MA4102 - ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

MODEL I - ANSWER KEY

PART-A
1. Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.
2. The trace of 𝐴 = Sum of the Eigen values
= (−2) + 1 + (−3) = −4. (1 Mark)
The det of A = Product of the Eigen values
= (−2) (1)(−3) = 6. (1 Mark)
3. The eigen vectors are obtained from the equation 𝐴𝑋 = 𝑋
5 0 11 1
    
 0 −2 0   0  =   0 
1 0 51 1
    
 5 + 0 +1    
   
0 + 0 + 0 = 0  (1 Mark)
1 + 0 + 5    
   
Two matices are equal when their corresponding elements are equal.
5 + 0 +1 =   = 6. (1 Mark)
4. The characteristic equation 𝜆 − 1 = 0
2
(1 Mark)
The eigen values are 1 and -1, Since eigenvectors corresponding to distinct
eigenvalues are linearly independent, Therefore A is diagonalizable. (1 Mark)
5. Given −4 x 2 − 3 y 2 +  z 2
 −4 0 0 
 
Matrix form =  0 −3 0  (1 Mark)
 0 0 
 
When all the eigen values are negative and positive then it is indefinite
Hence the value of   0 (1 Mark)
6. t 4 − 1 (1) − 1 1 − 1 0
4

lim 3 = 3 = = (Indeterminate form) (1 Mark)

t →1 t − 1
(1) − 1 1 − 1 0
( t − 1) 4t 3 4 (1)
d 4 3
t 4 −1 4
By using L’Hospital Rule, = lim dt = lim 2 = = (1 Mark)
3 (1)
lim 3 t →1 3t 2
t →1 t − 1 3
( t 3 − 1)
t →1 d

dt
7. f(x) is continuous everywhere in (-∞, ∞) and in particular at x = 2 also.
lim+ f ( x) = lim x3 − bx = 8 − 2b
x →2 x →2

lim− f ( x) = lim bx 2 + 2 x = 4b + 4 (1 Mark)

x →2 x →2
 2
lim+ f ( x) = lim− f ( x) = f (2)  8 − 2b = 4b + 4  6b = 4  b = (1 Mark)
x →2 x →2 3
8. dy 1 1
= cos x   + log x ( − sin x ) = cos x − log x sin x (2 Marks)
dx x x
9. d 2 d dy dy
( x + y 2 ) = (2 xy)  2 x + 2 y = 2x + 2 y (1 Mark)
dx dx dx dx
dy 2 y − 2 x dy (1 Mark)
 =  =1
dx 2 y − 2 x dx
10. dy  dy 
= 4x 3 − 2x; m =   = 4(1)3 − 2(1) = 2 (1 Mark)
dx  dx  (1, 2)

The equation of tangent line is ( y − y1 ) = m ( x − x1 )

