Unit 1

the USAnoun abbreviation for the United States of America

the UK noun abbreviation for the United Kingdom: the country of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Turkish adjective belonging to or relating to Turkey, its people, or its language

Turkey noun a country in southeastern Europe and Western Asia

Spanish adjective belonging to or relating to Spain, its people, or its language

Spain noun a country in western Europe

Russian adjective belonging to or relating to Russia, its people, or its language

Russia noun a country in eastern Europe and North Asia

polish verb to rub something using a piece of cloth or brush to clean it and make it shine

Poland noun a country in central Europe

Mexico noun a country in southern North America

Mexican adjective belonging to or relating to Mexico or its people

Japanese adjective belonging to or relating to Japan, its people, or its language

Japan noun a country in East Asia formed of a group of islands

Italy noun a country in southern Europe

Italian adjective belonging to or relating to Italy, its people, or its language

Chineseadjective belonging to or relating to China, its people, or its language

China noun a country in East Asia

Canadian adjective belonging to or relating to Canada and its people

Canada noun a country in North America

Britain noun England, Scotland, and Wales

Brazilian adjective coming from or relating to Brazil

Brazil noun a country in South America

Australian adjective coming from or relating to Australia

Australia noun a country on the continent of the same name

American noun someone who comes from the United States of America

Unit 2

wrong adjective not correct

watch noun a small clock that is worn on a strap around the wrist or, sometimes, connected to a
piece of clothing by a chain

umbrella noun a device for protection against the rain, consisting of a stick with a folding frame
covered in material at one end and usually a handle at the other, or a similar, often larger, device used
for protection against the sun

two numberthe number 2

twenty numberthe number 20

twelve numberthe number 12

ticket noun a small piece of paper or card given to someone, usually to show that they have paid for
an event, journey, or activity

three numberthe number 3

thirty numberthe number 30

thirteen numberthe number 13

ten numberthe number 10

small adjective little in size or amount when compared with what is typical or average

sixty numberthe number 60

sixteen numberthe number 16

six numberthe number 6

seventy numberthe number 70

seventeen numberthe number 17

seven numberthe number 7

sad adjective unhappy or sorry

right adjective correct

phone noun a device that uses either a system of wires along which electrical signals are sent or a
system of radio signals to make it possible for you to speak to someone in another place who has a
similar device

old adjective having lived or existed for many years

ninety numberthe number 90

nine numberthe number 9

newspaper noun a regularly printed document consisting of large sheets of paper that are folded
together, or a website, containing news reports, articles, photographs, and advertisements
new adjective recently created or having started to exist recently

knife noun a tool, usually with a metal blade and a handle, used for cutting and spreading food or
other substances, or as a weapon

key noun a piece of metal that has been cut into a special shape and is used for opening or closing
a lock, starting a car engine, etc.

interesting adjective Someone or something that is interesting keeps your attention because
he, she, or it is unusual, exciting, or has a lot of ideas

happy adjective feeling, showing, or causing pleasure or satisfaction

good adjective very satisfactory, enjoyable, pleasant, or interesting

funny adjective humorous; causing laughter

fourteen numberthe number 14

four numberthe number 4

forty numberthe number 40

five numberthe number 5

fifty numberthe number 50

fifteen numberthe number 15

eleven numberthe number 11

eighty numberthe number 80

eighteen numberthe number 18

eight numberthe number 8

easy adjective needing little effort

difficult adjective needing skill or effort

computer noun an electronic machine that is used for storing, organizing, and finding words,
numbers, and pictures, for doing calculations, and for controlling other machines

bottled water noun water that is sold in bottles and that has been treated in order to make it very
clean or that comes from a special place, for example a spring

boring adjective not interesting or exciting

book noun a written text that can be published in printed or electronic form

big adjective large in size or amount

beautiful adjective very attractive

bad adjective unpleasant and causing difficulties or harm

Unit 3

water noun a clear liquid, without colour or taste, that falls from the sky as rain and is necessary for
animal and plant life

vegetable noun a plant, root, seed, or pod that is used as food, especially in dishes that are not
sweet

