Personality Development and Communication Skill

Category: Skill Enhancement Course

Course Objective:
• To strengthen students’ understanding of personality
• To strengthen students’ competence in English
• To strengthen students’ four basic language skills.
• To hone students’ interpersonal communication skills.
Unit Course Content Hours
1 Introduction to Personality 10
• The Concept of Personality
• Dimension of Personality
• Indian Concept of Self
• Five Pillars of Personality
• Significance of Personality Development
2 The Concept of Success and Failure 10
• What is success?
• Hurdles in achieving success
• Overcoming hurdles
• Factors responsible for success
• What is Failure?
• Causes of Failure
• SWOT analysis
3 Developing Personality 10
• Conflict and Stress Management
• Time Management
• Steps of time Management
• Goal Setting
• Non-verbal communication
• Kinesics
• Proxemics
• Para-language

Semester end Examination

Question Details Options Marks
No.
1 Essay type question/Short Notes (Unit-1) ½ OR 2/4 15
2 Essay type question/Short Notes (Unit-1I) ½ OR 2/4 15
3 Essay type question/Short Notes (Unit-1II) ½ OR 2/4 15
4 Short Notes (Unit-1,II,III) ½ 05
 Unit- 1 Introduction to Personality

1. The Concept of Personality.

“Personality is that pattern of characteristic thoughts, feelings, and behaviours that
distinguishes one person from another and that persists over time”

“It is the sum of biologically based and learnt behaviour which forms the person's
unique responses to environmental stimuli”.

2. Dimensions of Personality.

The Big Five personality traits, also known as the five-factor model (FFM), is a
model based on common language descriptors of personality (lexical hypothesis). These
descriptors are grouped together using a statistical technique called factor analysis (i.e. this
model is not based on scientific experiments). This widely examined theory suggests five
broad dimensions used by some psychologists to describe the human personality and
psyche. The five factors have been defined as openness to experience, conscientiousness,
extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism, often listed under the acronyms “OCEAN”.

Dimension of Personality High Level Low Level

Openness to experience, Inventive, Curious Conservative
Cautious
Conscientiousness Efficient, Organized Easy going, Careless
Extraversion Outgoing, Energetic Solitary, Reserved
Agreeableness Friendly, Compassionate Competitive, Outspoken
Neuroticism Sensitive, Nervous Secure, Confident

These five factors are assumed to represent the basic structure behind all
personality traits. They were defined and described by several different researchers
during multiple periods of research. Employees are sometimes tested on the Big Five
personality traits in collaborative situations to determine what strong personality traits
they can add to a group dynamic. Businesses need to understand their people as well as
their operations and processes. Understanding the personality components that drive
the employee behavior is a very useful informational data point for management.
3. Five Pillars of Personality.

a. Openness to experience: (inventive/curious vs. consistent/cautious):

Openness to experience describes a person's degree of intellectual curiosity,
creativity, appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, curiosity, and variety
of experience. It is also described as the extent to which a person is imaginative or
independent, and depicts a personal preference for a variety of activities over a strict
routine. High openness can be perceived as unpredictability or lack of focus. Moreover,
individuals with high openness are said to pursue self-actualization specifically by
seeking out intense, euphoric experiences, such as skydiving, living abroad, gambling,
etc. Conversely, those with low openness seek to gain fulfilment through perseverance,
and are characterized as pragmatic and datadriven—sometimes even perceived to be
dogmatic and closed-minded. Some disagreement remains about how to interpret and
contextualize the openness factor.
b. Conscientiousness (efficient/organized vs. easy-going/careless):
Conscientiousness is a tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim
for achievement. Conscientiousness also refers to planning, organization, and
dependability. High conscientiousness is often perceived as stubbornness and
obsession. Low conscientiousness is associated with flexibility and spontaneity, but can
also appear as sloppiness and lack of reliability.
c. Extraversion: (outgoing/energetic vs. solitary/reserved):
Extraversion describes energy, positive emotions, assertiveness, sociability,
talkativeness, and the tendency to seek stimulation in the company of others. High
extraversion is often perceived as attentionseeking, and domineering. Low extraversion
causes a reserved, reflective personality, which can be perceived as aloof or self-
absorbed.
d. Agreeableness: (friendly/compassionate vs. analytical/detached):
Agreeableness is a tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than
suspicious and antagonistic towards others. It is also a measure of one's trusting and
helpful nature, and whether a person is generally well-tempered or not. High
agreeableness is often seen as naive or submissive. Low agreeableness personalities are
often competitive or challenging people, which can be seen as argumentative or
untrustworthy.
e. Neuroticism: (sensitive/nervous vs. Secure/confident).
Neuroticism is a tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily, such as
anger, anxiety, depression, and vulnerability. Neuroticism also refers to the degree of
emotional stability and impulse control and is sometimes referred to by its low pole,
"emotional stability". A high need for stability manifests as a stable and calm
personality, but can be seen as uninspiring and unconcerned. A low need for stability
causes a reactive and excitable personality, often very dynamic individuals, but they
can be perceived as unstable or insecure.
 PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT:
 Personality development includes activities that improve awareness and identity, develop
talents and potential, build human capital and facilitate employability, enhance quality of life
and contribute to the realization of dreams and aspirations.
 When personal development takes place in the context of institutions, it refers to the methods,
programs, tools, techniques, and assessment systems that support human development at the
individual level in organizations.
 Personality development includes activities that develop talents, improve awareness,
enhances potential and looks to improve the quality of life. It involves formal and informal
activities that put people in the role of leaders, guides, teachers, and managers for helping them
realize their full potential.
 Hence, it can be concluded that the process of improving or transforming the personality is
called personality development.