(1 Mark)
y − 2 = 2(x − 1)  y − 2 = 2x − 2  y = 2x
PART-B
11.a The Characteristic equation of A is |𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼| = 0
𝜆3 − 𝜆2 − 4𝜆 + 4 = 0
By Cayley Hamilton theorem, 𝐴3 − 𝐴2 − 4𝐴 + 4𝐼 = 0…….(1) (2 Marks)
Verification:
1 0 −1 1 0 −1 1 0 1
2
𝐴 = [−1 2 0 ] × [−1 2 0 ] = [−3 4 1] (2 Marks)
0 0 −2 0 0 −2 0 0 4
1 0 1 1 0 −1 1 0 −3
𝐴3 = 𝐴2 × 𝐴 = [−3 4 1] [−1 2 0 ] = [−7 8 1 ] (2 Marks)
0 0 4 0 0 −2 0 0 −8
Substituting 𝐴3 , 𝐴2 & A in (2)
𝐴3 − 𝐴2 − 4𝐴 + 4𝐼
1 0 −3 1 0 1 1 0 −1 1 0 0
= [−7 8 1 ] − [−3 4 1] − 4 [−1 2 0 ] + 4 [0 1 0]
0 0 −8 0 0 4 0 0 −2 0 0 1
0 0 0
= [0 0 0 ]. Hence verified. (2 Marks)
0 0 0
To find 𝑨𝟒 :
Pre multiply by A on both sides of Eq. (1)
⇒ 𝐴4 − 𝐴3 − 4𝐴2 + 4𝐴 = 0 ⇒ 𝐴4 = 𝐴3 + 4𝐴2 − 4𝐴
1 0 −3 1 0 1 1 0 −1
𝐴4 = [−7 8 1 ] + 4 [−3 4 1] − 4 [−1 2 0]
0 0 −8 0 0 4 0 0 −2
 1 0 5
= [−15 16 5] (4 Marks)
0 0 16
To find 𝑨−𝟏 :
1 1 1 0 1 1 0 −1 1 0 0
𝐴−1 = (−𝐴2 + 𝐴 + 4𝐼) = (− [−3 4 1] + [−1 2 0 ] + 4 [0 1 0 ])
4 4
0 0 4 0 0 −2 0 0 1
4 0 −2
1
= 4 [2 2 −1]. (4 Marks)
0 0 −2
11.b The Characteristic equation is 𝜆3 − 5𝜆2 + 7𝜆 − 3 = 0
By Caley Hamilton theorem, 𝐴3 − 5𝐴2 + 7𝐴 − 3𝐼 = 0………………………...(1) (2 Marks)
To find 𝑨𝟖 − 𝟓𝑨𝟕 + 𝟕𝑨𝟔 − 𝟑𝑨𝟓 + 𝑨𝟒 − 𝟓𝑨𝟑 + 𝟖𝑨𝟐 − 𝟐𝑨 + 𝑰:
𝐴5 + 𝐴
𝐴8 − 5𝐴7 + 7𝐴6 − 3𝐴5 + 𝐴4 − 5𝐴3 + 8𝐴2 − 2𝐴 + 𝐼
𝐴3 − 5𝐴2 + 7𝐴 − 3𝐼 𝐴8 − 5𝐴7 + 7𝐴6 − 3𝐴5
𝐴4 − 5𝐴3 + 8𝐴2 − 2𝐴
𝐴4 − 5𝐴3 + 7𝐴2 − 3𝐴
𝐴2 + 𝐴 + 𝐼
By division algorithm, 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) × 𝑞(𝑥) + 𝑟(𝑥)
𝐴8 − 5𝐴7 + 7𝐴6 − 3𝐴5 + 𝐴4 − 5𝐴3 + 8𝐴2 + 2𝐴 − 𝐼
= (𝐴3 − 5𝐴2 + 7𝐴 − 3𝐼)( 𝐴5 + 𝐴) + (𝐴2 + 𝐴 + 𝐼)
= (0)( 𝐴5 + 𝐴) + (𝐴2 + 𝐴 + 𝐼) from Equ(1)
= 0 + (𝐴2 + 𝐴 + 𝐼) = (𝐴2 + 𝐴 + 𝐼) (10 Marks)
To find 𝑨𝟐 + 𝑨 + 𝑰:
5 4 4
𝐴2 = 𝐴 × 𝐴 = [0 1 0]
4 4 5
5 4 4 2 1 1 1 0 0
𝐴2 + 𝐴 + 𝐼 = [0 1 0 ] + [0 1 0 ] + [ 0 1 0]
4 4 5 1 1 2 0 0 1
8 5 4
= [0 3 0]
5 5 8
8 5 5
Hence, 𝐴2 + 𝐴 + 𝐼 = [0 3 0] (4 Marks)
5 5 8
12.a 3 1 1
Given 𝐴 = [1 3 −1] (1 Marks)
1 −1 3
∴ Characteristic equation is𝜆3 − 9𝜆2 + 24𝜆 − 16 = 0 (2 Marks)
Hence, the Eigen values are 1, 4 and 4. (Two equal eigen values) (1 Marks)
To find the Eigenvectors:
𝑥1
Let 𝑋 = [𝑥2 ] be an eigen vector of 𝐴 corresponding to the eigen value 𝜆.
𝑥3
To find the Eigenvectors, solve (𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼)𝑋 = 0.
3 1 1 1 0 0 𝑥1 0
([1 𝑥
3 −1] − 𝜆 [ 0 1 0 ]) [ 2 ] = [0]
1 −1 3 0 0 1 𝑥3 0
3−𝜆 1 1 𝑥1 0
[ 1 3−𝜆 −1 ] [𝑥2 ] = [0]
1 −1 3 − 𝜆 𝑥3 0
by matrix multiplication
(3 − 𝜆)𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 0 ………………..….…………….……….(1)
𝑥1 + (3 − 𝜆)𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = 0 …………………………………………..(2)
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + (3 − 𝜆)𝑥3 = 0 …………………………………………..(3
Hence, the Eigen values are 1, 4 and 4.
−1 1 1
The corresponding Eigen vectors are𝑋1 = [ 1 ] ,𝑋2 = [1] and 𝑋3 = [−1] .
1 0 2
(5 Marks)
These three eigenvectors are pairwise orthogonal
−1 1 1 −1 1 1
√3 √2 √6 √3 √3 √3
1 1 −1 1 1 0
The normalized model matrix 𝑁 = √3 √2 √6
𝑁 𝑇 = √2 √2 √2
1 0 2 1 −1 2
[ √3 √2 √6] [√6 √6 √6]

