Design Guide DG140003EN Effective February 2020

Low-voltage power distribution and control systems > Automatic transfer switches >

Power frame type transfer switches

Contents
General Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3-2
Product Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3-2
Design Highlights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3-2
Standard Features (ATS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3-2
Assembly Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3-3
Enclosure Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3-3
NEMA Enclosure Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3-3
Power Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3-4
Power Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3-4
Cable Ingress and Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3-5

Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3-6
Magnum DS Power Switch/Circuit Breaker. . . . . . . . . 25.3-6
Digitrip RMS Trip Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3-9
ATC-900 Automatic Controller. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3-10
HMi Remote Annunciator Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3-14
Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3-14
Advanced Metering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3-15
Surge Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3-15
Control Power Transformer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3-15
Thermographic Imaging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3-15
Synchroscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3-16
Protective Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3-16

Layouts and Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3-17

Standard Layouts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3-17
Standard Dimensions and Weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3-18

Application Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3-21

Usual Environmental Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3-21
Unusual Environmental Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3-21
Heat Loss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3-21

Application Fundamentals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3-22

Transfer Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3-22
UL 1008 Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3-29
NFPA 70 System Installation Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3-31

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Power Frame Type Transfer Switches Design Guide DG140003EN
ATS and Bypass Isolation ATS Effective February 2020
General Description 25.3-2

General Description Standard Features (ATS)

Eaton’s power frame type transfer switches ■ ATC-900 controller
are constructed with low-voltage power ■ Color LCD and keypad
switches and circuit breakers, offering the
highest amperage capacity in the industry. ■ Mimic bus with LED indication
❏ Source available
Designed for applications where
❏ Source connected
total system coordination must be
accomplished, they offer integral ❏ Preferred source
overcurrent protection with an ■ Source sensing
electronic trip unit for a variety of
❏ Undervoltage/overvoltage
standby power applications feeding
critical and non-critical loads. ❏ Underfrequency/overfrequency
❏ Phase sequence
Standard and custom designs
are available. ❏ Voltage unbalance/phase loss
❏ Negative sequence detection

Product Configuration ■ Load sensing

❏ Voltage decay
■ ATS and bypass isolation ATS
■ Automatic and non-automatic ■ Dual automatic plant exercisers
■ Open and closed transition ❏ Load/no load engine test

■ 2-, 3- and 4-pole ❏ Daily, 7-, 14-, 28-day

■ 200–5000 A ❏ Calendar date
■ Single- and three-phase ❏ Runtime
■ Up to 600 Vac, 3- or 4-wire ■ Programmable time delays
■ 50/60 Hz ❏ Engine start
■ NEMAT 1, 3R ❏ Normal to emergency
■ Behind-the-door and through-the-door Power Frame ATS (behind-the-door)
❏ Emergency to normal
■ Drawout or fixed mounting
❏ Engine cool-down
■ Service entrance rated
❏ Emergency engine fail
❏ Pre/post transfer
Design Highlights ❏ Source disconnect/reconnect
■ Automatic controller ❏ Load disconnect
■ ULT and CSAT Listed ❏ Source synchronization
■ Short-circuit and short-time withstand ■ Source available relay outputs
closing ratings ■ Auxiliary position contacts
■ Dual drawout ■ Engine start contacts (Form C)
■ Electrical and manual operation ■ Programmable I/O
■ Spring stored energy mechanism ❏ Control inputs (multipurpose)
■ Quick make / quick break ❏ Relay outputs (multipurpose)
■ Manual transfer under load ■ System diagnostics and help
■ Multi-tap control power transformer ■ Serial communication (ModbusT)
■ Switched or solid neutral (fully rated) ■ USB port
■ Electrical and mechanical interlocks ❏ Power quality data and setpoint
■ Deadfront panel download/upload
■ Freestanding enclosure ❏ Firmware field update Power Frame Bypass Isolation ATS
■ Seismic certified ■ Password protection (Through-the-Door)
■ Integral overcurrent protection with ■ Silver-plated bus
electronic trip (LSI, LSIG, LSIA) ■ Mechanical lug terminals
■ ARMS (Arcflash Reduction ■ Rear access
Maintenance SystemE)
■ Service entrance marked for use at
100% of amperage rating and fully
UL 1008 Listed
■ MagnumT DS low-voltage power switch/
circuit breaker rear and front access
■ Top/bottom cable entry

EATON www.eaton.com
Power Frame Type Transfer Switches Design Guide DG140003EN
ATS and Bypass Isolation ATS Effective February 2020
General Description 25.3-3

Optional Features (ATS) Enclosure Structure Deadfront

■ Operator controls A removable steel deadfront, with
Controller integral load metering handles, is mounted flush with each
■
Standard Finish of the power switch/circuit breakers
❏ Current Gray finish (ANSI 61) is applied to interior providing a physical barrier.
❏ Power (kW, kVA, kvar) and exterior surfaces using an automated
❏ Power factor electrostatic powder coat system that
includes spray de-grease and clean, spray Lifting Brackets
■ Temperature controlled heater rinse, iron phosphate spray coating spray Located at the apex of each structure,
■ Surge protection rinse, non-chemical seal, oven drying, lifting brackets can easily be extended
■ Power quality metering electrostatic powder spray paint coating upward and locked in place for lifting
and oven cure. the transfer switch enclosure assembly
■ Ethernet communication
during installation.
■ Expanded programmable i/o
■ 24 Vdc or 120 Vac controller supply Frame
power provision A rugged frame, constructed of 12-gauge Mounting Brackets
■ HMi remote annunciator controller steel, provides structure rigidity. The transfer switch includes side and rear
mounting brackets that are attached to the
■ Lift device and yoke frame at each corner post for shipment
■ Tin-plated bus Door and installation.
■ Bus duct termination The enclosure front door, constructed
of 14-gauge steel, includes a handle with
■ IR window
■ Enclosure
padlock provision and is attached to the
frame with heavy-duty hinges. Device
NEMA Enclosure Types
❏ Front access cabinet panels and automatic controller are Power frame type transfer switch
mounted within the front door. When enclosures are available as either
❏ Depth extension
the door is open, service personnel NEMA 1 or NEMA 3R.
❏ Filters and gaskets have access to the power switches/
circuit breakers, terminal blocks, control Standard construction is steel with a
❏ Custom paint colors
wiring, electrical components and other gray finish (ANSI 61) applied to all interior
❏ Stainless steel and exterior surfaces. Alternatively, 304
accessories. Door swing (direction can
■ Protective relays be reversed upon request) is limited to or 316 grade stainless steel, with a mill
90 degrees and an optional door-stop is or painted finish, can be provided for
■ Synchroscope
available to hold it open. If necessary, corrosive environments. For indoor or
■ Compression lug terminals outdoor environments, vented enclosure
door removal can be accomplished by
■ Source cable termination swap lifting the hinge pins. An optional rear panels can be fitted with replaceable
(top/bottom) door can be provided. air filters.
For NEMA 1, enclosures can be further
defined as either “behind-the-door” or
Assembly Ratings Covers “through-the-door” indicating where
Side and rear bolted covers, constructed the face of the power frame switch/
■ Continuous current (amperes): of 14-gauge steel, are attached to the circuit breaker resides in relation to
200, 300, 400, 600, 800, 1000, frame and split into upper and lower the front door.
1200, 1600, 2000, 2500, 3000, panels to facilitate ease of handling
3200, 4000, 5000 during removal and installation. Covers With a “through-the-door” type, an
■ System voltage (ac): 120, 208, 220, can be removed to gain access to cable operator can interact directly with the
240, 380, 415, 480, 600 terminations, wiring and devices during power frame switch/circuit breaker
installation or maintenance. without having to open the front door.
■ Operating frequency (hertz): 50, 60
A “behind-the-door” type requires the
■ UL1008 withstand closing current operator to open the door.
(when protected by fuse):
200 kA short-circuit a (600 V)
■ UL 1008 withstand closing current
(when protected by circuit breaker):
❏ 100 kA short-circuit b (0.05 sec/600 V)
q 85 kA short-time c (0.5 sec/600 V)

■ Certifications:
❏ UL1008 Listed
❏ CSA 22.2, No. 178 Listed
❏ Seismic – OSHPD, IBC, CBC, UBC
zone 4
q NEMA 1, 3R
a 3200 A and below
b UL 891/UL1066 at 5000 A Removing the Upper Side Cover,
Lifting Brackets can be Seen at the Top NEMA 1—Through-the-Door
c UL 891/UL1066 at 4000 and 5000 A

EATON www.eaton.com
Power Frame Type Transfer Switches Design Guide DG140003EN
ATS and Bypass Isolation ATS Effective February 2020
General Description 25.3-4

Open Frame Type Power Bus Power Connections

For integration into a new or existing
distribution line-up, an open frame Silver-plated bus is provided as the UL listed screw-type mechanical lug
transfer switch provides two power standard configuration for power frame terminals (CU/AL) are the standard
frame switch/circuit breakers fixed transfer switches and meets the needs of connection method for power cables.
on a robust steel chassis with two side most installation sites. Lugs include an anti-rotation feature
mounting flanges. and are mounted directly on the power
For applications with special chemical bus (source and load). Alternatively,
An automatic controller, device panel, environments, tin-plated bus can be provisions can be provided for connection
control power transformer panel and provided to mitigate against the growth via two-hole compression lug terminals
neutral assembly (wye systems) are of silver filaments (whiskers). or direct bus termination.
provided loose from the chassis for Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless,
separate mounting. An optional 96-inch For applications requiring a busway
poisonous, flammable gas that can connection, provisions can be made in
wire harness extension is available when often be found in wastewater treatment
integrating into larger spaces. the enclosure roof to accept a standard
facilities because it results from the flange (3- or 4-wire). For multiple busway
All source and load connections are made bacterial breakdown of organic matter connections, one or more side cabinets
directly to the silver-plated copper bus. in the absence of oxygen. can be added, and/or the enclosure
When silver is exposed to hydrogen depth can be increased. A busway
sulfide, whiskers can form, which has the flange drawing, with dimensional
potential to create a dangerous situation and orientation information, must be
for electrical equipment. Tin-plated bus provided to the factory.
can also whisker, but the length is usually
shorter (compared to silver) and limited
to a few millimeters thus minimizing risk.

