Mòdul 1: Implantació de Sistemes Operatius

Unitat Formativa 1: Instal·lació, configuració i explotació del sistema inf.

Pràctica : A1.1 Glossari informàtic

Finalitat de l'activitat

En aquesta activitat l’estudiant es familiaritzarà amb tota una sèrie de termes relacionats amb
els sistemes informàtics.

Un objectiu d’aquesta activitat és aprofundir i fomentar l’us de l’anglès com a llengua bàsica
del món de la informàtica.

Descripció de l'activitat

La pràctica es realitza a la sala d’ordinadors o aula teòrica, segons disponibilitat. Consisteix el

a lectura i comentari a classe dels termes del glossari proposats. Inclou una ampliació
posterior per part dels alumnes.

Desenvolupament de l'activitat

Computing terms

Access Point
In a wireless local area network (WLAN), an access point is a station that transmits and receives data. An
access point connects users to other users within the network and also can serve as the point of
interconnection between the WLAN and a fixed wire network.

Active Directory
Active Directory is a centralized and standardized system that automates network management of user
data, security, and distributed resources.

Android
Android is the name of the mobile operating system made by the american company Google. It
most commonly comes installed on a variety of smartphones and tablets, offering users access
to Google’s own services like Search, YouTube, Maps, Gmail and more.

API Applications Programming Interface.

Part of the operating system software, this type of interface sits between a piece of system hardware
(such as a graphics or sound card) and the application software that's using it. It allows applications to be
developed which are not dependent on the particular hardware used.

Applet
A program designed to be executed from within another application. Unlike an application, applets cannot
be executed directly from the operating system.
Web browsers are often equipped with Java virtual machines (example).

ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange.

A standard arrangement of seven binary digits (an eighth can be added as an error check) used to
represent the characters to be entered into a computer, for example from the keyboard.

assembler
a program which translates the mnemonic language understood by the programmer into a binary form
understood by the computer.

Back-Up
A second copy of your work, because something should go wrong with the hardware upon which your
files are stored.

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Bandwidth
Definition of the transmission capacity of a communications channel. Highest for fibre optic, lowest for
copper telephone wire.
"The connection has a high bandwidth"
"That site does not have enough bandwidth to handle the load"

batch or batch processing

A method of providing a computer system with commands which can be run non-interactively. This is
normally the case with long or computer intensive (IO or CPU) applications or programs.

baud or BPS
unit of data transmission speed, equal to the number of voltage changes transmitted per second

BIOS Basic input/output system.

A program usually inside a ROM memory chip called the Bios ROM . The Bios ROM performs test routines
when a system is switched on; it searches for and loads the operating system from disk; and it contains
programs to access the system hardware.

Bit Binary digit.

The binary digits are the numbers 0 and 1. Digital computers process information in digital form; the
digits used are these binary digits, and in a computer's circuits they are usually represented by the
voltages 5V for 1 and 0V for 0. A 16-bit micro- processor is one which works on data 16 bits at a time.

byte(s)
The units which measures the size of programs and files you produce, and the size of a computer's
memory. Sizes are measured in KBytes (about 1000 bytes) and MBytes (about 1,000,000 bytes)
A byte is a set of 8 bits representing the smallest addressable unit within a memory

Cache
Pronounced cash, a special high-speed storage mechanism. It can be either a reserved section of main
memory or an independent high-speed storage device. Two types of caching are commonly used in
personal computers: memory caching and disk caching.
A memory cache, sometimes called a cache store or RAM cache, is a portion of memory made of high-
speed RAM.

CLI Command-line interface.

A user interface (the way a computer communicates with users) which simply displays a cursor and
awaits the entry of a textual command, which it then acts on. MSDos is a CLI.

Client
A client is usually a PC that communicates over a network both with its peers, other clients, and with a
large computer, called a server, which typically stores data that many workers need to use.

Cluster
1) In a computer system, a cluster is a group of servers and other resources that act like a single system
and enable high availability and, in some cases, load balancing and parallel processing.

2) In personal computer storage technology, a cluster is the logical unit of file storage on a hard disk; it's
managed by the computer's operating system. Any file stored on a hard disk takes up one or more
clusters of storage.

compiler
program which converts high-level source language instructions into executable machine code

Compression
The technique of reducing the amount of data in a signal in order to reduce the amount of required
transmission capacity, the signal being reconstructed in its original form at the receiving end. A device to
do this is a "codec" (coder-decoder).