tomato noun a round, red fruit with a lot of seeds, eaten cooked or uncooked as a vegetable, for
example in salads or sauces

to preposition used when saying the time, to mean before the stated hour

tea noun (a drink made by pouring hot water onto) dried and cut leaves and sometimes flowers,
especially the leaves of the tea plant

sandwich noun two pieces of bread with cheese, salad, or meat, usually cold, between them

rice noun the small seeds of a particular type of grass, cooked, and eaten as food

potato noun a round vegetable that grows underground and has white flesh with light brown, red, or
pink skin, or the plant on which these grow

pizza noun a large circle of flat bread baked with cheese, tomatoes, and sometimes meat and
vegetables spread on top

past preposition, adverb used to say what the time is when it is a particular number of minutes
after an hour

orange noun a round sweet fruit that has a thick orange skin and an orange centre divided into many
parts

o'clock adverb used after a number from one to twelve to say the time when it is exactly that hour

milk noun the white liquid produced by cows, goats, and sheep and used by humans as a drink or
for making butter, cheese, etc.

meat noun the flesh of an animal when it is used for food

lunch noun a meal eaten in the middle of the day, or the food prepared for this meal

ice cream noun a very cold, sweet food made from frozen milk or cream, sugar, and a flavour

half past Half past a particular hour is 30 minutes later than that hour

fruit noun the soft part containing seeds that is produced by a plant. Many types of fruit are sweet
and can be eaten

fish noun an animal that lives in water, is covered with scales, and breathes by taking water in
through its mouth, or the flesh of these animals eaten as food
egg noun the oval object with a hard shell that is produced by female birds, especially chickens,
eaten as food

dinner noun the main meal of the day, usually the meal you eat in the evening but sometimes, in
Britain, the meal eaten in the middle of the day

cola noun a sweet, brown fizzy drink (= one with bubbles) that does not contain alcohol

coffee noun a dark brown powder with a strong flavour and smell that is made by crushing coffee
beans, or a hot drink made from this powder

cheese noun a food made from milk, that can be either firm or soft and is usually yellow or white in
colour

cake noun a sweet food made with a mixture of flour, eggs, fat, and sugar

butter noun a pale yellow solid food containing a lot of fat that is made from cream and is spread on
bread or used in cooking

breakfast noun a meal eaten in the morning as the first meal of the day

bread noun a food made from flour, water, and usually yeast, mixed together and baked

biscuit noun a small, flat cake that is dry and usually sweet

banana noun a long, curved fruit with a yellow skin and soft, sweet, white flesh inside

apple noun a round fruit with firm, white flesh and a green, red, or yellow skin

a quarter past two, three, etc. 15 minutes after two, three, etc.

a quarter to two, three, etc. 15 minutes before two, three, etc.

Unit 4

work noun an activity, such as a job, that a person uses physical or mental effort to do, usually for
money

woman noun an adult female human being

wife noun the woman that you are married to

teach verb to give lessons in a particular subject at a school, university, etc

study verb to learn about a subject, usually at school or university

speak verb to say something using your voice

son noun your male child

sister noun a girl or woman who has the same parents as you

play verb to take part in a sport or game

people noun more than one person

parent noun your mother or father

mother noun your female parent

meet verb to come to the same place as someone else by arrangement or by chance

man noun an adult male human

husband noun the man you are married to

go verb to move or travel somewhere

girl noun a female child or young woman

father noun a male parent

brother noun a boy or man who has the same parents as you

baby noun a very young child

Unit 5

doctor noun a person whose job is to treat people who have an illness or injury

management noun the group of people responsible for controlling and organizing a company

wi-fi noun a system used for connecting computers and other electronic equipment to the Internet
without using wires

