Name ___________________________________________________________ Date __________________ Block ____

AP STATISTICS: TEST UNIT VI (Chapters 23-25) – Learning About the World

MULTIPLE CHOICE: Write the letter of the most appropriate response to the left of the question
number.

1. A 95% confidence interval for the mean reading achievement score for a population of third-grade students is
(44.2, 54.2). Suppose you compute a 90% confidence interval using the same data. Which of the following
statements is correct?
(a) The intervals have the same width.
(b) The 90% interval is narrower.
(c) The 90% interval is wider.
(d) The 90% interval could be wider or narrower—it depends on the sample.
(e) The answer can’t be determined from the information given.

2. To assess the accuracy of a machine that dispenses paint into 1-gallon cans, a random sample of cans will be
selected and the volume of paint will be measured. Suppose the volumes are Normally distributed with
unknown mean μ and standard deviation σ = 0.02 gallons. Which of the following is the smallest sample size
that will give a 95% confidence interval for μ has a margin of error of at most ± 0.001?
(a) 30
(b) 40
(c) 1500
(d) 1600
(e) None of these sample sizes is large enough

3. A polling organization announces that the average number of books read during the previous year by
residents of a state is 3.2, with a 95% confidence margin of error of 1.2. This means:
(a) 95% of residents in this state have read between 2.0 and 4.4 books in the previous year.
(b) There is a 95% chance that the mean number of books read by members of the sample is between 2.0 and
4.4.
(c) If the poll were conducted again in the same way, there is a 95% chance that the average number of
books read by members of the new sample during the previous year would be between 2.0 and 4.4.
(d) If the poll were conducted many times and a new interval calculated each time, about 95% of these
intervals would include the mean number of books read by all residents in the previous year.
(e) If the poll were conducted many times and a new interval calculated each time, about 95% of these
intervals would include 3.2, the mean number of books read by the original sample of residents in the
previous year.

Problems 4–7 refer to the following setting. The principal of a large high school wants to know if students spend
more than 1 hour doing homework per night, on average. To investigate, he surveys a random sample of 100

students and use the results to test the following hypotheses: : = 1 versus : > 1 where is the
mean amount of homework done per night for all the students at the school.

4. Describe a Type II error in the context of this study.

(a) The principal finds convincing evidence that students do homework for more than 1 hour per night on
average, when in reality they spend at most 1 hour per night on average.
(b) The principal finds convincing evidence that students do homework for more than 1 hour per night on
average, when in reality they spend more than 1 hour per night on average.
(c) The principal does not find convincing evidence that students do homework for more than 1 hour per
night on average, when in reality they spend more than 1 hour per night on average.
(d) The principal does not find convincing evidence that students do homework for more than 1 hour per
night on average, when in reality they spend at most 1 hour per night on average.
(e) The principal makes a calculation error that results in an incorrect conclusion.

5. In the sample, mean time spent on homework per night was 1.23 hours, resulting in a P-value of 0.02.
Interpret the P-value in context.
(a) Only 2% of the students do homework for more than an hour per night on average.
(b) There is an 2% chance that the average amount of time spent on homework per night is greater than 1
hour.
(c) Assuming that the true average amount of time spent doing homework per night is 1 hour, there is an 2%
probability that the null hypothesis is true.
Name ___________________________________________________________ Date __________________ Block ____
AP STATISTICS: TEST UNIT VI (Chapters 23-25) – Learning About the World

(d) Assuming that the true average amount of time spent doing homework per night is more than 1 hour,
there is an 2% probability that the sample mean would be 1.23 or higher by chance alone.
(e) Assuming that the true average amount of time spent doing homework per night is 1 hour, there is an 2%
probability that the sample mean would be 1.23 or higher by chance alone.

6. Based on the P-value in problem 2, which of the following would be the most appropriate conclusion using a
significance level of 0.05?

(a) Because the P-value is less than 0.05, we reject . We have convincing evidence that the true average
amount of time doing homework per night is at most 1 hour.

(b) Because the P-value is less than 0.05, we reject . We have convincing evidence that the true average
amount of time doing homework per night is greater than 1 hour.

(c) Because the P-value is less than 0.05, we fail to reject . We have convincing evidence that the true
average amount of time doing homework per night is greater than 1 hour.

(d) Because the P-value is less than 0.05, we fail to reject . We have convincing evidence that the true
average amount of time doing homework per night is at most 1 hour.

(e) Because the P-value is less than 0.05, we fail to reject . We do not have convincing evidence that the
true average amount of time doing homework per night is greater than 1 hour.

