of Raju is both nuanced and compelling. Initially depicted as a charming and
opportunistic individual, Raju's character undergoes significant transformation. His evolution from a
self-serving guide to a man grappling with existential questions reflects the complexities of human nature
and the possibility of redemption. The supporting characters, including Rosie and Marco, are equally
well-developed, each contributing to the thematic depth of the narrative.
Themes and Analysis
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The Guide delves into themes of identity, morality, and the search for meaning. Raju's journey reflects the
human struggle between personal desires and ethical considerations. The novel also explores the concept of
spiritual awakening, questioning the nature of true enlightenment and the societal constructs that define it.
Narayan's use of irony and humor adds a layer of complexity, inviting readers to reflect on the contradictions
inherent in human behavior.
Writing Style
Narayan's writing is characterized by its simplicity and elegance. His ability to convey profound insights
through straightforward prose makes the novel accessible while maintaining its literary merit. The vivid
descriptions of Malgudi create a rich backdrop, immersing readers in the cultural and social milieu of the
setting.
Critical Reception
Upon its publication, The Guide received critical acclaim for its narrative depth and character complexity.
The novel won the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1960, solidifying Narayan's reputation as a master storyteller.
Critics have praised the novel for its exploration of universal themes and its portrayal of the human
condition.
Conclusion
The Guide stands as a testament to R.K. Narayan's literary genius. Its enduring relevance lies in its
exploration of timeless themes and its ability to resonate with readers across generations. For those interested
in a narrative that combines rich character development with profound thematic exploration, The Guide is an
essential read.
MOVIE REVIEW
EXAMPLES
1. Dead Poets Society by Peter Weir
In Dead Poets Society, director Peter Weir crafts a poignant narrative set in the conservative Welton
Academy, an all-boys preparatory school. The film follows John Keating (Robin Williams), an
unconventional English teacher who inspires his students to embrace critical thinking, individuality, and the
pursuit of their passions.
The film's strength lies in its exploration of the tension between conformity and self-expression. Through
Keating's unorthodox teaching methods, the students are encouraged to "seize the day" and challenge the
status quo. This message resonates deeply with the audience, particularly those navigating the pressures of
academic and societal expectations.
Robin Williams delivers a masterful performance, infusing Keating with both charisma and depth. His
portrayal captures the essence of a teacher who is both a mentor and a catalyst for change. The supporting
cast, including Robert Sean Leonard and Ethan Hawke, effectively convey the internal struggles and
transformations of their characters.
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The cinematography by John Seale complements the narrative, with sweeping shots of the school's
architecture juxtaposed against intimate classroom scenes. The film's pacing allows for moments of
reflection, ensuring that the emotional weight of the story is fully realized.
Dead Poets Society is a compelling exploration of the impact of education and mentorship on young minds.
Its themes of individuality, freedom, and the courage to defy convention are timeless, making it a must-watch
for students and educators alike.
2. Lagaan: Once Upon a Time in India
Lagaan (2001), a magnum opus by Ashutosh Gowariker, remains one of the most ambitious and impactful
films in Indian cinema. Set during the British colonial era in the Indian subcontinent, the film blends history,
drama, sports, and music into a gripping narrative that has continued to resonate with audiences worldwide.
The film is set in a small village called Champaner, where the peasants are burdened by an exorbitant
tax—called 'Lagaan'—imposed by the British rulers. The story revolves around Bhuvan (played by Aamir
Khan), a strong-willed and spirited villager, who challenges the British officers to a cricket match in an effort
to have their taxes waived. The stakes are monumental: if the villagers win, the tax will be abolished; if they
lose, they will be forced to pay triple the amount. The film weaves in themes of nationalism, unity, and the
resistance against colonial oppression.
Plot and Themes
The plot is simple yet powerful, drawing on the universal themes of resistance and hope. At its core, Lagaan
is not just about cricket but about people coming together against a common enemy, transcending class,
caste, and cultural differences to fight for a cause. The film touches on issues of inequality, oppression, and
the human desire for freedom, with cricket serving as a metaphor for the villagers’ fight for justice and
dignity.
Director Ashutosh Gowariker does a remarkable job in blending the historical context with the narrative of
the villagers' struggle. His attention to detail—particularly in recreating the British colonial era—is
commendable. The fact that a seemingly frivolous sport like cricket plays a central role is ingeniously
conceived, as it transforms a traditional sporting event into a battle for survival.
Performance
Aamir Khan’s portrayal of Bhuvan is undoubtedly one of his finest. He imbues the character with both charm
and sincerity, effortlessly transitioning from an energetic leader to a strategist who must carry the hopes and
dreams of an entire village. His performance anchors the film, offering a figure of both strength and
vulnerability, which connects deeply with the audience.
The supporting cast—particularly Gracy Singh as Gauri, Bhuvan’s love interest, and Rachel Shelley as the
British officer’s wife, Elizabeth—are also well-cast. Gracy brings warmth and resilience to Gauri, while
Shelley’s Elizabeth is compassionate yet conflicted, offering a glimpse into the complexities of colonial
relationships.
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Music and Cinematography
A.R. Rahman’s score for Lagaan is a standout element. His music, particularly the song Mitwa, captures the
emotional and thematic undertones of the film—hope, struggle, and perseverance. The songs are intricately
woven into the storyline, becoming more than just musical interludes. Rahman’s ability to merge traditional
Indian sounds with Western elements enriches the narrative and elevates the experience.
The cinematography by Anil Mehta is breathtaking. The sweeping shots of the arid landscapes of
Champaner, contrasted with the intense cricket match scenes, capture the essence of the film's setting. The
dusty fields become the battleground for something far more significant than a mere sporting event. The use
of light and shadow, especially during the match’s high-stakes moments, keeps the tension palpable.
Impact and Legacy
Lagaan is not just a film; it’s an experience. It’s a film that beautifully amalgamates the essence of
Bollywood with universal storytelling techniques. Critics lauded its unique approach to the genre, and the
film was India's official entry for the Best thuThe film’s impact goes beyond cinema; it’s a cultural milestone.
It broke barriers by reaching international audiences and garnered immense praise for its compelling
narrative and portrayal of India’s colonial struggle. The film remains one of the highest-grossing Bollywood
films of all time, and its resonance with audiences around the world continues to this day.
Conclusion
Lagaan: Once Upon a Time in India is an unforgettable cinematic experience that combines rich storytelling,
unforgettable performances, and unforgettable music to create a truly iconic film. It is a perfect blend of
entertainment, history, and social commentary, and stands as one of the finest examples of Indian cinema.
Whether you’re a student, a film enthusiast, or someone looking for an inspiring story of resistance, Lagaan
is a must-watch. The themes of unity and hope it explores still resonate today, making it one of Bollywood's
greatest contributions to world cinema.
3. The Matrix
The Matrix is a groundbreaking science fiction film that explores the nature of reality and human
consciousness. Directed by the Wachowskis, the film follows Neo (Keanu Reeves), a computer hacker who
discovers that his reality is a simulated construct created by sentient machines to subjugate humanity.
The film's narrative is a complex blend of philosophical inquiry and high-octane action sequences. It delves
into themes of perception, free will, and the nature of existence, drawing inspiration from various
philosophical and religious traditions. As Ebert notes, "The Matrix's pleasures are considerable, but they're
all purely visceral, too, lacking the mythology that would have elevated the movie."
Visually, The Matrix is a landmark achievement. The film introduced innovative special effects, most notably
the "bullet time" technique, which allows the camera to move through a scene at a slowed-down rate while
the action continues at normal speed. This effect has since become iconic and is widely imitated.
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The performances are compelling, with Keanu Reeves delivering a nuanced portrayal of Neo, capturing the
character's evolution from a disillusioned hacker to a messianic figure. Laurence Fishburne as Morpheus and
Carrie-Anne Moss as Trinity provide strong support, each bringing depth to their respective roles.
The Matrix has had a lasting impact on both the science fiction genre and popular culture. Its innovative
storytelling and visual effects have influenced numerous films and media. The film's exploration of virtual
reality and artificial intelligence continues to resonate, especially in today's tech-centric world.
In conclusion, The Matrix is a thought-provoking and visually stunning film that challenges perceptions of
reality and human existence. Its enduring legacy is a testament to its innovative approach to storytelling and
filmmaking.
EXERCISE:
1. Write a book review on the book that you have recently read.
2. Write a review of the film that you have watched.
UNIT 2
PART A
ACTIVE VOICE AND PASSIVE VOICE
Convert active voice to passive voice
1. The committee members had been discussing the proposal for weeks before they made a decision.
2. The professor had already explained the concept before the students asked their questions.
3. By the time the police arrived, the thieves had stolen all the jewelry from the store.
4. The manager will have completed the report by the time you arrive.
5. The researchers are analyzing the data collected from the experiment.
6. The government had been implementing new policies to improve the economy for several months.
7. They were reviewing the manuscript when they discovered a major flaw in the argument.
8. The engineers will have tested the new software by the end of the month.
9. The board of directors had appointed a new CEO before the merger took place.
10. The students will have completed their final projects by the time the semester ends.
11.The workers built the bridge in just six months.
12. The chef had prepared an exquisite meal before the guests arrived.
13. The team will present their findings at the conference next week.
14. The scientist is conducting groundbreaking research in the lab.
15.The company had launched a new marketing campaign before the competition started.
16. The manager is reviewing the reports for accuracy.
17.They have completed the initial draft of the report.
18.The team had finished their presentation when the CEO entered the room.
19.The author will sign the books at the event tomorrow.
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20.The professor explained the theory to the students in detail.
21.The engineers have developed a new technology that will revolutionize the industry.
22.The chef is preparing a five-course meal for the event.
23.The committee had reviewed the proposal before the meeting started.
24.The teachers are discussing the new curriculum changes with the principal.
25.The company will have launched the new product by the end of this quarter.
Answers
1. The proposal had been being discussed by the committee members for weeks before a decision was
made.
2. The concept had already been explained by the professor before the students asked their questions.
3. By the time the police arrived, all the jewelry had been stolen from the store by the thieves.
4. The report will have been completed by the manager by the time you arrive.
5. The data collected from the experiment is being analyzed by the researchers.
6. New policies to improve the economy had been being implemented by the government for several
months.
