Mawlana Bhashani Science And Technology University

Tangail
Department of Mathematics
1st Year 1st Semester
Assignment

Course Title: Differential Calculus Course code: MA-1102

Topic name: Range of a function Group No: (MA-4)
Submitted By Submitted To
Nigar Sultana Maam
Group Name:Equal-6
Lecturer
Group Leader:
Department of Mathematics
 Rasel Ahamed(MA-20006)
Faculty of science
Mawlana Bhashani Science And
Group Members: Technology University
Santosh,Tangail-1902
 Atika Rahman(MA-20003)
 Mayma Akter Priya(MA-20015)
 Tania Rahman(MA-20025)
 Sanjida Akter(MA-20039)
 Adham Abhi(MA-20049)
Range: Range of a function is a set of outcome of that function.
For example, If f(x)=x2 and x∈A where A={1, 2, 3}.
Let us consider range of function is B, then,
f(x)=12=1
f(x)=22=4
f(3)=32=9
So, range of function or B={1, 4, 9}
Range of sinx= [-1, 1]
Range of cosx=[-1, 1]
Range of tanx=(-∞,+∞)
Range of cotx=(-∞,+∞)
Range of secx= (-∞,-1]∪[1,∞)
Range of cosecx=(-∞,-1]∪[1,∞)
Range of logx=ℝ
Range of lnx=ℝ
Range of ex= ℝ

Arithmetic Operation on Function:

1. (f+g)(x)=f(x) + g(x)
2. (f-g)(x)=f(x) - g(x)
3. (fg)= f(x). g(x)
4. (f/g)= f(x)/ g(x)
For the functions f+g, f-g, and fg we define the domain to be the
intersection of the domains of f and g, and for the function f/g we define
the domain to be the intersection of the domains of f and g but with the
points g(x)=0 excluded.

Example: Let, f(x)= 1+ (𝑥 − 2)and g(x)=x-3.

Find the domains and formulas for the functions f+g, f-g, fg, f/g and 7f.
Solution:
First, we will find the formula and then the domains. The formulas are,
 (f+g)(x)= f(x) + g(x)
= 1+ (𝑥 − 2)+ x-3
= x + (𝑥 − 2)-2
 (f-g)(x)=f(x)- g(x)
=1+ (𝑥 − 2)– x+3

= (𝑥 − 2)– x+4

 (fg)(x)=f(x). g(x)
=(1+ (𝑥 − 2))( x-3)
 (f/g)(x)=f(x)/g(x)
1+ (𝑥−2)
= x−3
 (7f)(x)= 7 f(x)
= 7(1+ (𝑥 − 2))
=7+7 (𝑥 − 2)
The domain of f and g are [2, +∞) and (-∞,+∞), respectively, so from
the definition of domain of f+g, f-g and fg are the intersection of these
two domains. [2, +∞)∩(-∞, +∞) = [2, +∞)
Moreover, since g(x)=0, we have x-3=0 => x= 3, the domain of f/g is,
the intersection of domain of f and g but 3 is excluded here.
So, [2, +∞) - {3}
or, [2, 3)∪(3,+ ∞)
Finally, the domain of 7f is the same as the domain of f.
Home work: Show that, if f(x)=√x, g(x)=√x and h(x)= x then the
domain of fg is not the same as the natural domain of h.
Solution: Given that,
f(x)= √x
g(x)=√x
h(x)=x
We know that,
(fg)(x)= f(x).g(x)
=√x.√x
=x
The domain of f and g are [0, +∞) and [0, +∞) respectively. so, from the
definition of domain of fg are the intersection of these two domains.
[0,+ ∞)∩[0, +∞) = [0, +∞)
Here h(x)= x
The domain of h is (-∞, +∞) respectively.
So, we can say that, then domain of fg is not the same as the natural
domain of h.
Composition of Function:
We now consider an operation on functions called composition, which
has no direct analog in ordinary arithmetic. Informally stated, the
operation of composition is performed by substituting some function for
the independent variable of another function.
For example suppose that,
f(x)=x2 and g(x)= x+1
If we substitude g(x) for x in the formula for f, we obtain a new function,
f(g(x))=(g(x))2 = (x+1)2
Which we denoted by fog. Thus,
(fog)(x)= f(g(x))
Another definition of composition of function:
Given functions f and g, the composition of f with g denoted by fog, is
the function defined by,
(fog)(x)= f(g(x))
The domain of fog is defined to consist of all x in the domain of g for
which g(x) is in the domain of f.
Home work:
1. Let f(x)= x2+3 and g(x)=√x. Find,
a.(fog)(x). b.(gof)(x)
Solution:
Given that , f(x)=x2+3
g(x)=√x
a. We know that, (fog)(x)= f(g(x))
=f(√x)
=(√x)2 +3
=x+3
b. (gof)(x)= g(f(x))
=g(x2+ 3)