4. SIGNIFICANCE OR IMPORTANCE OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT:

Most people underestimate the importance of having a pleasing personality. Majority
think it just means being born good-looking, that there isn’t anything much to do about it.
But this is not true. The scope of personality development is quite broad. It includes
knowing how to dress well, social graces, grooming, speech and interpersonal skills.
Whatever your career, these are very important skills that will promote your objectives.
To better appreciate its importance, some of the key benefits of developing your
personality include the following:
a. Confidence: Personality development gives more confidence to people. When you
know you are appropriately attired and groomed, this makes you less anxious when meeting
a person. Knowing the right things to say and how to conduct yourself will increase your
confidence.
b. Credibility: Personality development makes people more credible. Despite the
saying that you don’t judge a book by its cover, people do tend to judge people by their
clothing and how it is worn. This does not mean buying expensive clothes. We all know
people who look shabby in expensive clothes. There are also people who look great even
if their attire is inexpensive. Because of this, you must know what to wear and you must be
aware of other aspects of enhancing your physical features.
c. Interaction: Personality development encourages people to interact with others.
Studies have consistently shown that people communicate more openly with people they
are comfortable with. If your hygiene and social graces are unrefined, then expect to have
a much harder time connecting with people.
d. Leading and Motivating: Personality development enhances the capacity to lead
and motivate. A person with a winning personality will be able to motivate better. People
are less likely to get bored, and our ideas will have more credibility. We can lead better if
we project an aura of confidence and credibility.
 e. Curiosity: A single wrong word can destroy a business relationship. Knowing the
right things to say shows both respect and intellectual sophistication. This is especially the
case if you are dealing with foreigners or if you conduct business outside the country. The
right thing to do in our country could be horrible blunders in a different culture. These are
the soft skills that may break or make a deal.
f. Communication skills: It improves your communication skills. People are more
receptive to what you say if they are impressed with your personality. Verbal
communication skills are also part of personality development; improving your speech will
strengthen the impact of your message. You cannot win by talent and hard work alone.
Personality development is a crucial ingredient that you must obtain. Most of the people
you see as models of great personality have taken a lot of effort in developing their natural
features.
 Unit-2 The Concept of Success and Failure

1.What is Success?

DEFINITION: What makes a person successful? How do we recognize

success? To some people, success might mean wealth. To others, it is recognition, good
health, good family, happiness, satisfaction, and peace of mind. What this really tells
us is that success is subjective. It can mean different things to different people.

The best definition for success is;

• “Success is the progressive realization of a worthy goal”

Let's look at these definitions carefully.
• "Progressive" means that success is a journey, not a destination. We never
arrive. After we reach one goal, we go on to the next and the next and the next.
• "Realization" means it is an experience. Outside forces cannot make me feel
successful. I have to feel it within myself. It is internal not external.
• "Worthy" refers to our value system. Which way are we heading? Positive or
negative? Worthiness determines the quality of the journey. That is what gives
meaning and fulfilment. Success without fulfilment is empty.
• "Goals" are important. Because they give us a sense of direction.

2.Factors Responsible for Success.

1. Desire:
The motivation to success comes from the burning desire to achieve a purpose.
Napoleon Hill wrote,
"Whatever the mind of man can conceive and believe, the mind can achieve."
A young man asked Socrates the secret to success. Socrates told the young man
to meet him near the river the next morning. They met. Socrates asked the young man
to walk with him toward the river. When the water got up to their neck, Socrates took
the young man by surprise and ducked him into the water. The boy struggled to get out
but Socrates was strong and kept him there until the boy started turning blue. Socrates
pulled his head out of the water and the first thing the young man did was to gasp and
 take a deep breath of air. Socrates asked, 'What did you want the most when you were
there?" The boy replied, "Air." Socrates said, "That is the secret to success. When you
want success as badly as you wanted the air, then you will get it." There is no other
secret.
A burning desire is the starting point of all accomplishment. Just like a small
fire cannot give much heat, a weak desire cannot produce great results.

2. Commitment:
Integrity and wisdom are the two pillars on which to build and keep
commitments. This point is best illustrated by the manager, who told one of his staff
members, "Integrity is keeping your commitment even if you lose money and wisdom
is not to make such foolish commitments."
Prosperity and success are the result of our thoughts and decisions. It is our
decision what thoughts will dominate our lives. Success is not an accident. It is the
result of our attitude.
There is a big difference between playing to win and playing not to lose. When
we play to win, we play with enthusiasm and commitment; whereas when we play not
to lose, we are playing from a position of weakness. When we play not to lose, we are
playing to avoid failure. We all want to win, but very few are prepared to pay the price
to prepare to win. Winners condition and commit themselves to winning. Playing to
win comes out of inspiration, whereas playing not to lose comes out of desperation.
There are no ideal circumstances. There will never be. To reach anywhere we
cannot just drift nor lie at anchor. We need to sometimes sail with the wind and
sometimes against it, but sail we must. Ask any coach or athlete what the difference
between the best and the worst team is. There would be very little difference in their
physique, talent and ability. The biggest difference you will find is emotional
difference. The winning team has dedication and they make the extra effort. To a
winner, the tougher the competition

3. Responsibility:
A duty which becomes a desire will ultimately become a delight. --George
Gritter People with character accept responsibilities. They make decisions and
determine their own destiny in life. Accepting responsibilities involves taking risks and
being accountable which is sometimes uncomfortable.
 Most people would rather stay in their comfort zone and live passive lives
without accepting responsibilities. They drift through life waiting for things to happen
rather than making them happen. Accepting responsibilities involves taking calculated,
not foolish, risks. It means evaluating all the pros and cons, then taking the most
appropriate decision or action. Responsible people don't think that the world owes them
a living.

4. Hard Work:
Success is not something that you run into by accident. It takes a lot of
preparation and character. Everyone likes to win but how many are willing to put in the
effort and time to prepare to win? It takes sacrifice and self-discipline. There is no
substitute for hard work.
Henry Ford said, "The harder you work, the luckier you get."
The world is full of willing workers, some willing to work and the others willing
to let them.
“I like to work half a day. I don't care if it is the first 12 hours or the second 12
hours.” --Kammons Wilson, CEO of Holiday Inn.
One cannot develop a capacity to do anything without hard work, just as a
person cannot learn how to spell by sitting on a dictionary. Professionals make things
look easy because they have mastered the fundamentals of whatever they do.
“If people knew how hard I had to work to gain my mastery, it wouldn't seem
wonderful at all.” –Michaelangelo.
An executive called a company to check on a potential candidate. He asked the
candidate's supervisor, "How long has he worked for you?" The man replied, "Three
days." The executive said. "But he told me he was with you for three years." The man
replied, "That is right, but he worked three days."

5. Character:
Character is the sum total of a person's values, beliefs and personality. It is
reflected in our behavior, in our actions. It needs to be preserved more than the richest
jewel in the world. To be a winner takes character. George Washington said, "I hope I
shall always possess firmness and virtue enough to maintain what I consider the most
valuable of all titles, the character of an honest man."
 It is not the polls or public opinions but the character of the leader that
determines the course of history. There is no twilight zone in integrity. The road to
success has many pitfalls. It takes a lot of character and effort not to fall into them. It
also takes character not to be disheartened by critics.
How come most people love success but hate successful people? Whenever a
person rises above average, there will always be someone trying to rip him apart.
Chances are pretty good when you see a person on top of a hill, that he just didn't get
there, but had to endure a tough climb. It's no different in life.
In any profession, a successful person will be envied by those who are not. Don't
let criticism distract you from reaching your goal. Average people play it safe to avoid
criticism, which can be easily avoided by saying, doing or being nothing. The more you
accomplish, the more you risk being criticized. It seems there is a relationship between
success and criticism. The greater the success, the more is the criticism.
Critics have always been sitting at the sidelines. They are underachievers who
shout at doers, telling them how to do it right. But remember critics are not the leaders
or doers and it is worthwhile asking them to come down to where the action is.
“The critic is one who knows the price of everything and the value of nothing.”

