Introduction to Forensic Psychology Research and

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Bartol, Curt R., author. | Bartol, Anne M., author.
Title: Introduction to forensic psychology : research and application /
Curt R. Bartol, Anne M. Bartol.
 Description: Sixth edition. | Los Angeles : SAGE Publications, Inc,
[2022] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020042562 | ISBN 978-1-0718-1534-2
(paperback) | ISBN 9781071815335 (epub) | ISBN 9781071815328
(epub) | ISBN 9781071815311 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Forensic psychology.
Classification: LCC RA1148 .B37 2022 | DDC 614/.15—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020042562
Printed in the United States of America
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
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BRIEF CONTENTS
List of Boxes, Tables, and Figures
Preface
About the Authors
Acknowledgments
PART I • INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1 • Introduction to Forensic Psychology
PART II • POLICE AND INVESTIGATIVE PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER 2 • Police and Public Safety Psychology
CHAPTER 3 • Psychology of Investigations
PART III • LEGAL PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER 4 • Consulting and Testifying
CHAPTER 5 • Consulting with Criminal Courts
CHAPTER 6 • Family Law and Other Forms of Civil Litigation
PART IV • CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER 7 • The Development of Delinquent and Criminal
Behavior
CHAPTER 8 • Psychology of Violence and Intimidation
CHAPTER 9 • Psychology of Sexual Violence
PART V • VICTIMOLOGY AND VICTIM SERVICES
CHAPTER 10 • Forensic Psychology and the Victims of Crime
CHAPTER 11 • Family Violence and Child Victimization
PART VI • CORRECTIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER 12 • Correctional Psychology in Adult Settings
CHAPTER 13 • Juvenile Justice and Corrections
Glossary
Cases Cited
References
Author Index
Subject Index
DETAILED CONTENTS
List of Boxes, Tables, and Figures
Preface
About the Authors
Acknowledgments
PART I • INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1 • Introduction to Forensic Psychology
Chapter Objectives
The Forensic Sciences
Forensic Psychology: An Overview
Brief History of Forensic Psychology
Forensic Psychology Today
Police and Public Safety Psychology
Legal Psychology
Psychology of Crime and Delinquency
Victimology and Victim Services
Correctional Psychology
Forensic Psychology, Forensic Psychiatry, and
Forensic Social Work
Ethical Issues
Careers in Psychology
Education and Training
Graduate Training, Doctoral Level
Licensure
Employment
The Applied Specialties
Forensic Psychology as a Specialty
Education and Training Requirements
Research and Practice Careers in Forensic Psychology
Police and Public Safety Psychology
Legal Psychology
Family Forensic Psychology
Psychology of Crime and Delinquency
Forensic School Psychology
Victimology and Victim Services
Correctional Psychology
Summary and Conclusions
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
PART II • POLICE AND INVESTIGATIVE PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER 2 • Police and Public Safety Psychology
Chapter Objectives
 Law Enforcement Numbers Today
Police Psychology: A Developing Profession
Forensic Assessment in Police and Public Safety
Psychology
Police Culture
Job Analysis
Preemployment and Post-Offer Psychological
Evaluations
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and
Beyond
Screening Out and Screening In
Commonly Used Inventories in Police Screening
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-
Revised (MMPI-2)
Fitness-for-Duty Evaluation (FFDE)
Special Unit Evaluations
Conclusions on Psychological Testing for Police
and Public Safety Personnel
Psychological Intervention Activities
Stress Management
Organizational Stress
Task-Related Stress
External Stress
Personal Stress
Post-Shooting Traumatic Reactions
Police Suicide
Operational Responsibilities
Hostage-Taking Incidents
Crisis Negotiation
Consulting and Research Activities
Gender and Racial/Ethnic Issues
Shooter Bias and Excessive Force
Shooter Bias
Dispatcher Information
Nonfatal Excessive Force
Police Corruption
Summary and Conclusions
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
CHAPTER 3 • Psychology of Investigations
Chapter Objectives
Profiling
Crime Scene Profiling
 Geographical Profiling
Suspect-Based Profiling
Psychological Profiling
The Psychological Autopsy
Eyewitness Evidence
Estimator and System Variables
Identifying the Face
Unconscious Transference
Own-Race Bias (ORB) or Cross-Race Effect
(CRE)
Disguises
Weapon Focus
Effects of Alcohol and Drugs
Suggestive Questions
Lineups and Photo Spreads
Police Interviewing and Interrogation
Accusatorial Versus Information Gathering
Approaches
Interrogation of Juveniles
False Confessions
Summary
Detection of Deception
Psychological Research on Deception
The Polygraph
Research on the Polygraph
Summary and Conclusions
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
PART III • LEGAL PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER 4 • Consulting and Testifying
Chapter Objectives
Court Structure and Jurisdiction
Federal Courts
State Courts
Military Courts
Civil and Criminal Courts
The Judicial Process
The Pretrial Stage
The Trial Stage
The Disposition Stage
The Appellate Stage
Amicus Curiae Briefs
Trial and Litigation Consultation
 Scientific Jury Selection
Witness Preparation
The Voir Dire
Trial Consultation: The Main Concerns
Expert Testimony
Legal Standards for the Admission of Scientific
Evidence
The Confidentiality Issue
Ultimate Issue or Ultimate Opinion Testimony
Surviving the Witness Stand
The Assessment of Risk
Can Violence Be Predicted?