= 𝑥2 + 3
2. Find (fogoh)(x) if f(x)=√x, g(x)=1/x, h(x)=x3.
Solution :
Given that ,
f(x)=√x
g(x)=1/x
h(x)=x3.
We know that,
(fogoh)(x)= f(g(h(x)))
= f(g(x3))
1
=f(𝑥 )3
1
=
𝑥3
1
= 3
𝑥2

Problem-1: Express sin 𝑥 3 as a composition of two function

 Solution-1: sin 𝑥 3 = 𝑓(𝑔 𝑥 )
Let, 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥

Translation:-
Operation on Add a positive Subtract a positive Add a positive Subtract a positive
y = f (x) constant c to f (x) constant c from f (x) constant c to x constant c from x
New equation y = f (x) + c y = f (x) − c y = f (x + c) y = f (x − c)

Geometric Translates the graph of Translates the graph of Translates the graph of Translates the graph of
effect y = f (x) up c units y = f (x) down c units y = f (x) left c units y = f (x) right c units

Example 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐 𝒚 = 𝒙+𝟐 𝟐
𝒚= 𝒙−𝟐 𝟐

𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐
Problem-2: Sketch the graph of

(a)𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝟑 (b)𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝟑
Solution-2:

(a)𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝟑

(b)𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝟑
Problem-3: Sketch the graph of 𝒚 = 𝒙

Solution-3:𝑦 = 𝑥

Problem-4: Sketch the graph of

𝒂 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 (𝒃) 𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝟐
(𝒄)𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝟐

Solution-4: 𝒂 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐

𝟐
(𝒃) 𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝟐
 𝟐
𝒄 𝒚= 𝒙−𝟐 +𝟏

Reflections:
Operation
Replace x by -x Multiply f(x) by -1
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥

New Equation 𝑦 = 𝑓(−𝑥) 𝑦 = −𝑓(𝑥)

Reflects the graph of Reflects the graph of y=f(x)
Geometric effect y=f(x) about the y axis
about the x axis

𝒚= 𝒙 𝒚= 𝒙
Example 𝒚=− 𝒙
𝒚 = −𝒙
Problem-5: Sketch the graph of (a) 𝒚 = 𝟑 𝒙 (b)𝒚 = 𝟑 −𝒙 (c)𝒚 = 𝟑 𝟐 − 𝒙
Solution-5:
(a) 𝒚 = 𝟑 𝒙

𝟑
(b)𝒚 = −𝒙

𝟑
(c)𝒚 = 𝟐−𝒙
Problem-6: Sketch the graph of (a) 𝒚 = 𝒙 (b)𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝟐
(c)𝒚 = − 𝒙 − 𝟐 (d) 𝒚 = 𝟒 − 𝒙 − 𝟐
Solution-6:
(a) 𝒚 = 𝒙

(b)𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝟐

(c)𝒚 = − 𝒙 − 𝟐
(d) 𝒚 = 𝟒 − 𝒙 − 𝟐
Stretches and Compression:
Geometric
Operation New effect Example
on y=f(x) Equation

𝒚 = 𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙

Multiply
Sketches the
f(x) by c
graph of
𝑐 > 1) 𝐲 = 𝐜. 𝐟(𝐱)
𝐲=𝐟(𝐱) vertically
by a factor of c

𝒚 = 𝟏 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙

Compress the
Multiply graph of
f(x) by c 𝐲 = 𝐜. 𝐟(𝐱) 𝐲 = 𝐟(𝐱)
0<𝑐<1 vertically by a
factor of 𝟏 𝒄

𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙

Compress the
Multiply x
graph of
by c. 𝐲 = 𝐟(𝐜𝐱) 𝐲 = 𝐟(𝐱)
horizontally by a
𝑐>1
factor of c

𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟐 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙

Sketches the
Multiply x graph of
by c 𝐲 = 𝐟(𝐜𝐱) 𝐲 = 𝐟(𝐱)
0<𝑐<1 horizontally by a
factor of 𝟏 𝒄
Symmetry:

Symmetric about the x-axis

Even and Odd Function:

A function f is said to be an even function if 𝑓 −𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)
And it said to be an odd function if 𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥)

Some Example of even function Are 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒙𝟒 , 𝒙𝟔 , 𝒙𝟖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos 𝑥

Some Example of odd function Are
𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟑 , 𝒙𝟓 , 𝒙𝟕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙

Families of Curves: (1) 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒄

𝒚 = 𝟓, 𝒚 = 𝟒, 𝒚 = 𝟑, 𝒚 = 𝟐, 𝒚 = 𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒚 = −𝟏, 𝒚 = −𝟐, 𝒚 = −𝟑, 𝒚 = −𝟒, 𝒚 = −𝟓
(2)The family of 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃 (b fixed and m varying)
𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟏

Where 𝒎 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 and 𝜽 is the angle with positive side of x-axis and b is the intercept of
y-axis.