6. Positive Believing:
What is the difference between positive thinking and positive believing? What
if you could actually listen to your thoughts? Are they positive or negative? How are
you programming your mind, for success or failure? How you think has a profound
effect on your performance.
Having a positive attitude and being motivated is a choice we make every
morning.
Living a positive life is not easy; but then neither is negative living. Given a
choice, I would go for positive living.
Positive thinking is better than negative thinking and it will help us use our
abilities to the fullest.
Positive believing is a lot more than positive thinking. It is having a reason to
believe that positive thinking will work. Positive believing is an attitude of confidence
that comes with preparation. Having a positive attitude without making the effort is
nothing more than having a wishful dream. The following illustrates positive believing.
7. Give More Than You Get:
It is easy to succeed today. We have no competition. If you want to get ahead
in life, go the extra mile. There is no competition on the extra mile. Are you willing to
do a little more than you get paid for? How many people you know are willing to do a
little bit more than what they get paid for? Hardly any. Most people don't want to do
what they get paid for and there is a second category of people who only want to do
what they can get by with. They fulfil their quota just to keep their jobs. There is a small
fraction who are willing to do a little bit more than what they get paid for.
Why do they do more? If you fall into the last category, then where is your
competition? The advantages of doing more than you get paid for are:
• You make yourself more valuable, regardless of what you do and where you
work.
• It gives you more confidence.
• People start looking at you as a leader.
• Others start trusting you.
• Superiors start respecting you.
• It breeds loyalty from both your subordinates and your superiors.
• It generates cooperation.
8. The Power of Persistence:
Nothing will take the place of persistence.
Talent will not: Nothing is more common than unsuccessful people with talent.
Genius will not: Unrewarded genius is a proverb.
Education will not: The world is full of educated derelicts.
Persistence and determination alone are omnipotent. --Calvin Coolidge

The journey to being your best is not easy. It is full of setbacks. Winners have
the ability to overcome and bounce back with even greater resolve.

Fritz Kreisler, the great violinist, was once asked, "How do you play so well?
Are you lucky?" He replied, "It is practice. If I don't practice for a month, the audience
can tell the difference. If I don't practice for a week, my wife can tell the difference. If
I don't practice for a day, I can tell the difference.
 " Persistence means commitment and determination. There is pleasure in
endurance. Commitment and persistence is a decision. Athletes put in years of practice
for a few seconds or minutes of performance. Persistence is a decision. It is a
commitment to finish what you start. When we are exhausted, quitting looks good. But
winners endure. Ask a winning athlete. He endures pain and finishes what he started.

3.Hurdles in Achieving Success:

Although there are lot of potential obstacles, the following hurdles are more common.
• Lack of information
• Lack of skill
• Limiting beliefs
• Well being
• Other people
• Own motivation
• Time
• Money
• Fear

1. Lack of Information:
Information can have one of two effects. With too much you can be
overwhelmed, and can stop you from making a decision or taking the next steps.
With too little information you are not able to put things into perspective, or look at
the bigger picture. Identifying where you have gaps in your knowledge, and
including this as part of your goal will move you closer to achieving it. There are
several ways to obtain new information. Research, planned reading, listening to
CD’s, DVD’s on a specific topic or networking with individuals who have the
knowledge to share with you.

2. Lack of Skill:
In order to move forwards you may have to pick up skills along the way. This
need not be an enormous challenge. As part of your goal setting, understanding
what skills you need to acquire, and how you will acquire them will form steps of
your plan. This does not necessarily mean that you need to enroll on a course,
 although that is a great idea. Other alternatives such as on-line study, planned
reading, shadowing a colleague in the workplace, or seeking advice from a friend
can also help you obtain the skills you need.
3. Limiting beliefs:
We all have a set of beliefs by which we live our lives. These are set in our
subconscious at an early age. Sometimes these beliefs can hold you back and limit
your ability to achieve you goals. Some common examples may be familiar to you.
Indecision or Procrastination- should I do one thing or another? This often results
in you doing nothing. The limiting belief manifests itself as “I am not able to make
decisions”. Unable to make progress or stuck – when a way of working is no longer
effective, you continue to use it and often forms a comfort zone, the limiting belief
here could be “ I can’t/ won’t change”. Often people will state that “I don’t deserve
to be successful”, or “that shouldn’t work for me”. Here we are seeing self sabotage
and not valuing themselves and their own ability.

4. Well being:
Despite your best efforts, there may be times when you are simply not able to
pursue your goals. A sudden illness or injury can put set you back. When this
happens you need to be realistic. Beating yourself up will not help, nor simply
giving up. Take a little time to re assess your goal and consider what your options
are now. How important is it that this goal is achieved within the original timeframe.
Also consider how else you goal can be pursued, and who can help you during these
times.

5. Other People:
Quite often the people that are closest to us fear us achieving our goals. For
them this means that you may change and that will also mean change for them. They
may not be aware how important your goals are to you. If the people you share your
time with for example family, friends, colleagues to not understand and support
your goals, there is a chance that you may be influenced by this. If these people are
adverse to change then they may well sabotage you plans.

6. Own Motivation:
 Although you may see out with the best intentions, after a while the novelty
may wear off or there are other distractions. This may be down to a number of
factors. Perhaps the goals that you set were too large, and needed to be broken down
into smaller manageable chunks. Perhaps you are not getting the results, and need
to consider what you doing that is are preventing you from moving forward. After
continued effort you may feel that the goal is now actually something that do don’t
want, or at least the outcome. In this case the goal needs to be reassessed. If it
requires modification because circumstances have changed, then change it. If it no
longer serves you, then don’t waste your energy following up on something just
because you started it.

7. Time:
We all live in a world where we don’t seem to have enough time. Many of us
are “time poor”, which means that we do not manage our use of time to get the best
results. Quite often I hear from the people around me “I just don’t have time to do
x”. How true is this statement really? Have we taken on too much, overcommitted
ourselves and are embarrassed to say no? Perhaps, but I have another view. If we
approach our use of time without any structure we may just leap from one thing to
another in no particular order. Without priority we will move from one thing to the
next urgent thing. There is also the aspect of distractions. This can be distraction
from others who do not have the same aspirations as you. There is the distraction
of telephone calls and emails. Quite often we busy ourselves with those things that
are nice to do, but do not take us any further forward to achieving our goals.

