Air Pollution challenges in India

and its remedy

B. Tech. Seminar Report

By
Shivansh Singh
(Roll No: 22BCH062)

Chemical Engineering Department

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY HAMIRPUR
Hamirpur (Himachal Pradesh) – 177 005, India

Feb, 2025
Table of Contents
1. Abstract .......................................................................................................................2
2. Introduction ................................................................................................................3
3. Source of Air Pollution ......................................................................................... 4-8
3.1 Vehicular Emissions ..............................................................................................4
3.2 Industrial Pollution ................................................................................................5
3.3 Agricultural Practices and Stubble Burning ...........................................................5
3.4 Construction and Dust Pollution ...........................................................................6
3.5 Household and Biomass Burning ..........................................................................6
4. Effects of Air Pollution on Environment and Health ..........................................10
5. Current Air Quality Status in India ................................................................ 12-13
5.1 Major Polluted Cities in India .............................................................................13
6. Government Regulations and Policies ............................................................ 14-16
7. Technological Interventions and Innovations ................................................ 17-19
8. Sustainable Solutions for Air Pollution Control ..................................................20
9. Future Prospects and Research Needs ............................................................ 21-24
9.1 Bioenergy and Alternative Clean Technologies ............................................ 23-24
10. Conclusion ..............................................................................................................25
11. References ..............................................................................................................26
12. Appendices .............................................................................................................27
 ABSTRACT

Air pollution in India has emerged as a critical environmental and public health issue,
with several cities ranking among the most polluted in the world. The rapid expansion
of urban centers, industrial growth, vehicular emissions, and biomass burning have
significantly deteriorated air quality, leading to severe health impacts, environmental
degradation, and economic losses. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), nitrogen
oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), and volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) are some of the primary pollutants contributing to this crisis.

The consequences of air pollution are far-reaching. It exacerbates respiratory and

cardiovascular diseases, reduces life expectancy, and contributes to climate change by
increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases. Economically, the burden of air
pollution is reflected in higher healthcare costs, lost productivity, and damage to
agriculture. The government has implemented various policies, such as the National
Clean Air Programme (NCAP), Bharat Stage VI (BS-VI) emission norms, and industrial
pollution control measures, to curb pollution levels. However, enforcement challenges,
financial constraints, and public unawareness continue to hinder progress.

This report aims to explore the major sources of air pollution in India, analyze their
impacts, and evaluate existing policies and technological innovations aimed at
mitigating the crisis. Sustainable solutions such as afforestation, improved public
transport, renewable energy adoption, and industrial emission control play a crucial role
in reducing pollution levels. Additionally, public participation and behavioral changes,
including waste management, carpooling, and energy-efficient practices, are essential
for long-term air quality improvement.

The study concludes that tackling air pollution requires a multi-dimensional approach
involving strict policy enforcement, technological advancements, community
involvement, and industrial accountability. By integrating sustainable solutions with
scientific innovation and strong governance, India can achieve significant progress in
ensuring cleaner air and a healthier environment for its citizens.
 INTRODUCTION

Air pollution is one of the most pressing environmental challenges in India, affecting
millions of people daily. With an increasing population, rapid urbanization, and rising
industrial activities, the air quality in many Indian cities has reached alarming levels.
According to the World Air Quality Report, more than 35 of the world’s 50 most
polluted cities are in India, with Delhi, Kanpur, and Varanasi often recording Air
Quality Index (AQI) levels classified as “severe.” The primary sources of air pollution
include vehicular emissions, industrial discharges, agricultural practices such as stubble
burning, construction dust, and domestic biomass burning. These pollutants not only
impact human health but also contribute to climate change, disrupt ecosystems, and
cause economic losses.

The severity of air pollution in India can be attributed to several factors, including
outdated industrial practices, reliance on coal-based energy, poor waste management,
and weak enforcement of environmental regulations. Despite government interventions
such as the NCAP and improved fuel quality standards, the effectiveness of these
measures remains limited due to lax implementation and a lack of public awareness.
The situation worsens during winter when meteorological conditions, such as low
temperatures and stagnant winds, trap pollutants closer to the surface, leading to
hazardous smog episodes.
Air pollution has direct and indirect consequences on human health. Studies indicate
that prolonged exposure to high pollution levels increases the risk of respiratory
illnesses, cardiovascular diseases, lung cancer, and even neurological disorders. The
economic costs associated with air pollution are also substantial, with India losing an
estimated 1.4% of its GDP annually due to pollution-related health expenses and lost
labor productivity.

The objective of this report is to provide a comprehensive analysis of air pollution in

India, focusing on its sources, effects, and mitigation strategies. It will also discuss the
role of government policies, technological advancements, and sustainable solutions in
tackling the crisis. By understanding the challenges and potential solutions, this study
aims to contribute to the broader discussion on improving air quality and protecting
public health in India.
SOURCES OFAIR POLLUTION IN INDIA

Air pollution in India is caused by a combination of human activities and natural

phenomena. The rapid pace of industrialization, urban expansion, and increased energy
consumption has led to high levels of harmful pollutants in the air. The major sources of
air pollution include vehicular emissions, industrial pollution, agricultural activities,
construction dust, and household biomass burning. These sources release pollutants
such as particulate matter (PM2.5 & PM10), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide
(SO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and greenhouse
gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere.
VEHICULAR EMISSIONS:
One of the leading contributors to air pollution in India is vehicular emissions,
especially in metropolitan areas such as Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, and Bengaluru.
The increasing number of vehicles on roads has led to higher levels of nitrogen oxides
(NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and particulate matter
(PM2.5 and PM10) in the air.

Fig.1-This image describes what are key factors for alir pollution in a Car
INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION:

Industries are one of the largest sources of sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxides
(NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and heavy
metals in the air. India has several industrial zones, particularly in Maharashtra,
Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal, where factories release large quantities of
pollutants.
Causes of Industrial Pollution
• Coal-Fired Power Plants: These contribute to more than 60% of India's total SO₂
emissions.
• Chemical and Manufacturing Industries: Release hazardous pollutants such as
lead, mercury, and arsenic into the air.
• Cement and Steel Plants: Generate high levels of dust and particulate matter.
• Brick Kilns: These use low-grade coal, which emits toxic gases.
Effects of Industrial Pollution
• Health Impacts: Exposure to SO₂ and NOx can lead to lung diseases,
cardiovascular problems, and neurological disorders.
• Acid Rain: Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) reacts with water vapor, leading to acid rain, which
damages crops, buildings, and aquatic life.
• Depletion of Ozone Layer: Certain industrial gases contribute to ozone depletion,
increasing UV radiation exposure.

AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES AND STUBBLE BURNING:

Agricultural pollution is a major seasonal contributor to air pollution in northern states

such as Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh. Farmers burn crop residue (stubble
burning) after harvesting, releasing large amounts of PM2.5, CO, and NOx into the air.

Causes of Agricultural Pollution

• Stubble Burning: Over 27 million tons of crop residue are burned every year,
causing dense smoke and smog.
• Pesticide and Fertilizer Emissions: Ammonia (NH₃) from fertilizers reacts with
pollutants, forming secondary particulate matter.
• Livestock Methane Emissions: Cattle farming releases methane (CH₄), a potent
greenhouse gas.
Effects of Agricultural Pollution
• Severe Smog: Causes poor visibility, leading to accidents and school closures.
• Health Issues: Leads to eye irritation, throat infections, and breathing difficulties.
• Climate Change: Greenhouse gases contribute to global warming.
Government Measures
• Promotion of Crop Residue Management Machines: Subsidized Happy
Seeders and Super Straw Management Systems (SMS).
• Ban on Stubble Burning: Strict penalties and farmer incentives for eco-friendly
disposal.
 • Organic and Sustainable Farming: Encouraging natural fertilizers and crop
rotation.

CONSTRUCTION AND DUST POLLUTION:

The construction sector is responsible for 30% of the total dust pollution in India,
particularly in Delhi-NCR, Mumbai, and Bengaluru.
Causes of Construction Pollution
• Unregulated Construction Activities: Lack of dust control measures.
• Demolition of Old Buildings: Releases asbestos and fine dust particles.
• Road and Infrastructure Development: Contributes to suspended particulate
matter.
Effects of Construction Pollution
• Respiratory Diseases: Dust particles cause lung infections, pneumonia, and
bronchitis.
• Heat Island Effect: Cement and concrete surfaces trap heat, increasing urban
temperatures.
Regulations and Solutions
• Use of Water Sprinklers: Mandated in major cities to reduce dust.
• Ban on Construction Activities During High Pollution Periods: Enforced in
Delhi during severe smog episodes.
• Green Building Initiatives: Use of eco-friendly materials to minimize dust
generation.

Fig.2 – Site of a construction

HOUSEHOLD AND BIOMASS BURNING:

Over 500 million people in rural India rely on wood, cow dung, and coal for cooking,
leading to indoor and outdoor air pollution.
Causes of Household Pollution
• Use of Biomass Fuels: Releases high amounts of CO, PM2.5, and benzene.
 • Open Waste Burning: A common practice in many regions, contributing to toxic
smoke.
• Lack of Access to Clean Cooking Fuels: Rural households depend on traditional
fuels due to financial constraints.
Effects of Household Pollution
• Indoor Air Pollution: Increases the risk of respiratory diseases, especially among
women and children.
• Contribution to Outdoor Pollution: The smoke from biomass burning mixes with
urban air pollution.
Government Initiatives
• Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY): Provides LPG subsidies to encourage
clean cooking fuel use.
• Ban on Open Burning: Fines imposed for burning waste in cities.
• Promotion of Solar Cookers: Encouraging renewable energy-based cooking
methods.

Fig.4- Peer-to-peer network in blockchain is shown by taking the example of real

estate [13].
Air pollution does not only affect human health but also has a significant impact
on climate change. Pollutants such as carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), black
carbon (soot), and tropospheric ozone (O₃) contribute to global warming, extreme
weather events, and environmental degradation.

Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Greenhouse gases (GHGs) trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to rising
global temperatures. Major contributors include:
• Carbon Dioxide (CO₂): Emitted from fossil fuel combustion in industries,
power plants, and vehicles.
• Methane (CH₄): Released from landfills, agriculture (especially livestock),
and wastewater treatment plants.
• Black Carbon: Produced by burning biomass, diesel engines, and industrial
processes. It absorbs sunlight, accelerating ice melting in the Himalayas.
• Tropospheric Ozone (O₃): Formed by chemical reactions involving NOx
and VOCs under sunlight, contributing to the greenhouse effect.

Effects of Air Pollution on Climate

• Global Temperature Rise: Air pollutants increase heat retention in the
atmosphere, leading to extreme heatwaves.
• Changes in Rainfall Patterns: Aerosols from pollution affect cloud
formation, leading to unpredictable monsoons and droughts.
• Glacier Melting in the Himalayas: Black carbon deposits accelerate glacier
melting, affecting river flows and water availability.
• Ocean Acidification: Excess CO₂ dissolves in oceans, harming marine
biodiversity and fisheries.

Air Pollution and Extreme Weather Events

• Increased Frequency of Cyclones: Rising ocean temperatures, driven by
GHGs, result in more intense storms.
• Droughts and Water Scarcity: Irregular monsoons affect agriculture and
drinking water availability.
• Heat Islands in Cities: High pollution levels trap heat, causing urban areas
to experience extreme temperatures compared to surrounding rural areas.

Mitigation Strategies
• Transition to Renewable Energy: Solar, wind, and hydropower can replace
coal-based energy.
• Improved Industrial Practices: Adoption of carbon capture and storage
(CCS) technologies.
• Reducing Black Carbon Emissions: Encouraging clean cookstoves and
improving diesel engine efficiency.
 • Reforestation and Carbon Sequestration: Trees absorb CO₂, helping to
balance emissions.