(3) The family of 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃 (m fixed and b varying)

𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝟐, 𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝟑, 𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝟒, 𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝟓

Where 𝒎 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 and 𝜽 is the angle with positive side of x-axis and b is the intercept of y-axis.
Power functions, the family 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒏 :

(1) The family 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒏 (when n is even):

(2) The family 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒏 (when n is odd):

(3) The family 𝒚 = 𝒙−𝒏 (discontinuous curve):
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
When n is even,𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟒 , 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟔

(4) The family 𝒚 = 𝒙−𝒏 (discontinuous curve):

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
When n is odd, 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 , 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟓 , 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟕
Polynomials:
A polynomials in x is a function that is expressible as a seem of finitely
many terms of the form cxn . Where C is a constant and n is a non-
negative integer. Some examples of polynomials are
2x+1, 3x2+5x-√2, x3, 4=(4x0), 5x7-x4+3.
Examples:
1. Polynomials with degree 1.(linear)
3+5x.
2. Polynomials with degree 2 (quadratic)
x2-3x+1
3. Polynomials with degree 3(cubic)
2x3-7
4. Polynomials with degree 4(quartic)
8x4-9x3+5x-3
5. Polynomials with degree 5(quintic)
x5+x3+√3
6. Polynomials with degree 6
( x2-4)3.
Note: Graph of the polynomial with degree

Rational Functions:
A function that can be expressed as a ratio of two polynomials is called
a rational functions .If P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials, then the domain
of the rational function
𝑃(𝑥)
f(x)=𝑄(𝑥)
Some important notes:
**Unlike polynomials whose graphs are continuous (unbroken)
curves ,the graph of rational functions have discontinuous as the points
where the denominator is zero.
**Unlike polynomials, rational functions may have numbers at which
they are not defined, near such points, many rational functions have
graph that closely approximate a vertical line called a vertical
asymptote. These are by the dashed vertical lines.
**Unlike the graphs of non constant polynomials, which eventually rise
or fall indefinitely, the graphs of many rational functions eventually get
closers and closers to some horizontal line, called a horizontal
asymptote, as are traverses the curve in either the positive or negative
direction. The horizontal asymptotes are represented by the dashed
horizontal lines in the first two parts of figure.

𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙
𝒚= 𝟐
𝒙 −𝟏
 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
𝒚= 𝟐
𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑

𝟑
𝒚=
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
The families 𝒚 = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩𝒙 and 𝒚 = 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩𝒙
(1) 𝒚 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙

(2)𝒚 = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩𝒙 − 𝒄

Domain and Range of inverse functions:
Domain of f-1=range of
Range of f-1=domain of f
𝑓

A B

𝒇−𝟏

Definition of inverse of a function:

If the function f and g satisfy the two condition.
g(f(x))=x for every x in the domain of f
f(g(y))= y for every y in the domain of g
Then we say that f is an inverse of g and g is an inverse of f or that f and
g are inverse functions.
Examples:
Find the inverse of f(x)=x3+1
Solution:
Let, y=f(x)
x=f-1(y)
Now,
y=x3+1
x3=y-1
 x= 3 𝑦 − 1

f-1(y)= 3 𝑦 − 1
3
∴f-1(x)= 𝑥−1

Graph-1: 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏

𝟑
Graph-2:𝒙 = 𝒚−𝟏
 𝟑
Graph-3 𝒚 = 𝒙−𝟏

𝟑
Graph-4:𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 = 𝒙−𝟏
Theorem: A function has an inverse if and only if it is one-to-one
The horizontal line Test:
A function has an inverse function if and only if its graph is cut at most once by
any horizontal line
One-to-one function :
If f is function then y=f(x) is said to be one-to one function if
𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑓 𝑏 then, 𝑎 = 𝑏 must be
Again if 𝑓 𝑎 ≠ 𝑓 𝑏 then, 𝑎 ≠ 𝑏 must be
Figure,
Onto function:
If y=f(x) is a function and f: A→B. If every input in A, f has an output in B, then
we say that the function is an on-to function. Every one to one function is an on-
to function but every onto function is not a one to one every time.

Figure,

Is an on-to and one-to-one function

Increasing function:
A function which graph is always rising as it is traversed from left to right is said
to be an increasing function .If 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 are points in the domain of a function
f, then f is increasing if 𝒇(𝒙𝟏 ) < 𝒇(𝒙𝟐 ) where 𝒙𝟏 < 𝒙𝟐

Decreasing function:
A function which graph is always falling as it is traversed from left to right is
said to be a decreasing function .If 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 are points in the domain of a
function f, then f is decreasing if 𝒇(𝒙𝟏 ) > 𝑓(𝑥𝟐 ) where 𝒙𝟏 < 𝒙𝟐
Theorem:
If f has inverse, then the graphs of y=f(x) and 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 are reflections of one
another about the line y=x; that is, each graph is the mirror image of the other
with respect to that time.