−1 1 1 −1 4 4
√3 √3 √3 √3 √2 √6
1 1 0 1 4 −4
𝑁 𝑇 𝐴𝑁 =
√2 √2 √2 √3 √2 √6
1 −1 2 1 0 8
[ √6 √6 √6] [ √3 √2 √6 ]
1+1+1 −4 + 4 + 0 −4 − 4 + 8
3 √6 √6
−1 + 1 + 0 4+4+0 4−4+0
=
3 2 √6
−1 − 2 + 2 4−4+0 4 + 4 + 16
[ √18 √12 6 ]
 1 0 0
= [0 4 0 ]which is a diagonal matrix. (3 Marks)
0 0 4
Thus A has been diagonalized by N through the orthogonal transformation.
Consider, the linear transformation X = NY
Q = X T AX = (NY)T A(NY)
= Y T (NT AN)Y
= Y T DY

 1 0 0   y1 
   
= ( y1 y2 y3 )  0 4 0   y2 
0 0 4  y 
   3
= y1 + 4 y22 + 4 y32
2
(2 Marks)
Rank (r)= The number of non- zero Eigen values =3
Index (p)= The number of positive terms in canonical form = 3
Signature = 2𝑝 − 𝑟=2(2)-2=3
Since all the eigenvalues are positive, therefore the given quadratic form is positive
definite in nature. (2 Marks)
12.b 2 0 4
(i) Given 𝐴 = [0 6 0]
4 0 2
Step 1: To find the characteristic equation
The Characteristic equation of A is |𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼| = 0
(i.e.) 𝜆3 − 𝑆1 𝜆2 + 𝑆2 𝜆 − 𝑆3 = 0
Where, 𝑆1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements = 2 + 6 + 2 = 10
𝑆2 = sum of minors of main diagonal of A
6 0 2 4 2 0
=| |+| |+| |
0 2 4 2 0 6
= (12 − 0) + (4 − 16) + (12 − 0) = 12 − 12 + 12 = 12
𝑆3 = |𝐴| = 2(12 − 0) − 0(0 − 0) + 4(0 − 24)
= 24 − 0 − 96 = −72
∴ Characteristic equation is 𝜆3 − 10𝜆2 + 12𝜆 + 72 = 0 (1 Marks)
Step 2: To find Eigen values
Solve 𝜆3 − 10𝜆2 + 12𝜆 + 72 = 0
By inspection 𝜆 = −2 is a one of the root, other roots can be find using synthetic division.