By controlling air pollution, India can significantly reduce its contribution to

climate change, improve environmental sustainability, and protect future
generations.
Fig.5-
IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
 Effects of Air Pollution on
Environment and Health

Air pollution has far-reaching consequences, significantly affecting both the

environment and human health. In India, where pollution levels frequently exceed safe
limits, its impact is becoming more severe with each passing year. The presence of toxic
pollutants such as particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), nitrogen oxides (NOx),
sulfur dioxide (SO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), and volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) has led to a decline in air quality, contributing to various ecological and health-
related crises.
The environmental consequences of air pollution are visible in multiple forms, including
climate change, acid rain, and ecological degradation. The rising levels of carbon
dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) in the atmosphere contribute to global warming by
trapping heat, leading to erratic weather patterns, prolonged droughts, and intense
cyclones. Black carbon, emitted from diesel engines and biomass burning, accelerates
glacier melting in the Himalayas, impacting river ecosystems and water availability.
Additionally, sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) react with moisture in the
air to form acid rain, which damages crops, reduces soil fertility, and deteriorates
historical monuments such as the Taj Mahal. High levels of ground-level ozone (O₃)
disrupt plant growth, lowering agricultural productivity and threatening food security in
India, a country heavily reliant on farming. Furthermore, air pollution affects
biodiversity by causing habitat loss and endangering various species.
In terms of human health, air pollution is a silent killer, leading to millions of premature
deaths annually. Prolonged exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) penetrates deep
into the lungs, causing respiratory diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, and chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It also increases the risk of lung cancer and
reduces overall lung function, particularly among children and the elderly. Pollutants
such as carbon monoxide (CO) interfere with oxygen transport in the bloodstream,
leading to cardiovascular diseases, heart attacks, and high blood pressure. Research has
linked long-term exposure to air pollution with neurological disorders, including
cognitive decline and an increased risk of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.
Pregnant women exposed to high pollution levels are at risk of complications such as
preterm birth, low birth weight, and developmental issues in infants.
Beyond physical health, air pollution also affects mental well-being. Studies indicate
that people living in highly polluted cities experience higher levels of stress, anxiety,
and depression due to prolonged exposure to toxic air. The reduced oxygen levels and
presence of hazardous chemicals in the air impair cognitive function, leading to
decreased productivity at workplaces and educational institutions. Moreover, the
economic burden of air pollution is immense, with rising healthcare costs, loss of
workforce productivity, and increased public spending on pollution control measures.
The severity of air pollution’s effects highlights the urgent need for comprehensive
policies, technological advancements, and public awareness campaigns to mitigate its
impact. Without immediate intervention, the deteriorating air quality in India will
continue to pose significant risks to both the environment and human health, threatening
the overall well-being and economic stability of the country.
Fig.7- This image describe various health effect on different organs of human
body.
CURRENT AIR QUALITY STATUS IN
INDIA
India is currently facing one of the worst air quality crises in the world, with several of
its cities ranking among the most polluted globally. According to the World Air Quality
Report, more than 35 of the 50 most polluted cities are in India, with Delhi, Kanpur,
Varanasi, and Gurugram frequently recording dangerously high levels of air pollution.
The Air Quality Index (AQI), which measures air pollution levels based on the
concentration of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur
dioxide (SO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), and other pollutants, often exceeds the safe limits
set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Central Pollution Control Board
(CPCB) of India. In major metropolitan areas, the AQI frequently crosses the “severe”
category, indicating extreme pollution levels that pose serious health hazards to residents.

One of the most alarming aspects of India’s air pollution crisis is the persistently high
levels of PM2.5, which are fine particulate matter capable of penetrating deep into the
lungs and causing severe respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. In cities like Delhi and
Ghaziabad, PM2.5 concentrations often reach more than 400 micrograms per cubic
meter, far exceeding the WHO’s recommended limit of 15 micrograms per cubic meter
for long-term exposure. Seasonal variations play a significant role in worsening air
pollution, particularly during winter when temperature inversions trap pollutants close to
the ground, leading to dense smog conditions. The problem is further exacerbated by
stubble burning in northern states such as Punjab and Haryana, where large-scale
agricultural residue burning releases vast amounts of smoke and particulate matter into
the air, worsening air quality across the Indo-Gangetic Plain.

Industrial emissions, vehicular pollution, and construction dust continue to be major

contributors to deteriorating air quality. Despite the implementation of stricter regulations
such as the Bharat Stage VI (BS-VI) emission norms and initiatives under the National
Clean Air Programme (NCAP), pollution levels remain alarmingly high due to poor
enforcement and rapid urbanization. The increasing number of vehicles on Indian roads,
particularly in cities like Mumbai, Bengaluru, and Chennai, has led to a sharp rise in
nitrogen oxide emissions, contributing to the formation of ground-level ozone, which is
hazardous to human health. Meanwhile, industrial zones in states such as Gujarat,
Maharashtra, and West Bengal continue to emit large amounts of sulfur dioxide and other
harmful gases, further deteriorating air quality.

Government efforts to tackle air pollution have included measures such as the installation
of smog towers in Delhi, restrictions on construction activities during peak pollution
seasons, and increased monitoring of industrial emissions. However, challenges such as
weak implementation, lack of public awareness, and economic constraints have slowed
progress. In rural areas, indoor air pollution remains a pressing issue due to the
widespread use of biomass fuels for cooking, exposing millions of people, especially
women and children, to harmful smoke and toxic gases.
The impact of poor air quality is not limited to human health but extends to agriculture,
ecosystems, and the economy. Polluted air affects crop yields by damaging plant health,
reducing agricultural productivity, and leading to economic losses. Additionally,
visibility reduction caused by smog has resulted in an increase in road accidents and flight
disruptions, further affecting daily life and economic activities. While efforts are being
made to curb pollution, the current air quality status in India remains a serious concern
that requires urgent, large-scale intervention through stricter regulations, technological
innovations, and active public participation. Without immediate and sustained efforts, the
air pollution crisis will continue to pose significant risks to public health, economic
stability, and environmental sustainability in the country.
Major Polluted Cities in India

India is home to some of the most polluted cities in the world, with
metropolitan and industrial hubs experiencing dangerously high levels of air
pollution throughout the year. According to reports by the World Air Quality
Index and the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), cities such as Delhi,
Ghaziabad, Kanpur, Noida, Varanasi, and Lucknow frequently record Air
Quality Index (AQI) levels in the "severe" category, exposing millions of
residents to hazardous air conditions. Delhi, the capital city, is often ranked as
one of the most polluted cities globally, with PM2.5 and PM10 levels
reaching several times higher than the safe limits set by the World Health
Organization (WHO). The primary sources of pollution in these cities include
vehicular emissions, industrial discharges, construction dust, and seasonal
stubble burning in neighboring states.