8. Money:
Money is a common reason for not pursuing your goal. Usually it is the lack of
money that stops you. When you hear someone say “I can’t afford it” or “I just don’t
have the money”. These statements are usually offered up without much hesitation.
While I agree that it may well be true to some extent, what alternatives have they
really explored and how else could the money be found? If you are really serious
about achieving this goal, what lengths would you go to in order to find the money
(legally)! Let’s turn this around and look at it from another perspective. What is it
costing you to not have that goal in your life right now? For example being in that
bad relationship or enduring bad health. If in achieving this goal it was going to get
 you that next job, or mean that you would get that 10% performance bonus at work,
what efforts would you go to?

9. Fear:
What do I mean by fear? There are the more straightforward examples. If you
need to do something that takes you right outside of your comfort zone for the first
time, which may well install fear into you. Then there is the fear of failure. What
will those around you think if you don’t achieve you goal. How will you face them
and maintain your integrity. Better to quit now that to see it through right? That way
no-one will be able to judge me. Another type of fear is the fear of success. What if
I actually do it, and people find out I am a fraud? Is this goal something that I really
want anyway? Self doubt comes into play and you try to talk yourself out of it.

4. What is Failure?

Failure can be defined as the state or condition of not achieving a desirable or intended
objective; it can be considered the opposite of success. Failure is just a state of mind. You are
a failure only if you think that you failed. Your attitude towards a certain situation determines
whether or not you have failed. The fact is that everyone fails in something or the other at some
point in their lives.

It is easy to think negatively when it seems that everything that you do is not good
enough.

Look at the following failures and come to a conclusion yourself:

1. Only 400 Cokes were sold in its first year of production.

2. Albert Einstein’s Ph.D dissertation was rejected.

3. Henry Ford had two bankruptcies before his famous success.

4. Thomas Alva Edison, the inventor of the electric bulb failed no less than 10000 times before
succeeding. But he said “I have not failed. I have just found 10000 ways that won’t work.

Disappointments, Rejections, Unsuccessful attempts were not failures to the successful

people. They used them as stepping stones to success. This is the difference between people
who win and people who don’t. Failure is not the lack of success.
 People are looking only the successes of others. They are not seeing the struggles,
frustrations and disappointments they faced.

Ralph Waldo Emerson who was a successful American essayist, lecturer and poet told
“Men succeed when they realise that their failures are the preparation for their victories”
Successful people don’t blame others for what has happened to them and they don’t use other
people’s definitions for success and failure. They use their own. They just change paths, re-
assess goals, try something new or adjust direction. To them, failure happens when they stop
trying to achieve their personal best.

5. Causes of Failure.

The following factors can be considered as causes of failure. The most common failure-
causing problems and their solutions:

1. Lack of Persistence:
More people fail not because they lack knowledge or talent but because they just quit.
It’s important to remember two words: persistence and resistance. Persist in what must be
done and resist what ought not to be done.
Try new approaches. Persistence is important, but repeating the same actions over and
over again, hoping that this time you'll succeed, probably won’t get you any closer to your
objective. Look at your previous unsuccessful efforts and decide what to change. Keep
making adjustments and midcourse corrections, using your experience as a guide.

2. Lack of Conviction:
People who lack conviction take the middle of the road. But what happens in the middle
of the road? You get run over. People without conviction go along to get along because
they lack confidence and courage. They conform in order to get accepted, even when they
know that what they are doing is wrong.
Decide what is important to you. If something is worth doing, it’s worth doing right and
doing well. Let your passion show even in mundane tasks. It’s OK to collaborate and
cooperate for success, but it’s not OK to compromise your values—ever.

3. Rationalization:
Winners might analyze, but they never rationalize. Losers rationalize and have a book
full of excuses to tell you why they couldn’t succeed.
 Change your perspective. Don’t think of every unsuccessful attempt as a failure. Few
people succeed at everything the first time. Most of us attain our goals only through
repeated effort. Do your best to learn everything you can about what happened and why.
4. Dismissal of Past Mistakes:
Some people live and learn, and some only live. Failure is a teacher if we have the right
attitude. Wise people learn from their mistakes—experience is the name they give to
slipups.
Define the problem better. Analyze the situation—what you want to achieve, what your
strategy is, why it didn’t work. Are you really viewing the problem correctly? If you need
money, you have more options than increasing revenue. You could also cut expenses.
Think about what you’re really trying to do.

5. Lack of Discipline:
Anyone who has accomplished anything worthwhile has never done it without
discipline. Discipline takes self-control, sacrifice and avoiding distractions and
temptations. It means staying focused.
Don’t be a perfectionist. You might have an idealized vision of what success will look
and feel like. Although that can be motivational, it might not be realistic. Succeeding at
one goal won’t eliminate all your problems. Be clear on what will satisfy your objectives
and don’t obsess about superficial details.

6. Poor Self-Esteem:
Poor self-esteem is a lack of self-respect and self-worth. People with low self-
confidence are constantly trying to find themselves rather than creating the person they
want to be.
Don’t label yourself. You might have failed, but you’re not a failure until you stop
trying. Think of yourself as someone still striving toward a goal, and you’ll be better able
to maintain your patience and perseverance for the long haul.

7. Fatalistic Attitude:
A fatalistic attitude prevents people from accepting responsibility for their position in
life. They attribute success and failure to luck. They resign themselves to their fate,
regardless of their efforts, that whatever has to happen will happen anyway.
 Look in the mirror every day and say, I am in charge. You might not have control over
every phase of your life, but you have more control than you realize, and you are
responsible for your own happiness and success. Your attitude determines your altitude,
and you can turn “down” into “up”.

6. Overcoming Hurdles.

Only by overcoming fear of failure will anyone be able to achieve success in life. Here
are some tips on how to eliminate fear and focus on success:

• Understand and expect that at times you will fail. Realize that you are human and humans
make mistakes. Before any of us learned how to walk, we crawled. We got up, fell down, got
up again and continued the process until we could walk expertly.

• Don't take failure personally. Instead, view it as a stepping stone. Make certain you learn
from it and then apply what you've learned to future situations. Refuse to consider it a character
flaw or weakness. Doing so will only prevent you from achieving future success.

• No one succeeds all of the time, sometimes not even most of the time. In baseball, star
players fail 70% of the time. Babe Ruth's batting average was .342 which means he struck out
66% of the time. Wayne Gretzky's career shooting percentage in hockey was 17.57% meaning
he missed 82.43 % of the time. Wayne is also famous for saying "You miss 100%of the shots
you don't take." So it is in life. You won't fail at anything if you don't make the attempt. You
also won't succeed!

• Remember that 'failure' has produced many successes. Consider how many people in
history had failed before they became successful and quite likely because of it. Albert Einstein's
teacher told him to quit school because; "Einstein, you will never amount to anything!" Ludwig
Von Beethoven's music teacher said of him "as a composer, he is hopeless". Henry Ford's first
two automobile companies failed.

