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Wastewater Treatment
➢ Quantity
➢ Characteristics
➢ Degree of Treatment → Discharge Norms/
→ Use Requirements
• Inland waters
• Groundwater
• Wetlands
• Estuaries, Ocean/Sea
• Residential/Industrial/Horticulture/Agriculture

CE412A
Lecture 1 Design of Water Treatment and Waste Disposal Systems Dr Vinod Tare

Environmental Quality & Environmental Pollution Water – Pure/Impure and Contaminated/Polluted

Dimensions • Water gains chemical characteristics of aesthetic, health,
➢ Physical biological and economic importance by dissolving and
➢ Chemical suspending materials.
➢ Physicochemical
➢ Biological • The type, magnitude, and interactions of these materials
determine whether water will have taste, odor, or in general
Physical, Chemical, Physicochemical and Biological Dimensions may potable or not, and whether it will be corrosive, or acceptable
be assesed for three different phases of the Environment ….. Solid, or harmful for a particular use, etc.
…. Liquid, ….. And Gaseous.

Solid Phase is represented by Rocks and Soil, …. Liquid Phase is

represented by Water, …. and Gaseous Phase by Air
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Lecture 1 Design of Water Treatment and Waste Disposal Systems Lecture 1 Design of Water Treatment and Waste Disposal Systems
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Water – Pure/Impure and Contaminated/Polluted Schematic Representation of the Hydrologic Cycle

Clouds and Water
• Water gains chemical characteristics of aesthetic, health, Vapor
biological and economic importance by dissolving and
E E E
suspending materials. S P S P S P S P P P P
P
ET ET
P
P
• The type, magnitude, and interactions of these materials S ET
ET
determine whether water will have taste, odor, or in general E
E E E
potable or not, and whether it will be corrosive, or acceptable R E E

or harmful for a particular use, etc. IF

R

Lake
PC R
PC
River
PC
Ocean

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Lecture 1 Design of Water Treatment and Waste Disposal Systems Lecture 1 Design of Water Treatment and Waste Disposal Systems
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The Ability of Water to Dissolve Ions Water – Origin and Sources of Impurities
..Solid..
Origin: Atmosphere
+ - + - + - + - + -
Ionic and Dissolved Gases
+ - + - + - + - + Positive ions Negative ions Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Hydrogen (H+) Bicarbonate Nitrogen (N2)
(HCO3-) Oxygen (O2)
- + Chloride (Cl-) Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
+ - Sulfate (SO4 -2 )

Note : The oxygen end of the water molecule is attracted to positive ions and the hydrogen Suspended
end to negative ions. The ability of water to dissolve ions accounts for the presence of
inorganic constituents in natural waters. The behaviour of ions in solution, however, is a Dust, pollen
complex subject.

CE412A CE412A
Lecture 1 Design of Water Treatment and Waste Disposal Systems Lecture 1 Design of Water Treatment and Waste Disposal Systems
Dr Vinod Tare Dr Vinod Tare

Water – Important Chemical and Biological Impurities Water – Origin and Sources of Impurities
Origin: Contact of Water with Soils, Rocks and Minerals Origin: Decomposition of organic matter in the environment

Ionic and Dissolved Colloidal Ionic and Dissolved Colloidal

Positive ions Negative ions
Bicarbonate (HCO3-) Clay Positive ions Negative ions Vegetable coloring matter,
Calcium (Ca+2) Silica Ammonium (NH4+) Chloride (Cl -) organic wastes
Iron (Fe+2) Carbonate (CO3-2) Suspended Ferric oxide
- Hydrogen (H+) Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
Magnesium (Mg +2)Chloride (Cl ) Clay, silt, sand and Aluminum oxide Gases
Fluoride (F -) other inorganic soils Magnesium dioxide Sodium (Na+) Hydroxide (OH-)
Potassium (K+)
- Nitrite (NO2-) Ammonia (NH3)
Sodium (Na +) Nitrate (NO3 )
Nitrate (NO3-) Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Zinc (Zn +2) Phosphate (PO4-3)
Hydroxide (OH -) Gases Sulfide (HS-) Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
Carbon dioxide (CO2) Organic radicals Hydrogen (H2)
Borates (H2BO3-)
Methane (CH4)
Silicates (H3SiO4)
Suspended Nitrogen (N2)
Sulfate (SO4 -2 )
Organic soils (topsoil), organic wastes Oxygen (O2)
CE412A CE412A
Lecture 1 Design of Water Treatment and Waste Disposal Systems Lecture 1 Design of Water Treatment and Waste Disposal Systems
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Water – Origin and Sources of Impurities Water – Origin and Sources of Impurities
Origin: Living organisms in the environment Origin: Municipal, industrial, and agricultural sources
and other human activity