Apart from Delhi, cities in the Indo-Gangetic Plain, such as Kanpur, Patna,
and Lucknow, suffer from extreme air pollution due to their geographic
location, industrial activities, and poor air circulation. Kanpur, known for its
leather and textile industries, releases significant amounts of toxic pollutants
into the air, further worsening air quality. Similarly, industrial towns such as
Raipur, Dhanbad, and Ludhiana contribute to high levels of sulfur dioxide
(SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter due to emissions from
coal-fired power plants and heavy manufacturing industries. Mumbai, India’s
financial capital, faces persistent air pollution due to heavy traffic congestion,
construction dust, and industrial emissions, causing rising health concerns
among its population. In southern India, Chennai and Bengaluru have also
witnessed increasing pollution levels in recent years due to rapid urbanization
and vehicular growth.
Despite government initiatives such as the National Clean Air Programme
(NCAP) and emission control measures, pollution levels in these cities
continue to remain dangerously high. The combination of unregulated
industrial activities, growing vehicular density, and poor waste management
contributes to prolonged periods of smog and low visibility, particularly
during winter months. Without immediate policy enforcement, sustainable
urban planning, and public participation, the air quality in these cities is likely
to deteriorate further, leading to severe health and environmental
consequences.
Government Regulations and Policies

The Indian government has recognized air pollution as a critical public health
and environmental issue, leading to the implementation of several policies and
regulations aimed at controlling pollution levels. Over the past decade, various
national programs, emission control norms, and state-level initiatives have been
introduced to mitigate the effects of industrial emissions, vehicular pollution,
and other sources of air contaminants. Despite these efforts, challenges such as
ineffective enforcement, lack of technological infrastructure, and weak
compliance continue to hinder significant progress in improving air quality
across the country.

One of the most significant national initiatives to combat air pollution is the
National Clean Air Programme (NCAP), launched in 2019. The primary
objective of this program is to reduce PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations by 20-
30% by 2024, using 2017 as the base year. Under the NCAP, 131 non-attainment
cities, which consistently fail to meet the National Ambient Air Quality
Standards (NAAQS), have been identified for targeted air quality improvement
measures. The program emphasizes expanding air quality monitoring networks,
promoting research on pollution control technologies, and engaging local
governments in pollution mitigation efforts. However, critics argue that the
NCAP lacks legal enforcement mechanisms, making it more of a policy
recommendation rather than a strictly mandated regulation.

Vehicular emissions, one of the largest contributors to air pollution in urban

areas, have been addressed through the Bharat Stage (BS) Emission Norms,
which regulate the output of air pollutants from internal combustion engines. In
April 2020, the government implemented Bharat Stage VI (BS-VI) emission
standards, replacing the earlier BS-IV norms. BS-VI mandates the use of cleaner
fuels, stricter limits on nitrogen oxide (NOx) and particulate matter emissions,
and the installation of advanced exhaust treatment technologies in vehicles. This
transition has led to the introduction of low-sulfur diesel and petrol, reducing
the emission of harmful gases. Additionally, to encourage the adoption of
electric vehicles (EVs), the government has launched the Faster Adoption and
Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (FAME) scheme, which
provides incentives for EV buyers and promotes infrastructure development for
charging stations.

Industrial pollution control has been another key focus area, as factories, power
plants, and manufacturing units contribute significantly to air pollution through
the release of sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate
matter. The Environment Protection Act (EPA) of 1986 gives the government
the authority to regulate and penalize industries that violate air pollution norms.
Under this act, the Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) has
been mandated in certain industries to track real-time emissions and ensure
compliance with pollution control standards. The Fly Ash Utilization Policy
has been introduced to reduce emissions from coal-based thermal power plants
by mandating the use of fly ash in construction materials such as cement and
bricks. Additionally, the Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index
(CEPI) is used to identify highly polluted industrial clusters, where stricter
pollution control measures are enforced.

To tackle the issue of agricultural pollution, particularly stubble burning in

northern states, the government has introduced a range of measures aimed at
providing farmers with alternatives to burning crop residue. The Sub-Mission
on Agricultural Mechanization (SMAM) provides subsidies for machinery
such as Happy Seeders and Super Straw Management Systems (SMS), which
help farmers manage crop residue without setting fire to fields. State
governments, particularly in Punjab and Haryana, have also imposed fines and
penalties for stubble burning, although enforcement remains inconsistent.

Construction and dust pollution have been addressed through regulations such
as the Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste Management Rules,
2016, which require construction companies to implement dust suppression
measures and recycle demolition waste. In cities like Delhi, the Graded
Response Action Plan (GRAP) has been put into effect to combat seasonal
spikes in pollution, particularly during winter. GRAP includes emergency
measures such as halting construction activities, imposing restrictions on vehicle
movement, and deploying water sprinklers to suppress dust. However, critics
argue that these measures are reactive rather than preventive, as they are only
implemented when pollution levels reach hazardous levels.

In addition to national policies, several state governments have introduced

localized initiatives to tackle air pollution. For example, Delhi has implemented
the Odd-Even Vehicle Rationing Scheme, which restricts private vehicle usage
based on license plate numbers on alternate days. Mumbai has introduced the
Clean Air Action Plan, which focuses on reducing emissions from industrial
sources, improving waste management, and expanding green cover. Kolkata and
Bengaluru have also taken steps to reduce pollution by promoting public
transportation and restricting the use of diesel-powered vehicles.

While these policies and regulations represent a strong commitment to reducing

air pollution, their effectiveness is often undermined by weak enforcement, lack
of coordination among government agencies, and public non-compliance. Many
industries continue to operate without adhering to pollution control norms, and
vehicles older than the permissible age limit remain on the roads due to
inadequate implementation of scrappage policies. Furthermore, financial
constraints and administrative inefficiencies prevent local governments from
effectively implementing air pollution control measures.