-2 1 -10 12 72
0 -2 24 -72
 1 -12 36 0
 we have (𝜆2 − 12𝜆 + 36) = 0
⇒ (𝜆 − 6)(𝜆 − 6) = 0
⇒ 𝜆 = 6 or 𝜆 = 6
Hence, the Eigen values are -2, 6 and 6. (Two equal eigen values) (1 Marks)
Step 3: To find the Eigenvectors:
𝑥1
Let 𝑋 = [ 2 ] be an eigen vector of 𝐴 corresponding to the eigen value 𝜆.
𝑥
𝑥3
To find the Eigenvectors, solve (𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼)𝑋 = 0.
2 0 4 1 0 0 𝑥1 0
([0 6 0 ] − 𝜆 [ 0 1 0 ]) [𝑥2 ] = [0]
4 0 2 0 0 1 𝑥3 0
2−𝜆 0 4 𝑥1 0
[ 0 6−𝜆 𝑥 =
0 ] [ 2 ] [0]
4 0 2 − 𝜆 𝑥3 0
by matrix multiplication
(2 − 𝜆)𝑥1 + 0𝑥2 + 4𝑥3 = 0 ………………..….…….……….……….(1)
0𝑥1 + (6 − 𝜆)𝑥2 + 0𝑥3 = 0 …………………………………………..(2)
4 𝑥1 + 0𝑥2 + (2 − 𝜆)𝑥3 = 0 …………………………………………..(3)
Case (i): When 𝜆 = −2, the simultaneous equations (1), (2), (3) becomes

4𝑥1 + 0𝑥2 + 4𝑥3 = 0 ………………..….…….………..……….(4)

0𝑥1 + 8𝑥2 + 0𝑥3 = 0 …………………………………………..(5)
4 𝑥1 + 0𝑥2 + 4𝑥3 = 0 …………………………………………..(6)
Solving (4) and (5) by cross multiplication method,

𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
0 4 4 0
8 0 0 8

𝑥1 𝑥 𝑥
we get 0−32
2
= 0−0 3
= 32−0
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
= = (i.e) = =
−32 0 32 1 0 −1
1
 the corresponding Eigenvector is 𝑋1 = [ 0 ]
−1
Case (ii): When 𝜆 = 6, the simultaneous equations (1), (2), (3) becomes
 −4𝑥1 + 0𝑥2 + 4𝑥3 = 0 ………………..….…….………..……….(7)
0𝑥1 + 0𝑥2 + 0𝑥3 = 0 …………………………………………..(8)
4 𝑥1 + 0𝑥2 − 4𝑥3 = 0 …………………………………………..(9)
The equations (8) and (9) are all identical.
We have only one equation 4 𝑥1 + 0𝑥2 − 4𝑥3 = 0 to solve for 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 . Assign arbitrary
values for two variables and solve for third.
Choose 𝑥3 = 0, then 4𝑥1 − 4𝑥3 = 0
⇒ 𝑥1 = 𝑥2
𝑥1 𝑥2
∴ =
1 1

1
 the corresponding Eigenvector is 𝑋2 = [0]
1
𝑎
Case (iii): To find second eigen vector corresponding to 𝜆 = 6, let 𝑋3 = [𝑏]. Since 𝐴 is
𝑐
symmetric matrix with eigen vectors are pair wise orthogonal. Therefore 𝑋2𝑇 𝑋3 = 0.
1 𝑇 𝑎
𝑋2𝑇 𝑋3 = [ 0] [ 𝑏 ] = 0
1 𝑐
⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑐 = 0 ……………………….(10)
⇒ 𝑎 = −𝑐
𝑎
And also 𝑋3 = [𝑏 ] must satisfy 𝑥1 + 0𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = 0
𝑐
∴ 𝑎 − 𝑐 = 0 ……………………….(11)

For solving equation (10) and (11)

Choose 𝑏 = 1 ⇒ 𝑎 = 0 and 𝑐 = 0
0
 the third Eigenvector corresponding to 𝜆 = 4 is also 𝑋3 = [1]
0
Hence, the Eigen values are -2, 6 and 6.
1 1 0
The corresponding Eigen vectors are 𝑋1 = [ 0 ],𝑋2 = [0] and 𝑋3 = [1] . (4 Marks)
−1 1 0
−1 1 0
√12 +02+(−1)2 √12 +02 +12 √02 +12 +02
0 0 1
The normalized eigen vectors are √12 +02+(−1)2
, √12 +02 +12
, √02 +12 +02
−1 1 0
[√12 +02+(−1)2 ] [√12 +02 +12 ] [√02 +12 +02 ]
 −1 1
√2 √2 0
0 0
 The normalized eigen vectors are √2 , √2 , [1]
−1 1 0
[√2 ] [√2]