7. The manuscript was being reviewed when a major flaw in the argument was discovered.
8. The new software will have been tested by the engineers by the end of the month.
9. A new CEO had been appointed by the board of directors before the merger took place.
10. The final projects will have been completed by the students by the time the semester ends.
11.The bridge was built by the workers in just six months.
12.The chef had prepared an exquisite meal before the guests arrived.
13.The team will present their findings at the conference next week.
14.The scientist is conducting groundbreaking research in the lab.
15.The company had launched a new marketing campaign before the competition started.
16.The reports are being reviewed for accuracy by the manager.
17.The initial draft of the report has been completed by them.
18. The presentation had been finished by the team when the CEO entered the room.
19.The books will be signed by the author at the event tomorrow.
20.The theory was explained to the students in detail by the professor.
21.A new technology has been developed by the engineers that will revolutionize the industry.
22. A five-course meal is being prepared by the chef for the event.
23.The proposal had been reviewed by the committee before the meeting started.
24.The new curriculum changes are being discussed by the teachers with the principal.
25.The new product will have been launched by the company by the end of this quarter.
Convert passive voice to active voice
1. The letter was sent by him yesterday.
2. The project was completed by the team.
3. The movie was watched by them.
4. The meeting was attended by everyone.
5. The news was reported by the journalist.
6. The game was won by the team.
7. The new software was developed by the engineers to improve user experience.
8. The decision was made by the board of directors after considering all the options.
9. The proposal was reviewed by the committee before being presented to the CEO.
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10.The report was prepared by the assistant manager for the quarterly meeting.
11.The funds were allocated by the government to support the education sector.
12.The schedule was adjusted by the event coordinator to accommodate the guest speaker.
13.The contract was signed by both parties after careful negotiation.
14.The project was completed by the engineers on time.
15. The package was delivered by the courier service.
16. The results of the survey were analyzed by the marketing department to determine customer
preferences.
17.The lecture was attended by most of the students in the class.
18.The group project was presented by the team in front of the class.
19.The textbook was purchased by the students for the new semester.
20.The student handbook was distributed by the administration at the orientation session.
21. The report was prepared by the secretary.
22. The room was cleaned by the housekeeping staff.
23. The campus event was organized by the student council last weekend.
24.The final decision regarding the project was made by the team of experts after extensive analysis.
25.The term paper was handed in by Michael yesterday.
Answers
1. He sent the letter yesterday.
2. The team completed the project.
3. They watched the movie.
4. Everyone attended the meeting.
5. The journalist reported the news.
6. The team won the game.
7. The engineers developed the new software to improve user experience.
8. The board of directors made the decision after considering all the options.
9. The committee reviewed the proposal before presenting it to the CEO.
10.The assistant manager prepared the report for the quarterly meeting.
11.The government allocated the funds to support the education sector.
12.The event coordinator adjusted the schedule to accommodate the guest speaker.
13.Both parties signed the contract after careful negotiation.
14.The engineers completed the project on time.
15.The courier service delivered the package.
16.The marketing department analyzed the results of the survey to determine customer preferences.
17.Most of the students in the class attended the lecture.
18.The team presented the group project in front of the class.
19.The students purchased the textbook for the new semester.
20. The administration distributed the student handbook at the orientation session.
21.The secretary prepared the report.
22.The housekeeping staff cleaned the room.
23.The student council organized the campus event last weekend.
24.The team of experts made the final decision regarding the project after extensive analysis.
25. Michael handed in the term paper yesterday.
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INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS
Read the following options and choose the correct form of the infinitive verb from the given options.
1. Sruti will be ready ____ her idea about the project to the manager. (presenting)
2. Tina was happy ____ the examination cut-off. (clearing)
3. Yuvraj was unfit ____ in the match. (playing)
4. The little boy was terrified ____ into the river. (jumping)
5. The convict was reluctant _____ the truth. (speaking)
6. The poor man didn’t have money _____ food. (buying)
7. Prem didn’t continue ____ for a long time. (work)
8. The mechanic has managed ____ my laptop. (fix)
9. There was nothing for him ____ for. (fighting)
10.The doctor said there was nothing ____ about the patient’s health. (worry)
11.Amy has come ____ Penny. (meeting)
12.I am sorry ____ about your loss. (hearing)
13.The college has agreed ____ the final examination. (postponing)
14.Please remember ____ vegetables and fruits from the market. (buying)
15.Don’t forget _____ the documents. (signing)
16.Ravi is planning ____ a new book next year. (publish)
17.Priya was eager ____ the presentation to the clients. (deliver)
18.Rajesh was upset ____ his team lose the final. (see)
19.The children were excited ____ on the amusement ride. (go)
20.She was afraid ____ the train. (miss)
21.He forgot ____ his homework before leaving. (bring)
22.They promised ____ early tomorrow morning. (leave)
23.The manager is asking the employees ____ their reports by Friday. (submit)
24.I didn’t expect ____ so much help from my friends. (receive)
25.My parents have agreed ____ me visit my cousin this summer. (let)
26.Despite his efforts, the athlete failed ____ the marathon due to an injury. (complete)
27.She couldn't understand why he refused ____ his mistakes, even though it was clear. (acknowledge)
28.The director asked the actors ____ their lines clearly before the performance. (practice)
29.They were excited ____ the city’s famous museum after hearing so much about it. (visit)
30.The manager warned us ____ the new company policy before signing the contract. (understand)
Answers
1. Sruti will be ready to present her idea about the project to the manager.
2. Tina was happy to clear the examination cut-off.
3. Yuvraj was unfit to play in the match.
4. The little boy was terrified to jump into the river.
5. The convict was reluctant to speak the truth.
6. The poor man didn’t have money to buy food.
7. Prem didn’t continue to work for a long time.
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8. The mechanic has managed to fix my laptop.
9. There was nothing for him to fight for.
10.The doctor said there was nothing to worry about the patient’s health.
11.Amy has come to meet Penny.
12.I am sorry to hear about your loss.
13.The college has agreed to postpone the final examination.
14.Please remember to buy vegetables and fruits from the market.
15.Don’t forget to sign the documents.
16.Ravi is planning to publish a new book next year.
17.Priya was eager to deliver the presentation to the clients.
18.Rajesh was upset to see his team lose the final.
19.The children were excited to go on the amusement ride.
20.She was afraid to miss the train.
21.He forgot to bring his homework before leaving.
22.They promised to leave early tomorrow morning.
23.The manager is asking the employees to submit their reports by Friday.
24.I didn’t expect to receive so much help from my friends.
25.My parents have agreed to let me visit my cousin this summer.
26.Despite his efforts, the athlete failed to complete the marathon due to an injury. (complete)
27.She couldn't understand why he refused to acknowledge his mistakes, even though it was clear.
(acknowledge)
28.The director asked the actors to practice their lines clearly before the performance. (practice)
29.They were excited to visit the city’s famous museum after hearing so much about it. (visit)
30.The manager warned us to understand the new company policy before signing the contract.
(understand)
EXERCISE 2
Read the following sentences and join them with infinitives.
1. Every class has a class teacher. She takes care of all the students.
2. Tia collects old coins. It is her hobby.
3. Ritu went to France. She wanted to see the Eiffel Tower.
4. Arjun got into bakery classes. He wanted to learn baking.
5. Prerna has a family. She has to take care of them.
6. Yusuf wants to clear the exam. He works diligently for it.
7. I am very tired. I can’t come to the party.
8. Raj went to Amritsar. He wanted to visit the Golden Temple.
9. I speak the truth. I am not afraid of it.
10.She loves to read books. It is her favorite pastime.
11.Maya joined the dance class. She wanted to improve her skills.
12.We are preparing for the trip. We need to pack our bags.
13.He went to the store. He needed to buy groceries.
14.They are saving money. They want to buy a new house.
15.She is attending a conference in Paris. She wants to expand her knowledge on AI.
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16.Raj is practicing every day. He wants to participate in the national chess tournament.
17.They went to the museum. They wanted to learn about ancient civilizations.
18.I have been reading a lot lately. I want to improve my vocabulary.
19.She bought a camera. She plans to become a professional photographer.
20.The company hired a consultant. They needed help improving their sales strategy.
21.I have been studying for months. I want to pass the entrance exam with a high score.
22.She is taking a course in graphic design. She wants to become a designer.
23.They started a new business. They want to offer sustainable products.
24.He is learning French. He wants to travel to Paris next year.
25.She signed up for a yoga class. She wants to improve her flexibility.
Answers
1. Every class has a class teacher to take care of all the students.
2. It is Tiya’s hobby to collect old coins.
3. Ritu went to France to see the Eiffel Tower.
4. Arjun got into bakery classes to learn baking.
5. Prerna has a family to take care of.
6. Yusuf works diligently to clear the exam.
7. I am too tired to come to the party.
8. Raj went to Amritsar to visit the Golden Temple.
9. I am not afraid to speak the truth.
10.It is her favorite pastime to read books.
11.Maya joined the dance class to improve her skills.
12. We need to pack our bags to prepare for the trip.
13.He went to the store to buy groceries.
14.They are saving money to buy a new house.
15. She is attending a conference in Paris to expand her knowledge on AI.
16. Raj is practicing every day to participate in the national chess tournament.
17.They went to the museum to learn about ancient civilizations.
18. I have been reading a lot lately to improve my vocabulary.
19.She bought a camera to become a professional photographer.
20.The company hired a consultant to help improve their sales strategy.
21.I have been studying for months to pass the entrance exam with a high score.
22. She is taking a course in graphic design to become a designer.
23.They started a new business to offer sustainable products.
24. He is learning French to travel to Paris next year.
25.She signed up for a yoga class to improve her flexibility.
Exercise 3
Fill in the blanks with suitable infinitives:
1. ________ in the competition was her dream.
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2. ________ a decision without all the facts is risky.
3. ________ to the manager is a good way to get things done.
4. ________ for a job requires preparing a solid resume.
5. ________ the exam without studying is not a good idea.
6. He wanted ________ his goals this year.
7. ________ the truth may not always be easy.
8. If you want ____________ for an interview, it’s essential to know the company well.
9. She aims__________ the skills required, which will help her secure a promotion.
10.The best way__________ a thoughtful decision is by evaluating all possible outcomes.
11.__________the problem without all the data is nearly impossible.
12.____________with the team regularly is essential for success.
13.__________the assignment without proper planning can lead to errors.
14.__________from failure can be more valuable than immediate success.
15.___________the truth can sometimes be difficult, but it’s necessary for growth.