To ensure long-term improvements in air quality, it is essential for the

government to strengthen enforcement mechanisms, invest in research and
innovation, and enhance public participation in pollution control efforts. The
integration of smart technologies, such as artificial intelligence-based air quality
monitoring systems, can provide real-time data to policymakers, enabling them
to take proactive measures. Additionally, the promotion of green infrastructure,
such as urban forests and vertical gardens, can play a vital role in absorbing
 pollutants and improving overall air quality. Without sustained efforts and
stricter implementation of existing policies, India’s air pollution crisis will
continue to pose significant health, environmental, and economic challenges.

Fig.8-. Government Regulations and Policies

Sustainable solution for Air Pollution Control
Air pollution in India has reached alarming levels, necessitating long-term sustainable
solutions that address both the root causes and mitigation strategies. Short-term
interventions such as temporary vehicle bans, construction halts, and emergency pollution
control measures provide immediate relief but do not offer lasting solutions. Sustainable
air pollution control requires a holistic approach that integrates policy enforcement,
technological innovations, green infrastructure, and behavioral changes at both individual
and societal levels. The transition toward cleaner energy, improved urban planning, and
strict emission regulations can significantly reduce pollution levels and create healthier
living conditions for future generations.

One of the most effective sustainable solutions is the transition to renewable energy
sources. Coal-based thermal power plants are one of the largest contributors to air
pollution, releasing high levels of particulate matter, sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and nitrogen
oxides (NOx). Replacing fossil fuels with cleaner energy alternatives such as solar, wind,
and hydroelectric power can drastically cut emissions. India has already made significant
progress in this area with the expansion of its renewable energy capacity under the National
Solar Mission and the promotion of wind energy projects. Increasing investments in solar
rooftop panels, wind farms, and bioenergy plants can further help in reducing dependency
on coal. In addition, decentralized energy systems, such as solar-powered microgrids for
rural electrification, can minimize pollution from diesel generators, which are commonly
used in areas with unreliable power supply.

Another key solution is improving public transportation and reducing vehicular emissions.
The transportation sector is one of the largest contributors to urban air pollution,
particularly in megacities such as Delhi, Mumbai, and Bengaluru. Encouraging the use of
public transport, expanding metro and bus networks, and promoting non-motorized
transport options such as cycling and walking can significantly lower pollution levels. The
government’s push for electric vehicles (EVs) under the Faster Adoption and
Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (FAME) scheme is a step in the right
direction. Widespread adoption of EVs, coupled with an extensive charging infrastructure
and incentives for manufacturers and consumers, can reduce reliance on petrol and diesel
vehicles. Additionally, enforcing stricter vehicular emission standards, phasing out old and
polluting vehicles, and promoting carpooling can further contribute to cleaner air.

Afforestation and urban greening are crucial components of sustainable air pollution
control. Trees act as natural air filters, absorbing carbon dioxide (CO₂), sulfur dioxide
(SO₂), and other harmful pollutants. Expanding green spaces in cities, developing urban
forests, and promoting rooftop gardens can help counteract the effects of pollution.
Initiatives such as the Miyawaki afforestation method, which involves planting dense
forests in small urban spaces, can play a significant role in improving air quality. Cities
like Pune and Hyderabad have already implemented large-scale urban afforestation
projects to combat pollution. Furthermore, incorporating green belts around industrial
zones and highways can help in reducing pollutant dispersion and mitigating dust
pollution. Vertical gardens on building facades and highways have also emerged as
innovative solutions for absorbing particulate matter and cooling urban environments.
Another important measure is improving waste management and reducing open waste
burning. In many parts of India, especially rural and semi-urban areas, waste is often
burned in open spaces, releasing harmful toxins into the air. Sustainable waste
management strategies, such as proper segregation of biodegradable and non-
biodegradable waste, composting organic waste, and recycling plastics and metals, can
significantly reduce air pollution. The promotion of waste-to-energy plants, where non-
recyclable waste is converted into electricity through clean combustion technologies, is
another effective method. Additionally, enforcing strict bans on open waste burning and
educating communities about proper waste disposal methods can contribute to long-term
pollution reduction.

Agricultural practices also play a significant role in controlling air pollution. Stubble
burning, particularly in the northern states of Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh, is a
major seasonal contributor to smog and deteriorating air quality in cities such as Delhi.
Sustainable farming practices, such as crop residue management, no-burn farming
techniques, and the use of alternative methods like Happy Seeders, can prevent farmers
from resorting to burning. Government incentives and financial support for farmers
adopting eco-friendly agricultural methods can encourage large-scale adoption of
sustainable practices. Additionally, promoting organic farming and reducing the use of
chemical fertilizers, which release ammonia (NH₃) into the atmosphere, can further
contribute to reducing pollution levels.

Industrial pollution control is another vital aspect of sustainable air quality management.
Strict enforcement of emission norms, the adoption of cleaner production technologies,
and the transition to low-emission fuels can significantly reduce industrial emissions.
Many industries are now adopting carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies,
which capture CO₂ emissions before they are released into the atmosphere. Similarly, the
installation of air filtration systems and scrubbers in factories can help in reducing
particulate matter and toxic gases. Industries should also be encouraged to transition to
green energy solutions, such as biomass-based fuels, hydrogen energy, and natural gas,
which are cleaner alternatives to coal and petroleum-based fuels. Furthermore,
implementing Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) policies, where industries are
responsible for managing waste generated from their products, can lead to better pollution
control.

Raising public awareness and encouraging citizen participation is an essential pillar of

sustainable pollution control. Many people remain unaware of how their daily activities
contribute to air pollution and the simple steps they can take to minimize their carbon
footprint. Public campaigns, school awareness programs, and digital outreach initiatives
can help educate individuals about responsible energy consumption, waste management,
and eco-friendly transportation choices. Encouraging behavioral changes such as using
bicycles for short-distance travel, reducing single-use plastics, and participating in tree-
planting drives can foster a culture of environmental responsibility. Several cities have also
introduced community-based air quality monitoring initiatives where residents can track
pollution levels in real-time and take action accordingly.
The integration of smart technologies and data-driven solutions can further strengthen air
pollution control strategies. The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of
Things (IoT) in pollution monitoring allows for real-time assessment of air quality and
helps policymakers take proactive measures. Smart air quality sensors installed in urban
areas can detect pollutant levels and trigger automated responses, such as activating air
purifiers in schools and public spaces. Additionally, blockchain technology can be utilized
to create transparent emission tracking systems for industries, ensuring compliance with
pollution control regulations.