• Appreciate the benefits of failure. Ralph Waldo Emerson said: "All life is an experiment.
The more experiments you make the better." In other words, your chances of getting things
right on the first try are slim to none. The more you try, the better you'll get at it.

• Believe in yourself. Rather than giving up when things don't work out, take it as an
opportunity to build perseverance and resolve. Believe that you've got what it takes to work
through the obstacles and difficult times. Remind yourself how many failures became
successful because they wouldn't give up. The wonderful poem “Don't Quit” by Edgar Albert
Guest is an inspiring illustration of that mindset.

7. SWOT Analysis.

SWOT stands for: Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat. A SWOT analysis
guides you to identify your organization’s strengths and weaknesses (S-W), as well as broader
opportunities and threats (O-T).

A SWOT analysis can offer helpful perspectives at any stage of an effort. You might
use it to:

• Explore possibilities for new efforts or solutions to problems.

• Make decisions about the best path for your initiative. Identifying your opportunities for
success in context of threats to success can clarify directions and choices.

• Determine where change is possible. If you are at a juncture or turning point, an inventory of
your strengths and weaknesses can reveal priorities as well as possibilities.

• Adjust and refine plans mid-course. A new opportunity might open wider avenues, while a
new threat could close a path that once existed.

• SWOT also offers a simple way of communicating about your initiative or program and an
excellent way to organize information you've gathered from studies or surveys.

SWOT analysis can help the following people.

 Students

 Managers and Owners

 Professionals, Executives

 Career Starters

 Practitioners and HR

 Doctors and Engineers

 Employees

 Husband and Wife

 Parents

THE ADVANTAGES OF CONDUCTING A PERSONAL SWOT ANALYSIS:

The main purpose of a SWOT is to promote the identified strengths, reduce weaknesses,
exploiting the opportunities and having contingency plans to minimize threats.

There are many benefits and advantages of using SWOT Analysis for personal
development. It is good for your success and betterment. Some of the most common benefits
of conducting a personal SWOT analysis have been mentioned below.

 Helps to develops strategies to attain your goals

 You can be better than your friends and colleagues

 Shows where you currently stand on the path of success

 Measures your scopes of reaching desired goals

 Boosts your career, life and personality

 Helps to better understand who you really are as a person

 Maximizes your strengths and diminishes your weaknesses

 Explores and also enhances your soft skills and hard skills

 It helps you understand your preferences and personality traits.

 Focuses on your attitudes, abilities, skills, capabilities and capacities.

USING THE SWOT ANALYSIS TOOL

Strengths:

These are the traits or skills that set you apart from others. Questions to ask include:

 What benefits do you have which others do not have? This could include skills,
education, or connections.

 What are you better at than anyone else?

 What personal resources do you have access to?

  What do other people see as your strengths?

 Which achievements are you most proud of?

 What values do you believe in that others fail to show?

 Are you part of a network no one else is involved in? What connections do you
have with powerful people?

Weaknesses:

This part examines the areas in which you need to improve and the things that will set
you back in your career. Questions to consider include:

 What work do you usually avoid because of lack of confidence?

 What do people think you weaknesses are?

 Are you happy with your education and skills training?

 Do you have any negative work habits?

 Which of your personality traits hold you back?

Opportunities:

For the opportunities section, look at the external factors you can take advantage of to
pursue a promotion, find a new job or determine a career direction.

 What new technology can assist you?

 Can you take advantage of the market in its present state?

 Do you have a network of strategic contacts to offer good advice or help you?

 Is any of your competitors failing to do something important? Can you take

advantage of it?

 Is there a need in your company which no one is filling?

 Could you create an opportunity by offering solutions to problems?

Threats:

This part takes into account the external factors that could hurt your chances to attain
your goals. The factors to take into account include:

 What hindrances do you currently face at work?

 Is any of your co-workers competing with you for projects or roles?

 Is your job changing?

 Can technological changes threaten your position?

 Could any of your weaknesses lead to threats?

 EXAMPLE OF SWOT ANALYSIS: SWOT tool used by a small
independent book store:

Helpful Harmful
STRENGTHS: WEAKNESSES:
• Our workers are well educated • Space is tight
students who love books • Bank gave us a limited loan
• The space is attractive and • Business is slower during
inviting summer vacation
Internal • Customers are supportive of
small book store
• Popular cafe makes it easy for
customers to linger and find
something to buy.
External OPPORTUNITIES: THREATS:
• We can have local authors give • Large chains have more buying
lectures and book signings. power
• We can make personalized • E-books and e-book readers
recommendations to long term • Younger generations don’t read
customers as much
• We can deliver the same day to • Nearby public library reopened
mobility impaired customers after two years
• We can feature things that
appeal to summer tourists
• We can start a frequent buyer
program
 Unit- 3 Developing Personality

1. Conflict and Stress Management.

• Conflict Management:
 Conflict is a condition where there is opposition, disagreement between two or more
people. This may be due to lack of communication, differences over certain issues
and/or contradiction in ideas, beliefs and thoughts.
 Conflicts at workplace can hamper the progress of your work and in turn stunts the
growth of the organization.
 Conflicts act as barriers to healthy organizational development. Sometimes, however,
how hard we try; we end up with conflicting thoughts with team members. Therefore it
is necessary to manage conflicts in a way such that it has minimum impact on our lives.
 Unresolved conflicts can be hazardous especially at work places. They can lead to
inappropriate behavior such as avoidance, inability to work in teams, verbal assaults,
and overall resentment. In worst cases, some of the employees in the organization
become so hostile that they eventually have to quit their work and separate from the
organization.
• Stress Management:
 All of us are living a fast paced demanding life, dealing with work pressure, home
responsibilities, and other commitments all the time that leads to the stress.
This stress becomes a part and parcel of our life. However, managing stress is
extremely important. Stress has a lot of harmful effects on our body and mind.
People under stress often experience headaches, anxiety, depression, negative
thoughts, nausea, anger, frustration etc.
Hence to avoid these problems, maintaining stress is extremely important..
Regular Exercising, change the routine work, yoga, meditation and breathing exercises
are great ways to combat stress. The ultimate goal to manage stress is to lead a balanced
life.
 Some people with stress is to smoke and consume large amounts of alcohol. Also,
avoid eating or sleeping too much when you are stressed because this will make you
lethargic.
Relax, rejuvenate and recharge yourself so that you can function more efficiently.
2. Time Management.
• “Time management” is the process of organizing and planning how to divide your time
between specific activities. It is defined as the process of managing time effectively so
that the right time is allocated to the right activity.
• Good time management enables you to work smarter – not harder – so that you get
more done in less time, even when time is tight and pressures are high.
• Failing to manage your time damages your effectiveness and causes stress.