TV noun abbreviation for television

towel noun a soft piece of cloth or paper that you use for drying yourself or for drying something

swimming pool noun an area of water that has been made for people to swim in

supermarket noun a large shop that sells food, drink, products for the home, etc

station noun a building where trains stop so that you can get on or off them

shower noun a piece of bathroom equipment that you stand under to wash your whole body

shop noun a building or part of a building where you can buy things

school noun a place where children go to be educated

room noun a part of the inside of a building, which is separated from other parts by walls, floors,
and ceilings

restaurant noun a place where you can buy and eat a meal

pillow noun a soft object that you rest your head on in bed

park noun a large area of grass, often in a town, where people can walk and enjoy themselves

museum noun a building where you can look at important objects connected with art, history,
or science
hotel noun a place where you pay to stay when you are away from home

hospitalnoun a place where sick or injured people go to be treated by doctors and nurses

cinema noun a building where you go to watch movies

car park noun an area of ground for parking cars

café noun a restaurant where simple and usually quite cheap meals are served

blanket noun a flat cover made of wool or similar warm material, usually used on a bed

bed noun a large, rectangular piece of furniture, often with four legs, used for sleeping on

beach noun an area of sand or small stones near the sea or another area of water such as a lake

bath noun a long plastic, metal, or ceramic container that is filled with water so that you can sit or
lie in it to wash your whole body

bank noun an organization where people and businesses can invest or borrow money, change it to
foreign money, etc., or a building where these services are offered

Unit 6

watch verb to look at something for a period of time, especially something that is changing or
moving

wake verb to become awake and conscious after sleeping, or to cause someone to stop sleeping

waitress noun a woman whose job is to bring the food to customers at their tables in a
restaurant

waiter noun a man whose job is to bring the food to customers at their tables in a restaurant

teacher noun someone whose job is to teach in a school or college

taxi driver noun a person who drives a taxi as a job

student noun someone who is learning at a school

start work to begin being employed

shop assistant noun someone who serves customers in a shop

receptionist noun a person who works in a place such as a hotel, office, or hospital, who welcomes
and helps visitors and answers the phone

office worker noun a person who does their job in an office rather than in a factory, etc.

breakfast verb to eat breakfast

shower noun an acting of washing using a shower

football player noun a person who plays football, especially as a job

chef noun someone who is the main cook (= person who cooks) in a hotel or a restaurant

businessman, businesswoman noun someone who works in business, usually in a high position in a
company

Unit 7

yellow adjective being the same colour as a lemon or the sun

white adjective being the colour of snow or milk

T-shirt noun a piece of cotton clothing for the top part of the body with short sleeves and no collar

trousers noun a piece of clothing that covers the legs and has a separate part for each leg

suitcase noun a rectangular case with a handle that you use for carrying clothes when you are
travelling

skirt noun a piece of women's clothing that hangs from the waist and has no legs

shoe noun a strong covering for the foot, often made of leather

shirt noun a piece of clothing worn on the top part of the body, often made of thin material like
cotton and fastened with buttons down the front

red adjective being the same colour as blood

radio noun a piece of equipment used for listening to radio broadcasts

plate noun a flat, round object that is used for putting food on

plant noun a living thing that grows in the soil or water and has leaves and roots, especially one that
is smaller than a tree

picture noun a drawing, painting, or photograph of something or someone

lamp noun a piece of equipment that produces light

jeans noun trousers made from denim (= a strong, usually blue, material)

jacket noun a short coat

hat noun something you wear to cover your head, for fashion or protection

guitar noun a musical instrument with strings that you play by pulling the strings with your fingers or
a piece of plastic

grey adjective being a colour that is a mixture of black and white

green adjective being the same colour as grass

glasses noun a piece of equipment with two transparent parts that you wear in front of your eyes to
help you see better

glass noun a container made of glass that is used for drinking

football noun a large ball for kicking, especially in football

dress noun a piece of clothing for women or girls that covers the top of the body and hangs down
over the legs

dark adjective nearer to black than white in colour

cup noun a small, round container with a handle on the side, used to drink from

coat noun a piece of clothing with sleeves that you wear over your other clothes, especially when
you go outside

clock noun a piece of equipment that shows you what time it is, usually in a house or on a building

chair noun a seat for one person, with a back, usually four legs, and sometimes two arms

brown adjective being the same colour as chocolate or soil

blue adjective being the same colour as the sky when there are no clouds

blouse noun a piece of clothing like a shirt that women wear

black adjective being the colour of coal or of the sky on a very dark night

bag noun a container made of paper, plastic, etc, used for carrying things

Unit 8

yesterday adverb on the day before today

year noun a period of twelve months, especially from 1 January to 31 December

weekend noun Saturday and Sunday, or Friday evening until Sunday night; the part of the week
in which many people living in the West do not go to work

week noun a period of seven days, especially either from Monday to Sunday or from Sunday to
Saturday