16.__________the project on time requires careful planning and dedication.
17.___________the driving test requires both practice and knowledge of the rules.
18.__________r a new language takes time, patience, and consistent practice.
19._________motivated during tough times, you must keep your long-term goals in sight.
20.________the novel within a month would require serious time commitment.
21.__________good work-life balance is vital for mental and physical health.
22.The company worked hard________ a strong relationship with its clients, ensuring long-term
success.
23.To pass the driving test, you need __________both theory and practical skills.
24.__________great things in life, you must overcome your fears.
25.___________the team to victory requires motivation, strategy, and teamwork.
Answers
1. To win in the competition was her dream.
2. To make a decision without all the facts is risky.
3. To report to the manager is a good way to get things done.
4. To apply for a job requires preparing a solid resume.
5. To pass the exam without studying is not a good idea.
6. He wanted to achieve his goals this year.
7. To tell the truth may not always be easy.
8. If you want to prepare for an interview, it’s essential to know the company well.
9. She aims to master the skills required, which will help her secure a promotion.
10.The best way to make a thoughtful decision is by evaluating all possible outcomes.
11.To solve the problem without all the data is nearly impossible.
12.To communicate with the team regularly is essential for success.
13.To complete the assignment without proper planning can lead to errors.
14.To learn from failure can be more valuable than immediate success.
15.To admit the truth can sometimes be difficult, but it’s necessary for growth.
16.To finish the project on time requires careful planning and dedication.
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17.To pass the driving test requires both practice and knowledge of the rules.
18.To master a new language takes time, patience, and consistent practice.
19.To stay motivated during tough times, you must keep your long-term goals in sight.
20.To finish the novel within a month would require serious time commitment.
21.To maintain good work-life balance is vital for mental and physical health.
22.The company worked hard to build a strong relationship with its clients, ensuring long-term success.
23.To pass the driving test, you need to practice both theory and practical skills.
24.To achieve great things in life, you must overcome your fears.
25.To lead the team to victory requires motivation, strategy, and teamwork.
GERUNDS
EXERCISE 1
Fill in the blanks with gerund
1. ---------- yoga strengthens internal organs.
2. -------------- English everyday improves one's communicative English.
3. ------------- newspaper empowers one.
4. -------------- to the tune refreshes one.
5. ------------- for a mile on Sunday is good for health.
6. --------------- to music can help improve focus.
7. --------------- with friends helps reduce stress.
8. --------------- outdoors in the evening can improve mental health.
9. --------------- new skills are important for personal growth.
10. --------------- regularly makes you more disciplined.
11.___________others is a worthy goal.
12. I finished_________the living room yesterday.
13._________ a break can boost your productivity.
14._________a new language takes dedication.
15. _________late becomes stressful sometimes.
16.He finished___________ his novel after months of hard work.
17.Her biggest joy comes from ______others in need.
18.I enjoy ________a good book before bed.
19.She prefers _________her own meals instead of going out.
20.______through the challenge made him stronger.
21._________healthy is essential for good health.
22._________in the ocean can be a good experience.
23.__________a hobby regularly brings joy and relaxation.
24.___________your goals clearly are crucial for success.
25.________at work requires focus and determination.
ANSWERS
1. Doing yoga strengthens internal organs.
2. Practicing English every day improves one's communicative English.
3. Reading newspapers empowers one.
4. Listening to the tune refreshes one.
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5. Walking for a mile on Sunday is good for your health.
6. Listening to music can help improve focus.
7. Talking with friends helps reduce stress.
8. Walking outdoors in the evening can improve mental health.
9. Learning new skills are important for personal growth.
10.Exercising regularly makes you more disciplined.
11.Helping others is a worthy goal.
12. I finished painting the living room yesterday.
13. Taking a break can boost your productivity.
14. Learning a new language takes dedication.
15. Studying late becomes stressful sometimes.
16.He finished writing his novel after months of hard work.
17.Her biggest joy comes from helping others in need.
18.I enjoy reading a good book before bed.
19.She prefers cooking her own meals instead of going out.
20.Working through the challenge made him stronger.
21.Eating healthy is essential for good health.
22.Swimming in the ocean can be a good experience.
23. Engaging in a hobby regularly brings joy and relaxation.
24.Setting your goals clearly is crucial for success.
25.Concentrating at work requires focus and determination.
Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with appropriate gerunds.
1. ________ to myself helped calm my pre-exam nerves. (Hum)
2. _______ is a fun activity, a convenient mode of transport, and a good form of exercise. (Cycle)
3. I’m in the habit of _______ every day. (write)
4. ________ helps Shirley to clear her mind. (meditate)
5. Amit turned off his phone and shut the door so he could focus on __________ . (study)
6. My preferred commuting method is ______ .(bike)
7. _______ was key to Angela’s weight loss journey. (run)
8. When it comes to ______ deer, nobody is better than the King. (hunt)
9. Whistling off-key was his way of _________ a finished task. (celebrate)
10. The rhythmic _______ of rain on the window was a lullaby for sleep. (tap)
11. _______ my hot chocolate, I watched the sunrise paint the sky in soft hues. (sip)
12. His passion for ________ led him to explore distant galaxies in books. (stargaze)
13. The ________ of pots and pans announced dinner was almost ready. (clatter)
14. __________ sandcastles was her favorite summertime ritual. (build)
15. Hummingbirds ______ at the feeder added a vibrant brushstroke to the garden. (hover)
16. The ______ fire whispered stories of forgotten winters. (crackle)
17. _______ is hard if you suffer from anxiety. (sleep)
18. _____ the aroma of baking bread, she knew comfort was close by. (sniff)
19. Holidays are perfect for ______ family. (visit)
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20. The neighbours hate _____ the lawn. (mow)
21. ________ the paintbrush in colorful strokes, she brought a blank canvas to life. (swirl)
22. The _______ of crickets was a lullaby for nature’s slumber. (chirp)
23. Her passion for ______ took her on endless journeys, each page a portal to new worlds. (read)
24. He tiptoed into the library, the hushed silence ______ the ticking of the grandfather clock. (amplify)
25. She launched the paper airplane into the wind, ______childhood dreams on its wings. (chase)
ANSWERS
1. Humming to myself helped calm my pre-exam nerves.
2. Cycling is a fun activity, a convenient mode of transport, and a good form of exercise.
3. I’m in the habit of writing every day.
4. Meditating helps Shirley to clear her mind.
5. Amit turned off his phone and shut the door so he could focus on studying.
6. My preferred commuting method is biking.
7. Running was key to Angela’s weight loss journey.
8. When it comes to hunting deer, nobody is better than the King.
9. Whistling off-key was his way of celebrating a finished task.
10. The rhythmic tapping of rain on the window was a lullaby for sleep.
11. Sipping my hot chocolate, I watched the sunrise paint the sky in soft hues.
12. His passion for stargazing led him to explore distant galaxies in books.
13.The clattering of pots and pans announced dinner was almost ready.
14. Building sandcastles was her favorite summertime ritual.
15. Hummingbirds hovering at the feeder added a vibrant brushstroke to the garden.
16. The crackling fire whispered stories of forgotten winters.
17. Sleeping is hard if you suffer from anxiety.
18. Sniffing the aroma of baking bread, she knew comfort was close by.
19. Holidays are perfect for visiting family.
20. The neighbours hate mowing the lawn.
21. Swirling the paintbrush in colorful strokes, she brought a blank canvas to life.
22. The chirping of crickets was a lullaby for nature’s slumber.
23. Her passion for reading took her on endless journeys, each page a portal to new worlds.
24. He tiptoed into the library, the hushed silence amplifying the ticking of the grandfather clock.
25. She launched the paper airplane into the wind, chasing childhood dreams on its wings.
Exercise 3
Choose the Correct Form (Gerund or Infinitive)
1. I love _________ (cook) Italian food.
2. She plans _________ (visit) her grandmother next weekend.
3. They prefer _________ (stay) at home on weekends.
4. We decided _________ (leave) early to avoid traffic.
5. He promised _________ (finish) the report by tomorrow.
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6. I enjoy _________ (listen) to music while working.
7. They refused _________ (help) us with the project.
8. She kept _________ (talk) during the movie.
9. We plan _________ (travel) to Europe this summer.
10.He suggested _________ (watch) a movie instead of going out.
11.She likes _________ (dance) at parties.
12.I enjoy _________ (paint) landscapes.
13.He promised _________ (help) me with my homework.
14.They love _________ (swim) in the ocean.
15.She decided _________ (buy) a new car.
16.We avoided _________ (take) the bus because it was too crowded.
17.I hate _________ (wake) up early on weekends.
18.They agreed _________ (work) overtime to meet the deadline.
19.She suggested _________ (try) the new restaurant.
20.We plan _________ (attend) the conference next week.
21.He enjoys _________ (read) historical novels.
22.I can't stand _________ (eat) spicy food.
23.She prefers _________ (walk) to school instead of taking the bus.
24.They are excited _________ (go) on vacation.
25.He avoids _________ (drive) during rush hour.
26.We hope _________ (see) you at the party tomorrow.
27.I plan _________ (finish) the book tonight.
28.She doesn't mind _________ (stay) late at work.
29.They offered _________ (help) us with the decorations.
30.I enjoy _________ (watch) movies on the weekend.
Answers
1. I love cooking Italian food.
2. She plans to visit her grandmother next weekend.
3. They prefer staying at home on weekends.
4. We decided to leave early to avoid traffic.
5. He promised to finish the report by tomorrow.
6. I enjoy listening to music while working.
7. They refused to help us with the project.
8. She kept talking during the movie.
9. We plan to travel to Europe this summer.
10.He suggested watching a movie instead of going out.
11.She likes dancing at parties.
12.I enjoy painting landscapes.
13.He promised to help me with my homework.
14.They love swimming in the ocean.
15.She decided to buy a new car.
16.We avoided taking the bus because it was too crowded.
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17.I hate waking up early on weekends.
18.They agreed to work overtime to meet the deadline.
19.She suggested trying the new restaurant.
20.We plan to attend the conference next week.
21.He enjoys reading historical novels.
22.I can't stand eating spicy food.
23.She prefers walking to school instead of taking the bus.
24.They are excited to go on vacation.
25.He avoids driving during rush hour.
26.We hope to see you at the party tomorrow.
27.I plan to finish the book tonight.
28.She doesn't mind staying late at work.