7. Which of the following would result in a more powerful test in this setting?
(a) Using a two-sided alternative hypothesis
(b) Reversing the direction of the alternative hypothesis
(c) Using = 0.10 instead of using = 0.05
(d) Using = 0.01 instead of using = 0.05
(e) Using a smaller number of high school students

8. The recommended daily Calcium intake for women over 21 is 1000 mg per day. The health services at a
college are concerned that women at the college get less Calcium than that, so they take a random sample of 50

female students in order to test the hypotheses versus . Prior to the study they

estimate that the power of their test against the alternative is 0.85. Which of the following is the
best interpretation of this value?
(a) The probability of accepting the null hypothesis when the parameter value is 1000.
(b) The probability of failing to reject the null hypothesis when the parameter value is 1000.
(c) The probability of failing to reject the null hypothesis when the parameter value is 900.
(d) The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when the parameter value is 1000.
(e) The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when the parameter value is 900.

9. For the study described in #8, the sample mean was 915 and the sample standard deviation was 142. Which
of the following is the correct test statistic?

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

10. We want to test H0: µ = 1.5 vs. Ha: µ 1.5 at = 0.05. A 95% confidence interval for µ calculated from a
random sample is 1.4 to 3.6. Based on this finding we
(a) fail to reject H0 .
(b) reject H0 .
(c) cannot make any decision at all because the value of the test statistic is not available.
(d) cannot make any decision at all because the distribution of the population is unknown.
(e) cannot make any decision at all because (1.4, 3.6) is only a 95% confidence interval for µ.
Name ___________________________________________________________ Date __________________ Block ____
AP STATISTICS: TEST UNIT VI (Chapters 23-25) – Learning About the World

Use the following for questions 11–13: The water diet requires one to drink two cups of water every half hour
from the time one gets up until one goes to bed, but otherwise allows one to eat whatever one likes. Four adult
volunteers agree to test the diet. They are weighed prior to beginning the diet and after six weeks on the diet.

For this study, : = 0 and : > 0 where is the true mean weight loss.

11. Which of the following conditions must be met in order to use a t test on these paired data?
(a) Only the distribution of pre-diet weights must be approximately Normal.
(b) Only the distribution of differences (before – after) must be approximately Normal.
(c) The distribution of both pre-diet weights and six-week weights must be approximately Normal.
(d) The distribution of pre-diet weights and the distribution of differences (before – after)
must be approximately Normal.
(e) All three distributions—before diet, after 6 weeks, and the difference (before – after)—must be
approximately
Normal.

12. A Type I error in this setting would mean

(a) concluding that the diet leads to weight loss when it doesn’t.
(b) concluding that the diet leads to weight loss when it really does.
(c) not concluding that the diet leads to weight loss when it does.
(d) not concluding that the diet leads to weight loss when it really doesn’t.
(e) drawing a conclusion from this test when the Normality condition has not been satisfied.

13. Which of the following gives all the values of t that would lead to a rejection of at the 10% level of
significance?
(a) t > 0.100
(b) t > 1.282
(c) t > 1.533
(d) t > 1.638
(e) t > 1.960

14. A researcher wants to see if birds that build larger nests n Mean SD
lay larger eggs. She selects two random samples of nests: one Small nests 60 37.2 4.97
of small nests and the other of large nests. She weighs one
Large nests 159 35.6 6.24
egg from each nest. The data are summarized to the right.
Using the conservative degrees of freedom, the 95% confidence interval for the difference between the average
mass of eggs in small and
large nests is:

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e)

15. In the context of #14, why would it be beneficial to use the “ugly formula” for degrees of freedom instead of
using the conservative degrees of freedom?
(a) Because we would be more confident that the interval will contain the true difference in means.
(b) Because the interval would be narrower.
(c) Because the degrees of freedom would be smaller.
(d) Because we wouldn’t need to check the random condition.
(e) Because the sample sizes are different.
Name ___________________________________________________________ Date __________________ Block ____
AP STATISTICS: TEST UNIT VI (Chapters 23-25) – Learning About the World

16. A tobacco company is investigating if a new treatment is effective in reducing the damage caused by a tobacco
virus. Eleven plants were randomly chosen. On each plant, one leaf was randomly selected, and one half of the leaf
(randomly chosen) was coated with the treatment, while the other half was left untouched (control). After two
weeks, the amount of damage to each half of the leaf was assessed. For purposes of comparing the damage, which
of the following is the appropriate inference procedure?
(a) Two-sample t test for a difference in proportions
(b) Two-sample t test for a difference in means
(c) Paired t test for a mean difference
(d) Two-sample z test for a difference in proportions
(e) Two-sample z test for a difference in means

17. A company that makes hotel toilets claims that its new pressure-assisted toilet reduces the average amount
of water used by more than 0.5 gallon per flush when compared to its current model. To test this claim, the
company randomly selects 30 toilets of each type and measures the amount of water that is used when each
toilet is flushed once. For the current-model toilets, the mean amount of water used is 1.64 gal with a standard
deviation of 0.29 gal. For the new toilets, the mean amount of water used is 1.09 gal with a standard deviation of
0.18 gal. What of the following is the correct t statistic to a test of the company’s claim?
(a) t = 0.05
(b) t = 8.33
(c) t = 8.83
(d) t = 0.55
(e) t = 0.80
Name ___________________________________________________________ Date __________________ Block ____
AP STATISTICS: TEST UNIT VI (Chapters 23-25) – Learning About the World

18. Which of the statements correctly compares t-distributions to the normal distribution?
I. t distributions are also mound shaped and symmetric.
II. t distributions have less spread than the normal distribution.
III. As degrees of freedom increase, the variance of t distributions becomes smaller.