Colloidal Suspended Ionic and Dissolved Colloidal

Positive ions Negative ions Inorganic and organic solids,
Bacteria, algae, Algae, diatoms, minute
Inorganic ions, Inorganic ions, coloring matter, chlorinated
viruses, etc. animals, fish, etc. including a verity of organic organic compound, bacteria,
heavy metals molecules, worms, viruses
Gases color

Ammonia (NH3) Suspended Gases

Carbon dioxide (CO2) Clay, silt, grit, and other inorganic Chloride (Cl2)
Methane (CH4) solid; organic compounds; oil; Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
corrosion products; etc.

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Sources of Bicarbonates, Sulfates, and Chlorides of Calcium, Sources of Bicarbonates, Sulfates, and Chlorides of Calcium,
Magnesium, and Sodium Found in Natural Waters Magnesium, and Sodium Found in Natural Waters

Constituent Source Constituent Source

Magnesium Sulfate MgSO4 Heptahydrate from (MgSO4 . 7H2O) commonly known
Calcium Bicarbonate Ca(HCO3)2 Dissolution of limestone, marble, chalk,
as Epsom salt or when found in the salt beds or
calcite, dolomite, and other minerals mines, as epsomite; monohydrate from (MgSO4 H2O)
containing calcium carbonate occurs in a verity of minerals as a double salt with
Magnesium Bicarbonate Dissolution of magnesite, dolomite and potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, etc.
Mg(HCO3)2 dolomitic limestone, and other minerals Sodium Sulfate Na2SO4 Salt lakes, salt beds, caverns, etc., decahydrate from
containing magnesium carbonate (Na2SO4 . 10H2O) is known as Glauber’s salt
Sodium Bicarbonate Na(HCO3)2 White salt commonly known as baking Calcium Chloride CaCl2 Natural brines, salt beds, etc., and a by product of the
soda, typically a manufactured product; chemical industry
also present in some natural waters Magnesium Chloride MgCl2 Anhydrous forms found in natural brines, salt beds,
Calcium Sulfate CaSO4 Minerals such as gypsum, alabaster, and etc.
selenite Sodium Chloride NaCl Salt beds, Salt lakes, connate waters, other natural
brine

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Lecture 1 Design of Water Treatment and Waste Disposal Systems Lecture 1 Design of Water Treatment and Waste Disposal Systems
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Particle sizes in W & WW Water or Aqueous Systems

Range of electron microscope Solid Dispersed phase can be classified into three groups
Range of light microscope Soluble or Dissolved Colloidal Coarse
(Solution or Molecular (Colloidal Suspension) (Coarse Suspension)
Algae Dispersion)
• Size < 10-9 m (1 nm) • Size: 1 –500 nm • Size > 20 µm
Viruses Bacteria • Molecules or atoms • Ultra microscopically • Can be seen
• Optically non- resolvable resolvable • Can be easily
Settleable ➢ Electron microscope size < separated/filtered
• Stable Dispersed Phase
0.5 µm • Unstable Dispersed
Colloidal solids Suspended and ➢ Microscopically resolvable Phase or Unstable
Dissolved (e.g. clays, bacteria) nonfiltrable solids Size: 0.5 – 20 µm Dispersion
Solids Size of particle, μm • Stable Dispersed Phase
10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 1 101 102 103
Dispersed phase can’t be separated from dispersion phase easily, say
10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 be settling, filtration, etc.
CE412A CE412A
Lecture 1
Size of particle, mm
Design of Water Treatment and Waste Disposal Systems Dr Vinod Tare
Lecture 1 Design of Water Treatment and Waste Disposal Systems Dr Vinod Tare