29.They offered to help us with the decorations.
30.I enjoy watching movies on the weekend.
Exercise 4
Rewrite the following sentences using the correct form of the verb.
1. She dislikes (sing) in public. → She dislikes _____________.
Answer: singing
2. They plan (travel) to Italy next summer. → They plan ____________.
Answer: to travel
3. I regret (miss) the concert last night. → I regret ____________.
Answer: missing
4. He promised (help) me with my project. → He promised ____________.
Answer: to help
5. We started (study) for the exam early. → We started ____________.
Answer: studying
6. She admitted (lie) about her plans. → She admitted ____________.
Answer: lying
7. They refused (join) us for dinner. → They refused ____________.
Answer: to join
8. I can't stand (wait) in long lines. → I can't stand ____________.
Answer: waiting
9. We decided (stay) home this weekend. → We decided ____________.
Answer: to stay
10.She stopped (talk) when the teacher entered. → She stopped ____________.
Answer: talking
11.He finished (read) the book in one day. → He finished ____________.
Answer: reading
12.They avoided (get) caught in the rain. → They avoided ____________.
Answer: getting
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13.I love (walk) in the park early in the morning. → I love ____________.
Answer: walking
14.He started (learn) Spanish last year. → He started ____________.
Answer: learning
15.She suggested (go) for a walk. → She suggested ____________.
Answer: going
16.We hope (see) you at the event. → We hope ____________.
Answer: to see
17.I forgot (call) her yesterday. → I forgot ____________.
Answer: to call
18.He enjoys (travel) around the world. → He enjoys ____________.
Answer: traveling
19.They promised (arrive) on time. → They promised ____________.
Answer: to arrive
20.We finished (eat) lunch before the meeting. → We finished ____________.
Answer: eating
Exercise 5
Each sentence below contains a mistake. Correct it.
1. I can’t stand to wait in long lines.
2. She dislikes to wake up early.
3. He needs studying for the exam.
4. They prefer to read books over watching TV.
5. We plan to go hiking next weekend.
6. I forgot to bring my keys.
7. She admitted to cheat on the test.
8. They hope to meet us at the café.
9. I promised to finish the report.
10.He enjoys to swim in the ocean.
11.We tried to finding a solution.
12.They decided to not attend the meeting.
13.She recommended to go there early.
14.I prefer to travel by car.
15.He forgot calling his mom.
16.We enjoyed to watch the movie together.
17.I suggested to try the new restaurant.
18.They refused to help us with the project.
19.He promised to clean the kitchen.
20.We agreed to leave early.
21.She considered to apply for the job, but she decided against it.
22.He avoided to speak about the incident at the meeting.
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23.He avoided to answer the difficult question during the interview.
24.We chose to wait until the weather improved before heading out.
25.They suggested to take a different route to avoid the traffic.
Answers
1. I can’t stand waiting in long lines.
2. She dislikes waking up early.
3. He needs to study for the exam.
4. They prefer reading books over watching TV.
5. We plan going hiking next weekend.
6. I forgot bringing my keys.
7. She admitted cheating on the test.
8. They hope meeting us at the café.
9. I promised finishing the report.
10. He enjoys swimming in the ocean.
11. We tried finding a solution.
12.They decided not to attend the meeting.
13. She recommended going there early.
14. I prefer traveling by car.
15. He forgot to call his mom.
16. We enjoyed watching the movie together.
17. I suggested trying the new restaurant.
18.They refused helping us with the project.
19.He promised cleaning the kitchen.
20.We agreed leaving early.
21.She considered applying for the job, but she decided against it.
22.He avoided speaking about the incident at the meeting.
23.He avoided answering the difficult question during the interview.
24.We chose waiting until the weather improved before heading out.
25.They suggested taking a different route to avoid the traffic.
SEQUENCE WORDS
Exercise I
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate sequence words.
( Initially, At first, To start with, As soon as, At the beginning, then, afterward, subsequently, a
Later on, following that, in the meantime, ultimately, in the end, finally, at last, as a result, to conclude,
meanwhile, at the sametime, simultaneously, concurrently, therefore, consequently, Thus, Because of this, As
a consequence,On the other hand,In contrast,Alternatively, However, Otherwise, For instance, for example,
In addition,Moreover,Additionally, After that, Before, next, Eventually, when )
1. _________, I didn’t understand the instructions, but after some explanation, everything became clearer.
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2. ________, I was unsure whether to go, but then I decided it was a good idea.
3. ________, I’ll need to gather all the necessary materials for the project.
4. _________, the meeting started, everyone began discussing the new changes.
5. _________________ of the day, I like to have a cup of coffee to get energized.
6. I washed the dishes, and _______ I cleaned the kitchen counters.
7. I went to the store _________ to pick up some snacks for the party.
8. _____________, we decided to go out for dinner to celebrate.
9. We had a short break, and __________, we resumed working on the project.
10.______________, we visited a museum to learn more about history.
11._______________, I’ll prepare the ingredients for dinner while you finish your work.
12. The decision to move forward with the new plan was made by the board of directors.
13._____________, it was the team effort that made the project successful.
14.________________, after hours of working, we were able to finish the presentation.
15.___________, we reached the summit of the mountain after a long hike.
16._____________, we were able to meet the deadline and submit the report on time.
17.______________, I would like to thank everyone for their hard work and dedication.
18.______________, in the kitchen, the soup was simmering on the stove.
19.They were discussing the project in the meeting room.___________, I was finishing up my report.
20._________________, both teams were working on different parts of the puzzle to solve it faster.
21.The workers were constructing the building. ____________, the architects reviewed the blueprints.
22.______________, we had to cancel the event due to the heavy rain.
23.The company didn’t meet its sales target. _____________ they had to adjust their strategy.
24.________, we learned from our mistakes and improved our performance in the next phase.
25._______________, the team made adjustments to their approach to avoid future issues.
26.The experiment failed to yield the expected results. _______________, the researchers decided to revise
their hypothesis.
27._______________, some people prefer working from home because it offers more flexibility.
28.The weather was sunny and warm. ____________, the following day was cold and rainy.
29.We can take the bus to the event.________________, we could walk if you prefer.
30.The team worked hard on the project. _______________, there were some delays due to unforeseen
challenges.
31.We can attend the meeting this afternoon. __________, we will need to reschedule.
32._____________, if you follow the diet plan strictly, you should start seeing results within a few weeks.
33.I love outdoor activities, ___________, hiking, camping, and kayaking.
34.________________, I would like to mention the upcoming events that could be of interest.
35.The company has improved its customer service. _____________ they’ve increased the product variety.
36._____________, we should take into account the feedback we received from our customers.
37.We watched a movie at the theater. __________, we went to grab dinner.
38.______________ I wake up, I check the weather forecast.
39.I packed my suitcase, and ______ I went to the airport.
40._____________ I received my test results, I was very relieved.
41.I attended the meeting, and ______I sent an email to follow up.
42.We had a picnic in the park. ___________, we played games with the kids.
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43.____________ I checked my calendar, I remembered I had an appointment later.
44.She made a list of things to do. _______, she started with the most urgent tasks.
45.I started cleaning my room. _________, I organized my books on the shelf.
46._______________ we arrived at the restaurant, we waited for a table.
47.I watched a video online._______, I took some notes from it.
48.He ran to the bus stop. __________, he caught the bus just in time.
49.I checked my calendar, and __________ I confirmed my appointment.
50.She put on her sunglasses. _____, she stepped out into the bright sunshine.
Answers
1. Initially, I didn’t understand the instructions, but after some explanation, everything became clearer.
2. At first, I was unsure whether to go, but then I decided it was a good idea.
3. To start with, I’ll need to gather all the necessary materials for the project.
4. As soon as the meeting started, everyone began discussing the new changes.
5. At the beginning of the day, I like to have a cup of coffee to get energized.
6. I washed the dishes, and then I cleaned the kitchen counters.
7. I went to the store afterward to pick up some snacks for the party.
8. Subsequently, we decided to go out for dinner to celebrate.
9. We had a short break, and later on, we resumed working on the project.
10.Following that, we visited a museum to learn more about history.
11.In the meantime, I’ll prepare the ingredients for dinner while you finish your work.
12.Ultimately, the decision to move forward with the new plan was made by the board of directors.
13.In the end, it was the team effort that made the project successful.
14.Finally, after hours of working, we were able to finish the presentation.
15.At last, we reached the summit of the mountain after a long hike.
16.As a result, we were able to meet the deadline and submit the report on time.
17.To conclude, I would like to thank everyone for their hard work and dedication.
18.Meanwhile, in the kitchen, the soup was simmering on the stove.
19.They were discussing the project in the meeting room. At the same time, I was finishing up my report.
20.Simultaneously, both teams were working on different parts of the puzzle to solve it faster.
21.The workers were constructing the building. Concurrently, the architects reviewed the blueprints.
22.Therefore, we had to cancel the event due to the heavy rain.
23.The company didn’t meet its sales target. Consequently, they had to adjust their strategy.
24.Thus, we learned from our mistakes and improved our performance in the next phase.
25.Because of this, the team made adjustments to their approach to avoid future issues.
26.The experiment failed to yield the expected results. As a consequence, the researchers decided to revise
their hypothesis.
27.On the other hand, some people prefer working from home because it offers more flexibility.
28.The weather was sunny and warm. In contrast, the following day was cold and rainy.
29.We can take the bus to the event. Alternatively, we could walk if you prefer.
30.The team worked hard on the project. However, there were some delays due to unforeseen challenges.
31.We can attend the meeting this afternoon. Otherwise, we will need to reschedule.
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32.For instance, if you follow the diet plan strictly, you should start seeing results within a few weeks.
33.I love outdoor activities, for example, hiking, camping, and kayaking.
34.In addition, I would like to mention the upcoming events that could be of interest.
35.The company has improved its customer service. Moreover, they’ve increased the product variety.
36.Additionally, we should take into account the feedback we received from our customers.
37.We watched a movie at the theater. After that, we went to grab dinner.
38.Before I wake up, I check the weather forecast.
39.I packed my suitcase, and next I went to the airport.
40.Eventually I received my test results, I was very relieved.
41.I attended the meeting, and then I sent an email to follow up.
42.We had a picnic in the park. After that, we played games with the kids.
43.When I checked my calendar, I remembered I had an appointment later.
44.She made a list of things to do. Then, she started with the most urgent tasks.