Conversational mode
Method of using machine in which the user is in direct communication with the computer - time-sharing,
interactive mode

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CPU Central processing unit.
The heart of a computer. The CPU works on information in digital form, processing it according to the
steps specified in the program. A micro-processor is a CPU on a single chip.

Debug
To locate, diagnose and correct errors.

DLL Dynamic link library.

A set of functions or routines that provide a programmer with a method of accessing to other
applications programs such as databases. Commonly used by Microsoft Windows applications.

DNS, Domain Name System, Domain Name Server

Internet or Intranet service for converting hostnames to IP addresses

Driver
A program that controls a device. Every device, whether it be a printer, disk drive, or keyboard, must
have a driver program. Many drivers, such as the keyboard driver, come with the operating system.

dump
to copy from an area of memory, or a peripheral device, to a peripheral device; often used to denote the
print-out of the contents of an area of memory

DVD
Short for digital versatile disc or digital video disc, a type of optical disk technology similar to the CD-
ROM. A DVD holds a minimum of 4.7GB of data, enough for a full-length movie.

Editor
Sometimes called text editor, a program that enables you to create and edit text files. The distinction
between editors and word processors is not clear-cut, but in general, word processors provide many more
formatting features.

FAT File Allocation Table

Placed on a disk by the DOS format program, the Fat contains information about which parts of a disk are
used, which are unused, and which parts can't be used because they're faulty.

Files
Information stored on a computer system. Usually the information is stored on one of the following:
floppy disk, hard disk, or a file server.

File Server
This is a very large hard disk system, which contains most of the software you are running (e.g. Microsoft
Word or Excel) in a 'public' area, but it also contains the files you generate in your 'private' area, access
to which is protected by your password.

FireWall
One way to keep hackers out. A firewall is a set of related programs, located at a network gateway server,
that protects the resources of a private network from users from other networks.

FLOPS Floating-Point Operations Per Second.

A measure of a computer's ability to perform calculations with floating point numbers. These are numbers
containing decimal points (e.g. 123.4, 2.345) where the decimal point is allowed to 'float'.

FIFO First In, First Out

Describes a storage system for information where the first piece stored is the first piece dealt with; like a
shopping queue, where the first customer to arrive will be served first.

FPU Floating-point unit.

A specialist circuit designed to perform calculations very quickly. FPUs are necessary because of the
sophistication of today's software, and are applicable to tasks ranging from the generation and movement
of three-dimensional graphics to the searching of huge databases.

FTP or file transfer protocol

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A standard means for accessing and transferring files over the Internet. FTP is also the name of the
program used on Unix systems to perform this function.

Gateway
In a communications network, a network node equipped for interfacing with another network that uses
different / same protocols. A gateway is a network point that acts as an entrance to another network. On
the Internet, a node can be either a gateway node or a host (end-point) node.

Gb Gigabyte.
A memory size of 1,073,741,824 bytes, or 1,024 megabytes (Mb).

GHz Gigahertz.
The Hertz (Hz) is a unit of frequency; it means cycles per second. 'Giga' - outside the field of computing -
means multiplied by one thousand million; thus lGHz equals 1,000,000,000Hz.

Gif Graphics interchange format.

A bitmap graphics format (and a file extension used to indicate it) from CompuServe which stores screen
images economically and aims - with considerable success - to maintain their correct colours even when
transferred between different computers.

Gui Graphical user interface.

Any system that allows you to control a computer through graphical elements - icons, menus, dialogue
boxes and so on - displayed on screen and selectable by 'pointing and clicking' (normally using a mouse).

Hardware
Refers to objects that you can actually touch, like disks, disk drives, display screens, keyboards, printers,
boards, and chips. In contrast, software is untouchable.

HD Hard disk
These are similar to Floppy disks, but cannot be removed from their host computer.
A hard disk drive contains at least one aluminium 'platter' which stores digital information in magnetic
form on its coated surface. The disk spins at high speed, typically 3.600 / 5.400 / 7.200rpm, with the
read/write head floating above its surface. The mechanism is similar to that of a floppy disk drive, but the
clearance between the head and the disk is so small, about one millionth of a metre.