3. Steps in Time Management.

Time Management includes:
1. Effective Planning
2. Setting goals and objectives
3. Setting deadlines
4. Delegation of responsibilities
5. Prioritizing activities as per their importance
6. Spending the right time on the right activity.

1. Effective Planning: Plan your day well in advance. Prepare a to do List or a “Task Plan”.
Sort down the important activities that need to be done in a single day against the time
that should be allocated to each activity. High Priority work should come on top followed
by those which do not need much of your importance at the moment.
2. Setting Goals and Objectives: Working without goals and targets in an organization would
be similar to a situation where the captain of the ship loses his way in the sea. Yes, you
would be lost. Set targets for yourself and make sure they are realistic ones and
achievable.
3. Setting Deadlines: Set deadlines for yourself and strive hard to complete tasks ahead of
the deadlines. Do not wait for your superiors to ask you every time. Learn to take
ownership of work. One person who can best set the deadlines is you yourself. Ask
yourself how much time needs to be devoted to a particular task and for how many days.
Use a planner to mark the important dates against the set deadlines.
4. Delegation of Responsibilities: Learn to say “NO” at workplace. Don’t do everything on
your own. There are other people as well. One should not accept something which he
knows is difficult for him. The roles and responsibilities must be delegated as per interest
and specialization of employees for them to finish tasks within deadlines. A person who
 does not have knowledge about something needs more time than someone who knows
the work well.
5. Prioritizing Tasks: Prioritize the tasks as per their importance and urgency. Know the
difference between important and urgent work. Identify which tasks should be done
within a day, which all should be done within a month and so on. Tasks which are most
important should be done earlier.
6. Spending the right time on right activity: Develop the habit of doing the right thing at the
right time. Work done at the wrong time is not of much use. Don’t waste a complete day
on something which can be done in an hour or so. Also keep some time separate for your
personal calls or checking updates on Facebook or Twitter. After all human being is not a
machine.

Advantages of Time Management

1. Reduction in stress level: The reduction in stress level is main content of time
management. If you follow time management properly then you will get better result.
Even you can relax yourself while enjoying your work. Stress leads to spoiling of work
schedule and distur1bed work schedule can never provide best results. The result will
come undoubtedly but no one can say it will be best or worst.
2. Provides focus on the task: The time management initially provides relief from stress
and later helps you in focusing your target and performance in task. A focused person
becomes successful in less time as compared to those who do more struggle for getting
their target in life. The people always desire to have successful and enjoyable life and
that can be obtained by keeping a focused view about everything and every step.
3. Decrease procrastination: There is much duration in life and it also brings fluctuation.
The particular point in adopting time management is the ability to predict the results
and control the situations. Managing time isn’t something that requires extra skills, the
only need is to have some knowledge about how to and be dedicated to implement it
within your day to day activities.
4. Gain self-confidence: Self-confidence plays a vital role in human life and self-
confident people always have better life than dependent persons. The feel usually comes
when you plan your work properly and take decisions on time for betterment. “Time
management never takes your time, rather provides you extra time.” A person can do
anything with confidence and self trust leads a human being to the next level.
5. A way to the goal: Everybody has a desire to achieve his/her goal in life and dream to
get a relaxing future after attaining target. Managing time allots you time where it has
the most impact. Time management allows every human to spend time on the things
that matter most to them. In this process, time management has a positive aspect to
perform and people consider the scheduling a better option.
6. Challenge your productivity: The capacity of everybody is similar just only habits
differentiate in results. The people who score 100 out of 100 are also human not robots,
the thing is that they follow their dreams. The condition turns turtle with your
determination when you are planning for your next meeting as all the tasks are listed in
to-do list. You can use priorities while setting up the task execution sequence.
Productivity is a challenge to face, as the process of productivity puts human being on
the heels. It’s a race which has to be won by all not by any single. In short, it is a great
thing to adopt but also demands the capacity to handle the pressure.
7. Have an instinct for achievement: Achievement of a task is different whereas bang a
series of success is totally different task. A series of success falls in our kitty only then,
when we make our efforts in a predefined way. Discipline and self-improvement are
mandatory. The communication tools available in variety support, synchronous as
fixing meeting time in form of web conferencing and asynchronous with no fixed time
to contribute as discussion board in form of interaction. The achievement comes with
hardworking and dedicated behavior. Everyone has to adopt time management if they
desire to have the taste of success.
8. Time to relax and do recreational activities: Recreation in this era of rush is a
blessing and everybody wants it but only few can grab it. Never miss any event. No
need to worry about missing events as workday is scheduled with reminders and alerts
for urgent events. The blessed ones are those who do work on time and adopt a time
table in their life to do day-to-day chaos. The relaxed life gives motivation to human
being and put them on the way of success. The recreational activities also give family
life a boost. People feel more connected to their families. The one and the only thing to
keep in mind is relations need time and love to boom.
9. Financial Soundness: The success brings financial benefits with itself. A human is
always financially sound if he/ she have planned his/ her life properly and they maintain
a time table of their personal and professional life. The lifelong learning experience
promotes the empowerment of individuals with the knowledge. They can research and
 find information. The interpretation in it with sharing provides students opportunities
to get network connectivity.
10. Become Healthy: The health is a blessing for human and it can be achieved by proper
maintenance. Time management is also helpful in making human life healthy; as if a
person will adopt scheduling in his life then he will definitely save sometime for doing
exercise and other health related works. So, he/ she will become healthy definitely.
Once you have decided to plan your time, you have to discipline yourself and work on
self-improvement with health as a key factor.

Disadvantages of Time Management.