45.I started cleaning my room. After that, I organized my books on the shelf.
46.After that we arrived at the restaurant, we waited for a table.
47.I watched a video online. Then, I took some notes from it.
48.He ran to the bus stop. Eventually, he caught the bus just in time.
49.I checked my calendar, and after that I confirmed my appointment.
50.She put on her sunglasses. Then, she stepped out into the bright sunshine.
Rearrange the sentences in correct order with the help of sequence words
Sample 1
● She entered the examination hall and found her assigned seat.
● She submitted her answer sheet to the invigilator.
● She carefully read the question paper and started writing her answers.
● She revised her answers before completing the exam.
Answer:
● First, she entered the examination hall and found her assigned seat.
● Next, she carefully read the question paper and started writing her answers.
● Then, she revised her answers before completing the exam.
● Finally, she submitted her answer sheet to the invigilator.
Sample 2
1. He searched for his lost phone around the house.
2. He realized he had left it in the car.
3. He went to the parking area to check inside the car.
4. He found the phone under the seat and took it back inside.
Answer:
● First, he searched for his lost phone around the house.
● Next, he realized he had left it in the car.
● Then, he went to the parking area to check inside the car.
● Finally, he found the phone under the seat and took it back inside.
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Sample 3:
1. The pilot checked all controls and ensured the aircraft was ready.
2. The aircraft gained speed and took off from the runway.
3. The passengers boarded the plane and took their seats.
4. The flight crew gave safety instructions before departure.
Answer:
● First, the passengers boarded the plane and took their seats.
● Next, the flight crew gave safety instructions before departure.
● Then, the pilot checked all controls and ensured the aircraft was ready.
● Finally, the aircraft gained speed and took off from the runway.
EXERCISE
Set 1
1. He inserted the key into the ignition.
2. He adjusted the rearview mirror.
3. He put on his seatbelt.
4. He started the engine.
Answer:
● First, he put on his seatbelt.
● Next, he inserted the key into the ignition.
● Then, he adjusted the rearview mirror.
● Finally, he started the engine.
Set 2:
1. She applied glue on the edges of the paper.
2. She folded the paper carefully to make an envelope.
3. She cut the paper into a rectangular shape.
4. She let the glue dry before using the envelope.
Answer:
● First, she cut the paper into a rectangular shape.
● Next, she folded the paper carefully to make an envelope.
● Then, she applied glue on the edges of the paper.
● Finally, she let the glue dry before using the envelope.
Set 3:
1. He put the laundry in the washing machine.
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2. He added detergent to the dispenser.
3. He set the washing cycle and turned on the machine.
4. He removed the clean clothes after the wash was completed.
Answer:
● First, he put the laundry in the washing machine.
● Next, he added detergent to the dispenser.
● Then, he set the washing cycle and turned on the machine.
● Finally, he removed the clean clothes after the wash was completed.
Set 4:
1. She put the cake into the oven.
2. She mixed flour, sugar, and eggs in a bowl.
3. She preheated the oven.
4. She took the cake out when it was baked.
Answer:
● First, she mixed flour, sugar, and eggs in a bowl.
● Next, she preheated the oven.
● Then, she put the cake into the oven.
● Finally, she took the cake out when it was baked
Set 5:
1. He packed his bag with clothes and toiletries.
2. He booked a flight for his vacation.
3. He traveled to the airport and checked in.
4. He boarded the plane and took his seat.
Answer:
● First, he booked a flight for his vacation.
● Next, he packed his bag with clothes and toiletries.
● Then, he traveled to the airport and checked in.
● Finally, he boarded the plane and took his seat.
Set 6:
1. She opened the book to the correct page.
2. She took out her notebook and pen.
3. She carefully read the chapter.
4. She wrote down important points in her notebook.
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Answer:
● First, she took out her notebook and pen.
● Next, she opened the book to the correct page.
● Then, she carefully read the chapter.
● Finally, she wrote down important points in her notebook.
Set 7:
1. He dialed the emergency number.
2. He saw the fire in his neighbor’s house.
3. He told the operator about the fire.
4. He waited for the firefighters to arrive.
Answer:
● First, he saw the fire in his neighbor’s house.
● Next, he dialed the emergency number.
● Then, he told the operator about the fire.
● Finally, he waited for the firefighters to arrive
Set 8:
1. He put on his running shoes.
2. He went for a jog in the park.
3. He did some stretching exercises.
4. He returned home and drank water.
Answer:
● First, he put on his running shoes.
● Next, he did some stretching exercises.
● Then, he went for a jog in the park.
● Finally, he returned home and drank water.
Set 9:
1. The artist mixed different colors on his palette.
2. He chose a clean canvas and set it on the easel.
3. He started painting a beautiful landscape.
4. He let the painting dry before adding the final details
Answer:
● First, he chose a clean canvas and set it on the easel.
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● Next, he mixed different colors on his palette.
● Then, he started painting a beautiful landscape.
● Finally, he let the painting dry before adding the final details
Set 10:
1. The scientist recorded his observations.
2. He conducted an experiment in the laboratory.
3. He prepared all the necessary chemicals.
4. He analyzed the results and wrote a report.
Answer:
● First, he prepared all the necessary chemicals.
● Next, he conducted an experiment in the laboratory.
● Then, he recorded his observations.
● Finally, he analyzed the results and wrote a report.
Set 11:
1. He gathered dry wood and twigs.
2. He used a matchstick to start a fire.
3. He built a small structure with the wood.
4. He carefully added more wood to keep the fire burning.
Answer:
● First, he gathered dry wood and twigs.
● Next, he built a small structure with the wood.
● Then, he used a matchstick to start a fire.
● Finally, he carefully added more wood to keep the fire burning.
Set 12:
1. She turned off her alarm clock.
2. She got out of bed and stretched.
3. She brushed her teeth and took a shower.
4. She prepared breakfast in the kitchen
Answer:
● First, she turned off her alarm clock.
● Next, she got out of bed and stretched.
● Then, she brushed her teeth and took a shower.
● Finally, she prepared breakfast in the kitchen.
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Set 13:
1. He peeled the potatoes.
2. He cut them into small pieces.
3. He fried them in a pan with oil.
4. He served the crispy potatoes on a plate.
Answer:
● First, he peeled the potatoes.
● Next, he cut them into small pieces.
● Then, he fried them in a pan with oil.
● Finally, he served the crispy potatoes on a plate.
Set 14:
1. She selected a dress from her wardrobe.
2. She ironed the dress to remove wrinkles.
3. She wore the dress and checked her look in the mirror.
4. She put on matching shoes and accessories.
Answer:
● First, she selected a dress from her wardrobe.
● Next, she ironed the dress to remove wrinkles.
● Then, she wore the dress and checked her look in the mirror.
● Finally, she put on matching shoes and accessories
Set 15:
1. He took out all the ingredients from the fridge.
2. He chopped the vegetables into small pieces.
3. He cooked them in a pan with oil and spices.
4. He served the meal on a plate.
Answer:
● First, he took out all the ingredients from the fridge.
● Next, he chopped the vegetables into small pieces.
● Then, he cooked them in a pan with oil and spices.
● Finally, he served the meal on a plate.
Set 16:
1. The driver checked the fuel level.
2. He started the engine.
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3. He adjusted the mirrors and seatbelt.
4. He began driving towards his destination.
Answer:
● First, the driver checked the fuel level.
● Next, he adjusted the mirrors and seatbelt.
● Then, he started the engine.
● Finally, he began driving towards his destination.
Set 17:
1. The teacher wrote the topic on the board.
2. She explained the concept with examples.
3. The students asked questions and clarified their doubts.
4. They completed the exercises given by the teacher.
Answer:
● First, the teacher wrote the topic on the board.
● Next, she explained the concept with examples.
● Then, the students asked questions and clarified their doubts.
● Finally, they completed the exercises given by the teacher.
Set 18:
1. He collected all the trash from the house.
2. He put it in a garbage bag.
3. He took the bag outside to the trash bin.
4. He washed his hands after disposing of the trash.
Answer:
● First, he collected all the trash from the house.
● Next, he put it in a garbage bag.
● Then, he took the bag outside to the trash bin.
● Finally, he washed his hands after disposing of the trash.
Set 19:
1. The student opened the exam booklet.
2. He read all the questions carefully.
3. He answered each question one by one.
4. He reviewed his answers before submitting the paper.
Answer:
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● First, the student opened the exam booklet.
● Next, he read all the questions carefully.
● Then, he answered each question one by one.
● Finally, he reviewed his answers before submitting the paper.
Set 20:
1. He looked at the map to find the shortest route.
2. He packed his bags for the trip.
3. He booked a taxi to the airport.
4. He boarded the plane to his destination.
Answer:
● First, he looked at the map to find the shortest route.
● Next, he packed his bags for the trip.
● Then, he booked a taxi to the airport.
● Finally, he boarded the plane to his destination.
MISSPELLED WORDS
Fill in the Blanks with the Correct Spelling:
1. Her _______ (accommodation/accomodation) is in the best hotel in town.
2. I didn’t _______ (recieve/receive) your email.
3. His actions _______ (seperated/separated) him from the rest of the team.
4. The _______ (begining/beginning) of the conference was delayed due to weather conditions.
5. The children were _______ (disapointed/disappointed) by the canceled field trip.
6. I need to _______ (occured/occur) more frequently to solve this problem.
7. She gave a _______ (perfect/perfect) answer during the interview.
8. He has an excellent _______ (achievment/achievement) record.
9. I was _______ (embarassing/embarrassing) myself at the party last night.
10.You have to _______ (definately/definitely) be more careful next time.
11.We need to _______ (reconize/recognize) his hard work.
12.She showed a great _______ (commitment/comitment) to the cause.
13.It’s important to _______ (recomend/recommend) good books to friends.
14.I had to _______ (consult/consuilt) a lawyer before making that decision.
15.This is a great _______ (invention/invention) in the field of technology.
16.I will _______ (recomend/recommend) you for the position.
17.The _______ (occurence/occurrence) of the event was unexpected.
18.He had an interesting _______ (suggestion/sugestion) during the meeting.
19.The doctor will _______ (examine/examin) the patient shortly.
20.We _______ (dissapoint/disappoint) them by not showing up on time.
21.The _______ (occurence/occurrence) of an accident delayed the train.
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22.I forgot to _______ (acknowledge/acknoledge) his contribution to the project.