Clinical Versus Actuarial Prediction
Dynamic and Static Risk Factors
Risk Assessment Instruments
Summary and Conclusions
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
CHAPTER 5 • Consulting with Criminal Courts
Chapter Objectives
Competency to Stand Trial
Legal Standard for Competency
Evaluating Adjudicative Competence
Competency Assessment Instruments
The Competency Screening Test (CST)
The MacArthur Competency Assessment Tool
—Criminal Adjudication (MacCAT-CA)
Evaluation of Competency to Stand Trial—
Revised (ECST-R)
Other Measures of Competency
Assessment of Malingering
Restoration to Competency
Drugs and the Defendant Found Incompetent to
Stand Trial
Insanity
Insanity Standards
Juries and the Insanity Defense
Incidence of Insanity Defense
Assessment of Criminal Responsibility
Instruments for Evaluation
Insanity Trials
Treatment of Defendants Found Not Guilty by
Reason of Insanity
 Self-Representation: A Separate Issue
Other Psychological Defenses
Sentencing Evaluations
Capital Sentencing
Civil Commitment of Sexually Violent Predators
Summary and Conclusions
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
CHAPTER 6 • Family Law and Other Forms of Civil
Litigation
Chapter Objectives
Family or Domestic Courts
Family Forensic Psychologists
Child Custody Evaluations
Custody Standards
The Ultimate Issue Question
Methods of Evaluation in Child Custody Cases
Assessment Measures
Visitation Risk Assessments
Parental Relocation
Research on Custody Arrangements
Forensic Psychology and Civil Litigation
Employment Compensation, Disability, and
Personal Injury Claims
Neuropsychological Damages
Psychological Tests Used for Personal Injury
Claims
Civil Capacities
Testamentary Capacity
Legal Guardianship Determinations
Competence to Consent to Treatment
Measures of Competence to Consent to
Treatment
Incapacitation: Special Condition
Medical Aid in Dying
Involuntary Civil Commitment
Outpatient Civil Commitment
Role of Forensic Psychologists
Sexual and Gender Harassment
Summary and Conclusions
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
PART IV • CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER 7 • The Development of Delinquent and Criminal
Behavior
Chapter Objectives
The Juvenile Offender
Definition of Juvenile Delinquency
The Nature and Extent of Juvenile Offending
The Uniform Crime Reports (Crime in the United
States)
The Developmental Perspective
Executive Function (EF)
The Moffitt Developmental Theory
A Possible Expansion of Moffitt’s Two-Path
Theory
Steinberg’s Dual-Systems Model
The Social Brain and Peer Influence
U.S. Supreme Court Cases Pertaining to
Adolescent Offending
Developmental Factors In The Formation Of Persistent
Criminal Behavior
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
and Delinquency
Conduct Disorder (CD)
Cognitive Ability and Crime
Intelligence
Language Development
Deficient Interpersonal Skills and Peer Rejection
Additional Social Developmental Influences
The Criminal Psychopath
General Behavioral Characteristics of
Psychopaths
Antisocial Personality Disorder and Psychopathy
Prevalence of Criminal Psychopathy
Offending Patterns of Criminal Psychopaths
Psychological Measures of Psychopathy
The PCL-R as a Risk Assessment Tool
Core Factors of Psychopathy
Triarchic Psychopathy Model (TriPM)
Juvenile Psychopathy
Callous-Unemotional (CU) Traits
Appropriateness of PCL-R and PCL: YV For
Testing Adolescents
The Female Psychopath
 Female Psychopaths Compared to Male
Psychopaths
Racial/Ethnic Differences
Treatment and Rehabilitation of Psychopaths
Summary and Conclusions
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
CHAPTER 8 • Psychology of Violence and Intimidation
Chapter Objectives
UCR Data on Violent Crime
Gender, Race, and Ethnic Differences in Criminal
Violence
Guns—A National Emergency
Theoretical Perspectives on Violence
The Causes of Violence
Neurobiological Factors
Socialization Factors
Cognitive Factors
Situational Factors
The Effects of Violent Media
Violent Video and Electronic Games
Threat Assessment
School Shootings
Incidence of School Shootings
School Threat Assessment
Types of School Threats
The Safe School Initiative (Ssi) Report
Updated Secret Service Analysis of Targeted
School Violence
Prevention of School Shootings and Other School
Violence
Comprehensive Student Threat Assessment
Guidelines (CSTAG)
Workplace Violence
Workplace Homicides
Nonfatal Workplace Violence
Psychological Workplace Violence
Criminal Homicide
Multiple Murder
Serial Killers
Serial Killer Typologies
Public Mass Shootings
 Reasons for the Increase in Public Mass
Shootings
Who Are the Shooters?
