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FACULTY OF COMPUTING
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 Integer: Unsigned Number

no negative values.

00000000 2 −111111112
2 72 6 2 52 4 2 32 2 212 0 2 72 6 2 52 4 2 32 2 212 0
128 + 64 + 32 +16 + 8 + 4 + 2 +1

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Integer: Unsigned Number

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 Integer: Unsigned Number

range of number

Example:

6
Integer: Unsigned Number

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 Integer: Unsigned Number

Example:

4096 4095

4095

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 Integer: Signed Number

positive negative

0 (+ve) or 1 (-ve) positioned at MSB

0 0
1 1

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 (+ve) à 0 (-ve) à 1

Example:

i. +4 0 ii. -12 1

Example:

Value in
decimal?
+17
-3

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11
 Sign and magnitude

*Note:
A negative
number has the
same magnitude
bits as the
corresponding
positive number
but the sign bit is 0 01110
01110
1 rather than a 0. 1 100100
100100

*Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition, 2009 12

 Lower bound < decimal < Upper bound
-(24-1-1) < decimal < +(24-1-1)
-(23-1) < decimal < +(23-1)
-(8-1) < decimal < +(8-1)
-7 < decimal < +7
Example: Integer 4 bits

Positive Negative

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Example:

Express the decimal number +25 and -25 as an 8-bit signed

binary number in the sign-magnitude forms.

Solution: +25 = in binary?

11001
=00011001 (8-bit binary system)

(Sign bit) (Magnitude bits)

-25 = - (+25)
= - (0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1) (8-bit binary system)
= 10011001

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 Complement Numbers

B’s complement
(B-1)’s complement

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integers binary

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 1’s complement

*Note:
Positive number For (-ve)
represent the
same way as the
positive sign-
magnitude
numbers.

A negative
number is the 1’s
complement of
the corresponding - (0100100) = 1011011
positive number. assume 7-bits binary system

*Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition, 2009 17

Example: Integer 4 bits

-7 1000

-7 = - (+7)
= - (0 1 1 1)
= 1000 1’s
Complement
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Example:

Express the decimal number +25 and -25 as an 8-bit signed

binary number in the 1’s complement forms.

Solution: +25 = 11001

= (0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1) (8-bit binary system)

(Sign bit) (Magnitude bits)

-25 = - (+25)
= - (0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1) (8-bit binary system)
= 11100110 1’s Complement

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 2’s complement

*Note:
A negative
number is the 2’s
complement of
the corresponding
positive number. - (0100100) = 1011011
assume 7-bits binary system (1’s)
= 1011100 (2’s)

*Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition, 2009 20

 Example: Integer 4 bits

-7 1001

2’s Complement:
1’s Complement: 1000
-7 = - (+7) + 1
= - (0 1 1 1) -----------
= 1000 1001
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Example:

Express the decimal number +25 and -25 as an 8-bit signed

binary number in the 2’s complement forms.

Solution: +25 = 11001

=00011001 (8-bit binary system)

(Sign bit) (Magnitude bits)

-25 = - (+25)
= - (0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1)
= 11100110 1’s Complement
= 11100111 2’s Complement

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Example:

-23 = - (+23)
= - ( 0 0 1 0 1 1 1)
= 1101000
(7-bit binary system)
Example:

2’s Complement:
1101000
+ 1
------------------
1101001

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 Ex
tr
a

Exercise 2c.1:

Determine the decimal value of this signed binary number

(10010101) expressed in sign-magnitude.

Exercise 2c.2:

Express the decimal number -39 as an 8-bit number in the

sign-magnitude, 1’s complement, and 2’s complement forms.

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Summarized of signed representation

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Addition

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Example:

(+127) 0 111 1111

(+74) + 0 100 1010
1 100 1001

Result wrong

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Example:

(+60) 0011 1100

(-30) + 1110 0010
(+30) 10001 1110

-(+30) à - (0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0)
Carry bit is ignore !
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 (1’s)
1
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 (2’s)

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 Substraction

- (0 0 1 1 1 1)
à 1 1 0 0 0 0 (1’s)
1
1 1 0 0 0 1 (2’s)

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 Example:

-17 = - (+17)
= - (0 1 0 0 0 1) (6-bits)
= 1 0 1 1 1 0 (1’s)
1
1 0 1 1 1 1 (2’s)

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 Example:

101000

-9 = - (+9) -15 = - (+15)

= - (0 0 1 0 0 1) (6-bits) = - (0 0 1 1 1 1) (6-bits)
= 1 1 0 1 1 0 (1’s) = 1 1 0 0 0 0 (1’s)
1 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 (2’s) + 1 1 0 0 0 1 (2’s)

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