Silver Whisker Growth

Busway Flange Termination

at Side Cabinet Roof
Power Frame Transfer Switch—Open Frame

EATON www.eaton.com
Power Frame Type Transfer Switches Design Guide DG140003EN
ATS and Bypass Isolation ATS Effective February 2020
General Description 25.3-5

Cable Ingress and Access

Power frame type transfer switches are designed to accommodate
cable entry at the top and/or bottom of the enclosure.
Internally, the normal power terminations are located closer to the
top of the enclosure and emergency power terminations are closer
to the bottom. Load power connections are located in the center.
For installation flexibility a “source swap” option is available that
flips the location of the normal and emergency terminations.
NEMA 1 and 3R enclosure types have removable bolted panels
located at the rear providing easy access for cable termination.
For applications requiring front access, an optional side cabinet
can be added to the left or right side of the ATS.
Higher amperage assemblies (4000 and 5000 A) typically
include an additional wireway or side cabinet to accommodate
an increased number of cables. In this configuration, both rear
and front access is often required. A mix of cable and direct bus
connect is possible. The wireway can be located to the left or right
of the ATS.
For a bypass isolation transfer switch, an additional structure
(not shown) containing the bypass switch would adjoin the ATS.

NEMA 1 ATS—Front View

NEMA 1 ATS with Wireway—Front View

NEMA 1 ATS­—Left Side View (Panels Removed)

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Power Frame Type Transfer Switches Design Guide DG140003EN
ATS and Bypass Isolation ATS Effective February 2020
Devices 25.3-6

Magnum DS Power Switch/Circuit Breaker Front Cover Details

Controls and indicators are functionally grouped on the faceplate
At the heart of the power frame transfer switch design is to optimize the user interface, visibility and ease of use.
the UL1066 Listed Magnum DS low-voltage power switch/
circuit breaker. When configured with an electronic trip unit 1. Accessory viewing windows for:
(Digitrip RMS 520, 520M, 520MC, 1150), a power circuit breaker is ■ Shunt Trip Attachment (ST)
provided. When absent of a trip unit, a power switch is provided.
A power switch does not include any type of trip functionality. ■ Spring Release Device (SR)
■ Optional (undervoltage release device or second ST)

c b a 2. Red mechanical trip flag pop-out indicator

(circuit breaker only)
3. Digitrip RMS trip unit protected by a clear cover and secured
by thumb screw knobs with wire-tie provisions for security
4. Contact status indicators:
■ OPEN (Green)
■ CLOSED (Red)
d 5. Spring status indicators:
e ■ Charged (Yellow)
f ■ Discharged (White)
g 6. OFF pushbutton (red): to open main contacts
h 7. ON pushbutton (green): to close main contacts
8. Manual charging handle: to charge spring stored
energy mechanism
i
9. Mechanical operations counter (optional)
j
10. Kirk-key lock (optional—not shown)
k 11. Padlockable levering device shutter (drawout only)
l 12. Color-coded position indicator (drawout only):
■ CONNECT (Red)
Magnum DS Power Circuit Breaker (With Trip Unit) ■ TEST (Yellow)
■ DISCONNECT (Green)

Rigid Frame Housing

Magnum switches/circuit breakers use a rigid frame housing
construction of durable engineered thermoset composite resins.
■ Strong and lightweight material with strength to weight ratio
twice that of steel. Proven able to withstand high dynamic and
thermal stresses
■ Excellent dielectric characteristics, resisting arc tracking

Three-Piece Construction
The 3-piece construction (rear housing, front housing and cover)
provides support while isolating and insulating power conductors.
■ A 2-piece case encloses current paths and arc chambers.
Chambers act to channel arc gases up and out during
interruption
■ The operating mechanism and accessories sit on the front of
the case. Only the insulating front cover needs to be removed
to access mechanism and/or accessories
■ The operating mechanism achieves a longer life as a result of
reduced frame deflection during operation along with stiff
Magnum DS Power Switch (No Trip Unit) component mounting

EATON www.eaton.com
Power Frame Type Transfer Switches Design Guide DG140003EN
ATS and Bypass Isolation ATS Effective February 2020
Devices 25.3-7

Two-Step Stored Energy Mechanism Value Added Features Drawout

Magnum switches/circuit breakers Magnum provides numerous other A drawout configuration is used in
are equipped with a true 2-step stored internal and external features that further combination with a cassette that provides
energy mechanism. enhance the reliability, maintenance and primary and secondary connections.
safety. A number of additional common Finger clusters located at the rear slide
■ Closing springs can be charged features are highlighted below. onto the main bus stabs.
manually or electrically
■ 5 to 7 downward strokes on ■ Arcflash Reduction Maintenance
the charging handle completes System on Digitrip 520MC and 1150, to
charging process lower personnel risk and PPE levels in
the arcflash boundary
■ Mechanism provides for a complete
OPEN – CLOSE – OPEN cycle ■ Mechanical and electrical
anti-pump features
■ Easily removable arc chutes
Unsurpassed Performance for inspection
The performance characteristics of the ■ Common accessories for all frame
Magnum DS switch/breaker are attributed sizes (electrical and mechanical)
in many ways to a C-loop current path
design and movement. Contact fingers ■ Conveniently located finger proof
perform both the main and arcing contact secondary contacts
functions on different parts of the same
finger. A complete movable contact Mounting Configurations
assembly is a combination of a number of
single contact fingers. The exact number Power frame transfer switches can be
of contact fingers required depends upon configured with fixed or drawout
the frame size and interrupting rating of Magnum switches/circuit breakers.
the breaker. Braided connectors (flexible
shunts) are used to attach each contact Fixed
finger. The result is an efficient and Fixed mounted configurations bolt
uniquely functional main contact system directly to the main bus via pre-drilled
with the following advantages: primary terminal pads. They are simple
and economic because there are no
■ Eliminate bolted joints reducing
drawout components.
hot spots
■ Reduced mounting space for
primary contacts
■ Smaller and lighter operating
mechanism for longer life
■ Higher interrupting and short time
(withstand) ratings
■ 5-cycle or less closing
■ Improved contact material
■ Contact wear indicator for each primary
contact structure
■ Individually removable arc chambers
insulate/isolate each pole
■ Able to withstand high dynamic and
thermal stresses

EATON www.eaton.com
Power Frame Type Transfer Switches Design Guide DG140003EN
ATS and Bypass Isolation ATS Effective February 2020
Devices 25.3-8

Movable extension rails allow the Lift Devices Other Accessories

unconnected power switch/breaker to Lift trucks/hoists and yokes are available
be easily levered and drawn out from for removing fixed or drawout power Padlockable Pushbutton Covers
the cassette using a standard 3/8-inch switch/breakers from the transfer switch. Molded plastic or metal frame hinged
drive extension, without having to covers can be mounted over the OPEN
de-energize the transfer switch. Once (green)and CLOSE (red) pushbuttons.
drawn out, the lever shutter can be With the covers closed and padlocked,
padlocked, and maintenance or they prevent access to the pushbuttons.
inspection can be performed.

Clear Plastic Pushbutton Covers

with Padlock Provision
Drawout Magnum DS Switch/Circuit Breaker
OFF Key Lock
Plug-in Accessories Allows the power switch/breaker to be
Each power switch/circuit breaker in a locked in the OPEN position with the key
transfer switch includes shunt trip, spring removed, preventing the main contacts
release and auxiliary switch accessories from being closed. It is primarily intended
Levering Device Shutter and Position Indication for electrical operation of the main for use on fixed mounted configurations
contacts. The 120 Vac control signal is that cannot be drawn out and padlocked.
derived from the normal or emergency
power source.
Alternatively, transfer switch designs
using ST and SR accessories actuated by
a DC voltage derived from a best source
circuit (internal 120 Vac or external battery
source) are available upon request.

Shunt Trip (ST)

The ST acts to electrically open the main
contacts when its trip coil is energized by
a control voltage signal applied through
the secondary contacts, by the automatic
controller or a control switch.
Power Pole Main Contacts
with Arc Chute Removed
Spring Release (SR)
The SR acts to electrically close the main OFF Key Lock and Counter (Fixed Magnum DS)
contacts when its close coil is energized
by a control voltage signal applied
through the secondary contacts, by the Operations Counter
automatic controller or a control switch. A mechanical device used to provide
a record of the number of circuit
operations. It is mounted in the lower
Auxiliary Switch
right portion of the front cover.
Each auxiliary switch provides 2A
(normally open) and 2B (normally closed)
contacts wired to the breaker secondary
contacts. Contacts not dedicated for use
by the transfer switch system logic are
available for customer use.