 1 1 
 1 1   0 −
 2 0
 2 2 
 2  T  1 1 
The normalized model matrix N= 0 0 1 N = 0
 1  2 2 
1  
− 0  0 1 0 
 2 2   

 1 1 
0
2 0 4   2 2
 
AN = 0 6 0   0 0 1
 
4 0 2  1 1 
− 0
 2 2 

 2 4 2 4 
 +0− +0+ 0 + 0 + 0
 2 2 2 2 
= 0+0+0 0+0+0 0 + 6 + 0
 4 2 4 2 
 +0− +0+ 0 + 0 + 0
 2 2 2 2 

 2 6 
− 2 2
0
 
=  0 0 6
 2 6 
 0
 2 2 
 1 1 
 0 −  2 6 
 2 2   − 0
2 2
 1 1  
N T AN =  0  0 0 6
2 2  
  2 6
 0 1 0  0
   2 2 
  −2 0 0 
=  0 6 0 =D (4 Marks)
 
 0 0 6 
2 1 0
(ii) Given 𝐴 = [0 2 1]
0 0 2
Step 1: To find Eigen values
Since the given matrix is diagonal matrix.
 The eigen values are diagonal elements.
Hence, the Eigen values are 2, 2 and 2. (all three eigen values are equal) (2 Marks)
Step 2: To find the Eigenvectors:
𝑥1
Let 𝑋 = [𝑥2 ] be an eigen vector of 𝐴 corresponding to the eigen value 𝜆.
𝑥3
To find the Eigenvectors, solve (𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼)𝑋 = 0.
2 1 0 1 0 0 𝑥1 0
([0 2 1] − 𝜆 [ 0 1 0 ]) [𝑥2 ] = [0]
0 0 2 0 0 1 𝑥3 0
2−𝜆 1 0 𝑥 1 0
[ 0 2−𝜆 1 ] [𝑥2 ] = [0]
0 0 2 − 𝜆 𝑥3 0
by matrix multiplication
(2 − 𝜆)𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 0𝑥3 = 0 …………………….…………….……….(1)
0𝑥1 + (2 − 𝜆)𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 0 …………………………………………..(2)
0 𝑥1 + 0𝑥2 + (2 − 𝜆)𝑥3 = 0 …………………………………………..(3)
Case (i): When 𝜆 = 2, the simultaneous equations (1), (2), (3) becomes
0𝑥1 + 1𝑥2 + 0𝑥3 = 0 …………………….…………….……….(4)
0𝑥1 + 0𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 0 …………………………………………..(5)
0 𝑥1 + 0𝑥2 + 0𝑥3 = 0 …………………………………………..(6)
Let 𝑥1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥2 = 1 and 𝑥3 = 0
1
 The corresponding Eigenvector is 𝑋1 = 𝑋2 = 𝑋3 = (1) . (4 Marks)
0
13.a We know that eigen vectors of symmetric matrix are orthogonal in pairs
and N T AN = D where N is normalized modal matrix, D is a diagonal matrix of
eigen values.
Since N is orthogonal, N T = N −1 (2 Marks)
Therefore, N −1 AN = D
 NN −1 ANN −1 = NDN −1 , pre multiply by N and post multiply by N −1

A = NDN −1 (2 Marks)

 1 −1 
 1 1   2 0
 2 0 2
2  −2 0 0   
   1 1 
A= 0 0 1    0 6 0    0 ( 2 Marks )
 −1   0 0 6  2 2

0  
1
  0 1 0 
 2 2   
 1 −1 
 −2 6  0
 2 0  2 2
2  
   1 1 
= 0 0 6   0 (1 Mark )
 2   2 2
6 
 0  0 1 0 
 2 2   


