Computer Architecture and Design-3117

Md. Arifuzzaman (Soukhin)

Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, Leading University
E-Mail: [email protected]
Cell number : 01998740789

Introduction
Section-1

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 Resources
• Computer system Architecture
➢M. Morris Mano
• Additional resources will be provided as the course progress.

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 Why Study Computer Architecture?
• Grades in University examination,
• Because you use it everyday,
• Because you will likely use it for the rest of your life,
• Because you are a CS major, studying computer science.
• Because computer architecture is perhaps the most fundamental
subject in computer science. Without computers, the field of
computer science does not exist.

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 Computer Architecture and Design
• Computer Architecture and Design provides in-depth knowledge of internal
working, structuring, and implementation of a computer system.
• Whereas, Design defines the way the system is structured so that all those
catalogued tools can be used properly.
❑What is Computer Architecture and Design?
• In general terms, the architecture of a computer system can be considered
as a catalogue of tools or attributes that are visible to the user such as
instruction sets, number of bits used for data, addressing techniques, etc.
• Whereas, Design of a computer system defines the way system is
structured so that all those catalogued tools can be used. The significant
components of Computer organization are ALU, CPU, memory and memory
organization

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 Computer Architecture VS
Computer Design
Computer Architecture Computer Design

Computer Architecture is concerned Computer Design is concerned with the

with the way hardware components are structure and behavior of a computer
connected together to form a computer system as seen by the user.
system.

It acts as the interface between It deals with the components of a

hardware and software. connection in a system.

Computer Architecture helps us to Computer Design tells us how exactly

understand the functionalities of a all the units in the system are arranged
system. and interconnected.

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 Computer Architecture VS
Computer Organization
A programmer can view architecture in Whereas Design expresses the realization
terms of instructions, addressing modes of architecture.
and registers.

While designing a computer system A Design is done on the basis of

architecture is considered first. architecture.

Architecture involves Logic (Instruction Design involves Physical Components

sets, Addressing modes, Data types, (Circuit design, Adders, Signals,
Cache optimization) Peripherals)

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 Evolution of Computing Devices
• ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first
computing system designed in the early 1940s. It consisted of 18,000
buzzing electronic switches called vacuum tubes, 42 panels each 9'x
2'x1'. It was organized in U-Shaped around the perimeter of a room
with forced air cooling.
• Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) design was known as the first digital
electronic computer (though not programmable). It was designed and
built by John Vincent Atanasoff and his assistant, Clifford E. Berry in
1937.
• In 1941, Z3 was invented by German inventor Konrad Zuse. It was the
first working programmable, fully automatic computing machine.

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 Evolution of Computing Devices
• Transistors were invented in 1947 at Bell Laboratories which were a
fraction the size of the vacuum tubes and consumed less power, but
still, the complex circuits were not easy to handle.
• Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce invented the Integrated Circuit at the
same time. In July 1959 Noyce filed a patent for this.
• In 1968, Robert Noyce co-founded Intel Electronics company which
is still the global market leader in IC manufacturing, research, and
development.

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 Evolution of Computing Devices
• In 1983, Lisa was launched as the first personal computer with a
graphical user interface (GUI) that was sold commercially; it ran on
the Motorola 68000, dual floppy disk drives, a 5 MB hard drive and
had 1MB of RAM.
• In 1990, Apple released the Macintosh Portable; it was heavy
weighing 7.3 kg (16 lb) and extremely expensive. It was not met with
great success and was discontinued only two years later.
• In 1990, Intel introduced the Touchstone Delta supercomputer, which
had 512 microprocessors. This technological advancement was very
significant as it was used as a model for some of the fastest multi-
processors systems in the world.

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 Functional Units of Digital System
• A computer organization describes the functions and design of the
various units of a digital system.
• A general-purpose computer system is the best-known example of a
digital system. Other examples include telephone switching
exchanges, digital voltmeters, digital counters, electronic calculators
and digital displays.
• Computer architecture deals with the specification of the instruction
set and the hardware units that implement the instructions.
• Computer hardware consists of electronic circuits, displays, magnetic
and optic storage media and also the communication facilities.
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 Functional Units of Digital System
❑Input Unit
❑Central processing unit
❑Memory unit
❑Arithmetic & logical unit
❑Control unit
❑Output Unit

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 Functional Units of Digital System
❑Input Unit:
• Input units are used by the computer to read the data. The most
commonly used input devices are keyboards, mouse, joysticks,
trackballs, microphones, etc.
• However, the most well-known input device is a keyboard. Whenever
a key is pressed, the corresponding letter or digit is automatically
translated into its corresponding binary code and transmitted over a
cable to either the memory or the processor.

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 Functional Units of Digital System
❑Central Processing Unit:
• Central processing unit commonly known as CPU can be referred as an electronic
circuitry within a computer that carries out the instructions given by a computer
program by performing the basic arithmetic, logical, control and input/output
(I/O) operations specified by the instructions.
❑Memory Unit:
• The Memory unit can be referred to as the storage area in which programs are
kept which are running, and that contains data needed by the running programs.
• The Memory unit can be categorized in two ways namely, primary memory and
secondary memory.
• Primary storage is the fastest memory that operates at electronic speeds. Primary
memory contains a large number of semiconductor storage cells, capable of
storing a bit of information. The word length of a computer is between 16-64 bits.

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 Functional Units of Digital System
❑Memory Unit:
• It is also known as the volatile form of memory, means when the computer is
shut down, anything contained in RAM is lost.
• Cache memory is also a kind of memory which is used to fetch the data very
soon. They are highly coupled with the processor.
• The most common examples of primary memory are RAM and ROM.
• Secondary memory is used when a large amount of data and programs have to be
stored for a long-term basis.
• It is also known as the Non-volatile memory form of memory, means the data is
stored permanently irrespective of shut down.
• The most common examples of secondary memory are magnetic disks, magnetic
tapes, and optical disks.

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 Functional Units of Digital System
❑Arithmetic & Logical Unit:
• Most of all the arithmetic and logical operations of a computer are
executed in the ALU (Arithmetic and Logical Unit) of the processor. It
performs arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division and also the logical operations like AND, OR,
NOT operations.

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 Functional Units of Digital System
❑Control Unit:
• The control unit is a component of a computer's central processing
unit that coordinates the operation of the processor. It tells the
computer's memory, arithmetic/logic unit and input and output
devices how to respond to a program's instructions.
• The control unit is also known as the nerve center of a computer
system.
• Let's us consider an example of addition of two operands by the
instruction given as Add LOCA, RO. This instruction adds the memory
location LOCA to the operand in the register RO and places the sum in
the register RO. This instruction internally performs several steps.
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 Functional Units of Digital System
❑Output Unit
• The primary function of the output unit is to send the processed
results to the user. Output devices display information in a way that
the user can understand.
• Output devices are pieces of equipment that are used to generate
information or any other response processed by the computer. These
devices display information that has been held or generated within a
computer.
• The most common example of an output device is a monitor.

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 Basic Operational Concepts
• The primary function of a computer system is to execute a program,
sequence of instructions. These instructions are stored in computer
memory.
• These instructions are executed to process data which are already loaded
in the computer memory through some input devices.
• To perform the execution of an instruction, in addition to the arithmetic
logic unit, and control unit, the processor contains a number of registers
used for temporary storage of data and some special function registers.
• The special function registers include program counters (PC), instruction
registers (IR), memory address registers (MAR) and memory and memory
data registers (MDR).

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