Are Public Mass Shooters Mentally Ill?
Hate or Bias Crimes
Stalking: The Crime of Intimidation
When Does Stalking Usually Stop?
Predictions of Violence in Stalking Cases
Cyberstalking
Peer Non-Cyberbullying
Cyberbullying
Effects of Cyberbullying
Summary and Conclusions
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
CHAPTER 9 • Psychology of Sexual Violence
Chapter Objectives
Definitions of Sexual Assault and Rape
Definitions for Gathering Statistics
The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
The National Incident-Based Reporting System
(NIBRS)
The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
Statutory Rape Statistics
Rape by Fraud
Prevalence and Incidence of Rape and Other
Sexual Assaults
Date or Acquaintance Rape
Demographics of Sex Offenders
Typologies of Men Who Rape
The Massachusetts Treatment Center Rapist
Typology
Aggression
Impulsivity
Social Competence
Sexual Fantasies
Sadism
Naïve Cognitions or Beliefs
Rape Myths
The MTC: R3
The Opportunistic Rapist (Types 1 and 2)
The Pervasively Angry Rapist (Type 3)
 Sexually Motivated, Sadistic Rapists (Types 4
and 5)
Sexually Motivated, Non-Sadistic Rapists
(Types 6 and 7)
Vindictive Rapists (Types 8 and 9)
Summary
Child Sex Offenders
Definitions of Pedophilia
Some Demographics of Child Sex Offenders
The MTC: CM3
The First Dimension
The Second Dimension
Female Sex Offender Typologies
Online Child Sexual Predators
Juvenile Sex Offenders
Female Juvenile Sex Offenders
Future Directions
Recidivism Rates of Sex Offenders
Age Factors
Recidivism of Juvenile Sex Offenders
Risk Assessment of Sex Offenders
Risk Assessment of Adult Sex Offenders
Assessment of Juvenile Sex Offenders
Summary and Conclusions
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
PART V • VICTIMOLOGY AND VICTIM SERVICES
CHAPTER 10 • Forensic Psychology and the Victims of
Crime
Chapter Objectives
Multiculturalism and Victimization
Victims With Disabilities
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
Legal Rights of Victims
Victimization Data
Measurements of Victimization
The National Crime Victimization Survey
(NCVS)
The National Survey of Children’s Exposure to
Violence (NatSCEV)
Violent Victimization Committed by Strangers
Ethnic/Minority Differences in Criminal
Victimization
 Criminal Victimization as a Function of Age
Psychological Effects of Criminal Victimization
Psychological Impact of Violence
Homicide Victimization
Relationship of the Victim to the Offender
Death Notification
Reactions of Homicide Co-Victims
Psychological Services Following Mass Shootings
Psychological Services to Victims and Co-Victims
of Homicide: A Recap
Sexual Violence Victimization
Characteristics of the Victims
Age
Gender
Extent of Injury to Victims
Relationship of the Victim to the Offender
Intimate Partner and Dating Violence
Additional Victimization Data
Child Sexual Abuse
Interviewing Child Victims of Sexual Abuse
Psychological Effects of Child Sexual Abuse
Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation
Syndrome (CSAAS)
Psychological Impact
Internet Victimization
Online Sexual Solicitation
Human Trafficking
Child and Adolescent Sex Trafficking
Psychological Effects on CSEC Victims
Psychological Services
Summary and Conclusions
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
CHAPTER 11 • Family Violence and Child Victimization
Chapter Objectives
Intimate Partner and Family Violence
The Typical Development of an IPV Relationship
Based on Power and Control
Psychological Characteristics of Batterers
Battered Woman Syndrome
Same-Sex IPV
Mental Health Needs of Children Exposed to IPV
Roles of the Forensic Psychologist in IPV Cases