23.You need to _______ (seperate/separate) the light clothes from the dark clothes.
24.The _______ (defination/definition) of success varies for everyone.
25.I need to _______ (referance/reference) the sources in my research paper.
26.The event was a complete _______ (sucess/success).
27.He was _______ (accused/accussed) of stealing the money.
28.We’re _______ (discussing/discussin) the project tomorrow.
29.The project _______ (recieved/received) positive feedback.
30.It was a _______ (challange/challenge) to finish the task on time.
31.She had to _______ (maintain/maintan) her composure during the interview.
32.The _______ (expence/expense) of the trip was higher than expected.
33.We must _______ (recognize/recgonize) their hard work and contributions.
34.They _______ (definately/definitely) need to improve their performance.
35.I don’t _______ (believe/believe) what happened at the meeting.
36.His _______ (defence/defense) was weak in court.
37.The _______ (principal/principle) of the school gave a speech at the event.
38.I don’t have the _______ (patience/patince) to deal with this situation.
39.The _______ (presense/presence) of the CEO was noted at the meeting.
40.She has a great _______ (understanding/understading) of the topic.
41.The _______ (reluctance/reluctance) to change the procedure was evident.
42.He _______ (referred/refered) to the report during the meeting.
43.I had to _______ (postpone/postpone) the appointment due to a conflict.
44.The _______ (occured/occurred) of the mistake was explained during the meeting.
45.I had to _______ (cancel/cancle) my flight at the last minute.
46.His _______ (expression/expression) was filled with emotion when he heard the news.
47.The _______ (apprehension/apprehention) in the room was palpable.
48.It’s crucial to _______ (accomodate/accommodate) everyone’s needs at the event.
49.The _______ (achievements/acheivements) of the team were celebrated at the party.
50.He always manages to _______ (maintain/maintan) a positive attitude.
Answers
1. Her accommodation is in the best hotel in town.
2. I didn’t receive your email.
3. His actions separated him from the rest of the team.
4. The beginning of the conference was delayed due to weather conditions.
5. The children were disappointed by the canceled field trip.
6. I need to occur more frequently to solve this problem.
7. She gave a perfect answer during the interview.
8. He has an excellent achievement record.
9. I was embarrassing myself at the party last night.
10.You have to definitely be more careful next time.
11.We need to recognize his hard work.
12.She showed a great commitment to the cause.
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13.It’s important to recommend good books to friends.
14.I had to consult a lawyer before making that decision.
15.This is a great invention in the field of technology.
16.I will recommend you for the position.
17.The occurrence of the event was unexpected.
18.He had an interesting suggestion during the meeting.
19.The doctor will examine the patient shortly.
20.We disappointed them by not showing up on time.
21.The occurrence of an accident delayed the train.
22.I forgot to acknowledge his contribution to the project.
23.You need to separate the light clothes from the dark clothes.
24.The definition of success varies for everyone.
25.I need to reference the sources in my research paper.
26.The event was a complete success.
27.He was accused of stealing the money.
28.We’re discussing the project tomorrow.
29.The project received positive feedback.
30.It was a challenge to finish the task on time.
31.She had to maintain her composure during the interview.
32.The expense of the trip was higher than expected.
33.We must recognize their hard work and contributions.
34.They definitely need to improve their performance.
35.I don’t believe what happened at the meeting.
36.His defense was weak in court.
37.The principal of the school gave a speech at the event.
38.I don’t have the patience to deal with this situation.
39.The presence of the CEO was noted at the meeting.
40.She has a great understanding of the topic.
41.The reluctance to change the procedure was evident.
42.He referred to the report during the meeting.
43.I had to postpone the appointment due to a conflict.
44.The occurrence of the mistake was explained during the meeting.
45.I had to cancel my flight at the last minute.
46.His expression was filled with emotion when he heard the news.
47.The apprehension in the room was palpable.
48.It’s crucial to accommodate everyone’s needs at the event.
49.The achievements of the team were celebrated at the party.
50.He always manages to maintain a positive attitude.
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PART B
1. Writing a response to a complaint letter.
SAMPLE 1
From
[your name/designation]
[your address]
[City, State,ZIP code]
Date
To
[Recipient Name]
[Recipient’s Address]
[City, State, ZIP code]
Subject: Response to Your Complaint About Product Quality
Dear [Customer’s Name],
Thank you for taking the time to reach out to us and share your concerns regarding the quality of the
[product name] you recently purchased. We genuinely regret that your experience was not as expected.
We understand how frustrating this situation must have been for you, and we sincerely apologize for any
inconvenience this has caused. At [Company Name], we strive to ensure that every product we offer
meets the highest standards of quality. It seems that we may have fallen short in your case, and we truly
regret that.
As a resolution, we would be happy to [offer a refund/replacement] for the product. Please let us know
your preferred course of action, and we will process it immediately. Additionally, we are reviewing our
quality control procedures to ensure this does not happen again in the future.
We value your business and appreciate your feedback. Please feel free to reach out if you have any
further questions or concerns.
Thank you for your understanding and patience.
Warm regards
[Your name]
[Your Position]
[ Your Contact Information]
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SAMPLE 2
From
[your name/designation]
[your address]
[City, State,ZIP code]
Date
To
[Recipient Name]
[Recipient’s Address]
[City, State, ZIP code]
Subject: Apology and Resolution for Billing Discrepancy
Dear [Customer’s Name],
Thank you for bringing the billing error to our attention. We deeply apologize for the confusion and any
inconvenience this has caused. We understand that receiving an incorrect bill can be frustrating, and we
take full responsibility for the oversight.
After reviewing your account, we discovered that [explain the cause of the error, e.g., a system glitch,
manual entry mistake, etc.]. Please rest assured that we have corrected the error, and you will receive an
updated bill reflecting the correct charges. We have also credited your account with [mention any credit or
discount as compensation for the error].
In addition to resolving this specific issue, we have initiated a review of our billing procedures to ensure
greater accuracy moving forward. We want to make sure this doesn’t happen again and that your
experience with us is seamless and stress-free.
We truly value your trust and appreciate your patience while we sorted this out. If you have any questions
about the corrected bill or if there’s anything further you need, please don’t hesitate to contact me directly.
We’re committed to providing you with exceptional service, and your satisfaction is our priority.
Thank you again for your understanding and continued support.
Sincerely,
[Your Name]
[Your Position]
[Company Name]
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SAMPLE 3
From
[your name/designation]
[your address]
[City, State,ZIP code]
Date
To
[Recipient Name]
[Recipient’s Address]
[City, State, ZIP code]
Subject: Apology and Action Taken Regarding Your Damaged Item
Dear [Customer’s Name],
I want to start by apologizing for the damage to the [item name] that you received in your recent order. We
understand how disappointing it is to receive a damaged product, especially when you were excited to
receive it.
After reviewing your complaint, I see that the damage occurred during shipping. While we take all
precautions to ensure that products are properly packed, it seems that something went wrong during the
transit process, and I am truly sorry for the inconvenience this has caused.
We are happy to offer a replacement for the damaged item at no extra cost to you. Please let us know if you
would prefer that we send you a new item or issue a full refund instead. We will prioritize shipping your
replacement right away to ensure you receive it as quickly as possible.
Additionally, to prevent this from happening again, we are revising our packaging procedures and
discussing with our delivery partners to ensure better handling in the future.
We sincerely appreciate your understanding in this matter and would love to make it right. If you have any
other questions or need further assistance, please don’t hesitate to contact us.
Best regards,
[Your Name]
[Your Position]
[Company Name]
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SAMPLE 4
From
[your name/designation]
[your address]
[City, State,ZIP code]
Date
To
[Recipient Name]
[Recipient’s Address]
[City, State, ZIP code]
Subject: Apology for Your Recent Dining Experience at [Restaurant Name]
Dear [Customer’s Name],
I’m truly sorry to hear that your recent dining experience at [Restaurant Name] did not meet your
expectations. We take great pride in providing excellent service and food, and it’s disappointing to hear
that we fell short during your visit.
After reviewing your feedback, it seems that there were multiple factors that contributed to your
unsatisfactory experience, including [specific issues such as slow service, incorrect order, etc.]. I sincerely
apologize for these issues and assure you that we are addressing them with our team to prevent similar
situations from arising in the future.
To make up for the inconvenience you experienced, we would like to offer you [complimentary meal,
discount, etc.], and we hope you will give us another opportunity to provide you with the exceptional
dining experience we are known for.
Please know that we are committed to improving based on your valuable feedback. If you ever decide to
dine with us again, we would be delighted to offer you a [complimentary item, discount, etc.] on your next
visit.
Thank you for bringing this matter to our attention. Your feedback is instrumental in helping us grow, and
we truly hope to have the opportunity to welcome you back soon.
Sincerely,
[Your Name]
[Your Position]
[Restaurant Name]
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SAMPLE 5
From
[your name/designation]
[your address]
[City, State,ZIP code]
Date
To
[Recipient Name]
[Recipient’s Address]
[City, State, ZIP code]
Subject: Apology and Immediate Action Regarding Your Washing Machine Issue
Dear [Customer's Name],
Thank you for taking the time to reach out and inform us about the issues you are experiencing with your
new washing machine. I sincerely apologize for the inconvenience and frustration this has caused you. We
understand how important it is for a washing machine to work effectively, and we deeply regret that your
recent purchase has not met your expectations.
After reviewing your complaint, I understand that the machine has been [describe the problem, e.g., not
starting, making unusual noises, not draining water, etc.]. This is certainly not the level of performance we
strive for, and I can assure you that we are taking this matter very seriously.
To resolve the issue as quickly as possible, we would like to offer the following steps:
1. Inspection/Repair: We can arrange for one of our technicians to come to your location to inspect
and repair the washing machine at no cost to you. Please let us know a convenient time for you,
and we will schedule this promptly.
2. Replacement Option: If the repair does not resolve the problem, we are happy to replace the
washing machine with a new one. We will coordinate with you to ensure the replacement is
processed quickly.
3. Refund: If you prefer a full refund for your purchase, we are more than happy to facilitate that as
well. Please let us know how you would like to proceed, and we will make the necessary
arrangements.
We sincerely appreciate your understanding and patience while we work to resolve this issue. As part of
our commitment to quality, we are also reviewing the product’s quality control process to ensure this type
of situation does not occur in the future.