EATON www.eaton.com
Power Frame Type Transfer Switches Design Guide DG140003EN
ATS and Bypass Isolation ATS Effective February 2020
Devices 25.3-9

Mechanical Interlock Digitrip RMS Trip Units

For open transition transfer switches,
each power switch/breaker (fixed or Magnum circuit breakers can be
drawout configuration), is equipped configured with any one of four Digitrip
with a mechanical interlock preventing electronic trip unit models (520, 520M,
simultaneous closure of both sets of 520MC and 1150). Each trip unit is
main contacts. microprocessor-based and a true rms
sensing device. The different models
within the family provide for increasing
levels of protection and feature options
for coordination, information, diagnostics
and communications.
All Digitrip RMS models offer a wide array
of common features.
■ Current sensors
■ Rating plug
■ Intuitive operator interface
■ Interchangeable models
■ Self-powered device
■ Status LED
■ Cause of trip LED
■ Security cover

Table 25.3-1. Digitrip Functionality—Summary of Key Features

Functions 520 520M a 520MC a 1150+ a

LSIG protection Yes Yes Yes Yes

Disable (I) Yes Yes Yes Yes
GF protection Yes Yes Yes Yes
GF alarm No Yes No Yes
Display No Yes b No b Yes c
Normal and Emergency Power Switch/Circuit
Breaker Pair with Mechanical Interlock Programmable No No No Yes
Metering No Yes d No d Yes
Power and energy values No No No Yes
Power quality No No No Yes
Communication No No No Yes
ARMS No No Yes Yes
a Available control voltages are 24/48 Vdc, 125 Vdc, 120 Vac and 240 Vac.
b One-line (four characters per line) LCD display.
c Three-line (eight characters per line) LED display.
d Phase, neutral, ground and high load current only.

EATON www.eaton.com
Power Frame Type Transfer Switches Design Guide DG140003EN
ATS and Bypass Isolation ATS Effective February 2020
Devices 25.3-10

ATC-900 Automatic Controller Primary Features

■ Monitor voltage and frequency of normal source,
Eaton’s ATC-900 brings intelligence, adaptability, enhanced emergency source, and load
supervisory and programming capabilities to Eaton’s entire
transfer switch product family. ■ Self-acting load transfer between power sources
■ Display of real-time and historical information
The simple yet powerful user interface includes many intuitive
features. The color display and mimic bus with LED indication ■ Programmable setpoints
provide enhanced operator visibility of transfer switch status ■ User-configurable control inputs and relay outputs
and metering data. Front arrow keys allow for quick screen ■ Dual engine start/shutdown signaling
navigation, removal of codes and abbreviations avoid potential
confusion, and refined data screens provide for ease of viewing ■ Dual programmable plant exercisers
and programming. ■ Integral load metering
■ Detailed and time-stamped event log and history
■ Advanced diagnostics and troubleshooting with
pre-/post-event data capture
■ Download of setpoints, event log and metering data
via USB flash drive
■ Upload of setpoints and firmware updates via
USB flash drive
■ Industry standard serial communication
■ Symmetrical component calculation
■ Record test data to comply with The Joint Commission,
NFPA 99 and NEC (700, 701, 708) requirements
■ Generator start contacts (Form C) provide means to comply
with 695.14(F) and 700.10(D)(3) of the NEC (2017 and 2020)
ATC-900 Main Menu Screen

EATON www.eaton.com
Power Frame Type Transfer Switches Design Guide DG140003EN
ATS and Bypass Isolation ATS Effective February 2020
Devices 25.3-11

Configurable Inputs RS-422

System inputs are “wetted” contacts. System
inputs can be configured to perform a preset list DCT Module
of functions. (Note: A factory configured input RS-232
cannot be reconfigured in the field if the factory
provides associated hardware.) Modbus RTU

Factory Use Only Accessory I/O Port

The sensing inputs are the connection points for
monitoring Source 1, Source 2, and the Load. USB Port
Three-phase systems are connected to Phase A, Generator Start
B and C. Single-phase systems are connected to Form-C contact. This is a latching relay utilized
points Phase A and Phase B. to initiate startup and shutdown cycles of the
engine/generator set. The GENERATOR START
Factory Use Only contact is rated 5 amperes at 250 Vac/30 Vdc.
n Source 1 and Source 2 auxiliary: These inputs
are connected to the power switching devices
position indication contacts. Earth Ground
Provides a connection point for
n K1, K2, K3 and K4: These Form-A output contacts
the common system ground.
are utilized to control the power switching
mechanism. They operate in conjunction with
Configurable Outputs
the Source 1 and 2 auxiliary inputs.
Four Form C dry relay contacts that can be configured
to perform a preset list of functions. Contacts are rated
10 amperes at 250 Vac/30 Vdc. (Note: A factory-configured
Control Power Inputs (Source 1 and Source 2) output cannot be reconfigured in the field if the factory
The control power input range is 65–145 Vac, provides associated hardware)
50/60 Hz, 9–36 Vdc (with optional DCT module).
Source 1 and Source 2 Available
Form C dry relay contacts that indicate Source 1
and Source 2 availability based on the programmed
voltage and frequency set points. Contacts are rated
10 amperes at 250 Vac/30 Vdc.

Accessory Modules Programmable Inputs/Outputs

The ATC-900 utilizes supporting hardware accessory modules to The ATC-900 standard offering of four programmable inputs and
expand its functionality. four programmable outputs is expandable by adding I/O modules.
Each I/O module provides an additional four inputs (wetted,
Integral Metering and DC Supply Voltage 24 Vdc at 10 mA) and four outputs (Form C rated 10 A at
An optional DCT module mounts directly to the rear of the ATC-900 250 Vac/30 Vdc). A maximum of four I/O modules can be
and supports the connection of three current transformers via daisy-chained for a total of 20 inputs and 20 outputs.
shorting block termination to provide integral power metering
(amps, kW, kVA, kvar, PF) complementing standard ATC-900
voltage and frequency monitoring.
24 Vdc can be supplied externally to keep the ATC-900
continuously powered and communicating when the
normal and emergency sources are not available.

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Power Frame Type Transfer Switches Design Guide DG140003EN
ATS and Bypass Isolation ATS Effective February 2020
Devices 25.3-12

Programmable Input Functions Symmetrical Components Three Source Arrangement

■ Monitor mode The ATC-900 calculates both positive with Master-Slave
■ Bypass timer and negative sequence components for The master/slave functionality provides
voltage and current to determine when the ability to configure two independent
■ Lockout abnormal conditions exist that might automatic transfer switches in a three-
■ Manual retransfer otherwise go undetected. source arrangement consisting of a utility
■ Enable manual retransfer and two generator sources (permanent
An example is a single-phase loss or portable).
■ Slave (e.g., open feeder fuse) at the normal
■ Remote engine test source, which would typically cause a In this configuration, the engine start
transfer to the alternate source. signal from the master ATS is wired
■ Preferred source selection
directly to a programmed control input
■ Go to emergency Once the normal source is unloaded, at the slave ATS. The engine start 1 and
a condition can develop whereby the engine start 2 signals at the slave ATS
■ Emergency inhibit/load shed single-phase loss is masked due to are wired to the generators. The ATC-900
■ ATS on bypass an induced or “phantom” voltage. If at the slave ATS requires a DCT module
■ Go to neutral position undetected, this could result in a (fed by an external 24 Vdc supply) to keep
retransfer back to the normal source. the controller powered.
■ Closed transition disable
Once the normal source is loaded again,
■ Disabled the cycle can repeat itself, resulting in In the event of a utility power failure,
continuous power interruptions until the master ATS engine start relay closes
Programmable Output Functions the phase loss condition is corrected. signaling the slave ATS to start either
■ Source 1 available a preferred generator (if designated)
or both generators. Generator start,
■ Source 2 available and stop is managed by the slave ATS.
■ Source 1 connected Upon restoration of utility power, the
■ Source 2 connected master ATS engine start relay will open,
signaling the slave ATS to begin
■ ATS not in automatic mode generator shutdown.
■ General alarm
■ ATS in test status
■ Engine test aborted
■ Engine cool-down in process
■ Engine 1 start status
■ Engine 2 start status
Through the calculation of symmetrical
■ Emergency inhibit on components, the ATC-900 is capable of
■ ATS on bypass detecting this abnormal condition and
■ Load sequence preventing transfer cycling. To protect
mechanical loads from potential damage,
■ Selective load shed the ATC-900 can disconnect the load from
■ Load bank control the normal source (immediately or after
■ Pre/post transfer a time delay) until the alternate source
becomes available.
■ Pre-transfer
■ Post-transfer
■ User remote control
■ Health
■ Waiting for source sync
■ Disabled
Master-Slave Configuration with ATC-900
Fixed Output Functions
■ Source 1 available
■ Source 2 available
■ Engine start 1
■ Engine start 2

ATC-900 Uses Negative Sequence Components

to Detect Abnormal Conditions

EATON www.eaton.com
Power Frame Type Transfer Switches Design Guide DG140003EN
ATS and Bypass Isolation ATS Effective February 2020
Devices 25.3-13

Load Management
The ATC-900 includes several features,
enhancing a user’s ability to manage load.
■ Integral load metering: Monitor load
power utilization and compare to
baseline measurements
■ Selective load shed: Drop and pickup
non-essential loads when programmed
kW threshold levels are reached
■ Emergency inhibit/load shed: Inhibit
or disconnect the load connection to
emergency source
■ Pre-/post-transfer: Control select loads
during the transfer process
■ Load bank control: Disengage a load
bank connection from the emergency
source upon loss of the normal source
■ Normal source disconnect/reconnect:
When an abnormal power condition
is present at the normal source,
disconnect the load to prevent
potential damage
■ Emergency source disconnect/
reconnect: When an abnormal power
condition is present at the emergency
source, disconnect the load to prevent
potential damage

EATON www.eaton.com
Power Frame Type Transfer Switches Design Guide DG140003EN
ATS and Bypass Isolation ATS Effective February 2020
Devices 25.3-14

HMi Remote Annunciator

Controller
Tightening arc flash regulations and
requirements for personal protective
equipment are driving more and more
end users toward the use of remote
monitoring and control devices.
Eaton’s HMi Remote Annunciator
Controller offers a simple and cost-
effective means of monitoring and
controlling up to eight automatic
transfer switches via serial or Ethernet
communication.