Hex Hexadecimal
A system of base-16 notation where the numbers O to 9 and the letters A to F - are used to represent 16
different digits.. The sense of using hex immediately becomes clear when you compare the hex and
decimal notations of those familiar values which often crop up in computing: 255 is FF hex; 4,095 is FFF;
65,535 is FFFF

HLL High-Level Language

The closer a computer programming language gets to human beings' own way of communicating, the
'higher' it is. High-level languages are designed to be easy to use and understand, but the catch is that
programs written in them have to be translated into the raw binary digits that the computer can act on.
Sometimes this translation is done as the program runs (by an 'interpreter'), but for serious
programming it's more common to use a 'compiler' to produce the computer code first, once and for all,
as a standalone module which is then run. The disadvantage of compiling is that the compiled code can
no longer be edited; to make changes, the programmer must go back to the original program (the
'source code'), edit it and recompile It. An extra benefit of high-level languages is that since their
instructions are not directly related to the computer hardware ;he same language can be used to
program different systems, a specific compiler or interpreter being used to convert the code written into a
form suitable for the machine concerned.

Hosting
A Hosting Services Provider (HSP) is an application service provider dedicated to providing hosting
services. Typically operates a Web server, either at a data center or colocation facility. Offers web hosting,
account management tools, business services, web design, ...

HTML HyperText Markup Language

Is a language which describes how text, graphics and other information should appear on a Web page
including how the pages are linked together via hypertext links.

HTTP HyperText Transport Protocol

A tansfer protocol used by WWW for the serving of hypertext documents.

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IDE Intelligent Drive Electronics or Integrated Drive Electronics
IDE is a method of connecting disk drives (both hard and floppy) to a computer. IDE drives have the drive
controller circuitry included with their electronics.

Input Device
Anything that relays information from the user, or any electronic equipment (e.g. a tape drive), to the
computer. For most users, relevant input devices are keyboards and mouses.

iOS
originally iPhone OS, is a mobile operating system created and developed by Apple Inc. and
distributed exclusively for Apple hardware. It is the operating system that presently powers
many of the company's mobile devices, including the iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch.

IP
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer to another
on the Internet. Each computer (known as a host) on the Internet has at least one IP address that
uniquely identifies it from all other computers on the Internet.
"What is the IP for that computer"
"You need an IP in order to set up a connection to the network"
"The computer must know its IP so it can respond to other computers"

IRQ Interrupt ReQuest

The microprocessor in a computer is the chip that works on a set of instructions (the program) in order to
perform a desired task. It's important that some means exists for external physical devices (such a disk
controllers and video drivers) to interrupt the micro-processor and request that it temporarily leaves its
present task and diverts to look after, or 'service', the physical device.

The interrupt request takes the physical form of a signal from the external device to one of the pins on
the micro-processor chip (the IRQ pin).

The signal is called a 'request' because the micro-processor can refuse - for example, if it's carrying out
an important task which shouldn't be interrupted. If the interrupt request is accepted, the microprocessor
will make a note of where it's got to in its present task, divert to a 'service routine' which looks after the
device which caused the interruption, and then continue with the original task. Because some events
must be able to interrupt the micro- processor immediately without fail (for example, a signal from a
real-world sensor which is detecting a dangerous state in external equipment), many micro-processors
have a second form of interrupt, called a 'non-maskable interrupt' (NMI), which is always acknowledged
by the micro-processor.

K, Kb, KB, Kbyte Kilobyte.

One byte is eight binary digits (bits) or one 'byte', so 1K is 1,024 bytes.

Kernel
The central module of an operating system. It is the part of the operating system that loads first, and it
remains in main memory. Because it stays in memory, it is important for the kernel to be as small as
possible while still providing all the essential services required by other parts of the operating system and
applications. Typically, the kernel is responsible for memory management, process and task management,
and disk management.

Lan Local-area network.

A number of computers (in fairly close proximity, e.g. within an office building) connected together so
that sharing of resources such as printers and the passing of information between computers is possible.
Various patterns of connection ('topologies') may be used, such as the 'ring' and the 'star'. Each point of
connection on the network for a computer or peripheral is called a 'node'.