2 0 4
=  0 6 0  (1 Marks )
 4 0 2 

13.a 1 0 −1
(ii) Let 𝐴 = [1 2 1]
2 2 3
Step 1: To find the characteristic equation
The Characteristic equation of A is |𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼| = 0
(i.e.) 𝜆3 − 𝑆1 𝜆2 + 𝑆2 𝜆 − 𝑆3 = 0
Where, 𝑆1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements = 2 + 1 + 3 = 6
𝑆2 = sum of minors of main diagonal of 𝐴
2 1 1 −1 1 0
=| |+| |+| |
2 3 2 3 1 2
= (6 − 2) + (3 + 2) + (2 − 0) = 4 + 5 + 2 = 11
𝑆3 = |𝐴| = 1(6 − 2) − 0(3 − 2) − 1(2 − 4) = 6
∴ Characteristic equation is𝜆3 − 6𝜆2 + 11𝜆 − 6 = 0
Step 2: To find Eigen values
By inspection 𝜆 = 1 is a one of the root, other roots can be find using synthetic
division.
1 1 -6 11 -6
0 1 -5 6
 1 -5 6 0
 we have 𝜆2 − 5𝜆 + 6 = 0
⇒ (𝜆 − 2)(𝜆 − 3) = 0
⇒ 𝜆 = 2 or 𝜆 = 3
Hence, the Eigen values are 1, 2 and 3 ………………..(2 Marks)
Step 3: To find the Eigenvectors:
𝑥1
Let 𝑋 = [ 2 ] be an eigen vector of 𝐴 corresponding to the eigen value 𝜆.
𝑥
𝑥3
To find the Eigenvectors, solve (𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼)𝑋 = 0.
1 0 −1 1 0 0 𝑥1 0
([1 2 1 ] − 𝜆 [ 0 1 0 ]) [𝑥2 ] = [0]
2 2 3 0 0 1 𝑥3 0
1−𝜆 0 −1 𝑥1 0
[ 1 2−𝜆 𝑥
1 ] [ 2 ] = [0]
2 2 3 − 𝜆 𝑥3 0
by matrix multiplication
(1 − 𝜆)𝑥1 + 0𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = 0 ………………..….…….……….……….(1)
𝑥1 + (2 − 𝜆)𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 0 …………………………………………..(2)
2𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 + (3 − 𝜆)𝑥3 = 0 ………………………………………..(3)
Case (i): When 𝜆 = 1, the simultaneous equations (1), (2), (3) becomes
0𝑥1 + 0𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = 0 ………………..….…….……….……….(4)
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 0 ……………………...……………………..(5)
2𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = 0 ……………………..…….……………..(6)
Solving (4) and (5) by cross multiplication method,

𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
0 -1 0 0
1 1 1 1
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
we get = −1+0 = 0−0
0+1
𝑥1 𝑥 𝑥3
= −12 =
1 0
1
 the corresponding Eigenvector is 𝑋1 = [−1] …………………………..(2 Marks)
0

Case (ii): When 𝜆 = 2, the simultaneous equations (1), (2), (3) becomes
−𝑥1 + 0𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = 0 ………………..….…….……….……….(7)
𝑥1 + 0𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 0 ……………………...……………………(8)
 2𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 0 ……………………..…….……………..(9)
Solving (8) and (9) by cross multiplication method,

𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
0 1 1 0
2 1 2 2
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
we get = 2−1 = 2−0
0−2
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3
(i.e) −21 = =
1 2
−2
 the corresponding Eigenvector is 𝑋2 = [ 1] …………………………..(2 Marks)
2
Case (iii): When 𝜆 = 3, the simultaneous equations (1), (2), (3) becomes
−2𝑥1 + 0𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = 0 ………………..….…….……….……….(10)
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 0 ……………………...……………………(11)
2𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 + 0𝑥3 = 0 ……………………..…….……………..(12)
Solving (10) and (11) by cross multiplication method,

𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
0 -1 –2 0
–1 1 1 –1
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
we get = −1+2 = 2−0
0−1
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3
(i.e) −11 = =
1 2
−1
 the corresponding Eigenvector is 𝑋3 = [ 1] …………………………..(2 Marks)
2

Hence, the Eigen values are 1, 2 and 3.