System Architecture

Using one intuitive touch screen interface, Communication

users can: Eaton transfer switch controllers include The ELC-CAENET module is a basic
■ Monitor source vitals and health native support for serial communication serial to Ethernet adapter and supports
and a Modbus register map is available a variety of protocols. Eaton document
■ Analyze metering and trend data of for interfacing with a building manage- MN05002003E can be referenced
sources and load ment or power management system. for details.
■ View and program transfer switch When Ethernet communication is
controller set points, control inputs desired, there are several modular
and relay outputs options available. Modules are typically
■ Start and stop a generator engine test DIN rail mounted within the enclosure
assembly but can be shipped loose.
■ Initiate a transfer to the alternate source
■ Bypass a time delay countdown The Power Xpert PXG 900 is a full-featured
gateway and includes an embedded
■ Initiate a manual retransfer web server. Eaton technical document
■ View and silence alarms TD152008EN can be referenced for details.
■ Perform basic troubleshooting
■ Monitor source synchronization during
in-phase or closed transition
■ View event history
■ View the status of up to eight transfer
switches on a single overview screen

EATON www.eaton.com
Power Frame Type Transfer Switches Design Guide DG140003EN
ATS and Bypass Isolation ATS Effective February 2020
Devices 25.3-15

Advanced Metering When specifying an SPD for use on the

emergency (generator) side of a transfer
Thermographic Imaging
Power Xpert Power and Energy Meters, switch, the following is an abbreviated list Routine inspection of energized
and Power Xpert Dashboard products of recommendations. A more detailed conductor terminations, in electrical
allow owners and operators to interface discussion can be found in Eaton distribution equipment, is commonly
with their equipment at varying levels application paper AP01001003E. performed to ensure system reliability
of sophistication. and uptime.
■ Utilize a SPD with a delta (3-wire +
To learn more about Power Xpert ground) voltage code for three- Over time, bus joints and cable
Metering products that can be integrated phase electrical equipment to terminations are often subject to
into an Eaton transfer switch, please improve reliability of the emergency recurring thermal expansion and
reference publication BR140001EN power system. contraction, which can eventually cause
or visit www.eaton.com/meters. ■ Specify a SPD with a surge current loosened connections resulting in
capacity rating (kA) per the location excessive heat. If left unchecked, these
categories outlined in the latest IEEE “hotspots” can ultimately create an
Surge Protection C62.41.1 standard. By example, a electrical hazard for personnel and/or
lead to equipment failure.
service entrance transfer switch is
Surge protection devices can easily be considered category C.
integrated within a transfer switch at the One method for periodically verifying the
normal (utility) and/or the emergency ■ Specify a minimum nominal discharge integrity of conductor terminations is to
(generator) power source connection(s). current rating of 20 kA. conduct a thermographic scan using an
infrared (IR) camera. Line-of-sight is
The purpose of an SPD is to protect SPDs are typically equipped with an needed between the IR camera and the
electrical and electronic equipment, audible alarm and a Form C relay contact target termination(s) being scanned, which
such as the automatic controller, from for remote annunciation of status. Some often requires the equipment enclosure
damage and degradation due to short models offer an optional surge counter to be fitted with an IR window(s).
duration, high-energy transients. with nonvolatile storage and reset button.
IEEE C62.41.2 describes a number of IR windows come in various shapes and
transient waveforms, with a duration sizes to accommodate differing target
in microseconds or milliseconds, that Control Power Transformer distances and IR camera equipment.
A protective cover is typically provided
might be found in an electrical system.
Transfer switches can easily be field to guard against impact. Based on
While SPDs do an excellent job of configured for operation with different application needs, power frame transfer
mitigating voltage transients, they are system voltages via a multi-tap control switches can optionally be fitted with
not designed to provide continuous power transformer (CPT) with keyed one or more IR windows as specified
sinusoidal voltage regulation. When quick-disconnect plugs. by the engineer.
an SPD is subjected to a sustained
overvoltage, there is a very real danger Supported three-phase system voltages
of the SPD being permanently damaged. are 208, 240, 480, 600 Vac (domestic
type) and 220, 230, 380, 415 Vac
While power obtained from an electric (international type). Either CPT type is
utility typically has very good voltage available as 60 Hz or 50/60 Hz rated.
regulation, a standby or emergency
generator may not due to generator
undersizing or use of a low-cost voltage
regulator.
IR Windows

In scenarios where the use of an IR

camera is not plausible because of
physical limitations, safety concerns
or the inability to frequently perform
inspections, alternative thermal
surveillance technologies can be
considered.
Thermal sensors (wired or wireless) are
now available commercially and can be
positioned within electrical equipment to
provide unmanned, 24/7 monitoring of
bus and cable connections. Although the
idea of real-time monitoring is appealing,
Multi-Tap Control Power Transformer replacing a failed thermal sensor could
(Domestic) prove challenging, especially in critical
operation facilities.

EATON www.eaton.com
Power Frame Type Transfer Switches Design Guide DG140003EN
ATS and Bypass Isolation ATS Effective February 2020
Devices 25.3-16

Synchroscope Protective Relays

A synchroscope is a device that Closed transition applications can often
monitors and visually indicates electrical require the use of protective relays to
synchronization between two power meet local utility interconnection
sources. When integrated into a closed requirements that are in place to
transition automatic transfer switch, it ensure human safety, minimize
tracks the phase angle and frequency possible damage to equipment or
difference between a generator and utility property, and sustain electrical power
source. As the phase angle and frequency system operation.
differ, so does the synchroscope
indication.
Reverse Power Relay
When the generator is running “faster” Generally, utility companies will
(higher frequency compared to utility), the require that the amount of time an
synchroscope indication rotates clockwise. alternative power source (e.g., generator)
When the generator is running “slower” is paralleled with the utility grid be limited
(lower frequency compared to utility), to 100 milliseconds. In transfer switch
the synchroscope indication rotates equipment, this is accomplished by the
counterclockwise. As the magnitude of automatic transfer switch logic controller
the frequency difference increases, the with a discrete parallel limit time relay
speed of indication rotation increases. serving as a failsafe backup. As an
A change in generator frequency is additional means of backup, a reverse
directly related to the speed of the prime power relay (IEEE device 32) with a
mover (e.g., diesel engine).The “position” maximum time delay (e.g., 1 second),
of synchroscope indication (LED lit at can be required by the utility company to
3 o'clock position) provides the phase sense current flowing from the alternative
angle difference between the two sources. power source to the utility grid. This relay
The position, direction and speed of can be used to trip the alternative power
indication can be used by an operator source off-line and prevent a prolonged
to make governor adjustments at the paralleling condition that can damage
prime mover in an effort to synchronize the alternate power source (motoring).
the generator and utility sources.
In some cases, an automatic transfer Lockout Relay
controller (ATC-900) can provide To ensure that a de-energized electrical
synchroscope functionality possibly system (due to a fault condition) is not
eliminating the need for a separate reenergized by automatic control action,
synchroscope device. a lockout relay (IEEE device 86) can
be required by the utility company to
ensure human inspection and/or repair
of equipment before the system can be
safely placed back into service. In transfer
switch equipment, the lockout relay will
“lockout or disable” the automatic control
logic and prevent reclosure of the tripped
power switch/circuit breaker until the
relay is manually reset.
Both types of relay devices can easily be
integrated into a closed transition transfer
switch design upon request.

Synchroscope with LED Indication Windows

EATON www.eaton.com
Power Frame Type Transfer Switches Design Guide DG140003EN
ATS and Bypass Isolation ATS Effective February 2020
Layouts and Dimensions 25.3-17

Standard Layouts

Figure 25.3-1. Power Frame Transfer Figure 25.3-3. Power Frame Bypass Isolation Transfer Switch—Drawout
Switch—Fixed

Figure 25.3-2. Power Frame Transfer

Switch—Drawout

EATON www.eaton.com
Power Frame Type Transfer Switches Design Guide DG140003EN
ATS and Bypass Isolation ATS Effective February 2020
Layouts and Dimensions 25.3-18

Standard Dimensions and Weights

Power Frame Automatic Transfer Switch

Figure 25.3-4. NEMA 1 (up to 3200 A) Figure 25.3-5. NEMA 3R (up to 3200 A)

Table 25.3-2. Standard Dimensions and Weights (up to 3200 A)

Ampere Number A B NEMA 1 NEMA 3R
Rating of Poles Height Width a Fixed Mount Drawout Fixed Mount Drawout
Inches (mm) Inches (mm)
C Shipping C Shipping C Shipping C Shipping
Depth a Weight Depth a Weight Depth a Weight Depth a Weight
Inches (mm) Lb (kg) Inches (mm) Lb (kg) Inches (mm) Lb (kg) Inches (mm) Lb (kg)

