DR. S. & S. S.

GHANDHY GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE

SURAT
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Fundamental of AI (BE02000041)

What Is Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial Intelligence is the process of building intelligent machines from vast volumes of
data. Systems learn from past learning and experiences and perform human-like tasks. It
enhances the speed, precision, and effectiveness of human efforts. AI uses complex
algorithms and methods to build machines that can make decisions on their own. Machine
Learning and Deep learning forms the core of Artificial Intelligence.

Types of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence can be broadly classified into several types based on capabilities,
functionalities, and technologies. Here's an overview of the different types of AI:

The three types of AI based on functionality

AI systems can be categorized based on their functionality, ranging from basic, rule-
following systems to more complex machines with human-like cognitive abilities. These are
the three primary types of artificial intelligence:

1. Narrow AI (Weak AI)

This type of AI is designed to perform a narrow task (e.g., facial recognition, internet
searches, or driving a car). Most current AI systems, including those that can play complex
games like chess and Go, fall under this category. They operate under a limited pre-defined
range or set of contexts.
 Narrow AI refers to AI systems designed to perform a specific task or set of tasks. These
systems are highly specialized and excel in their assigned tasks, but they cannot operate
outside their programmed domains. Common applications of narrow AI include virtual
assistants like Siri and Alexa, facial recognition software, and recommendation algorithms
used by platforms like Netflix and Amazon.

 Capabilities: Narrow AI systems can handle routine tasks, perform data analysis,
and make predictions within a specific context. However, they cannot perform
tasks beyond their specialization.
 Examples: Voice-activated assistants, autonomous vehicles, and personalized
marketing tools.

Narrow AI is the most common type of AI currently in use, driving many industries'
automation and customer interaction capabilities. Despite its limitations, narrow AI offers
substantial business value by optimizing processes and enhancing customer experience.

2. General AI (Artificial general intelligence, or AGI)

A type of AI endowed with broad human-like cognitive capabilities, enabling it to tackle new
and unfamiliar tasks autonomously. Such a robust AI framework possesses the capacity to
discern, assimilate, and utilize its intelligence to resolve any challenge without needing
human guidance.

General AI refers to systems with cognitive abilities similar to humans. Unlike narrow AI,
AGI can apply intelligence to solve any problem, not just those for which it has been
explicitly trained. AGI remains theoretical and has not yet been achieved, but its potential
applications span a wide range of industries, including healthcare, finance, and education.

 Capabilities: AGI would possess human-like reasoning, learning, and problem-

solving abilities. It would be able to transfer knowledge across various domains,
much like how humans adapt to new situations.
 Examples: As of now, there are no true examples of AGI, but AI researchers are
actively exploring ways to develop this level of intelligence.
 While AGI is still in the realm of theory, its development could revolutionize how we
approach complex problems, providing machines with the ability to learn and think in ways
similar to human beings.

3. Super AI (Artificial superintelligence)

- Superintelligent AI

This represents a future form of AI where machines could surpass human intelligence across
all fields, including creativity, general wisdom, and problem-solving. Super intelligence is
speculative and not yet realized.

Super AI represents the most advanced form of AI, surpassing human intelligence in all
respects. While this type of AI is purely speculative at the moment, the concept of
superintelligence raises important ethical and practical questions about the future of
technology.

 Capabilities: Super AI would outperform humans in every intellectual and

practical task, including scientific research, creativity, and social interactions.
 Examples: There are currently no existing examples of super AI, as it remains a
theoretical concept.

The development of super AI brings about questions regarding its potential control and
regulation, making it a critical area of discussion in AI ethics.

"Narrow AI is the most common type of AI currently in use, driving many industries'
automation and customer interaction capabilities."
How was artificial intelligence born?
The idea of creating machines that mimic human intelligence was present even in ancient
times, with myths and legends about automatons and thinking machines. However, it was not
until the mid-20th century that their true potential was investigated, after the first electronic
computers were developed.

In 1943 Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts presented their model of artificial neurons,
considered the first artificial intelligence, even though the term did not yet exist. Later, in
1950, the British mathematician Alan Turing published an article entitled "Computing
machinery and intelligence" in the magazine Mind where he asked the question: Can
machines think? He proposed an experiment that came to be known as the Turing Test, which,
according to the author, would make it possible to determine whether a machine could have
intelligent behaviour similar to or indistinguishable from that of a human being.

John McCarthy coined the term "artificial intelligence" in 1956 and drove the development of
the first AI programming language, LISP, in the 1960s. Early AI systems were rule-centric,
which led to the development of more complex systems in the 1970s and 1980s, along with a
boost in funding. Now, AI is experiencing a renaissance thanks to advances in algorithms,
hardware and machine learning techniques.

As early as the 1990s, advances in computing power and the availability of large amounts of
data enabled researchers to evolve learning algorithms and lay the foundations for today's AI.
In recent years, this technology has seen exponential growth, driven in large part by the
development of deep learning, which harnesses layered artificial neural networks to process
and interpret complex data structures. This development has revolutionized AI applications,
including image and speech recognition, natural language processing and autonomous
systems.
History of artificial intelligence

American researchers
Warren McCulloch and
Walter Pitts present their
model of artificial neurons, 1943

considered the first

artificial intelligence.

British mathematician Alan

Turing proposes a test for

machine intelligence . If a
1950
machine can fool humans
into thinking it is human, then
it has intelligence.

American computer scientist

John McCarthy coins the
term "artificial intelligence"
1956
to describe "the science and
engineering of making
machines intelligent".

General Motors installs the

first industrial robot,
1961
Unimate, to replace humans
in assembly tasks.

Joseph Wizenbaum
develops the first natural
language processing
1964
computer program, ELIZA,
which simulates human
conversation.

Shakey, the first general-

purpose mobile robot
capable of reasoning about
1966
its own actions, is launched.
It is considered the forerunner
of autonomous cars.

IBM's Deep Blue

supercomputer beats world

1997
chess champion Garry
Kasparov in one match.

Roomba , the irst ass

f m -

r u
p od cedr ti
obo v r
c hoo e

2002 sold by i obot, is launched,

R

Apple integrates Siri, a capable of roaming and

virtual assistant with a voice cleaning in the home.
interface, into its iPhone 4S.

2011
IBM's Watson system,
capable of answering
questions asked in natural
language, wins first prize in
the popular US TV quiz show The Eugene computer
Jeopardy! program passes the Turing
Test by convincing a third of
2014
the judges participating in
the experiment that it was a
human being.

DeepMind's AlphaGo
programme, based on a
deep neural network, beats 2016

Lee Sodol, the world Go

champion in five games.

OpenAI launches ChatGPT, an

artificial intelligence chatbot
2022 application trained to hold
conversations and answer
questions, to the public.

History of artificial intelligence [M ore articles a o t nno ation

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