(a) I and III only

(b) II only
(c) I and II only
(d) I only
(e) I, II, and III

19. Based on data from two very large independent samples, two students tested a hypothesis about equality of
population means using α = 0.02. One student used a one-tail test and rejected the null hypothesis, but the other
used a two-tail test and failed to reject the null hypothesis. Which of these might have been their calculated
value of t?

(a) t = 1.88
(b) t = 2.22
(c) t = 2.66
(d) t = 1.55
(e) t = 1.22

20. An agriculture researcher plans 25 plots with a new variety of corn. A 90% confidence interval for the
average yield for these plots is found to be 162.72 ± 4.47 bushels per acre. Which of the following is the correct
interpretation of the interval?

(a) There is a 90% chance the interval from 158.28 to 167.19 captures the true average yield.
(b) 90% of sample average yields will be between 158.28 to 167.19 bushels per acre.
(c) We are 90% confident that the interval from 158.28 to 167.19 captures the true average yield.
(d) 90% of the time, the true average yield will fall between 158.28 to 167.19.
(e) We are 90% confident the true average yield is 162.72.
Name ___________________________________________________________ Date __________________ Block ____
AP STATISTICS: TEST UNIT VI (Chapters 23-25) – Learning About the World

FREE RESPONSE: Show all your work. Indicate clearly the methods you used, because you will be
scored on the correctness of your methods as well as on the accuracy and completeness of your
results and explanations.

21. Test identification Suppose you were asked to analyze each of the situations described below. For each,
indicate which procedure you would use (pick the appropriate number from the list), determine the test statistic
(z or t), and, if t, the number of degrees of freedom (if applicable). A procedure may be used more than once.
E
Type z or t Df .
(if
applicable) F.
A
. 1. One-Proportion
B
. 2. Two-Proportion
C 3. One-Sample Mean
. 4. Two-Sample Mean
D
5. Paired Mean
.

(NOTE: Do not do these problems!)

a. A union organization would like to represent the employees at the local market. A sample of the employees
revealed 74 of 120 were in favor of the union. Does the union have the required 3 to 2 majority?

b. An oral surgeon is interested in estimating how long it takes to extract all four wisdom teeth. The doctor
records the times for 24 randomly chosen surgeries. Estimate the time it takes to perform the surgery with a
95% confident interval.

c. A microwave manufacturing company receives large shipments of thermal shields from two suppliers. A
sample from each supplier's shipment is selected and tested for the rate of defects. The microwave
manufacturing company's contract with each supplier states the shipment with the smallest rate of defect will be
accepted. Do the shipments' defect rates vary from each other?

d. The owner of a construction company would like to know if his current work teams can build room additions
quicker than the time allotted for by the contract. A random sample of 15 room additions completed recently
revealed an average completion time of 0.32 days faster than contracted. Is this strong evidence that the teams
can complete room additions in less than the contract times?
Name ___________________________________________________________ Date __________________ Block ____
AP STATISTICS: TEST UNIT VI (Chapters 23-25) – Learning About the World

e. A farmer would like to know if a new fertilizer increases his crop yield. In an effort to decide this, the farmer
recorded the yield for 10 different fields prior to adding fertilizer and after adding the fertilizer. The farmer
assumes the crop yields are approximately normal. Does the fertilizer work as advertised?

f. In a study to determine whether there is a difference between the average jail time convicted bank robbers
and car thieves are sentenced to, the law students randomly selected 20 cases of each type that resulted in jail
sentences during the previous year. A 90% confidence interval was created from the results.

11. A university in England wishes to test the commonly held belief that soothing music will increase average
milk production in cows. Two different groups of cows are randomly assigned to either be milked while soothing
music is played, or to be milked with no music. The sample data are summarized in the table below:

Sample
Group Mean Standard deviation
Size
Soothing
120 7.21 gallons 0.15 gallons
music
No music 100 7.01 gallons 0.21 gallons

Is there convincing evidence that playing soothing music to cows increases their milk production? How much?
Name ___________________________________________________________ Date __________________ Block ____
AP STATISTICS: TEST UNIT VI (Chapters 23-25) – Learning About the World

Based on your conclusion, which type of error, Type I or Type II, could have been made? What is one potential
consequence of this error?