Figure,
𝒙
(1). 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒚 = 𝟐

𝟏
𝟑
(2).𝒚 = 𝒙 and 𝒚 = 𝒙 𝟑
Home Work: Sketch the graph of
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙, 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 , 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 , 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 , 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 , 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 , 𝒆𝒙 , 𝒆−𝒙 , 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 , − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 , 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 , −𝐥𝐧 𝒙 , 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙

𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 𝒙 , 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 , 𝐜𝐬𝐜 −𝟏 𝒙 , 𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 𝒙 , 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 𝒙

Solution: When, 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙

When, 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
When, 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙

When, 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙
When, 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙

When, 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙
When, 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙

When, 𝒚 = 𝒆−𝒙
When, 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙

When, 𝒚 = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
When, 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙

When, 𝒚 = −𝐥𝐧 𝒙
When, 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙

When, 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬−𝟏 𝒙
When, 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙

When, 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐭−𝟏 𝒙
When, 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜−𝟏 𝒙

When, 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐬𝐜−𝟏 𝒙
Periodic functions:
A function f(x) defined in a domain D is said to be a periodic
Function of period 𝜇if𝜇be the least positive real number such that f (x
+ 𝜇 )=f(x)
for all x∈D [Here x + 𝜇 ∈D,for all x∈D]
For example, f(x)=Cosx, x∈ℝ periodic function of period 2π, since 2π
is the least
positive number such that f(x + 2π)=Sin(x + 2π)=sinx = f(x) for all x ∈ℝ

Explicit and Implicit Functions:

If D(⊆ ℝ) be the domain of 0 function f, we can express the function as
y = f(x),
x∈ 𝐷 … …. … … … … … (1)
If a function can be expressed in the form (1), the function is said to be
expressed explicitly and we say that the function is explicit.
For example, f(x) =x3 + 2x2 + 10x, x∈R, is an explicit function. Now let
x, y
be two variables where the relation between x and y is expressed by an
equation, say 𝜑(x,y)=0, then it is called an implicit function.
If x2+y2=a2, then 𝜑(x,y)= x2+y2-a2=0 is an implicit function.

Here, y=± 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
Parametric Function:
Let x = f(t) and y =𝜑(t) be two functions of the variable t in the interval
a≤t≤b.
By eliminating t from the relations x=f(t), y= 𝜑(t) we shall have a
relation connecting x and y. i.e , y can be regarded as a function of x.
Such function are called parametric functions. If x=at2, y=2at, we can
easily see that y2 =4ax, i.e. y2-4ax=0 which is an implicit function of x
and y.
Here, x=at2, y=2at together constitute a parametric function, t being
called parameter.
Problem:
1
(ⅰ)Sin(ax), (ⅱ)|cosx|, (ⅲ)2cos3(x-π).

Find the period of these function.

Solution:
(ⅰ) f(x)=sin(ax)
2𝜋
∴ Sin{a(x+ 𝑎 )}=Sin(ax+2π)=Sinax
2𝜋
Sinax is a periodic function of period 𝑎

(ⅱ).f(x)=|cosx|

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥

1 2𝑥
= . 2𝑐𝑜𝑠
2

1
= (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)
2
 1 2𝜋
= (1 + cos⁡
(2 𝑥 + )
2 2

2𝜋
Since the function cos2x is periodic with period =𝜋
2

So, ।cosx। is also a periodic function with period 𝜋

1
(ⅲ). f(x)=2cos3(x-𝜋)
𝑥 𝜋
=2𝑐𝑜𝑠(3 - 3 )
𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 𝜋
=2(𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 )
3

1 𝑥 3 𝑥
= 2(2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 )
2

1 𝑥 3 𝑥
=2∙ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 + 2∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3
2
𝑥 𝑥
=𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 + 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3
𝑥 𝑥
(3 + 2𝜋) + 3 sin⁡
=cos⁡ (3 + 2𝜋)
1 1
{3 𝑥 + 6𝜋 } + 3 sin⁡
=cos⁡ {3 𝑥 + 6𝜋 }.

Obviously, f(x) is a periodic function with period 6𝜋

Graphs:
𝒙 𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑥 1 𝑥 1 𝑥
(1). when 𝒚 = 𝟐 , 𝑦 = 3 , 𝑦 = 10 , 𝑦 = 2
,𝑦 = 3
,𝑦 = 10

(2).𝒚 = 𝒃𝒙
(3).𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 , 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒆 𝒙 , 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝒙 , 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝒙

(4).𝒚 = 𝒃𝒙 , 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒙

THE END