Sustainable air pollution control also requires strong policy implementation and
governance. While India has introduced several regulations to curb pollution, their
effectiveness depends on strict enforcement and accountability. Strengthening pollution
control boards, increasing penalties for violations, and ensuring that government agencies
coordinate effectively can enhance the impact of policies. Additionally, international
collaborations for knowledge sharing and technology transfer can help India adopt global
best practices in air quality management.

Addressing air pollution through sustainable solutions is a long-term commitment that

requires a combination of policy reform, technological innovation, community
participation, and individual responsibility. While challenges such as economic constraints
and political willpower remain, a focused and consistent approach can lead to significant
improvements in air quality. Investing in green infrastructure, clean energy, and
environmentally friendly technologies will not only reduce pollution but also enhance
overall public health and economic productivity. A future with cleaner air is achievable,
but it demands urgent and collective action from the government, industries, and citizens
alike.
 FUTUR PROSPECTS AND RESEARCH
NEEDS
Air pollution remains one of the most critical environmental and public health
challenges in India, requiring continuous advancements in technology, policy reforms,
and scientific research. While several measures have been implemented to curb
pollution levels, the scale and complexity of the issue demand long-term strategies that
focus on both mitigation and adaptation. Future prospects for air pollution control rely
on a combination of cutting-edge research, sustainable urban planning, innovative
energy solutions, and stricter enforcement of environmental regulations. Addressing the
gaps in current policies, investing in green technologies, and promoting
interdisciplinary research are essential for achieving sustained improvements in air
quality.

One of the most promising areas of research is the development of advanced air quality
monitoring systems using artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT).
Traditional air quality monitoring stations are limited in number and often fail to provide
real-time, localized data. By integrating AI-based predictive modeling with IoT-enabled
sensors, researchers can develop highly accurate air pollution forecasting systems.
These systems can provide early warnings about rising pollution levels, enabling
governments to take proactive measures such as restricting industrial emissions,
implementing traffic control policies, and activating emergency response mechanisms.
Additionally, advancements in satellite-based air quality monitoring will allow for a
more comprehensive analysis of pollution sources, helping authorities track emissions
from industrial zones, vehicular traffic, and agricultural burning with greater precision.

Research in sustainable transportation and alternative fuels is also crucial for reducing
vehicular emissions, one of the largest contributors to air pollution. The transition from
petrol and diesel-powered vehicles to electric and hydrogen-powered alternatives holds
great potential for improving air quality in urban areas. While electric vehicles (EVs)
have gained traction in India under government initiatives such as the Faster Adoption
and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (FAME) scheme, challenges such
as high costs, inadequate charging infrastructure, and battery disposal concerns remain.
Research into developing cost-effective, long-lasting, and environmentally friendly
battery technologies, such as solid-state batteries and lithium-air batteries, can
significantly accelerate the shift towards clean transportation. Additionally, the
exploration of hydrogen fuel cells as a viable alternative to fossil fuels is gaining
momentum, with several pilot projects underway to assess their feasibility for large-
scale adoption.

Industrial pollution control is another area that requires extensive research and
technological innovation. Many industries continue to rely on outdated production
methods that generate large amounts of hazardous emissions. Future research should
focus on cleaner production techniques, such as carbon capture and storage (CCS)
technology, which can trap carbon dioxide emissions before they are released into the
atmosphere. Additionally, the development of biofiltration systems, electrostatic
precipitators, and advanced scrubber technologies can help industries significantly
reduce their pollutant output. Research on low-emission industrial fuels, including
biofuels derived from agricultural waste, algae, and hydrogen, can provide sustainable
alternatives to traditional fossil fuels. Industries should also explore circular economy
models, where waste by-products are repurposed for other uses, reducing both
emissions and environmental impact.

Another critical research area is the role of green infrastructure in mitigating air
pollution. Urban areas in India suffer from poor air quality due to rapid construction,
loss of green spaces, and high population density. Future city planning should prioritize
the integration of urban forests, green belts, and rooftop gardens to absorb pollutants
and enhance air circulation. Researchers are currently exploring the potential of
bioengineered plants that have enhanced pollutant-absorbing capabilities, which could
be used in urban greening projects. Additionally, vertical gardens on highways, office
buildings, and metro stations are being studied as an innovative way to reduce dust
pollution and improve air quality in congested areas. The implementation of permeable
pavements, which reduce dust suspension from roads, is also an emerging research
focus that could help in minimizing particulate matter pollution in high-traffic regions.

Research on sustainable agricultural practices is vital to addressing the issue of seasonal

air pollution caused by stubble burning in northern India. The development of cost-
effective, farmer-friendly alternatives to crop burning, such as bio-decomposers that
break down stubble into organic manure, can provide an environmentally sustainable
solution. Additionally, research into advanced farm machinery that efficiently manages
crop residue without the need for burning is essential for long-term pollution control.
Scientists are also exploring the potential of carbon farming, a practice that involves
increasing soil carbon content through regenerative agriculture, which not only
improves soil health but also reduces greenhouse gas emissions.

Climate change and air pollution are deeply interconnected, and research in this field
must address their mutual impact. Rising global temperatures, shifting weather patterns,
and extreme climate events influence air pollution levels by altering atmospheric
circulation, humidity, and precipitation patterns. Future studies should focus on
understanding how climate change exacerbates pollution episodes and developing
adaptation strategies to protect vulnerable populations. Additionally, policies aimed at
reducing air pollution should be aligned with broader climate action plans to ensure a
comprehensive approach to environmental sustainability. The use of climate-resilient
infrastructure, low-carbon urban development, and integrated air pollution-climate
policies will be crucial in the coming decades.

Public awareness and community engagement also play a crucial role in future air
pollution control strategies. While regulatory frameworks and technological
innovations are essential, their success depends on widespread public participation and
behavioral changes. Research in behavioral science can help policymakers design more
effective awareness campaigns that encourage individuals to adopt sustainable
practices, such as using public transport, reducing waste burning, and conserving
energy. Additionally, citizen science initiatives, where individuals actively contribute
to air quality monitoring and pollution control efforts, can help bridge the gap between
research institutions and the general public.