200–2000 2 90.00 (2286.0) 32.00 (812.8) 48.00 (1219.2) 1050 (476) 60.00 (1524.0) 1600 (726) 63.00 (1600.2) 1600 (726) 75.00 (1905.0) 2100 (953)
3 90.00 (2286.0) 32.00 (812.8) 48.00 (1219.2) 1050 (476) 60.00 (1524.0) 1600 (726) 63.00 (1600.2) 1600 (726) 75.00 (1905.0) 2100 (953)
4 90.00 (2286.0) 32.00 (812.8) 48.00 (1219.2) 1250 (567) 60.00 (1524.0) 1900 (862) 63.00 (1600.2) 1800 (817) 75.00 (1905.0) 2400 (1089)
2500–3200 2 90.00 (2286.0) 44.00 (1117.6) 48.00 (1219.2) 1900 (862) 60.00 (1524.0) 2500 (1134) 63.00 (1600.2) 2400 (1089) 75.00 (1905.0) 3000 (1361)
3 90.00 (2286.0) 44.00 (1117.6) 48.00 (1219.2) 1900 (862) 60.00 (1524.0) 2500 (1134) 63.00 (1600.2) 2400 (1089) 75.00 (1905.0) 3000 (1361)
4 90.00 (2286.0) 44.00 (1117.6) 48.00 (1219.2) 2000 (907) 60.00 (1524.0) 2800 (1270) 63.00 (1600.2) 2500 (1135) 75.00 (1905.0) 3300 (1498)
a Seismic mounting brace adds an additional 3 inches (76.2 mm) to each side—front left and front right side and 3 inches (75.6 mm) additional to rear side.
b Dimensions and weights shown are approximate and subject to change. Reference product outline drawings for the latest information.

EATON www.eaton.com
Power Frame Type Transfer Switches Design Guide DG140003EN
ATS and Bypass Isolation ATS Effective February 2020
Layouts and Dimensions 25.3-19

Figure 25.3-6. NEMA 1 (4000–5000 A) Figure 25.3-7. NEMA 3R (4000–5000 A)

Table 25.3-3. Standard Dimensions and Weights (4000–5000 A)

Ampere Number A B NEMA 1 Drawout NEMA 3R Drawout
Rating of Poles Height Width a C Shipping Weight C Shipping Weight
Inches (mm) Inches (mm) Depth a Lb (kg) Depth a Lb (kg)
Inches (mm) Inches (mm)

4000 2 or 3 90.00 (2286.0) 86.00 (2184.4) 68.00 (1727.2) 4400 (1998) 80.81 (2052.6) 5400 (2542)
4 90.00 (2286.0) 86.00 (2184.4) 68.00 (1727.2) 5100 (2315) 80.81 (2052.6) 6100 (2769)
5000 2 or 3 90.00 (2286.0) 86.00 (2184.4) 68.00 (1727.2) 4900 (2225) 80.81 (2052.6) 5900 (2679)
4 90.00 (2286.0) 86.00 (2184.4) 68.00 (1727.2) 5600 (2542) 80.81 (2052.6) 7100 (3223)
a Seismic mounting brace adds an additional 3 inches (76.2 mm) to each side—front left and front right side and 3 inches (76.2 mm) additional to rear side.
b Dimensions and weights shown are approximate and subject to change. Reference product outline drawings for the latest information.

EATON www.eaton.com
Power Frame Type Transfer Switches Design Guide DG140003EN
ATS and Bypass Isolation ATS Effective February 2020
Layouts and Dimensions 25.3-20

Bypass Isolation Power Frame Automatic Transfer Switch

Figure 25.3-8. NEMA 1 (up to 3200 A) Figure 25.3-9. NEMA 3R (up to 3200 A)

Table 25.3-4. Standard Dimensions and Weights (up to 3200 A)

Ampere Number A B NEMA 1 Drawout NEMA 3R Drawout
Rating of Poles Height Width C Shipping Weight C Shipping Weight
Inches (mm) Inches (mm) Depth Lb (kg) Depth Lb (kg)
Inches (mm) Inches (mm)

200–2000 2 90.00 (2286.0) 64.00 (1625.6) 60.00 (1524.0) 3100 (1407) 75.00 (1905.0) 4100 (1861)
3 90.00 (2286.0) 64.00 (1625.6) 60.00 (1524.0) 3100 (1407) 75.00 (1905.0) 4100 (1861)
4 90.00 (2286.0) 64.00 (1625.6) 60.00 (1524.0) 3700 (1680) 75.00 (1905.0) 4700 (2134)
2500–3200 2 90.00 (2286.0) 64.00 (1625.6) 60.00 (1524.0) 4700 (2134) 75.00 (1905.0) 5700 (2588)
3 90.00 (2286.0) 64.00 (1625.6) 60.00 (1524.0) 4700 (2134) 75.00 (1905.0) 5700 (2588)
4 90.00 (2286.0) 64.00 (1625.6) 60.00 (1524.0) 5400 (2452) 75.00 (1905.0) 6500 (2951)
Note: Seismic mounting brace adds an additional 3 inches (76.2 mm) to each side­—front left and front right side and 3 inches (76.2 mm) additional
to rear side. Dimensions and weights shown are approximate and subject to change. Reference product outline drawings for the latest information.

Figure 25.3-10. NEMA 1 (4000–5000 A) Figure 25.3-11. NEMA 3R (4000–5000 A)

Table 25.3-5. Standard Dimensions and Weights (4000–5000 A)

Ampere Number A B NEMA 1 Drawout NEMA 3R Drawout
Rating of Poles Height Width C Shipping Weight C Shipping Weight
Inches (mm) Inches (mm) Depth Lb (kg) Depth Lb (kg)
Inches (mm) Inches (mm)

4000 2 or 3 90.00 (2286.0) 137.00 (3479.8) 60.00 (1524.0) 6900 (3133) 75.00 (1905.0) 7900 (3587)
4 90.00 (2286.0) 137.00 (3479.8) 60.00 (1524.0) 7600 (3450) 75.00 (1905.0) 8600 (3904)
5000 2 or 3 90.00 (2286.0) 137.00 (3479.8) 60.00 (1524.0) 7900 (3587) 75.00 (1905.0) 8900 (4041)
4 90.00 (2286.0) 137.00 (3479.8) 60.00 (1524.0) 8600 (3904) 75.00 (1905.0) 9600 (4358)
Note: Seismic mounting brace adds an additional 3 inches (76.2 mm) to each side­—front left and front right side and 3 inches (76.2 mm) additional
to rear side. Dimensions and weights shown are approximate and subject to change. Reference product outline drawings for the latest information.

EATON www.eaton.com
Power Frame Type Transfer Switches Design Guide DG140003EN
ATS and Bypass Isolation ATS Effective February 2020
Application Data 25.3-21

Usual Environmental Conditions 4. Excessive high or low temperatures

For ambient temperatures exceeding 40 °C, and based on a
standard temperature rise of 65 °C, the continuous current
Ambient Temperature rating of the transfer switch is subject to the following thermal
■ Operation: –20 °C to +40 °C (–4 °F to +104 °F) derating based on ANSI C37.20.1:
■ Storage: –30 °C to +80 °C (–22 °F to +176 °F)

Relative Humidity
■ Operation: up to 90% (noncondensing)
■ Altitude: Product voltage and current ratings are applicable where:
up to a maximum altitude of 2000 meters (6562 feet) above Ia is the derated continuous current (Amps) at the special
sea level ambient temperature

Ir is the rated continuous current (Amps), on the basis of

Unusual Environmental Conditions 40 °C ambient temperature
Special attention should be given to applications subject to the 5. Damaging or hazardous vapors
following conditions: For installations in corrosive environments where standard
silver-plated bus is subject to “whiskering” in the presence
1. Excessive dust or flyings of hydrogen sulfide (e.g., wastewater treatment facilities),
It is generally recommended that the transfer switch be tin-plated bus can be provided to mitigate whisker length
installed in a clean, dry room with filtered and/or pressurized to a few millimeters.
clean air. Air filters and gasketing material can be added to
ventilated enclosures upon request.
2. Excessive moisture Heat Loss
Depending upon conditions, an internal thermostat-
controlled heater may be indicated to mitigate condensation. Estimated heat loss of the transfer switch (fixed and drawout
Additionally, stainless-steel enclosure designs are available. mount) is based on operation at 100% of the continuous
current rating.
3. Excessive altitude
When a transfer switch installation exceeds 2000 meters Table 25.3-7. Estimated Heat Loss
(6562 ft) in altitude, voltage and current ratings are subject Current Rating Fixed Mount Drawout Mount
to the following derating factors based on ANSI C37.20.1 (Amperes) (Watts) (Watts)

Table 25.3-6. Altitude Derating   200   20    22

  300   23    27
Meters Feet Voltage Current   400   26    34
  600   36    54
2000     6562 1.0 1.0
2134     7000 0.989 0.998   800   50    83
2286     7500 0.976 0.995 1000   68   119
2438     8000 0.963 0.993 1200   91   163
1600 147   276
2591     8500 0.950 0.990
2743     9000 0.933 0.987 2000 220   421
2896     9500 0.917 0.983 2500 228   543
3048 10,000 0.900 0.980 3000 320   774
3200 362   878
3200 10,500 0.883 0.977
3353 11,000 0.867 0.973 4000 421   824
3505 11,500 0.850 0.970 5000 438 1068
3658 12,000 0.833 0.967
3810 12,500 0.817 0.963
3962 13,000 0.800 0.960
Note: Values for intermediate altitudes may be derived by
linear interpolation.