Water Quality Parameters Water – Judgement or Basis of Assessment

• Various characteristics of water are used to assess water quality.
Concept of Beneficial Uses of Water
• Characteristics of water are generally assessed through a number of
water quality parameters and these parameters are classified in a number • There are several beneficial uses of water, and since each use
of ways. Most often they are grouped as physical, chemical, and of water has an individual set of constraints, an absolute
biological. The other way is to classify them in two groups i.e. GROSS & definition of water quality can not be made.
SPECIFIC parameters
• The basic concern in establishing water quality criteria for
GROSS PARAMETERS are focused on measuring a common effect,
various beneficial uses are:
influence or impact due to presence of one or several or many species
or substances. ➢ (1) Safety,
➢ (2) Aesthetic, and
SPECIFIC PARAMETERS on the other hand are necessary when ➢ (3) Economic.
individual physical properties or chemical entities or biological species
such as toxic ion or organic compounds or biological species is of
concern and, as such, are used to describe water quality as it applies to
particular use.
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Water – Beneficial Uses (Domestic) and Quality Water – Beneficial Uses (Domestic) and Quality
• Safety → • Chemically Safe → No toxic chemical should be present
– Example: Heavy metals like Pb, Hg, Cd, Zn, Cu, etc.
– Biologically Safe → means absence of disease causing
– Radioactive chemicals.
organisms (i.e. Pathogenic Organisms). Examples of organisms
– Common elements → SO4-2 → in high concentration causes
which cause some of the commonly known water born
indigestion (laxative effect)
diseases.
– NO3- If > 100 mg/l → infant illness called
– Cholera → Vibrio coma or Vibrio cholera→ Bacterial disease methemoglobinemia (in low acidity nitrate reducing bacteria
– Typhoid → Salmonella typhosa →Bacterial diseases thrive)
– NO3→NO2→ combines with hemoglobin (competes with O2 )
– Bacillary dysentery →shigellosis → Bacterial Blue baby disease.
– Dysentry → Entamoeba hystolytica (Amoebic dysentery) → – Fluoride → mottling of teeth/bones become week →
Protozoan Excessive concentration extracts Ca++).
– Infectious hepatitis (Jaundice)-----Viral disease → Dental carries, decay → (Low concentration of F-).
→ Optimum concentration  1-1.5mg/l.
– Poliomyelitis ------------------------Viral disease
– Trihalomethanes → CHX3, CHCl3, CHBr3, CHCl2Br, CHBr2Cl →
Lecture 1
CE412A
Design of Water Treatment and Waste Disposal Systems
mutagenic.
Lecture 1
CE412A
Design of Water Treatment and Waste Disposal Systems
Dr Vinod Tare Dr Vinod Tare

Water – Beneficial Uses (Domestic) and Quality Water – Beneficial Uses (Industrial) and Quality

• Aesthetics: Absence of colour, odour, taste, turbidity → • Water is an important raw material.
which can be perceived by human senses. • Process Water → used in the production of the industry e.g.
• Economic: More hardness → more soap consumption boiler water→ high quality → scale /corrosion → DO.
(earlier); → scale formation and corrosion. • Product Water → food industry → biologically safe
• More iron → staining of cloths, rusting, clogging, etc. • In Rayon Industry → Fe content → stains the rayon (low grade
yarn is produced)
• Tannins → due to tanneries in Kanpur.
• Cooling Water → need not be high quality.
• Service Water → washing, etc.