The future of air pollution control in India relies on a multi-faceted approach that
combines scientific research, technological advancements, policy interventions, and
community involvement. Investing in long-term studies on air pollution patterns, health
impacts, and mitigation strategies will enable policymakers to make data-driven
decisions that lead to lasting improvements in air quality. As India continues its journey
towards economic development and urban expansion, prioritizing research and
innovation in environmental sustainability will be essential to ensuring a cleaner,
healthier future for all.
Bioenergy and Alternative Clean
Technologies

As India grapples with severe air pollution and increasing energy demands, the shift
toward bioenergy and alternative clean technologies has become a crucial strategy for
mitigating environmental degradation and reducing dependence on fossil fuels.
Bioenergy, derived from organic materials such as agricultural waste, forest residues,
and animal manure, offers a sustainable alternative to traditional energy sources.
Alongside other clean technologies such as hydrogen fuel, solar and wind energy, and
carbon capture solutions, bioenergy presents a viable pathway toward a cleaner and
more sustainable future. By adopting these alternatives, India can significantly reduce
its carbon footprint, improve air quality, and promote energy security while
addressing the growing demand for electricity and transportation fuels.

Bioenergy encompasses a wide range of renewable energy sources, including

biomass, biogas, and biofuels. Biomass energy, derived from plant and animal waste,
is one of the oldest forms of renewable energy and continues to play a significant role
in rural energy supply. In India, vast quantities of crop residues such as rice husk,
wheat straw, and sugarcane bagasse are available, yet much of this biomass is burned
in open fields, contributing to severe air pollution. Through advanced bioenergy
conversion technologies, these agricultural residues can be processed into biofuels
such as ethanol and biodiesel or used directly for electricity generation in biomass
power plants. Biogas, another key bioenergy source, is produced through the
anaerobic digestion of organic waste such as food scraps, animal dung, and sewage.
This clean-burning gas can be used for cooking, heating, and electricity generation,
providing a sustainable alternative to coal and firewood, which contribute to indoor
and outdoor air pollution.

The development of second-generation and third-generation biofuels presents a

promising avenue for reducing transportation emissions. Unlike conventional
biofuels, which are derived from food crops such as corn and sugarcane, second-
generation biofuels use non-food biomass, including agricultural and forestry waste.
Third-generation biofuels, derived from algae, offer even greater potential due to their
higher energy density and faster growth rate compared to traditional biomass sources.
India has already launched initiatives such as the Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP)
program, which mandates the blending of ethanol with petrol to reduce vehicular
emissions. Additionally, research into advanced biofuel production techniques, such
as pyrolysis and gasification, is paving the way for more efficient and
environmentally friendly fuel alternatives.

Apart from bioenergy, alternative clean technologies such as hydrogen energy are
gaining significant attention as a future energy source. Hydrogen, when used as a fuel,
produces only water as a byproduct, making it one of the cleanest energy carriers
available. The Indian government has launched the National Green Hydrogen
Mission to promote the production and adoption of hydrogen fuel in various sectors,
including transportation and industry. Green hydrogen, produced through electrolysis
powered by renewable energy, can serve as a clean alternative to fossil fuels in sectors
that are difficult to decarbonize, such as steel manufacturing, shipping, and heavy-
duty transportation. Researchers are also exploring hydrogen fuel cells, which convert
hydrogen into electricity with high efficiency and minimal emissions. If scaled
effectively, hydrogen technology could revolutionize India's energy landscape by
significantly reducing its dependence on coal and oil.

Solar and wind energy are also critical components of India's transition to clean
energy. With abundant sunlight available throughout the year, India has the potential
to become a global leader in solar energy production. The government’s push for solar
energy through initiatives such as the International Solar Alliance (ISA) and the PM-
KUSUM scheme has led to rapid expansion in solar power capacity. Rooftop solar
installations, large-scale solar farms, and floating solar panels on reservoirs are being
deployed across the country to harness solar energy more effectively. Wind energy,
particularly in coastal states such as Tamil Nadu and Gujarat, has also seen significant
growth. Offshore wind farms and hybrid renewable energy projects that combine
solar and wind power are emerging as sustainable solutions to India’s electricity
needs. The integration of energy storage technologies, such as lithium-ion and flow
batteries, is further enhancing the reliability of renewable energy by addressing
intermittency issues.

Another promising area of clean technology is carbon capture, utilization, and storage
(CCUS). Carbon capture technologies aim to reduce industrial emissions by capturing
carbon dioxide (CO₂) before it is released into the atmosphere. Once captured, the
CO₂ can be stored underground or utilized in various industrial processes, such as
enhanced oil recovery and the production of synthetic fuels. In India, research
institutions and industries are collaborating to develop cost-effective carbon capture
methods that can be deployed in thermal power plants and cement factories, which
are among the largest sources of CO₂ emissions. Additionally, direct air capture
(DAC) technology, which removes CO₂ directly from the atmosphere, is being
explored as a long-term solution for mitigating climate change and improving air
quality.

Waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies also play a significant role in reducing air

pollution and promoting sustainable waste management. Municipal solid waste,
which is often burned in open landfills, releases harmful pollutants such as methane,
carbon monoxide, and particulate matter. Waste-to-energy plants utilize incineration,
anaerobic digestion, and gasification technologies to convert waste into electricity
and biofuels. In cities such as Delhi and Bengaluru, WTE plants have been set up to
process large volumes of waste while reducing landfill emissions. The development
of plasma gasification technology, which converts waste into syngas without
producing harmful residues, is another innovative approach being explored for
sustainable waste management.
The successful implementation of bioenergy and alternative clean technologies
requires strong policy support, investment in research and development, and public-
private partnerships. While India has made considerable progress in expanding its
renewable energy capacity, further advancements in grid infrastructure, energy
storage, and financing mechanisms are needed to accelerate the transition. Incentives
such as tax benefits, subsidies, and low-interest loans for clean energy projects can
encourage industries and individuals to adopt these technologies. Additionally,
international collaborations and knowledge-sharing initiatives can help India leverage
global expertise in sustainable energy solutions.