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Power Frame Type Transfer Switches Design Guide DG140003EN
ATS and Bypass Isolation ATS Effective February 2020
Application Fundamentals 25.3-22

Transfer Switches Utility—Utility

This use case employs two utility sources
providing some level of redundancy in
the distribution system and allows for
quick restoration of service to the load if
an upstream equipment failure occurs.
The two sources can be independent of
each other, requiring the public utility
company to provide dual electric services,
or they can originate from a single electric
service that is distributed through
redundant paths within the facility.

Automatic Transfer Switch Family

General Description 3. When utility power is restored,

the transfer switch returns the load
Eaton’s low-voltage automatic transfer from the emergency power source
switch assemblies provide a reliable to the normal power source. The
means of transferring essential load retransfer process is self-acting or
connections between primary and Figure 25.3-13. Utility—Utility
manually initiated.
alternate sources of electrical power.
Generator—Generator
Data centers, hospitals, factories and a Transfer switches are sometimes applied
wide range of other facility types that Arrangements between two generator sets for prime
require continuous or near continuous power use, often at remote installations.
Two Power Sources
uptime typically utilize an emergency In such cases, the generator may be
(alternate) power source, such as a Utility—Generator required to provide continuous power
generator or a backup utility feed, when 24/7. As a means to equally share run-
their normal (primary) power source The standard transfer switch use case
time, source power is periodically
becomes unavailable. includes an electric utility service and
alternated between the generator sets.
an engine-generator set (generator)
When the normal power source fails, providing the normal and emergency
the transfer switch quickly and safely power sources. This system arrangement
transitions the load connections to the is typically referred to as an emergency
emergency power source, allowing standby generator system. The single
critical loads to continue running generator shown may be several engine-
with minimal or no interruption. All generator sets operating in parallel.
electrical power consumed by the
circuit, equipment or system connected
to the transfer switch output is defined
as the load.
A typical transfer sequence includes
these steps:
1. The normal utility power source fails.
2. When power from the generator or
backup utility feed is stable and within
prescribed voltage and frequency
Figure 25.3-14. Generator—Generator
tolerances, the transfer switch shifts
the load to the emergency power
source. Depending on a facility’s needs
and preferences, the transfer process
is self-acting or manually initiated.

Figure 25.3-12. Utility—Generator

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Power Frame Type Transfer Switches Design Guide DG140003EN
ATS and Bypass Isolation ATS Effective February 2020
Application Fundamentals 25.3-23

Three Power Sources Three Power Sources Transition Types

Transfer switches can transition loads
Utility—Generator—Generator Utility—Utility—Generator between normal and emergency power
Critical facilities with an emergency This use case expands on the redundancy sources in two basic ways: open or closed.
standby generator system will often provided by dual utility arrangement
include provisions for a second generator and includes an emergency standby The specific functions performed by a
connection to serve as a redundant generator source. The generator can be given load and the importance of those
emergency backup that can be used dedicated for use by a single transfer functions to safety or security play an
during periods of inclement weather or switch or shared among multiple transfer important role in determining which
when scheduled maintenance is being switches employing a priority control kind of transition is required.
performed on the first generator. scheme. Two variations of this
arrangement are shown. Open Transition
In some cases, the first generator is
permanently installed on-site whereas An open transition is a “break before
the second generator will be a portable make” transfer. That is, the transfer switch
roll-up type that is deployed when breaks its connection to one power
needed. Two variations of this arrange- source before making a connection to the
ment are shown. When configured as other. For some period of time between
shown in the first example, the generator disconnection and connection, neither the
start circuits must be managed to prevent normal power source nor the emergency
unnecessary running when the utility source is providing electricity to
source is available. downstream loads.
There are two kinds of open transition:
open delayed and open in-phase.

Open Delayed Transition

For an open delayed transition, the
transfer switch pauses in-between
disconnecting the load from one power
source and connecting it to the other
power source. The delay typically lasts
either a pre-set amount of time (fixed or
programmed time delay) or however
long it takes the load voltage to decay
below a pre-specified level (programmed
threshold). The load voltage decay
approach is more precise.

Open In-Phase Transition

With open in-phase transition, an
automatic controller uses built-in
intelligence to execute an open transition
at the precise moment it expects the
normal and emergency power sources
Figure 25.3-16. Utility—Utility—Generator to be synchronized in phase, voltage
and frequency.
In-phase transitions are typically
completed in 150 milliseconds or less to
ensure that inrush current is equal to or
less than the normal starting current of
any inductive load(s).
Figure 25.3-15. Utility—Generator—Generator If synchronization doesn’t occur within
this time span, the transfer switch may
have the ability to default automatically
to a delayed transition that serves as
a failsafe.

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Power Frame Type Transfer Switches Design Guide DG140003EN
ATS and Bypass Isolation ATS Effective February 2020
Application Fundamentals 25.3-24

Closed Transition
A closed transition is a “make before
break” transfer, in that the transfer switch
makes a connection to a second power
source before breaking its connection
with the first power source. As there’s
no gap between disconnection and
connection, downstream loads receive
continuous power throughout the
transfer process.
Switches configured for closed
transition transfer power automatically
as soon as both power sources are
closely synchronized in phase, voltage
and frequency. The overlap period during
which both sources are simultaneously
connected, or “paralleled,” usually
lasts no more than 100 milliseconds to Power Frame Switching Mechanisms are Available up to 5000 A
comply with local utility interconnect and Utilize Stored Energy Technology
requirements.
Low-voltage switching mechanism The linkage can be driven manually
technology comes in two basic varieties, or automatically. When overcurrent
Modes of Operation commonly referred to as “contactor type” protection is needed, molded case
Power transfers involve two processes: and “circuit breaker type”. Circuit breaker circuit breakers equipped with a
initiation and operation. Initiation is what switching mechanisms can be further thermal-magnetic or electronic trip
starts the transfer. Operation is what divided into two sub-types: molded case element are used.
completes it. Most transfer switches can and power frame.
support multiple operation modes through Molded case switching mechanisms
the addition of configurable options. provide a compact, cost-effective and
Contactor Type service entrance-rated solution, as
This is the most common and typically they eliminate the need for additional
Manual Mode most economical switching mechanism upstream protective devices. Each
In manual mode, both initiation and type. Contactors are constructed as an molded case mechanism individually
operation are performed manually, electrically controlled, double-throw complies with industry standard ULT 489,
typically by pushing a button or moving switch where a single operator opens which covers low-voltage molded case
a handle. Initiation occurs locally. one set of power contacts while closing switches and circuit breakers.
a second set. In an open transition design,
a mechanical interlock is often employed Molded case switching mechanisms are
Non-Automatic Mode
to prevent simultaneous closure of both ideal for applications that require integral
In non-automatic mode, the operator overcurrent protection.
contact sets. In a closed transition design,
manually initiates a transfer by pressing
the mechanical interlock is absent.
a button or rotating a switch that causes
Unlike a circuit breaker, a contactor is Power Frame Type
an internal electromechanical device
not designed to provide overcurrent Power frame switches are larger, faster
to electrically operate the switching
protection or interrupt short-circuit and more powerful than molded case
mechanism. Initiation can occur locally
fault current. switches, and are capable of handling
or remotely.
Contactor switching mechanisms are fast up to 5000 A.
Automatic Mode and flexible, but don’t offer overcurrent A two-step stored energy technology is
In automatic mode, the transfer switch protection. utilized that permits manual and electrical
controller is self-acting and completely operation under load.
manages both initiation and operation. Molded Case Type
When an application requires integral
Initiation is triggered when the automatic Routinely used for closing and interrupting overcurrent protection, power circuit
controller senses an unavailability or loss a circuit between separable contacts under breakers are configured with an electronic
of source power followed by operation both normal and abnormal conditions, trip unit that facilitates selective
of the switching mechanism. molded case switches feature simple coordination.
designs and are capable of supporting
either a mechanically operated, over- Power frame switching mechanisms
Switching Mechanism center toggle or a motor operator.They are a good fit for applications vulnerable
The switching mechanism is the part are typically assembled in an enclosed to large fault currents.
of a transfer switch that is physically housing constructed of insulating material.
responsible for carrying the rated Each power frame switch or circuit
electrical current and shifting the load When configured for use in a transfer breaker individually complies with
connection from one power source switch, a pair of molded case switches industry standard UL 1066, which covers
to another. are operated via a common, interlocking low-voltage power circuit breakers.
mechanical linkage.
Note: For more detail, reference Eaton
Publication WP140001EN.

EATON www.eaton.com
Power Frame Type Transfer Switches Design Guide DG140003EN
ATS and Bypass Isolation ATS Effective February 2020
Application Fundamentals 25.3-25

Mounting Fixed Power Poles

Switching mechanisms with a fixed Every transfer switch includes a specific
Drawout mounting configuration are simple and number of power poles. 2-and 3-pole
The use of drawout construction permits economical because there are no drawout designs are commonly employed in
the switching mechanism to be levered system components. locations fed by single-phase power
into three different positions (connected, whereas 3- and 4-pole designs are
disconnected, withdrawn) within a The switching mechanism bolts directly to
utilized in places supplied with three-
cassette or cell structure facilitating the main power bus or cable conductors
phase power.
safety, testing and serviceability. and may result in a reduced enclosure
Drawout is typically achieved using depth when compared to drawout. Each power pole is constructed with
rail slides or rollers. two sets of main contacts (momentary
and stationary components) that are
When in the disconnected position, the interconnected to form a three-terminal,
switching mechanism is isolated from the single-pole switch. This arrangement
main power bus or cabling. Some designs allows the load terminal to be connected
may allow the switching mechanism to with one or both power source terminals.
be manually or electrically (via control
power) exercised to satisfy preventive
maintenance requirements. Placing the
switching mechanism in the disconnected
position can also be used during a
lockout/tagout procedure.
Removing the switching mechanism
from the transfer switch allows for bench
testing or replacement.
Figure 25.3-17. Power Pole
Drawout construction is often employed
in bypass isolation type transfer switches Power poles are used to switch individual
used in mission-critical applications. phase conductors of the power source and
where required, the neutral conductor.
When multiple power poles are combined
with an operator device(s), a switching
mechanism is formed.