1 −2
The corresponding Eigen vectors are𝑋1 = [−1], 𝑋2 = [ 1] and 𝑋3 =
0 2
−1
[ 1 ]. Hence the Eigen vectors corresponding to distinct eigenvalues are linearly
2
independent.

13.b(i) 1
Let g ( x ) = x 2 sin  
x
1
Since limsin   does not exists
x →0
x
1 1
 we cannot use lim x 2 sin   = lim x 2 . limsin   (3 Marks)
x →0
 x  x →0 x →0
 x
 1 1
Since −1  sin    1  − x 2  x 2 sin    x 2 (2 Marks)
x x
2
x →0 x →0
(
Since lim x = 0 and lim − x 2 = 0 (by Sandwich theorem) )
1
 lim x 2 sin   = 0 (3 Marks)
x →0
x
b(ii) lim− f ( x) = lim− (1 + x ) = 2
x →−1 x →−1

lim f ( x) = lim+ ( x 2 ) = 1 (4 Marks)

x →−1+ x →−1

 lim− f ( x)  lim+ f ( x )  f ( x ) is discontinuous at x = −1

x →−1 x →−1

And
lim− f ( x) = lim− ( x 2 ) = 1
x →1 x →1

lim f ( x) = lim+ ( 2 − x ) = 1
x →1+ x →1

 lim− f ( x) = lim+ f ( x ) = lim f ( x )

x →1 x →1 x →1

and f (1) = 1
 lim f ( x ) = f (1)
x →1

 f ( x ) is continuous at x = 1 ( 4 Marks )
( )
14.a(i) Given f ( x) is continuous on −,  .

 It is continuous at the points x = 2 and x = 3 also (2 Marks)

lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x )
x → 2− x→2

x2 − 4
lim f ( x ) = lim−
x → 2− x→2 x − 2

= lim−
( x − 2 )( x + 2 )
x→2 ( x − 2)
= lim− ( x + 2 ) = 4
x →2

and lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ ( ax 2 − bx + 3) = 4a − 2b + 3

x →2 x →2

Hence, 4a − 2b + 3 = 4
4a − 2b = 1 --------------------- (1) (4 Marks)
Also, we know that a function f ( x) is continuous at a point x = 3 if

lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x )
x →3− x →3

lim f ( x ) = lim− ( ax 2 − bx + 3) = 9a − 3b + 3
x →3− x →3

and lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ ( 2 x − a + b ) = 6 − a + b

x →3 x →3
  9a − 3b + 3 = 6 − a + b
10a − 4b = 3 --------------------- (2) (4 Marks)
1 1
Solving equations (1) and (2), we get a = b= . (2 Marks)
2 2
a(ii) −1
The equation of normal line at ( x1 , y1 ) is given by ( y − y1 ) = ( x − x1 )
m
dy dy
Given y = x 4 + 2x 2 − x  = 4x 3 + 4x − 1;at (1, 2), = 4(1)3 + 4(1) − 1 = 7 (2 Marks)
dx dx
−1
 Equation of normallineis y − 2 = (x − 1)  x + 7y − 15 = 0. (2 Marks)
7
OR

( )
14.b(i) 4
Given y = x 2e2 x x 2 + 1

Diff. w r to x on both sides, we get

(
dy d  2 2 x 2
) 
4
= x e x + 1
dx dx  

= e 2 x ( x 2 + 1)
4 d 2
dx
( x ) + x 2 ( x 2 + 1)
4 d

dx
( e2 x ) + x 2e 2 x
d
dx (( x + 1) )
2 4

= e2 x ( x 2 + 1) 2 x + x 2 ( x 2 + 1) 2e2 x + x 2e2 x 4 ( x 2 + 1) 2 x
4 4 3
(4 Marks)

= 2 xe2 x ( x 2 + 1) + 2 x 2e2 x ( x 2 + 1) + 8x3e2 x ( x 2 + 1)