CE412A CE412A
Lecture 1 Design of Water Treatment and Waste Disposal Systems Lecture 1 Design of Water Treatment and Waste Disposal Systems
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Water – Beneficial Uses (Agricultural) and Quality Water – Beneficial Uses (Live Stock) and Quality
• Concerns • Drinking water for animals →Biologically and chemically safe →
– Health hazard → workers and consumers (major concern) Human and animal Safety
– Soil sickness → chemicals, pH, acidity, etc. – Disease transmission → TB
– Salinity. • Economic loss if cattles are not healthy.
• Total concentration of salts → conductivity or TDS. • Aesthetic → Not much important →Turbidity and colour →
Not a problem
• Relative proportion of sodium to other ions → sodium hazard
• Test should not be bad.
to crop → high Na replaces Ca++, Mg++, K+, etc.
• Excessive bicarbonate (HCO3)→ Precipitation of Ca, Mg in the root
zone of crops
– Residual Sodium Bicarbonate (RSB) = [ CO3] + [HCO3] – [Ca] –
[Mg]; meq/l
• Toxic chemicals → Boron content.
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Lecture 1 Design of Water Treatment and Waste Disposal Systems Lecture 1 Design of Water Treatment and Waste Disposal Systems
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Water – Beneficial Uses (Fish Culture) and Quality Water – Beneficial Uses (Recreational Use) and Quality
• Concerns • Concerns
– Temperature – Aesthetic → Very important
– DO > 5 mg/l – Disease causing
– Turbidity →Photosynthesis is affected → Less food for fish • organisms → skin diseases → mainly fungal.
→ affects the food chain • Chemicals → Irritation of nose and eyes.
– Toxic chemicals

CE412A CE412A
Lecture 1 Design of Water Treatment and Waste Disposal Systems Lecture 1 Design of Water Treatment and Waste Disposal Systems
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Water Understanding Water Quality Parameters

Water Sources
• What or Definition or Concept
• The two principal sources are ground or surface water.
Depending on the hydrology of a basin, the levels of human • Why or Significance or Importance
activity in the vicinity of these source, and other factors, a wide
range of water quality parameters can be encountered. One ➢ From the Point of View of Beneficial Use → Aesthetic,
major distinction is based on the level of the dissolved salts Safety and Economic Considerations
(Total Dissolved Solids, TDS)
– Fresh waters are those sources with TDS < 1000 mg/l ➢ From the Point of View of Conveyance & Treatment
– Brackish waters are those which have TDS > 1000 mg/l and can
be used under special circumstances for specific uses with • How or Principle and Method/Technique or Procedure
adequate treatment up to (say) 10,000 mg/l
– Finally the most abundant source, the Ocean or Sea water,
contains approximately 35,000 mg/l dissolved salts and
consequently requires demineralization prior to use.
CE412A CE412A
Lecture 1 Design of Water Treatment and Waste Disposal Systems Lecture 1 Design of Water Treatment and Waste Disposal Systems
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Environmental Systems
Types of Dispersions
Physical Environment – A Dispersion System Dispersion Dispersed Type of
Medium Phase Dispersion
Gaseous → Air
Gas (Air) Solid Aerosol
Liquid → Water Gas (Air) Liquid Mist
Liquid (Water) Solid Solution and/or
Solid → Soil and Rocks Suspension
Liquid (Water) Liquid (Oil) Emulsion
Solid Solid Solid Gel
Solid Liquid Gel

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Air (Gas), Water (Liquid) and Soil/Rock (Solid) Dispersion System Wastewater Characteristics
• In dispersion system particles of one phase are dispersed throughout a Wastewater produced in domestic setting,
medium that is in a different phase.
1. Black water: Toilet waste
• Dispersion may be a two-phased system or a three-phased system. (mainly Organic Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, microorganisms)
• Composed of a dispersion medium and a dispersed phase. 2. Grey water:Kitchen waste, bathing and cleaning waste
• Dispersion medium is a continuous medium in which the dispersed phase (mainly organic C, N and P, surfactants, salts, dirt, grit, other solid
is distributed throughout. waste)
• Dispersed phase is the phase that is composed of particles that are Domestic Wastewater (Sewage) = Black water + grey water
distributed throughout the Dispersion Medium.
• Dispersed phase is discontinuous whereas Dispersion Medium is
continuous.