Fixed Mounting

Drawout Mounting

Figure 25.3-18. Switching Mechanism

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Power Frame Type Transfer Switches Design Guide DG140003EN
ATS and Bypass Isolation ATS Effective February 2020
Application Fundamentals 25.3-26

For simplicity, multiple power poles are Arc Chutes Contactor type switching mechanisms
eliminated from the common transfer Switching mechanisms include arc that provide a “neutral-position” are
switch symbol used in one-line drawings. chutes, housed within an arc chamber referred to as 3-position, otherwise,
constructed of high-dielectric high- they are termed 2-position. All molded
strength material, that are mounted over case and power frame type switching
each set of main contacts. Arc chutes are mechanisms provide a “neutral-position”.
constructed of metal plates designed to Applications (e.g., inductive loads)
extinguish an electrical arc and protect specifying open-delayed transition
the main contacts. will require a transfer switch with a
“neutral-position”.

Switched Neutral
For three-phase power applications
requiring that the neutral conductor
be switched, transfer switches can be
configured with a fully rated fourth pole
that performs identical to the individual
phase (A, B, C) power poles. For single-
phase applications, a fully rated third pole
can be configured.
Figure 25.3-19. Transfer Switch
Schematic Drawing A switched neutral is commonly used
when the transfer switch is fed by
In open transition transfer switches, separately derived power sources. The
the main contacts are mechanically benefits of using a switched neutral
interlocked preventing both sets from include the following:
being closed at the same time. This ■ Inhibits circulating ground current
action prevents the inadvertent electrical from flowing between power sources
paralleling of the two power sources on the neutral conductor that can
that can differ in voltage, frequency cause nuisance tripping of the ground
and phase. fault relay at the de-energized or
Closed transition designs do not include unconnected source
a mechanical interlock and will permit ■ Prevents de-sensitizing the ground
simultaneous paralleling of the power fault relay at the energized or
sources when they are electrically Arc Chutes connected source
synchronized, however, an electrical ■ Eliminates the need for complex
interlock is used to limit the paralleling ground fault sense wiring
time (typically 100 ms) to comply with Operator Device
public utility interconnect specifications. The operator device drives the power Note: For more detail, reference Eaton White
pole main contacts open or closed. Paper IA08700002E.
Power poles also include features to Depending on the switching mechanism
mitigate arcing and erosion of the main type, this is accomplished using an For closed transition transfer switches,
contacts such as arcing contacts, arc electric solenoid, electric motor or a the switched neutral pole operates as
runners and arc chutes. spring stored energy mechanism. “make-before-break” and simultaneous
closure or overlapping of the neutral
Some operator device designs allow contacts is limited to 100 ms.
the source 1 main contacts to be driven
independently of the source 2 main For open transition transfer switches,
contacts. This permits the load to remain the switched neutral pole operates in
disconnected from either of the power a “break-before-make” fashion and
sources for a programmed time delay eliminates potential problems that can
or until the residual load voltage decays occur with a three-pole solid neutral or
below a programmed threshold. When three-pole overlapping neutral (not offered
the load is disconnected in this manner, by Eaton) configuration.
the transfer switch is said to be in a
center-off or “neutral-position”.

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Power Frame Type Transfer Switches Design Guide DG140003EN
ATS and Bypass Isolation ATS Effective February 2020
Application Fundamentals 25.3-27

The likelihood of a ground fault occurring during the time period Bypass Isolation Automatic Transfer Switches
that neutral contacts are simultaneously closed or overlapped is For simplified maintenance and improved uptime, bypass
just as likely as any other time but perhaps slightly more. When isolation automatic transfer switches provide dual switching
transferring between power sources, dynamic changes are functionality and redundancy for critical applications. The
introduced into the system such as moving contacts, vibration primary switching mechanism (automatic transfer switch)
and energizing previously de-energized conductors that may handles the day-to-day distribution of electrical power to the
push and pull equipment and cables in different directions. load, while the secondary switching mechanism (bypass switch)
serves as a backup or redundant device. During repair or
Configuration Advantages Disadvantages
maintenance procedures, service personnel can bypass power
Three-pole Lower cost Nuisance tripping of around the automatic transfer switch through the bypass to
ground fault (GF) relay ensure that critical loads remain powered without interruption.
on de-energized or
unconnected source. In some bypass isolation transfer switch designs, the bypass
De-sensitizing the switch is fully automatic and self-acting providing increased
ground fault relay redundancy. When in the automatic bypass mode of operation,
at the energized or the control logic continues to monitor the normal power source
connected source.
and will automatically initiate a transfer to the alternate source
Added complexity to should the normal source fail.
implement ground
fault relay circuit to A bypass isolation transfer switch is frequently selected for use
prevent nuisance in healthcare, as well as in other critical applications, because it
tripping of ground fault
relay at de-energized or allows the automatic transfer switch (ATS), and in some cases
unconnected source. the bypass switch, to be drawn out and isolated from the power
Four-pole No circulating ground Higher cost source(s) to facilitate regular maintenance, inspection and testing
(switched neutral) current (eliminates as prescribed by code (NFPA 110).
nuisance tripping of
ground fault relay
at de-energized or
unconnected source
and desensitizing
ground fault relay
at energized or
connected source).
Three-pole May be less expensive During the time when
(overlapping neutral) than four-pole if over- both neutrals are
lapping neutral is connected, the same
not fully rated. disadvantages as a
three-pole switch exists.

Figure 25.3-20. Bypass Isolation ATS Schematic Drawing

EATON www.eaton.com
Power Frame Type Transfer Switches Design Guide DG140003EN
ATS and Bypass Isolation ATS Effective February 2020
Application Fundamentals 25.3-28

Service Entrance Transfer Switches Arc Flash Reduction Service entrance transfer switch
Facilities with a single utility connection When required by the National Electrical construction can vary in the marketplace
and a single emergency power source will Code (NEC), integral overcurrent and care should be taken by the
often have an automatic transfer switch protection can be configured with consulting engineer to consider when
located at the service entrance to ensure technology to reduce clearing time, such the transfer equipment needs to be
that critical loads can quickly and safely as an Arcflash Reduction Maintenance “fully UL1008 Listed” and marked for
shift to emergency power (generator) if System (ARMS), resulting in lower use at 100% of rated current.
utility power is interrupted. Non-critical incident energy at all downstream The phrase “fully UL 1008 listed” is
loads are often inhibited or shed from work locations. used to describe the entire transfer
connection to the emergency power switch enclosure assembly—including
source to avoid capacity overload. A circuit breaker equipped with ARMS
can improve worker safety by providing the integral circuit breaker and power
Service entrance rated transfer switches a simple and reliable method to reduce bus—which has passed rigorous
include integral overcurrent protection fault clearing time. For applications temperature rise performance testing
and a disconnect means allowing them to where the highest continuous current required by the UL 1008 standard for
be installed directly at the point of service trip setting of the overcurrent device in a transfer switch equipment.
entrance which eliminates the need for circuit breaker is rated (or can be adjusted
separate upstream device(s), including to) 1200 A or higher, a method to reduce
additional power connections. As clearing time is required per NEC 240.87.
required they can also include ground
fault protection. When the ARMS maintenance mode is
enabled, an integral analog trip circuit
provides an accelerated instantaneous
trip. To facilitate maximum arc flash
reduction while avoiding nuisance
tripping, the ARMS pickup level is
adjustable.

Table 25.3-8. Incident Energy Level Decreases with ARMS

Service Entrance Available Arcing Without ARMS With ARMS
Transfer Switch Fault Current Fault Current Maximum Incident Maximum Incident
Rating (A) (kA) (kA) Clearing Energy Clearing Energy
Time (sec) (cal/cm3) Time (sec) (cal/cm3)

4000 64 32 0.5 58.4 0.04 4.7

3000 51 26.4 0.5 47.3 0.04 3.8
2000 39 21 0.5 37 0.04 3.0
1600 28 15.8 0.5 27.2 0.04 2.2
1200 19 11.3 0.5 19 0.04 1.5

Note: Overcurrent protection device modeled is Eaton Magnum DS circuit breaker (520MC or 1150+
trip). When Eaton MCCB (310+ trip) is used as the protection device, maximum clearing time (ARMS)
Figure 25.3-21. Service Entrance Transfer Switch is 0.03 sec. Arcing fault current and incident energy values derived using SKM System Analysis
with Integral Overcurrent Protection Saves software Incident energy is calculated immediately downstream of transfer switch load.
Space and Cost

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Power Frame Type Transfer Switches Design Guide DG140003EN
ATS and Bypass Isolation ATS Effective February 2020
Application Fundamentals 25.3-29