Lawn Local-area wireless network.

This is a term used by O'Neill Communications to describe a network of computers which communicate
using radio waves or infra- red links rather than being cabled together.

Library
In programming, a library is a collection of precompiled routines that a program can use. The routines,
sometimes called modules, are stored in object format. Libraries are particularly useful for storing
frequently used routines because you do not need to explicitly link them to every program that uses them.
The linker automatically looks in libraries for routines that it does not find elsewhere. In MS-Windows
environments, library files have a .DLL extension.

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Lifo Last in, first out.
A system for storing information in which the last piece stored is the first piece to be retrieved, rather like
a laundry basket.

Login
To make a computer system or network recognize you so that you can begin a computer session. Most
personal computers have no log-on procedure -- you just turn the machine on and begin working.

Machine code/language
The lowest-level programming language (except for computers that utilize programmable microcode)
Machine languages are the only languages understood by computers. While easily understood by
computers, machine languages are almost impossible for humans to use because they consist entirely of
numbers.

Mainframe
A very large and expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds, or even thousands, of users
simultaneously. In the hierarchy that starts with a simple microprocessor (in watches, for example) at the
bottom and moves to supercomputers at the top, mainframes are just below supercomputers.

Mb, MB, M, Mbyte Megabyte

1 Mb of memory is 1,048,576 bytes, or 1,024K.

MIPS Millions of Instructions Per Second

This is one way of expressing the speed of operation of a computer system. Many other 'benchmarks' are
available.

Modem Modulator/Demodulator
The device which changes the serial digital data from a computer into frequencies suitable for sending
along telephone lines and performs the reverse process at the other end.

Motherboard
The main circuit board of a microcomputer. The motherboard contains the connectors for attaching
additional boards. Typically, the motherboard contains the CPU, BIOS, memory, mass storage interfaces,
serial and parallel ports, expansion slots, and all the controllers required to control standard peripheral
devices, such as the display screen, keyboard, and disk drive.

MP3
An industry standard developed in 1992 by the German Frauenhofer Research Institute and achieves a
spectacular compression ratio of a sampled audio wave - ranging from a factor of 8 to a factor of 12,
depending upon the source.

MP4
Also known as MPEG-4 AVC (Advanced Video Coding), is a video compression standard that offers
significantly greater compression than its predecessors.

MSDOS, MS-DOS Microsoft disk operating system.

The most popular operating system for IBM PC-compatible computers and the most widely used piece of
software in history. IBM originally adopted MSDos for its PC computers, calling it PCDos.

Multiplexing
In telecommunications terminology, this term means carrying multiple signals on a communications
carrier channel. In recent cable programming terminology, it refers to "cloning" one cable channel, like
MTV or HBO, into multiple, complementary channels to reach a broader audience. The device that makes
this possible is called a "multiplexer" or "mux".

Multitask
The ability to execute more than one task at the same time, a task being a program. The terms
multitasking and multiprocessing are often used interchangeably, although multiprocessing sometimes
implies that more than one CPU is involved.

Multiuser

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Refers to computer systems that support two or more simultaneous users. All mainframes and
minicomputers are multi-user systems, but most personal computers and workstations are not. Another
term for multi-user is time sharing.

OCR Optical character recognition, optical character reader.

Describes devices or software that can recognise typed text, such as ordinary paper documents. Light is
reflected off the document to be read, the result detected, and the patterns produced compared with
ones already stored. If a match is made, the character is 'recognised' and stored as an ASCII-type code.

OEM Original equipment manufacturer.

Originally, an OEM (original equipment manufacturer) was a company that supplied equipment to other
companies to resell or incorporate into another product using the reseller's brand name.

OS Operating system.
The program that manages the resources of a computer, such as the input/output devices, the memory
and the storage and retrieval of files.

Output Device
Anything that supports the output of information from a computer, for users or to electronic equipment
(e.g. tape unit). The output devices relevant to most users are Monitors, Printers and Disks.

Partition
To divide memory or mass storage into isolated sections. In DOS systems, you can partition a disk, and
each partition will behave like a separate disk drive. Partitioning is particularly useful if you run more than
one operating system. For example, you might reserve one partition for Windows and another for UNIX.

PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect

Intel's version of the local bus system. Peripherals such as hard disk drives, network connectors and
video monitors are usually controlled by circuit 'cards' that plug into the main computer circuit board via
connectors or 'expansion slots'. The connectors are attached to the set of wires, or 'bus', that carries
signals to and from the CPU . Different varieties of expansion slot are available with names like Isa Eisa
and MCA.

PCI-E
Peripheral Component Interconnect Express, officially abbreviated as PCI-E or PCIe, is a computer
expansion card interface format introduced by Intel in 2004. PCI Express was designed to replace the
general-purpose PCI expansion bus, the high-end PCI-X bus and the AGP graphics card interface. Each
PCIe slot carries either one, two, four, eight, sixteen or thirty-two lanes of data between the motherboard
and the addin cardPCIe slots come in a variety of colors and physically different sizes referred to by the
maximum lane count they support, ie. x1, x2, x4, x8, x16 and x32.

peripheral device
machine which can be operated under computer control (eg: Printers, Plotters, Disks etc.)

peripheral processor
a processor which controls specific functions (eg: input/output) and itself operates under the control of
the central processor

Plug and Play

Refers to the ability of a computer system to automatically configure expansion boards and other devices.
You should be able to plug in a device and play with it, without worrying about setting jumpers and other
configuration elements.

port
An interface on a computer to which you can connect a device. Personal computers have various types of
ports. Internally, there are several ports for connecting disk drives, display screens, and keyboards.
Externally, personal computers have ports for connecting modems, printers,
mice, and other peripheral devices.

In TCP/IP and networks, an endpoint to a logical connection. The port number identifies what type of port
it is. For example, port 80 is used for HTTP traffic.

Portability
Used in reference to a computer programme, portability means that the programme can be executed on a
number of different computers without or with only minimal changes.

POST Power-On Self-Test, Power-On Start-up Test, Power-On System Test

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A series of test routines, held in the BIOS, which are performed automatically by the computer when it's
switched on, or when the Ctrl-Alt-Del re-boot keystrokes are used. The Post was introduced by IBM with
its original PC. Major items are tested (such as the microprocessor, memory chips and disk drives) and a
warning message (the 'problem isolation code', or Pic) displayed if a fault is found. 'Beep codes' - audible
signals - may be used if a fault condition is detected before the display device is initialised.

processor
The brain of the computer - the device capable of performing operations on data; often synonymous with
central processing unit (CPU)

Prompt
A symbol on a display screen indicating that the computer is waiting for input. Once the computer has
displayed a prompt, it waits for you to enter some information.

Protocol
Is a set of rules governing the formatting of data transmitted between computers and/or terminals.

PROXY
In an enterprise that uses the Internet, a proxy server is a server that acts as an intermediary between a
workstation user and the Internet so that the enterprise can ensure security, administrative control, and
caching service.

PSU Power supply unit.

The unit in a computer which changes the AC mains electricity input into the lower DC voltages that the
computer requires. The capacity of the PSU is usually quoted in watts (W), 200, 300, 500W being a
typical value.

RAID Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks.

Originally, a method of replacing the very large (and very expensive) 14" disk drives used on mainframe
computers with arrays of the smaller (e.g. 5.25") hard disk drives used by PCs. Today, the Raid system is
being used with networked PCs. There are various Raid 'levels' which involve different hardware
configurations, but the basic idea is that the data saved is shared among a number of drives; if one of
the drives should become corrupted or fail, the data can be reconstructed from the contents of the other
drives. It may even be possible to replace a failed drive without turning off the system or making users
aware that anything is wrong. A Raid system provides greater reliability and security of data than a single,
large-capacity hard drive

RAM Random-Access Memory.

Chip memory whose contents may be read by the system CPU and overwritten when necessary. All chip
memory is best thought of as consisting of boxes, each of which stores digital information. The CPU can
contact any individual box without going through the preceding boxes (random access). Ram chips are of
many diferent types.

Router
A device that forwards data packets along networks. A router is connected to at least two networks,
commonly two LANs or WANs or a LAN and its ISP’s network. Routers are located at gateways, the places
where two or more networks connect.