4 4 3

= 2 xe2 x ( x 2 + 1) ( x 2 + 1) + x ( x 2 + 1) + 4 x 2 
3

= 2 xe2 x ( x 2 + 1)  x 2 + 1 + x3 + x + 4 x 2 
3

= 2 xe2 x ( x 2 + 1)  x3 + 5 x 2 + x + 1
3

= 2 xe 2 x ( x 2 + 1)  x 3 + 5 x 2 + x + 1
dy 3
 (4 Marks)
dx
b(ii) 1 − sec x
Given f ( x ) = . Differentiate with respect to ' x ' on both sides, we get
tan x
d  1 − sec x 
f '( x) =  
dx  tan x 
d d
( tan x ) (1 − sec x ) − (1 − sec x ) ( tan x )
= dx dx
( tan x )
2

( tan x )( 0 − sec x tan x ) − (1 − sec x ) ( sec2 x )

= (4 Marks)
tan 2 x
 − sec x tan 2 x − (1 − sec x ) (1 + tan 2 x )
=
tan 2 x
− sec x tan 2 x − (1 − sec x + tan 2 x − sec x tan 2 x )
=
tan 2 x
− sec x tan 2 x − 1 + sec x − tan 2 x + sec x tan 2 x
=
tan 2 x
sec x − (1 + tan 2 x )
=
tan 2 x
sec x − sec2 x
=
tan 2 x
sec x (1 − sec x )
=
tan 2 x
sec x (1 − sec x )
=
sec x − 1
2 ( 1 + tan 2 x = sec 2 x )

− sec x ( sec x − 1)
=
( sec x − 1)( sec x + 1)
− sec x
= ( 4 Marks )
sec x + 1
15.a(i) f ( x ) = x3 − 6 x 2 + 5  f ' ( x ) = 3x 2 −12 x

(
f ' ( x ) = 0  3 x2 − 4 x = 0  ) x ( x − 4) = 0 ( 2 Marks )
x = 0, x = 4 are the critical points and
f (0) = 5, f (4) = −27
Also, at the end points f (−3) = −76, f (5) = −20 (4 Marks)
Hence, the absolute minimum value is f (−3) = −76, and the absolute maximum value

is f (0) = 5. (2 Marks)
a(ii) f ( x + h) − f ( x)
f ' ( x ) = lim
h →0 h (2 Marks)
x+h − x
= lim
h →0 h
 x+h − x x+h + x 
= lim 
h →0 h
. 
x+h + x 
( f ( x) = x  f ( x + h) = x + h )

 
= lim 
( x + h) − x  (4 Marks)
h→0 
 (
h x+h + x ) 

  
h 1 1
= lim   = lim = (2 Marks)
h →0 

h ( x+h + x 

h
)→ 0 x+h + x 2 x

OR
15.b Domain of the function f ( x ) = x − 12 x + 2 is (–∞, ∞)
3

f  ( x ) = 3x 2 − 12 f  ( x ) = 6 x
To find critical points, f  ( x ) = 0  3x 2 − 12 = 0  x 2 = 4  x = 2
x= 2, -2 are the critical points (2 Marks)

Interval f  ( x ) = 3x 2 − 12 f ( x ) = x3 − 12 x + 2 Conclusion
(Using first
= 3( x − 2)( x + 2)
derivative test)
−  x  −2 Positive Increasing on f ( x ) changes
(−, − 2) from positive to
−2  x  2 Negative Decreasing on (−2, 2) negative at -2
 Local
maximum at
x = -2
f ( x ) changes
from negative to
2 x Positive Increasing on (2, ) positive at 2
 Local
minimum at x = 2
(6 Marks)
 f ( x )  max = f ( −2 ) = (−2)3 − 12(−2) + 2 = −8 + 24 + 2 = 18
 f ( x )  min = f ( 2 ) = (2)3 − 12(2) + 2 = 8 − 24 + 2 = −14
(2 Marks)
To find inflection points, f ( x) = 0  6 x = 0  x = 0
x= 0 is the inflection point
Interval f  ( x ) = 6 x f ( x ) = x3 − 12 x + 2
−  x  0 Negative Concave downward
on (−, 0)
0 x Positive Concave upward on
( 0,  )
The inflection point is (0, f(0))= (0,2) (6 Marks)