Public awareness and behavioral changes are equally important in ensuring the
widespread adoption of clean technologies. Educating citizens about the benefits of
bioenergy, electric mobility, and waste-to-energy solutions can drive consumer
demand for sustainable products and services. Community-led initiatives, such as
decentralized biogas plants in rural areas and urban rooftop solar cooperatives, can
further promote local engagement in clean energy adoption. The integration of digital
technologies, such as blockchain-based energy trading platforms and AI-driven
energy optimization systems, can also enhance the efficiency and accessibility of
renewable energy solutions.

The future of air pollution control and sustainable energy in India depends on the
successful deployment of bioenergy and alternative clean technologies. By embracing
innovation, strengthening policy frameworks, and fostering collaborations between
the government, industries, and research institutions, India can achieve significant
progress in reducing emissions and transitioning toward a low-carbon economy. The
adoption of these technologies will not only improve air quality and public health but
also enhance energy security, create green jobs, and contribute to global climate
change mitigation efforts. Investing in a cleaner and more sustainable energy future
is not just an environmental necessity but also an economic opportunity that will
define India's progress in the 21st century.
 CONCLUSION

Air pollution remains one of the most pressing environmental and public health
challenges in India, demanding urgent and sustained action. Despite various
policy interventions, technological advancements, and public awareness
campaigns, pollution levels continue to remain dangerously high in many parts
of the country. The rapid pace of urbanization, industrial expansion, vehicular
emissions, and agricultural practices such as stubble burning have exacerbated
the crisis, leading to severe health risks, economic losses, and environmental
degradation. Addressing this issue requires a comprehensive and multi-
dimensional approach that integrates strict regulatory measures, clean energy
transitions, sustainable urban planning, and active public participation.

The adoption of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and bioenergy
has shown great potential in reducing reliance on fossil fuels, thereby cutting
down emissions from coal-based power plants and industrial activities.
Similarly, advancements in electric mobility, hydrogen fuel technology, and
improved public transportation infrastructure can significantly lower vehicular
pollution. Waste management strategies, including the promotion of waste-to-
energy technologies and the enforcement of bans on open waste burning, are
crucial in tackling pollution at its source. Additionally, afforestation, urban
green spaces, and carbon capture technologies offer long-term solutions for
mitigating pollution and enhancing environmental sustainability.

Government policies such as the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP),

Bharat Stage VI (BS-VI) emission norms, and the National Green Hydrogen
Mission have laid the groundwork for tackling air pollution, but challenges in
enforcement, funding, and implementation need to be addressed. Stricter
regulatory oversight, increased investments in research and innovation, and
international collaborations will be essential in accelerating progress. The role
of industries in adopting cleaner production methods and corporate social
responsibility (CSR) initiatives is equally important in ensuring compliance with
environmental standards.

Public awareness and community engagement remain key drivers in the fight
against air pollution. Citizens must take responsibility by adopting eco-friendly
practices such as carpooling, reducing waste, conserving energy, and supporting
green initiatives. Schools, universities, and media platforms must continue to
educate people about the impact of pollution and encourage behavioral changes
that contribute to cleaner air. Moreover, the integration of digital technologies
such as artificial intelligence-based pollution monitoring and blockchain-
enabled emission tracking can provide real-time data and enhance decision-
making in pollution control efforts.
India stands at a critical juncture where decisive action against air pollution will
determine the health and well-being of future generations. While the path to
clean air is complex and requires persistent effort, the solutions are within reach.
By combining policy-driven interventions, technological innovations, and a
collective commitment from society, India can pave the way toward a cleaner,
healthier, and more sustainable future. The time to act is now, and failure to do
so will only deepen the crisis, making the cost of inaction far greater than the
investment required for sustainable air pollution control.
 REFERENCES

Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). (2023). National Air Quality Monitoring
Programme (NAMP) Annual Report. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate
Change, Government of India.

World Health Organization (WHO). (2022). Air Pollution and Health: Global
Overview of Ambient Air Pollution. Retrieved from www.who.int.

Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC). (2019). National

Clean Air Programme (NCAP): Strategies and Implementation Plan. Government of
India.
International Energy Agency (IEA). (2021). India Energy Outlook: The Role of
Renewable Energy in Reducing Air Pollution. Retrieved from www.iea.org.

Garg, A., Shukla, P. R., & Kapshe, M. (2020). Impact of Air Pollution on Public
Health and Economic Productivity in India. Environmental Research Journal, 45(3),
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Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi. (2022). Research on Smog Towers and
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Bhattacharya, S., & Sharma, S. (2021). Bioenergy and Alternative Fuel Technologies
for Sustainable Development. Renewable Energy Journal, 30(4), 345-368.

The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI). (2023). Urban Air Quality and Policy
Interventions in India. TERI Policy Brief, 12(2), 56-71.

National Green Tribunal (NGT). (2022). Judicial Interventions and Air Pollution
Control Policies in India. Retrieved from www.greentribunal.gov.in.

World Bank. (2022). Economic and Social Costs of Air Pollution in South Asia.
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 APPENDICES

AQI (Air Quality Index) – A standardized measure used to assess air pollution
levels based on various pollutants such as PM2.5, PM10, NO₂, SO₂, and CO.

NCAP (National Clean Air Programme) – A government initiative launched in

2019 to reduce air pollution in India by 20-30% by 2024.

PM2.5 and PM10 (Particulate Matter) – Fine airborne particles with diameters
less than 2.5 and 10 microns, respectively, that pose significant health risks when
inhaled.

BS-VI (Bharat Stage VI Emission Norms) – The latest vehicle emission standards
in India implemented in 2020 to reduce vehicular pollution.

CCUS (Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage) – A technology designed to

capture and store CO₂ emissions from industrial processes to reduce greenhouse gas
levels.

FAME (Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles) –

A government scheme promoting electric vehicle adoption to reduce transportation-
related emissions.

ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) – India’s space agency involved in

satellite-based air quality monitoring and pollution tracking.

GRAP (Graded Response Action Plan) – A pollution control framework

implemented in Delhi-NCR to address severe air pollution episodes through
emergency measures.

WTE (Waste-to-Energy) – A technology that converts municipal and industrial

waste into usable energy, reducing landfill emissions and environmental pollution.

Green Hydrogen – Hydrogen fuel produced using renewable energy sources,

considered a clean alternative to fossil fuels in various industries.