It can be pretty hard for someone who doesn’t embrace punctuality and value
time. There are very few downsides to time management. The main disadvantage is of
more consumption of time in making up plans which easily turns out to be against. It
can make human life mechanical too.
1. Non-clear Objectives: The productive behavior is definitely one of the main goals
in time management. Sometimes, it leads to non-clear objectives which usually struck
people for worse. An unaware person doesn’t know what to do? If you are not being
able to do better management of workload, you will get more struck in non-done tasks
in no time.
2. Mismanagement: Organized results to less rework and mistakes but excess
organizing craze leaves a person in blunder. The items, details, and instructions are if
forgotten then leads to extra work and a blame of mismanagement. A person has to do
a task more times if he forgets something. It will lead to fatigue and it happens because
of predictive behavior.
3. Can’t say “no”: You might have forgotten an appointment, or missed deadline and
all happened because of working on others task as saying ‘no’ will be tough for you.
Such crazy situations incline life friction. You can avoid creating such problems by
planning and preparing exactly. Nobody can create more time but it can be used in
better way by managing time undoubtedly. It’s always better to keep back because
people simply can’t say no to anyone.
4. Obstacles: Simple actions like shifting commute or getting a work done early,
produce more issues in life. The time management leads you towards an obstacle. When
you know what you need to do, you hate wasting time in idle activities and that leads
 to disputes and disturbances. Instead of thinking what to do next, concentrate on steps
ahead of work, as anything can go wrong. The people face many problems due to it.
5. Inactivity: The common misconception makes time management an extra effort. To
the contrary, proper time management makes a human life easier and inactive. If things
are asking for less effort than the usual time, then the consumption of time leads to
dullness. Manage time for Improving life, as time management is all about spending
time in right places, and on the right things but sometime the obsession for doing right
makes your life stagnant.
6. Load of different works at one time: When you work according to time
management, then sometimes in over confidence you take too many tasks in hand. That
particular condition leaves you in total blunder. The people keep too many expectations
from you just because of your flaunting behavior and at last you feel a load of work on
your shoulders. And such confusion creates a mismanagement situation.
7. Fatigue and stress become part of life: Fatigue and stress is common problem that
leads you to a tired phase. The tiredness leads a human being to irritate and fed up of
life. They also feel demoralized because they again and again think about their
unsuccessful attempt of adopting time management in their life. They consider their
unsuccessful attempt as halt in their way and leave interest in all things. Majority of
people make themselves prone to diseases.

4. Goal Setting.
In a study conducted on students in the 1979 Harvard MBA program, only three
percent of the graduates had written goals and plans; 13 percent had goals, but they
were not in writing; and 84 percent had set no goals at all.
Ten years later, the findings revealed that 13 percent of the class who had goals
were earning up to 84 percent compared to those who had not set any. For the three
percent who defined their goals and wrote them down, they were earning on average,
ten times as much as the other 97 percent put together.
Most People don't know how to set goals. Some set goals that are too general.
These are, in reality, fantasies common to everyone. Goals, on the other hand, are clear,
written, specific, and measurable.
Most People fear failure. Failure hurts, but it is often necessary to experience
failure in order to achieve the greatest success. Do not unconsciously sabotage yourself
by not setting any goals in which you might fail. They fear rejection. People are often
afraid that if they are unsuccessful at achieving a goal, others will be critical of them.
This is remedied by keeping your goals to yourself at the outset; let others see your
results and achievements once you've accomplished your goals.

Some goals are called away from goals. These are usually framed in the
negative. Here are a few examples.

• I don’t want to smoke anymore

• I don’t want to be unfit

• I don’t want to be overweight

• I don’t want to be broke

Now let’s reframe them in the positive

• I am a non smoker

• I am fit and healthy

• I am at my ideal weight

• I can cover my bills.

Notice the difference. They are stated in the positive and take on the assumption
that you have achieved it already. By assuming “as if” your behaviour changes so that
you are acting like to have already achieved what you wanted to do. What a great feeling
to have even before you have got there. It also bolsters your motivation.

So now we have determined if our goal is towards something, or away from

something. We have now stated it in the positive. This however is still not a very well
detailed goal. We will now look at how we can make it more specific.

An ideal goal should be expressed in the positive, be time bound and specific.
You may also like to consider, how will you know when you have achieved it, what
will it feel like, what will the people around you be like? What will you do to celebrate
it?

A goal must be time bound. When do I want to have achieved it? If that’s when
I want to achieve it, then when must I start? What is the first step I need to take? Who
 should I tell? Should telling that person be the first step? What skills or knowledge do
I need to acquire along the way?

Goal size, is the goal too big to achieve? If so then breaking it down into smaller
bite sized pieces may be the right approach.

5. Non-verbal Communication.

In ancient times when there was no language people used to communicate among
themselves with the help of some signs and nearby available items such as rocks, leaves,
branches, water, land and even sky. As the time passed, they learnt to use their body parts
to communicate with one another. For example, to express their feeling of love. This is
how the concept on non-verbal communication emerged.

Nonverbal communication (NVC) is usually understood as the process of I

communication through sending and receiving wordless messages. Such messages can be
communicated through gesture; body language or posture; facial expression and I eye
contact; object communication such as clothing, hairstyles or even architecture; P symbols
and info graphics; prosodic features of speech such as intonation and stress and other
paralinguistic features of speech such as voice quality, emotion and speaking style.
Nonverbal communication can occur through any sensory channel – sight, sound, smell,
touch or taste.

Overall, communication consists of: Body Language 55% Paralanguage (tone,

volume) 38% Verbal Content 7%

The first scientific study of nonverbal communication was Charles Darwin's book
The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1 872). He argued that all b mammals
show emotion reliably in their faces. Studies now range across a number of fields, including
kinesics, linguistics; semiotics and social psychology. Proxemics refers b to how people
use and interpret space. While much nonverbal communication is based on arbitrary
symbols which differ from r culture to culture, a large proportion is also to some extent
iconic and may be universally understood. Paul Ekman's influential 1960s studies of facial
expression determined that expressions of anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness and surprise are
1 universal. There are several types of non-verbal communication used by different people
in I different occasions. The knowledge and understanding of them help in improving our
nonverbal communication skills.
6. Kinesics (Body Language).

Body language (Kinesics) is articulation of the body, or movement resulting from muscular and
skeletal shift. This includes all actions, physical or physiological, automatic reflexes, posture, facial
expressions, gestures, and other body movements. Body language, body idiom, gesture language,
organ language, and kinesics acts are just some terms used to depict kinesics.

Our body says a lot about us in many ways as we communicate. Body movement can
Perspectives and Communication indicate attitudes and feelings while also acting as illustrators
and regulators. Our body 4 movement includes our head, eyes, shoulders, lips, eyebrows, neck,
legs, arms, fingers, 1 hands, and gestures. All these pieces can convey if we are comfortable,
unhappy, i friendly, anxious, or nervous. With so many parts conveying messages, you can see
how easily things can get confused and how difficult it is to manipulate non-verbal 1
communication. Body motions such as shrugs, foot tapping, drumming fingers, eye movements
such as winking, facial expressions, and gestures communicate meanings to the receivers.

Often the physical movement of the body and their study is known as body language or
kinesics. In this connection Raymond and John rightly remark. To them kinesics “is the
way the body communicates without words, that is, through various movements of its
parts”. No doubt, we express our emotions through words but often the inner states of
emotion are expressed through different parts of the body and their physical movements.
We can communicate or send the message even by nodding the head, blinking the eyes,
shrugging our shoulders or waving our hands.