Please don’t hesitate to reach out if you have any further questions or if there is anything else we can assist
you with. We value your business and want to ensure that this situation is resolved to your satisfaction.
Thank you again for your feedback, and we look forward to resolving this issue for you as soon as
possible.
Sincerely,
[Your Name]
[Your Position]
[Company Name]
[Contact Information]
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EXERCISE:
1. Write the response to a complaint letter that money has been debited without withdrawal from ATM or
any other transaction.
2. Write a response letter to a complaint for the replacement of a jewel you purchased from the leading
jewellers.
3. Write a response letter to a complaint that the book received is not the latest edition.
4. Write a response letter to a complaint about the false content in your blog.
5. Write a response to the complaint letter regarding the non-receipt of Graduation Ceremony invitation.
6. Write a letter of response to a complaint about the customer’s dissatisfaction with the electronic products.
7. A customer complains that a pair of shoes they purchased are too small despite being the correct size.
Write a response addressing their concern and proposing a resolution.
8. Write the response to a complaint letter that money has been debited without withdrawal from ATM or
any other transaction.
9. Write a response letter to a complaint letter that there was no response to the customer’s previous email.
10. Write a letter responding to the complaint regarding the service provider.
11.A customer complains about receiving a faulty blender. Write a response addressing their concern and
proposing a resolution.
12.A customer complains about receiving the wrong size of shoes they ordered. Write a response addressing
their concern and proposing a resolution.
13.A customer complains that their new smartwatch isn’t charging properly. Write a response addressing their
concern and proposing a resolution.
14.A customer complains about receiving a damaged tablet in the shipment. Write a response addressing their
concern and proposing a resolution.
15.A customer complains that a kitchen appliance arrived with missing parts. Write a response addressing
their concern and proposing a resolution.
16.A customer complains about a defective pair of wireless headphones. Write a response addressing their
concern and proposing a resolution.
17.A customer reports a delay in receiving their smartphone order. Write a response addressing their concern
and proposing a resolution.
18.A customer complains about receiving a damaged electronic camera. Write a response addressing their
concern and proposing a resolution.
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19.A customer reports that a new refrigerator isn’t cooling properly. Write a response addressing their
concern and proposing a resolution.
20.A customer complains about a delayed delivery of their laptop order. Write a response addressing their
concern and proposing a resolution.
21.A customer complains about receiving a damaged furniture item. Write a response addressing their
concern and offering a resolution.
22.A customer reports that the headphones they purchased are not working as expected. Write a response
addressing their concern and providing a solution.
23.Write a response letter to a complaint that the customer’s payment has not been refunded after canceling
their order.
24.Write a response letter to a complaint about a delay in the delivery of a gift item ordered for a special
occasion.
25.Write a response letter to a complaint that the customer’s internet connection is not working properly.
UNIT 3
PART A
IF CONDITIONAL
Exercise I
Complete the given conditional sentences suitably.
1. If I had the money, __________________
2. If she had learnt her lessons, _______________________
3. If she was more friendly, ___________________
4. If you do not attend the course, ____________________
5. If the engine is serviced regularly, _____________________
6. If the weather is good, ___________________________
7. If he ran all the way, ______________________
8. ___________________________, global warming would have been reduced.
9. If I were you, _________________________
10.If you practice hard, _________________________________
11.If I were rich, __________________________
12.________________________________, the aeroplane cannot take off.
13.If the train is late, _____________________________
14._____________________________, there would not be enough space on the roads.
15.If the nano car is available, _________________________________
16.If we had the power supply, _______________________________
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17.If he had prepared well for the examination, _______________________
18.If I had met my friend ______________________________
19.If the engine is serviced regularly, ____________________________
20.If the battery of the car is ‘down’, ____________________________
21.____________________________, the tyre will be damaged.
22.If the weather had been fine,_________________________
23.If the economic downtrend continues, _________________________________
24.If the economic downtrend continues, _______________________________
25.If the fuel prices increases rapidly, __________________________________
26.If some more IT parks are established, ______________________
27.________________________, I would build a house.
28.If you don’t concentrate on your studies, _____________________________
29.If you study hard, ________________________
30.If you practice hard, _______________________________
31._________________ you will receive a degree.
32.If you don’t correctly interpret the sign, ______________________
33.If drivers don't obey traffic regulations, _____________________________
34.If you had watched the commonwealth games, _________________________
35.If you follow the footsteps of great scholars, _________________________
36.If you help your mother, _________________________
37.She will be angry ___________________________
38.You will have to walk, ________________________
39.If I was offered the job, _____________________
40._______________________________, if I had your address.
41.If I were at home, __________________
42.___________________, if you asked me.
43.________________________ if she eats less.
44.If she had explained to him the situation, ________________________
45.If we miss the train, ____________________________
46.______________________________, if you had asked her more politely.
47.If he won a lot of money, _________________________
48.If you had asked me, _____________________
49.If I am at home, _____________________
50.If we eat too much,____________________.
ANSWERS
1. If I had the money, I would buy a car.
2. If she had learnt her lessons, she would have passed her exam.
3. If she was more friendly, she would have more friends.
4. If you do not attend the course, you will have to face the consequences.
5. If the engine is serviced regularly, you will gain more mileage.
6. If the weather is good, I would go for a walk.
7. If he ran all the way, he would be there in time.
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8. If we had stopped cutting trees, global warming would have been reduced.
9. If I were you, I would have accepted the offer.
10.If you practice hard, you will pass the exam easily.
11.If I were rich, I would help the poor and the needy.
12.If the weather is poor, the aeroplane cannot take off.
13.If the train is late, you would not be able to reach there in time.
14.If platform shops are encouraged, there would not be enough space on the roads.
15.If the nano car is available, you will find it more compact and comfortable.
16.If we had the power supply, the work would have been completed.
17.If he had prepared well for the examination, he would have passed.
18.If I had met my friend, I would have been very happy.
19.If the engine is serviced regularly, the vehicle will be in good condition.
20.If the battery of the car is ‘down’, it will not start.
21.If there is no proper aeration, the tyre will be damaged.
22.If the weather had been fine, I would have gone for a walk.
23.If the economic downtrend continues, there will be layoffs.
24.If the economic downtrend continues, you will have to work harder.
25.If the fuel prices increase rapidly, the consumers will be greatly affected.
26.If some more IT parks are established, employment opportunities will be created.
27.If you give me sufficient money, I would build a house.
28.If you don’t concentrate on your studies, you will fail/
29.If you study hard, you will be rewarded.
30.If you practice hard, you will pass the exam easily.
31.If you complete the course, you will receive the degree.
32.If you don’t correctly interpret the sign, you cannot proceed further.
33.If drivers don't obey traffic regulations, then many accidents will happen.
34.If you had watched the commonwealth games, you would have appreciated the Indian sports persons.
35.If you follow the footsteps of great scholars, you will succeed.
36.If you help your mother, she will be very happy.
37.She will be angry if you did not tell the truth.
38.You will have to walk if you miss the bus.
39.If I was offered the job, I think I would take it.
40.I would have sent you a postcard, if I had your address.
41.If I were at home, I would learn music.
42.I would have told you, if you asked me.
43.She would feel better if she eats less.
44.If she had explained to him the situation he would have understood it.
45.If we miss the train, we will take a taxi.
46.She would have given you an answer, if you had asked her more politely.
47.If he won a lot of money, he would fly to Paris.
48.If you had asked me, I would have told you.
49.If I am at home, I would watch the movie.
50.If we eat too much, we will feel sick and gain weight.
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CAUSE AND EFFECT EXPRESSION
1. The factory introduced new safety measures, ___ accidents decreased significantly.
2. The road was closed due to flooding, _______________traffic was redirected.
3. The company launched a new advertising campaign, __________ sales have gone up.
4. She didn’t get enough sleep last night, ____ she felt very tired throughout the day.
5. Due to the heavy rainfall, _____________ for safety reasons.
6. The team won the match, ______________ their qualification for the finals.
7. The company raised its prices, ______________customer complaints increased.
8. The project faced delays, _________ the required resources weren’t available on time.
9. The company’s profits surged,_______________ they decided to expand their operations.
10.The new law came into effect, _____ businesses had to adjust their practices.
11.The students didn’t study for the exam, __________they performed poorly.
12.They missed the last train, _________ had to wait for the next one.
13.There was an error in the calculations, ____ the report had to be revised.
14.The traffic was heavy, ____________ us to be late for the meeting.
15.He worked hard on the presentation, ____ he received positive feedback.
16.The plant didn't receive enough sunlight, ______________ its wilting.
17.The company offered a discount on products, ___________ they attracted more customers.
18.The hotel provided excellent service, ________________ the guests want to return.
19.There was a technical issue with the website, ____ users couldn’t access their accounts.
20.The machine broke down, ____ the workers couldn’t complete the task on time.
21.The weather was so hot, ______________ the pool became crowded.
22.The software update was delayed, ___________ the system to run slower.
23.The company invested in research, ____________ the development of a new product.
24.The workers are on strike, ____ the production line has come to a halt.
25.TThey didn’t have the right equipment, ____- the construction project was postponed.
26.The store is offering a buy-one-get-one-free deal, __________it’s so popular.
27.The company didn’t follow the safety protocol, __________, there was a workplace accident.
28.The new manager introduced a flexible schedule, _____________ employee satisfaction.
29.The product was faulty, ____ many customers returned it for a refund.
30.The news spread quickly, ___________ there was a huge crowd at the event.
31.The factory changed its suppliers,_______________, production costs decreased.
32.The temperature dropped sharply, ___________ the pipes to freeze.
33.The campaign was successful, ___________ the company gaining more market share.
34.She didn’t attend the meeting, ___ she missed out on important updates.
35.There was an increase in fuel prices, ____________ higher transportation costs.
36.The website received high traffic, _____ it crashed temporarily.
37.They added a new feature to the app, _________ more users.
38.He got promoted to a higher position, _____________ his hard work and dedication.
39.The rain caused a delay in construction, ___the project timeline was extended.
40.There was a mistake in the order, ____the customer had to wait longer for delivery.
41.Due to the rise in interest rates, ________________________________
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42.The store ran out of stock, ______ they had to order more products.
43.The workers put in extra hours, ________________ the project was completed early.
44.The train was delayed due to maintenance work, ________________ a lot of inconvenience.
45.He missed several deadlines, _______________ his performance review being postponed.