CE412A CE412A
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Dr Vinod Tare Design of Water Treatment and Waste Disposal Systems Dr Vinod Tare

Wastewater/Sewage → Water + ? Particle sizes in W & WW

Constituents Part of Solids Parameter Action
Range of electron microscope
Inorganics TDS FDS TDS None
(Na, K, Ca, Mg, NH4, Fe,
Mn, Cu, Cd, Ni, .. ; OH, FSS (Specific Range of light microscope
CO3, HCO3, Cl, SO4, NO2; TSS Screening/ Settling
Gravity > 2.5
NO3, PO4, .. ) Algae
TSS Primary Settling
Viruses Bacteria
Conversion to CO2,
TOC/BOD/
VSS H2O, Microbial Mass
COD
and Settling/ Micro-
Settleable
TSS Specific
Filtration
Gravity ~ 1 Colloidal solids Suspended and
Organics NH4-N ” + → NO2 & NO3-N
(Microbes & Dissolved (e.g. clays, bacteria) nonfiltrable solids
(Carbon, Nitrogen,
Non- ” + → NH4-N →
Phosphorous,
Microbial)
Solids Size of particle, μm
TKN
…………..) NO3-N → N2 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 1 101 102 103

VDS Conversion to 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100
PO4
Lecture 1 TDS Design of Water(Non- CE412A
Treatment and Waste Disposal Systems
Microbial Mass
Dr Vinod Tare
Lecture 1
Size of particle, mm CE412A
Design of Water Treatment and Waste Disposal Systems Dr Vinod Tare

Microbial)

Environmental Systems Wastewater Characteristics

Types of Dispersions Wastewater → Water + Waste

Dispersion Dispersed Type of Domestic Wastewater (Sewage) = Black water + grey water (Sullage)
Medium Phase Dispersion Organic Carbon = BOD5
Gas (Air) Solid Aerosol BOD5 added by permanent population = 50 g /capita/d
Gas (Air) Liquid Mist BOD5 added by temporary population = 25 g /capita/d
Liquid (Water) Solid Solution and/or Microbes Fresh Sewage
Suspension Chemicals → Acids, Bases, Insecticides, Pesticides, Antibiotics, etc.
Liquid (Water) Liquid (Oil) Emulsion N+P
Solid Solid Solid Gel
Solid Liquid Gel TSS & TDS → Organic (VS → VSS + VDS; BOD/COD; N & P) & Inorganic
(FSS + FDS)
CE412A CE412A
Lecture 1 Design of Water Treatment and Waste Disposal Systems Lecture 1
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Wastewater Quality Wastewater/Sewage Treatment

In 2023: In 2053: Wastewater → Water + Waste
BOD5 added = 50(9870) + BOD5 added = 50(12300) +
25(1500) = 531 kg/d 25(3000) = 690 kg/d
Preliminary Wastewater Bigger Solids (Fixed & Volatile Solids)
Average Flow: 531 kg in 1.47 ML = Average Flow: 690 kg in 2.46 ML =
Treatment +
361 mg/L BOD5 281 mg/L BOD5 Coarser & Heavier Solids (FSS)
Primary Wastewater
Assume: BOD5 : N (as N) : P (as Assume: BOD5 : N (as N) : P (as +
P) on wt. basis) = 100: 10: 2 P) on wt. basis) = 100: 10: 2
Treatment
Coarser but Lighter Solids (VSS)
Av: BOD5 = 361mg/L; Av: BOD5 = 281 mg/L; Secondary Wastewater
TKN = 36.1 mg/L (as N); TKN = 28.1 mg/L (as N); +
Total-P = 7.2 mg/L (as P) Total-P = 5.6 mg/L (as P) Treatment Finer & Lighter Solids (Colloidal &
Commercial wastewater is Commercial wastewater is Dissolved; VSS & VDS)
assumed to have the same assumed to have the same
Tertiary Wastewater
Treatment +
characteristics as domestic characteristics as domestic
wastewater wastewater Other Dissolved Solids (VDS & FDS)
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Lecture 1 Lecture 1
Design of Water Treatment and Waste Disposal Systems Dr Vinod Tare Design of Water Treatment and Waste Disposal Systems Dr Vinod Tare

