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Sensor-sample problems-solutions (2)

The document provides sample numerical problems related to sensor sensitivity, resolution, thermo-optical sensors, and thermoacoustic sensors, along with their solutions. It includes formulas for calculating sensitivity, resolution, radiant power, total power incident on sensors, output voltage, and signal-to-noise ratio. Various examples illustrate the application of these concepts in practical scenarios.

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7 views

Sensor-sample problems-solutions (2)

The document provides sample numerical problems related to sensor sensitivity, resolution, thermo-optical sensors, and thermoacoustic sensors, along with their solutions. It includes formulas for calculating sensitivity, resolution, radiant power, total power incident on sensors, output voltage, and signal-to-noise ratio. Various examples illustrate the application of these concepts in practical scenarios.

Uploaded by

gshiven11
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Sample numerical problems with solutions

1. Sensitivity:
Sensitivity of a sensor is defined as the change in output for a given change in input, usually a unit change in
input. Sensitivity represents the slope of the transfer function.

For a pressure sensor:


Sensitivity=Δoutputsignal / Δpressure
Where:
 Δoutput-signal is the change in the sensor's output signal.
 Δpressure is the change in the pressure applied to the sensor.
For a force sensor:
Sensitivity (S) = ΔV / ΔF
Where:
 ΔV is the change in output voltage (volts).
 ΔF is the change in force (Newtons).

Sensitivity to Force per Voltage


If the sensitivity is given in units of volts per Newton (V/N), you can easily invert this ratio to determine the
force per voltage change, which gives the relationship in terms of N/V:
Force per Voltage Change= 1 / Sensitivity
Output voltage, Vout = F * S where F – force & S - sensitivity

Example:
If a piezoelectric sensor has a sensitivity of S=0.5mV/N=0.0005V/N, then the force per voltage change is:
Force per Voltage Change = 1 / 0.0005 = 2000N/V
This means that for every 1 volt of output, the sensor corresponds to a force of 2000 N.
If F = 700, what is the output voltage?

Vout = F * S = 700 * 0.0005 V = 0.35 V.


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2. Sensor Resolution:
The sensor resolution or measurement resolution is the smallest change that could be detected in the
measured quantity.

Resolution=Noise Voltage / Sensitivity

If noise voltage = 0.003 V, Resolution = 0.003 V / 0.0005 N/V = 6 N.

Calibration error = ((|Tcalibration – Treference|) / Treference ) x 100

Drift Error rate = (Actual Value) x (drift rate in %)


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3. Thermo-optical sensors:
Radiant power emitted by any given object:
The formula for the radiant power emitted by a given object is derived from the Stefan-Boltzmann Law:
4
Pradiated = σ * ϵ * A * T
Where:
 Pradiated - Total radiant power emitted by the object (in watts, W).
 σ - Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 5.67×10−8W/m2K4.
 Ε - Emissivity of the object's surface (dimensionless, ranging from 0 to 1).
 ϵ=1 - Perfect blackbody (ideal radiator).
 Ε<1 - Real-world object.
 A - Surface area of the object (in square meters, m2).
 T - Absolute temperature of the object (in kelvins, K).
Example:

For any metallic object with area A=2m2, ϵ = 0.9, and T = 300K,

Pradiated = (5.67 x 10-8) * (0.9) * 2 * (300)4 = 82.76 W.

Total Power Incident on the Sensor:


Ptotal,incident =object density * Pradiated * Nobjects
where the number of objects (Nobjects) in the SOC (sensor coverage) can be calculated:
Nobjects = SOC Area / Object Area and object density will be specified as % of objects occupied within SOC.
In the above example object area has been given. Now with the following specifications
Sensor Responsivity (Rλ): 0.7 V/W (volts per watt of incident radiation).
SOC = 100m2
Background Noise Power (Pnoise) is 0.15 W.
Amplifier Gain (G) is 150.
After few minutes, the object density in the SOC increases to 50%.
Compute the followings:-
 Total power incident on the sensor for the entire SOC.
 Output voltage of the sensor after amplification.
 Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) in decibels.
The total power incident on the sensor is:
Ptotal,incident =object density * Pradiated * Nobjects
Nobjects = SOC Area / Object Area = 100 / 2 =50.
Ptotal,incident = 0.5 * 82.76 * 50 = 2069 W.
Sensor output voltage, Vsensor = Rλ * Ptotal,incident = 0.7 * 2069 = 1448.3
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) = 10 log10 (Psignal / Pnoise) = 10log10(2069/0.15) dB =41.4 dB.
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4. Thermoacoustic Sensor formulae:


Sensor Output Voltage (Vout) The sensor's output voltage is given by:
Vout = (S0 * P) + (k * P2)
Where:
 S0 - Base sensitivity (V/Pa).
 P - Acoustic pressure amplitude (Pa).
 K - Nonlinearity coefficient (1/Pa).
Amplified Output Voltage (Vamplified)The amplified output voltage is given by:
Vamplified = G * Vout
Where:
 G - Amplifier gain.
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) The SNR in decibels is calculated using:
SNR (dB) = 20⋅log10 (Vamplified / Vnoise)
Where Vnoise - Gaussian noise voltage.

Example:
Find out the followings as per the given specifications:-
 Sensor Output Voltage (Vout)
 Amplified Output Voltage (Vamplified)
 Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
Specifications:
A thermoacoustic sensor monitors vibrations in a conveyor operating at a glass manufacturing unit with
following measurements:-
 Base sensitivity, S0 = 20 mV/Pa
 Nonlinearity coefficient (1/Pa), k=0.4VPa−2
 Noise voltage, Vnoise = 0.2 mV
 Amplifier gain, G = 30
 Acoustic pressure amplitudes:
 Normal condition: Pnormal = 0.3Pa
 Sensor Output Voltage, (Vout-normal) = (S0 * P) + (k * P2) = (20 mV/Pa) * (0.3Pa) + (0.4VPa-2) *
(0.3Pa)2 = 6 mV + 0.12 V = 6mV + 120mV = 126mV.

 Amplified Output Voltage, Vamplified = G * Vout = 30 * 126 mV = 3780 mV


 Signal-to-Noise Ratio, SNR = 20log10 (Vamplified / Vnoise) = 20log10( 3780 / 0.2) = 85.53 dB

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