46.The company introduced new technology, __________ production efficiency.
47.The new policy reduced costs, _____________ the company save money.
48.The restaurant received a poor review, ________ they decided to change their menu.
49.There were not enough parking spaces, ______________ the customers.
50.They didn’t follow the safety guidelines, _______________, the project faced significant delays.
Answers
1. The factory introduced new safety measures, so accidents decreased significantly.
2. The road was closed due to flooding, which is why traffic was redirected.
3. The company launched a new advertising campaign, and as a result, sales have gone up.
4. She didn’t get enough sleep last night, so she felt very tired throughout the day.
5. Due to the heavy rainfall, the event was canceled for safety reasons.
6. The team won the match, which led to their qualification for the finals.
7. The company raised its prices, and consequently, customer complaints increased.
8. The project faced delays, because the required resources weren’t available on time.
9. The company’s profits surged, which is why they decided to expand their operations.
10.The new law came into effect, so businesses had to adjust their practices.
11.The students didn’t study for the exam, which is why they performed poorly.
12.They missed the last train, and as a result, had to wait for the next one.
13.There was an error in the calculations, so the report had to be revised.
14.The traffic was heavy, which caused us to be late for the meeting.
15.He worked hard on the presentation, so he received positive feedback.
16.The plant didn't receive enough sunlight, which led to its wilting.
17.The company offered a discount on products, and as a result, they attracted more customers.
18.The hotel provided excellent service, which made the guests want to return.
19.There was a technical issue with the website, so users couldn’t access their accounts.
20.The machine broke down, so the workers couldn’t complete the task on time.
21.The weather was so hot, which is why the pool became crowded.
22.The software update was delayed, which caused the system to run slower.
23.The company invested in research, which resulted in the development of a new product.
24.The workers are on strike, so the production line has come to a halt.
25.TThey didn’t have the right equipment, so the construction project was postponed.
26.The store is offering a buy-one-get-one-free deal, which is why it’s so popular.
27.The company didn’t follow the safety protocol, and as a result, there was a workplace accident.
28.The new manager introduced a flexible schedule, which improved employee satisfaction.
29.The product was faulty, so many customers returned it for a refund.
30.The news spread quickly, which is why there was a huge crowd at the event.
31.The factory changed its suppliers, and consequently, production costs decreased.
32.The temperature dropped sharply, which caused the pipes to freeze.
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33.The campaign was successful, which led to the company gaining more market share.
34.She didn’t attend the meeting, so she missed out on important updates.
35.There was an increase in fuel prices, which led to higher transportation costs.
36.The website received high traffic, so it crashed temporarily.
37.They added a new feature to the app, which attracted more users.
38.He got promoted to a higher position, which was due to his hard work and dedication.
39.The rain caused a delay in construction, so the project timeline was extended.
40.There was a mistake in the order, so the customer had to wait longer for delivery.
41.Due to the rise in interest rates, home sales dropped significantly.
42.The store ran out of stock, so they had to order more products.
43.The workers put in extra hours, and as a result, the project was completed early.
44.The train was delayed due to maintenance work, which caused a lot of inconvenience.
45.He missed several deadlines, which led to his performance review being postponed.
46.The company introduced new technology, which improved production efficiency.
47.The new policy reduced costs, which helped the company save money.
48.The restaurant received a poor review, so they decided to change their menu.
49.There were not enough parking spaces, which frustrated the customers.
50.They didn’t follow the safety guidelines, and consequently, the project faced significant delays.
PART B
CHECKLIST
1. Checklist to be followed for averting fire accidents in public functions conducted in temporary
structures.
1. Have I kept fire extinguishers ready? ☐ Yes ☐ No
2. Have I trained the people on how to use fire extinguishers? ☐ Yes ☐ No
3. Have I instructed everyone not to burn anything inside or not to smoke? ☐ Yes ☐ No
4. Have I called the professional and experienced persons / organisations to construct temporary structures?
☐ Yes ☐ No
5. Have I checked whether the structure is fixed strongly? ☐ Yes ☐ No
6. Have I inspected whether any highly inflammable items are found inside? ☐ Yes ☐ No
7. Have I checked whether the electrical wires do not touch the structure? ☐ Yes ☐ No
8. Have I nominated some persons exclusively for checking the safety arrangements? ☐ Yes ☐ No
9. Have I informed the organizers to be careful throughout the function? ☐ Yes ☐ No
10. Have I informed the police for security reasons? ☐ Yes ☐ No
2. Checklist for Preparing for a Job Interview
1. Have you researched the company and its values? ☐ Yes ☐ No
2. Have you reviewed the job description thoroughly? ☐ Yes ☐ No
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3. Have you prepared answers to common interview questions? ☐ Yes ☐ No
4. Do you have your resume and cover letter ready to share? ☐ Yes ☐ No
5. Have you chosen an appropriate outfit for the interview? ☐ Yes ☐ No
6. Do you have the interview location or video link confirmed? ☐ Yes ☐ No
7. Have you practiced your elevator pitch? ☐ Yes ☐ No
8. Have you prepared questions to ask the interviewer? ☐ Yes ☐ No
9. Are your documents (ID, references, portfolio, etc.) ready? ☐ Yes ☐ No
10.Have you checked the time of the interview and set a reminder? ☐ Yes ☐ No
3. Checklist for Organizing a Productive Study Session
1. Do you have all your study materials ready? ☐ Yes ☐ No
2. Is your study area clean and organized? ☐ Yes ☐ No
3. Have you set specific goals for this session? ☐ Yes ☐ No
4. Have you removed distractions (e.g., phone, TV)? ☐ Yes ☐ No
5. Do you have a timer or a study schedule to stay on track? ☐ Yes ☐ No
6. Are you using active learning techniques (e.g., summarizing, self-testing)? ☐ Yes ☐ No
7. Have you planned for short breaks during your study session? ☐ Yes ☐ No
8. Are you feeling rested and ready to focus? ☐ Yes ☐ No
9. Have you set a realistic amount of time for your study session? ☐ Yes ☐ No
10.Have you reviewed your previous material before starting? ☐ Yes ☐ No
4. Checklist for Preparing for a Presentation or Public Speaking Event
1. Have you clearly defined the purpose and key message of your presentation? ☐ Yes ☐ No
2. Have you researched your audience to tailor the content to their needs or interests? ☐ Yes ☐ No
3. Have you created a structured outline and organized your material logically? ☐ Yes ☐ No
4. Have you rehearsed your presentation several times to ensure smooth delivery? ☐ Yes ☐ No
5. Have you prepared engaging visuals (slides, props, etc.) to support your presentation? ☐ Yes ☐ No
6. Have you planned for potential technical issues and tested all equipment in advance? ☐ Yes ☐ No
7. Are you ready to answer questions and handle interruptions during your presentation? ☐ Yes ☐ No
8. Have you planned your time carefully, ensuring you can deliver your message within the allotted time
☐ Yes ☐ No
9. Have you practiced using a microphone or other presentation tools to ensure comfort? ☐ Yes ☐ No
10.Have you planned for a strong closing statement or call to action for your audience? ☐ Yes ☐ No
5. Checklist for Planning and Executing a Product Launch
1. Have you identified the target audience for your product and tailored the launch strategy accordingly?
☐ Yes ☐ No
2. Have you developed a detailed marketing plan to promote the launch across all platforms (social media,
email, etc.)?
☐ Yes ☐ No
3. Have you arranged for press releases or media coverage to generate buzz about the launch?
☐ Yes ☐ No
4. Have you tested the product thoroughly to ensure it meets quality standards before launching?
☐ Yes ☐ No
78
5. Have you secured all necessary inventory to meet anticipated demand on launch day?
☐ Yes ☐ No
6. Have you planned for online and offline promotional events to engage customers during the launch?
☐ Yes ☐ No
7. Have you coordinated partnerships with influencers or affiliates to increase product visibility?
☐ Yes ☐ No
8. Have you prepared customer service and support to address potential issues or questions post-launch?
☐ Yes ☐ No
9. Have you ensured that your website or online store can handle the expected traffic on launch day?
☐ Yes ☐ No
10.Have you set up tracking tools to monitor the success of the launch and gather feedback?
☐ Yes ☐ No
EXERCISE
1. Write a checklist to be followed before attending an interview.
2. You are going to make your first professional presentation on the project that you have just completed.
Write a checklist of ten items that you should do before the presentation.
3. Write a checklist to be followed before travelling abroad.
4. Write a checklist to be followed before going to Mumbai for an industrial visit as a team leader.
5. Write a checklist of ten important things to be followed while using social networking websites.
6. Prepare a checklist to be followed before appearing for the online exam for placement.
7. Write a checklist of most important works to be taken care of for the smooth conduct of the free medical
check up camp.
8. Imagine that you are the sports secretary of your college. Prepare a checklist of ten most important
activities that you have to do for the smooth conduct of the sports day celebration.
9. Write down a checklist to make your computer healthy.
10.You are the college union president arranging the valedictory function of the union meeting at the college.
Write a checklist of ten important items to be taken care for the conduct of the function.
11.Write a checklist to be followed before submitting an academic assignment.
12.You are about to participate in your first group discussion in class. Write a checklist of things you should
do to prepare.
13.Write a checklist for planning your study schedule for the semester.
14.Imagine you are the environmental coordinator of your college. Prepare a checklist for organizing a
successful tree plantation drive on campus.
15.Imagine you are the head of the student council. Prepare a checklist of the most important tasks for
organizing the college’s annual graduation ceremony.
16.Write a checklist for planning and executing a successful charity run for a social cause in your college.
17.Imagine you are the editor of your college magazine. Prepare a checklist of activities to ensure the timely
publication of the next issue.
18.Write a checklist for organizing a college picnic or outing for students.
19.Write a checklist of the essential steps to plan and conduct a college-level sports tournament.
20.Imagine you are the student representative for your department. Prepare a checklist of activities for the
successful organization of a departmental alumni meet.
79
21.Imagine you are the coordinator for a college book club. Prepare a checklist of activities to successfully
launch the club’s first book discussion.
22.Imagine you are the head of a college sustainability committee. Prepare a checklist for organizing a
campus-wide recycling program.
23.Write a checklist for organizing a successful first-year student welcome event.
24.Write a checklist of the essential tasks to be done for organizing a college-wide cleanliness drive.
25.Write a checklist for preparing for an internship interview or selection process.
80
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