UL 1008 Standard Withstand and Closing Short-Circuit Withstand Closing Rating

With the transfer switch closed into a test Applied in electrical circuits where the
The industry safety standard governing circuit, it must “withstand” a short-circuit overcurrent protection (OCP) device, a
the construction and performance criteria current, at a specific voltage, for a specified fuse or circuit breaker, is equipped with
for transfer switch equipment, having a time period or until a specific overcurrent an instantaneous trip response capable
maximum voltage rating of 1000 volts, protective device opens.The same transfer of clearing a fault quickly without
is UL 1008. switch sample must then “close-into” a intentional delay.
To ensure a minimum level of reliability, test circuit, with a short-circuit current
applied, for a specified time period or until Various transfer switch short-circuit WCR
the standard requires that all transfer examples are as follows:
switch equipment, listed to apply the a specific overcurrent protective device
UL 1008 mark, meet rigorous performance opens. At the conclusion of each test, a set ■ When the overcurrent protection
testing—regardless of the design type. of operational, physical and electrical device is an external circuit breaker,
criteria must be met. of any type, a “time-based” short-
An optional short-time variant of the test circuit WCR can be applied. An
Performance Tests can be performed at the request of the important caveat is that the maximum
manufacturer but is not required to obtain clearing time of the circuit breaker’s
Undervoltage instantaneous trip response must be
a UL 1008 mark.
A voltage sensing relay coil shall be equal to or less than the maximum
capable of withstanding 95% of rated time duration of the marked short-
pull-in voltage without damage. Withstand Closing Current Ratings circuit WCR.
When applying a transfer switch for ■ When the overcurrent protection
Overvoltage use in a power distribution system, device is an external circuit breaker,
An electromagnet coil shall be capable consideration must be given to the of a specific type that appears on a
of withstanding 110% of rated voltage withstand closing current rating (WCR) manufacturer’s list, a “specific circuit
without damage. to ensure system integrity and reliability. breaker” short-circuit WCR can be
applied and offers a higher current
The UL1008 standard permits transfer rating compared to a time-based rating.
Overload switches to be marked with one or more
■ When the overcurrent protection
The transfer switch must operate for short-circuit and/or short-time WCRs
specific to an overcurrent protection device is a fuse, of a specific type or
a number of operation cycles, with a
(OCP) device type. Transfer switches classification, a “fuse” short-circuit
non-unity power factor, at a multiple
with multiple ratings provide greater WCR can be applied and offers the
of its rated current.
application flexibility. highest current rating.
■ When the overcurrent protection (OCP)
Dielectric The WCR represents a transfer switch’s device is integral to the transfer switch
The transfer switch shall be capable of capability to ride-out a fault condition assembly, an “integral OCP” short-
withstanding 1000 Vac, plus twice its until the overcurrent protective device circuit WCR can be applied. A typical
maximum rated voltage, without (a circuit breaker or fuse that is integral use is a service entrance transfer switch
breakdown. to the transfer switch assembly or is that is fed directly from the utility.
located externally upstream) opens and
Temperature Rise clears the fault. The WCR, applicable A transfer switch short-circuit withstand
up to a maximum voltage, is given in closing current rating (WCR) is frequently
While operating at 100% of its rated utilized in circuits where the overcurrent
thousands of amperes and must be equal
current, the transfer switch temperature protective device is a UL 489 circuit
to or greater than the available fault
shall not exceed a maximum value, breaker. A common example is a molded
current calculated at the location of the
sustain material damage or pose a fire risk. case circuit breaker installed in UL 891
transfer switch in the electrical circuit. In
some instances, a WCR may be further switchboard, serving as a feeder to a
Endurance qualified by a maximum time duration. transfer switch.
The transfer switch must operate for
thousands of operation cycles without fail.

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Power Frame Type Transfer Switches Design Guide DG140003EN
ATS and Bypass Isolation ATS Effective February 2020
Application Fundamentals 25.3-30

When applying a transfer switch short-circuit WCR, it’s important Short-Time Withstand Closing Rating
to note that UL 489 Listed circuit breakers include a magnetic, Typically applied in critical electrical circuits where the overcurrent
built-in instantaneous override that can’t be defeated or disabled. protection device is a circuit breaker, equipped with an adjustable
For molded case breakers, the override is fixed at approximately electronic trip capable of providing intentional delay, that allows
10–12 times the nominal trip or frame rating. For insulated case for selective coordination within the distribution system. In
breakers, the override is fixed at approximately 13–18 times the many cases, the instantaneous response of the circuit breaker
nominal trip or frame rating. is disabled.
For many years, fuses and thermal-magnetic circuit breakers When a transfer switch carries an optional short-time WCR, it will
(UL 489) have successfully been used to provide overcurrent always be qualified by a maximum time duration. Values typically
protection for short-circuit rated transfer switches. Today, circuit range between 0.1 and 0.5 seconds correlating with a circuit
breakers are more commonly configured with an electronic trip breaker’s short-time response. To ensure proper protection, the
unit having a short-time element (LS, LSI, LSG, LSIG) allowing circuit breaker short-time settings must be coordinated with the
the short-time pick-up/delay to be adjusted. maximum time duration of the marked short-time WCR.
When a circuit breaker’s short-time element adjustments Short-time WCRs are frequently utilized in circuits where the
are set to maximum, the protection provided can be similar overcurrent protective device is a UL 1066 circuit breaker, such
to that of a fuse or thermal-magnetic circuit breaker. However, as UL 1558 switchgear.
adjusting the settings to something less than maximum can
provide shorter clearing times and increased protection at Transfer switches with a short-time WCR and maximum
lower level faults when compared to a fuse (Figure 25.3-22) time duration of 0.5 seconds offer the greatest flexibility
or a thermal-magnetic circuit breaker. As a result, UL 489 to the specifying engineer when designing a selectively
breakers equipped with a short-time element have the ability coordinated system.
to provide “better protection” compared to a fuse or a circuit
breaker without a short-time element.
Life Expectancy
Transfer switches are periodically exercised upon a loss of
normal power or when conducting routine testing. Many
designs include control logic with a plant exerciser capable
of initiating a test automatically based on a programmed
schedule (weekly, biweekly, monthly).
Assuming a transfer switch is exercised once a week through
scheduled testing or a power outage condition, an approximation
of life expectancy can be made based on UL 1008 endurance test
criteria that is conducted with and without rated current.
Table 25.3-9. UL 1008 Endurance Testing
Transfer Switch Number of Operation Cycles Total
Rating (Amperes) With Current Without Current

0–300 6000 — 6000

301–400 4000 — 4000
401–800 2000 1000 3000
801–1600 1500 1500 3000
1601 and above 1000 2000 3000

Table 25.3-10. Estimated Transfer Switch Life Expectancy

Transfer 52 Transfer/Retransfer Operations per Year
Switch Rating With Current Without Current Total
(Amperes) (Years) (Years) (Years)

0–300 115 — 115

301–400 76 — 76
401–800 38 19 57
801–1600 28.5 28.5 57
1601 and above 19 38 57

Figure 25.3-22. Time-current characteristic curve showing that a UL 489

circuit breaker with LSI trip (red curve) can clear the same level of fault
current more quickly (region 1) than a fuse (green curve)

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Power Frame Type Transfer Switches Design Guide DG140003EN
ATS and Bypass Isolation ATS Effective February 2020
Application Fundamentals 25.3-31

NFPA 70 System Legally Required Systems Optional Standby Systems

Installation Types Legally required systems automatically
supply power to a selected set of regulated
Optional standby systems supply power
to loads with no direct bearing on health
Transfer switches are employed in a loads not classified as emergency systems or life safety and are not required to
variety of special conditions that typically when normal power is unavailable. function automatically during power
fall into one of four categories defined by They serve critical heating, refrigeration, failures. They are typically found in
the National Electrical Code (NFPA 70): communication, ventilation, smoke commercial buildings, farms and
emergency systems, legally required removal, sewage disposal, and lighting even residences, and must meet the
systems, critical operations power functions that could create hazards or requirements of Article 702 of the
systems and optional standby systems. hamper rescue or fire-fighting operations National Electrical Code (NFPA 70).
if denied electrical power.

Emergency systems As with emergency systems, legally Special Occupancies

required systems are regulated by In addition to the special conditions
Emergency systems supply, automatically
municipal, state, federal and other previously discussed, transfer switches
distribute and control electricity used by
governmental agencies. Transfer are utilized in the critical, life safety and
systems essential to life safety during
from the normal power source to the equipment branches of an essential
fires and other disasters. They include
emergency source must complete within electrical system located within a
fire detectors, alarms, emergency lights,
60 seconds and meet the requirements of healthcare facility and subject to
elevators, fire pumps, public safety
Article 701 of the National Electrical Code Article 517 of the National Electrical
communication systems and ventilation
(NFPA 70). Overcurrent devices must be Code (NFPA 70).
systems, and are commonly found
selectively coordinated with all supply-
in hotels, theaters, sports arenas
side overcurrent protective devices.
and hospitals.
Other Standards
Emergency systems are regulated by Other relevant industry standards
a municipal, state, federal or other Critical Operations Power
for transfer switches are NFPA 99
government agency. Transfer from the Systems (COPS) (Health Care Facilities Code) and
normal power source to the emergency COPS supply, distribute and control NFPA 110 (Emergency and Standby
source must complete within 10 seconds electricity in designated critical areas Power Systems).
and meet the requirements of Article 700 when a normal power source fails.
of the National Electrical Code (NFPA 70). They include HVAC, fire alarm, security,
In addition, overcurrent devices must be communication, signaling and other
selectively coordinated with all supply- services in facilities that a government
side overcurrent protective devices. agency has deemed important to national
security, the economy, or public health
and safety.
All COPS must meet the requirements
of Article 708 of the National Electrical
Code (NFPA 70), and their overcurrent
devices must be selectively coordinated
with all supply-side overcurrent
protective devices.

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