CIT 301

Operating Systems I
Reginald Ekene Ogu
[email protected]
 Outline

• What is an Operating System? Recommended Textbook

• Operating system concepts and structure. • Silberschatz, A., Galvin, P. B. and
Gagne, G. (2013). Operating systems
• Basic components of a modern operating concepts, 9th Edition. John Wiley &
system Sons, Inc
• Operating system kernel.
 Operating
System and the
Computer
System

The kernel is a computer program at the

core of a computer's operating
system and has complete control over
everything in the system.
Operating Systems - OS
• An operating system (OS) is a software that manages the computer hardware.
➢ The OS acts as an intermediary between the user of a computer and the computer hardware.
➢ The purpose of an operating system is to provide an environment in which a user can execute programs in a convenient and
efficient manner.
• The hardware must provide appropriate mechanisms to ensure the correct operation of the
computer system and to prevent user programs from interfering with the proper operation of the
system.
OS Development
• Internally, operating systems vary greatly in their makeup, since they are organized along many
different lines.
• The design of a new operating system is a major task.
• It is important that the goals of the system be well defined before the design begins.
• These goals form the basis for choices among various algorithms and strategies.
Modularity Design of OS
• Because an operating system is large and complex, it must be created piece by piece.
➢ Each of these pieces should be a well-delineated portion of the system, with carefully defined inputs, outputs, and
functions.
Examples of Operating Systems
 • In the 1940s, the earliest electronic digital systems had no
operating systems.
• In the early 1950s, a computer could execute only one program at a
time. Each user had sole use of the computer for a limited period and
would arrive at a scheduled time with their program and data on
punched paper cards or punched tape.
Historical • By the late 1950s, programs that one would recognize as an
operating system were beginning to appear.
Development • During the 1960s, IBM's OS/360 introduced the concept of a single OS
of OS spanning an entire product line, which was crucial for the success of
the System/360 machines.
• In 1961, Burroughs Corporation introduced the B5000 with the MCP
(Master Control Program) operating system.
• The first microcomputers did not have the capacity or need for the
elaborate operating systems that had been developed for mainframes
and minis; minimalistic operating systems were developed, often
loaded from ROM and known as monitors.
✓ One notable early disk operating system was CP/M.
 History Contd.
• In the 1980s, Apple Computer Inc. (now Apple Inc.) abandoned its popular Apple II series of
microcomputers to introduce the Apple Macintosh computer with an innovative graphical user
interface (GUI) to the Mac OS.
• In Oct. 1985, Intel 80386 CPU chip with 32-bit architecture and paging capabilities was developed.
✓It provided personal computers with the ability to run multitasking operating systems like those
of earlier minicomputers and mainframes.
✓Microsoft hired Dave Cutler, who had developed the VMS operating system for Digital
Equipment Corporation.
✓He led the development of the Windows NT operating system, which continues to serve as the
basis for Microsoft's operating systems line.
• The GNU Project was started by activist and programmer Richard Stallman with the goal of creating
a complete free software replacement to the proprietary UNIX operating system.
✓While the project was highly successful in duplicating the functionality of various parts of UNIX,
development of the GNU Hurd kernel proved to be unproductive.
• In 1991, Finnish computer science student Linus Torvalds, with cooperation from volunteers
collaborating over the Internet, released the first version of the Linux kernel.
Notes
• Old computer systems can only perform one function at any instant.
• Almost all modern operating systems are multiuser and multitasking, and they
support multiprocessing and multithreading.
• Multiuser: Two or more users can work with programs and share peripheral
devices, such as printers, at the same time.
• Multitasking: The computer is capable of operating multiple applications at
the same time.
• Multiprocessing: The computer can have two or more central processing units
(CPU) that programs share.
• Multithreading: A program can be broken into smaller parts that can be
loaded as needed by the operating system. Multithreading allows individual
programs to be multitasked.
Classification of Operating Systems

Single-tasking Single- and multi-

Distributed
and multi-tasking user

Embedded Real-time Library

Embedded System Operating Systems
• An embedded System (ES) is a dedicated computer
system designed for specific function(s).
➢Often integrated within a larger mechanical or electrical
system.
➢Often with real-time computing constraints.
• An embedded system is controlled by a real-time
operating system (RTOS).
• ESs control many devices in common use today.
• An ES is not a general-purpose computer like the
Laptop.

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 Hardware, includes a processor
(microprocessor- or microcontroller) with
supporting components, sensor(s) and
actuator(s).
Parts of an • The processor is at the heart of the system.

Embedded Software, program that controls the

System operation of the system.

• This program can be written in Assembly language, c,

c++, java, python etc.
• Compilers convert these languages to a binary
machine code for the target processor.

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How Embedded system works
• An embedded system takes input variables,
• Performs operation(s) on the variable to
determine
• The output variable.
• Decides what to do based on the value of the
output variable.
• User interface is used as a means of
communication between the system and the
user.
• There is an option for an ES to be connected to
another.

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Embedded Systems cont.
• 98% of all processors manufactured are used in embedded systems.
• Modern ESs are often based on microcontrollers,
➢ CPUs with integrated memory or peripheral interfaces
▪ Processor(s) used in ESs may be types, ranging from general purpose to application specific
or custom designed for the application at hand.
▪ ESs range from having no user interface (UI) to having graphical user interfaces (GUIs) .
▪ User interfaces can include buttons, LEDs, touchscreen sensing and more.

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Characteristics of Embedded Systems

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 Real Time Performance of Embedded Systems
• An ES is real-time if the total correctness of an operation depends on:
➢its logical correctness and
➢time taken to be perform the operation.
• Real-time ESs are classified by the consequence of missing a deadline:
➢Hard:
✓ Missing a deadline is a total system failure.
➢Firm:
✓ Infrequent deadline misses are tolerable.
✓ The usefulness of a result is zero after its deadline.
➢Soft:
✓ The usefulness of a result degrades after its deadline, thereby degrading the system's quality of
service.

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 • These days students are fascinated to design more
innovative embedded projects as projects such as:
➢ Internet (IOT) of Things based underground cable
fault distance display using GSM
➢ Electronic passport system using smart card
➢ Patient body temperature monitoring remotely
using Internet of Things (IOT)
Embedded ➢ Power saver for street light using high sensitive
LDR managed by Arduino
System Today ➢ GSM based prepaid energy meter
➢ Automatic meter reading system using Zigbee
➢ A notice board display system using voice
commands using an Android phone
➢ Home automation using voice commands
➢ Solar based electric fencing system to deter cattle

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