When we study body language, we look at the meaning of symbols that the physical
movements of the body are communicating. Through outward body movements true inner
emotions are reflected. For the expression of these inner body states, the face and eyes,
gestures and physical appearance are to be studied. For self control, the presenter should
pay attention to his body language, for this following parts of kinesics should be considered:

1) Maintain eye contact

2) Face and eyes

3) Gestures

4) Body shape and posture

5) Appearance
1) Maintain Eye contact: The speaker should maintain a steady eye contact because it is
an effective means of developing rapport with the audience. If the presenter looks at the
audience for a long period of time, it shows his intensity of interest. Eye contact as well as
eye movements indeed help significantly in communicating successfully in oral
communications.

2) Face and eyes: Face is the index of mind. The face, it means, reflects what is going on
inside the speaker. In this context, eyes tell us much more than other facial features. The
facial expressions are associated with happiness, surprise, fear, anger and sadness. Even
eyes, nose, cheeks or forehead express one’s inner goings on. For example, the eyebrows
with upper and lower eyelids raised, giving a wide eyed effect indicate that the person is
excited, surprised or brightened. Similarly if we look at someone or something for a long
period of time, we show our intensity of interest. Eye contact and eye movements indeed
help significantly in getting success in interviews, seminars, or other face to face oral
communications. The interviewee or one who is giving the oral presentation should keep a
pleasant face with a natural tendency to smile. He should maintain an open look and also
make eye contacts with the interviewer or the members of the panel.

3) Gestures: In addition to the face and eyes, other body parts move and convey meaning.
These movements are known as gestures, the physical movement of arms, legs, hands and
head. For example, if the arms are spread apart, shuffling from one leg to another and body
slightly extended forward, these gestures convey meanings of nervous and intense. As
gestures have meanings so they should be coordinated with proper intensity of speech. The
greater the gesture the louder the speech and vice versa”, comments a scholar. A presenter
while facing the audience is advised to keep positive postures, since it indicates his positive
personality.

4) Body shape and posture: A third area of kinesics involves body shape and posture. As
far as body shape is concerned, we can’t do much about it since it is given to us by God.
But with the right posture we can impress the interviewer and the audience.

Raymond and John D refer to the behaviourists who have studied the shapes of our bodies
and have identified three types:

1) The ectomorph – thin youthful and tall.

2) The mesomorph – strong, athletic, muscular and boney.

 3) The endomorph – fat, round and soft.

Indeed physical shape communicates hence let us try to be mesomorphs. But it is not
possible to be mesomorph since genetically either we are ectomorph or endomorph, then
we can win our interviewer or the audience with good posture. A person with good and
appealing body shape but with bad postures and unfavourable image will communicate a
negative message.

5) Appearance: By appearance we mean external appearance in which our dress, jewellery

and make up play a pivotal role. The speaker should consider how others will view him in
relation to how he wants to be seen. He should dress up himself in simple and sober dress.
Thus, kinesics, inclusive of facial expressions, gestures, body shape and posture will be the
part of the messages, the speaker wants to communicate.

7. Proxemics OR Space Language.

In addition to kinesics non verbal communication also includes proxemics which means
the space around us or the distance between the speaker and the listener. Proxemics is derived
from the word proximity which means closeness. Proxemics has a definite meaning in oral
presentation. “Our interaction with the people around us has rather a well defined or well
understood spatial dimensions”, comments KK Sinha. It means the spatial dimensions or
distance between us and other people tell us about our relations with others and the nature of
our communication with them.

Edward T. Hall has given four types of space language, depending on the distance:

1) Intimate Space Language:

2) Personal Space Language

3) Social Space Language

4) Public Space Language

1). Intimate Space Language: (within the circle of 1.5 feet): Where the speaker and listener
are within the circle of about 18 inches distance. Only family members and the close friends
enter this area.

2) Personal Space Language: (1.5 to 4 feet) Where the speaker and the listener are in the
personal space i.e. from 18 inches to 4 feet and in this circle they can have normal conversation.
3) Social Space Language: (4 to 12 feet) Here the circle extends from 4 feet to about 12 feet.
This social space language is used for formal purposes. Most of the business is done within this
area.

4) Public Space Language: (12 feet to ….) It extends from 12 feet to as far as we can see and
hear. In this large space, communication becomes formal. In it the speaker speaks at loud pitch
so that a large group of the audience can hear him.

8. Paralanguage.

Paralanguage (vocalics) is a part of non-verbal communication. It’s not about what you
say, but how you say it. The study of paralanguage is Paralinguistic. However paralanguage is
more closely connected with verbal communication than, for example, nonverbal gestures.
While gestural, proxemics, and other modes of nonverbal communication can be used to
transmit messages independently of language, paralanguage is communication which always
occurs simultaneously with verbal messages (Notd, 1995:248). There is also a verbal
communication in Indonesian tradition. Some oral traditions are still maintained within modern
society in South Sulawesi, such as ritual speeches, annual traditional celebrations including the
‘maulid’ ceremony and traditional festivals (Rahman, 2017). Nonverbal communication such
as literary text can provide more knowledge to the reader as Rahman stated in his journal article
that literature is a source of learning and entertainment for readers. (Rahman, Amir P., &
Tammasse, 2019).

Trager (1958) in Noth (1985) define typology of paralanguage, namely:

- Voice Set

- Voice Quality

- Vocalizations

• Voice Set: Voice set is the idiosyncratic background of speech. It comprises the
permanent or quasipermanent voice characteristics which are due to the speaker’s
physiology (age, sex, health, etc), e.g. timbre, natural pitch height, or volume of the
voice (Notd, 1995:250).
• Voice Quality: Voice qualities are characteristics of the sound of the words being
communicated that have to do with how the word(s) should be spoken. This type of
 paralanguage represents auditory properties and incorporates aspects such as emphasis,
pitch, and rhythm (Webb, et all. 2017:6). Traget classifies voice quality into some types:
- pitch range and control (spread or narrowed [as in monotone speech])
- vocal lip control (from hoarseness to openness)
- glottis control (sharp or smooth transitions)
- articulatory control (forceful vs. relaxed speech)
- rhythm control (smooth or jerky)
- resonance (from resonant to thin)
- tempo (increased or decreased)
• Vocalizations:
Trager define vocalizations into three kinds:
1. Vocal characterizers, such as laughing, crying, yelling, whispering, moaning, etc.
2. Vocal qualifiers, i.e., variations of intensity (overloud, oversoft), pitch height
(overhigh, overlow), and extent (drawl, clipping);
3. Vocal segregates, segmental sounds, such as English "uhuh" for negation, "uhhuh''
for affirmation, or the "uh" of hesitation.
Moreover in other sources there are other types of paralanguage, for instance this video
of Harry Potter Movie from Francisco Guzman Youtube channel. • The types are:
- Pitch
- Inflection
- Tone
- Sarcasms
- Volume