SATA
Serial ATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment or SATA) is a new standard for connecting hard
drives into computer systems. As its name implies, SATA is based on serial signaling technology, unlike
current IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) hard drives that use parallel Signaling.

Different standards of speed are available: SATA2, SATA3 ...

UPS (SAI)
An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is a device that allows your computer to keep running for at least
a short time when the primary power source is lost. It also provides protection from power surges.

Server
The machine that talks to clients. More precisely, anything from a PC to a supercomputer that shares files
and other services with multiple users.

Slot
An opening in a computer where you can insert a printed circuit board. Slots are often called expansion
slots because they allow you to expand the capabilities of a computer. The boards you insert in expansion
slots are called expansion boards or add-on boards.

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Do not confuse slots with bays. Bays are sites within the computer where you can install disk drives.
Typically, slots are in the back of the computer and bays are in the front.

Software
That which belongs to the domain of intellectual creation in contrast to the appliances which facilitates
their reproduction. The programmes for computers, CD-ROM and video games are all software.

Tb Terabyte.
The number of memory addresses that can be provided by a 40-bit binary address (1, 099, 511, 600,
000). The Intel 80386 microprocessor can provide 64 terabytes of virtual memory addressing.

TCP/IP Transmission control protocol over Internet protocol.

An industry-standard set of rules which allows different types of computer to communicate with each
other over networks.

Telnet
The TCP/IP standard protocol for remote terminal connection service.

URL Uniform Resource Locator.

(Formally called Universal Resource Locator) A unique identifier for the type and location of information
available over the Internet. "The best URL for dictionaries is http://www.studytech.com/"

USB Universal Serial Bus.

Is an interface between the computer and an external peripheral such as a camera, joystick or printer.
USB devices do not need a dedicated or specific adapter card for the computer. Different standards of
speed are used: USB 1.0, USB 2.0, USB 3.0 ...

Username
A unique identification, usually formed from the initials of your name and a number. This informs any
computer system who you are and that you have registered to use that system.

VGA Video graphics adapter.

Probably the most widely used display system on IBM-type PCs at present. Many display modes are
available, with up to 256 colours on screen and a typical resolution of 640x480 pixels.

VM Virtual memory
Today's microprocessors can now generate millions of memory addresses, but cost implications limit the
amount of memory chips that users will be able to install.
Virtual memory is a technique for allowing programs to use memory addresses that don't point to any
real memory locations. Attempts to access a non-existent address are detected and a block of data
stored on hard disk loaded into the appropriate memory locations instead. The micro-processor now
believes it has contacted a new part of memory. The swapping between hard disk and memory storage is
performed by a memory management unit (MMU). Microsoft Windows has its own facilities for managing
virtual memory. The disadvantage is that accessing the hard disk is far slower than accessing chip
memory.

VoIP
Voice-over-Internet protocol is a protocol optimized for the transmission of voice through the Internet or
other packet-switched networks.
VoIP is often used abstractly to refer to the actual transmission of voice (rather than the protocol
implementing it).

WAN Wide-Area Network.

A system for connecting together computers which are geographically remote from each other.

WAV WAVeform.
A file extension which indicates sound information stored in digital form for use by Windows. By using a
'sound card' such files can be 'played' to produce good quality output.

WI-FI
Wi-Fi (short for "wireless fidelity") is a term for certain types of wireless local area network (WLAN) that
use specifications in the 802.11 family.

WMA
Windows Media Audio (WMA) is an audio data compression technology developed by Microsoft. The name
can be used to refer to its audio file format or its audio codecs.

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workstation
A type of computer used for engineering applications (CAD/CAM), desktop publishing, software
development, and other types of applications that require a moderate amount of computing power and
relatively high quality graphics capabilities.

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Avaluació de l’activitat

Aquesta activitat és de caire teòric. S’avalua amb una prova escrita que inclou altres activitats
relatives al tema.

Amb aquesta activitat es pretén treballar les competències professionals:

Administrar sistemes operatius de servidor, instal·lant i configurant el programari, en

condicions de qualitat per assegurar el funcionament del sistema.

Establir vies eficaces de relació professional i de comunicació amb els seus superiors,
companys i subordinats, respectant l’autonomia i les competències de les diferents
persones.

Data i lliurament de la pràctica

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