Preliminary Wastewater Treatment Preliminary Wastewater Treatment

Top View
Proportional Weir
Grit Chamber
Screen Channel Screen Channel Design
Bar Rack / Screens
Bar Rack / Screens Velocity in screen channel
Trunk Sewer To Sump Well
should be > 0.6 m/s (self-
Trunk Sewer cleansing velocity)

Rectangular Open Channel q1 = 0.30 m3/s;

Front View Rectangular Open Channel
Ground Level Ground Level
Choose:
n = 0.013; S = 0.002;
b = 0.70 m (same as trunk
sewer dia.)
Grit Collection
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Lecture 1 Lecture 1
Design of Water Treatment and Waste Disposal Systems Dr Vinod Tare Design of Water Treatment and Waste Disposal Systems Dr Vinod Tare

Preliminary Wastewater Treatment Preliminary Wastewater Treatment

Grit Chamber: To remove inorganic particles up to 0.25 mm in diameter
h
Assuming rectangular channel, R = (b.h)/(b + 2.h); Vsc (0.25 mm particles) = 0.254 ms-1; Thus, VH < Vsc
A = b.h;
b
q1 = A.VH = (1/n).A.(R)2/3.(S)1/2;
Q = Design flow
b = Channel width Choose h such that q1 = 0.3 m3/s; h = 0.504 m
h = depth of flow
VH = q1/(A) = 0.850 m/s; VH > Vsc, hence okay
S = channel slope
A = flow cross section
VH = flow velocity Checking for q2:
q2 = A.VH = (1/n).A.(R)2/3.(S)1/2;

Choose h such that q1 = 0.15 m3/s; h = 0.298 m

VH = q2/(A) = 0.720 m/s; VH > Vsc, hence okay

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Preliminary Wastewater Treatment Preliminary Wastewater Treatment

Sump Well
from
Trunk Sewer SC-1 SC-2 SC-3 GC SW EQ

Screenings Grit

Fresh Sewage Aged/Septic Sewage

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Design of Water Treatment and Waste Disposal Systems Dr Vinod Tare Design of Water Treatment and Waste Disposal Systems Dr Vinod Tare

Equalization Tank (Flow Equalization) Equalization Tank (Flow Equalization)

Time of Day Flow Cumulative Volume Time of Day Flow Cumulative Volume
0-1 0.9Q 0.9Q.n 12-13 1.3Q 10.9Q.n Variable Flow Equalization Constant Flow
1-2 0.7Q 1.6Q.n 13-14 1.2Q 12.2Q.n (from sump well) Tank (Maximum flow at the end of
2-3 0.5Q 2.1Q.n 14-15 1.2Q 13.4Q.n
Design Period )
3-4 0.4Q 2.5Q.n 15-16 1.1Q 14.5Q.n In- Line Equalization
4-5 0.3Q 2.8Q.n 16-17 1.1Q 15.6Q.n
5-6 0.3Q 3.1Q.n 17-18 1.1Q 16.7Q.n
6-7 0.4Q 3.5Q.n 18-19 1.1Q 17.8Q.n Variable Flow
Outflow

7-8 0.7Q 4.2Q.n 19-20 1.2Q 19.0Q.n Constant Flow

Inflow

8-9 1.1Q 5.3Q.n 20-21 1.3Q 20.3Q.n (Maximum flow at the end of
9-10 1.6Q 6.7Q.n 21-22 1.3Q 21.6Q.n Design Period )
10-11 1.4Q 8.1Q.n 22-23 1.2Q 22.8Q.n
Equalization
11-12 1.4Q 9.5Q.n 23-24 1.2Q 24Q.n Tank
Total 24Q
Off - Line Equalization
Q = Maximum Flow, m3/h ; n = duration, hr
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Equalization Tank (Flow Equalization)

Determination of Equalization Tank Volume

Equalization Tank
Cumulative Volume

Volume

Time of day (0 – 23 hours)

CE412A
Lecture 1
Design of Water Treatment and Waste Disposal Systems Dr Vinod Tare