Wednesday noun the day of the week after Tuesday and before Thursday

Tuesday noun the day of the week after Monday and before Wednesday

Thursday noun the day of the week after Wednesday and before Friday

Sunday noun the day of the week after Saturday and before Monday, when most people in Western
countries do not go to work

Saturday noun the day of the week after Friday and before Sunday

read verb to look at words or symbols and understand what they mean

computer gamenoun a game that is played on a computer, in which the pictures that appear on the
screen are controlled by pressing keys or moving a joystick

on preposition used to show when something happens

month noun a period of about four weeks, especially one of the twelve periods into which a year is
divided

Monday noun the day of the week after Sunday and before Tuesday

last adjective, determiner The last book, house, job, etc is the one before the present one

shower noun If you have or take a shower, you wash your whole body while standing under a flow of
water

pizza noun a food made from a flat, round piece of bread covered with cheese, vegetables, etc and
cooked in an oven

drink verb to put liquid into your mouth and swallow it

coffee noun a hot drink made from dark beans that are made into a powder, or a cup of this drink

cinema noun a building where you go to watch movies

party noun an event where people enjoy themselves by talking, eating, drinking, and dancing

café noun a small restaurant where you can buy drinks and small meals

shopping noun the activity of buying things from shops

Friday noun the day of the week after Thursday and before Saturday

ten minutes/six years/a long time ago used to refer to a time in the past

Unit 9

winter noun the coldest season of the year, between autumn and spring

windy adjective with a lot of wind

wind noun a natural, fast movement of air

warm adjective having a temperature between cool and hot

walk verb to move forward by putting one foot in front of the other and then repeating the action

underground noun a system of trains that is built under a city

train noun a long, thin vehicle that travels along metal tracks and carries people or goods

taxi noun a car with a driver who you pay to take you somewhere

sunny adjective bright because of light from the sun

summer noun the season of the year between spring and autumn, when the weather is
warmest

spring noun the season of the year between winter and summer, when the weather becomes
warmer and plants start to grow again
snowy adjective snowing or covered with snow

it snows If it snows, snow falls from the sky

ship noun a large boat that carries people or goods by sea

rainy adjective raining a lot

it rains If it rains, water falls from the sky in small drops

rain noun water that falls from the sky in small drops

plane noun a vehicle that flies and has an engine and wings

metro noun an underground railway system in a large city

hot adjective having a high temperature

get a bus/train, etc to travel somewhere on a bus/train, etc

fly verb When a bird, insect, aircraft, etc flies, it moves through the air

drive verb to make a car, bus, or train move, and control what it does

cold adjective having a low temperature

cloudy adjective with clouds

cloud noun a grey or white mass in the sky, made up of very small floating drops of water

car noun a road vehicle with an engine, four wheels, and seats for a small number of people

bus noun a large vehicle in which people are driven from one place to another

boat noun a small vehicle for travelling on water

bike noun a bicycle

autumnnoun the season of the year between summer and winter, lasting from September to
November north of the equator and from March to May south of the equator, when fruits and crops
become ready to eat and are picked, and leaves fall

Unit 10

windownoun a space usually filled with glass in the wall of a building or in a vehicle, to allow light and
air in and to allow people inside the building to see out

wall noun a vertical structure, often made of stone or brick, that divides or surrounds something

living room noun the room in a house or apartment that is used for relaxing in and entertaining
guests

kitchen noun a room where food is kept, prepared, and cooked and where the dishes are washed

garden noun an area of ground belonging to a house, often containing grass, flowers, or trees
floor noun a surface that you walk on inside a building

door noun the part of a building, room, vehicle, or piece of furniture that you open or close to get
inside it or out of it

dining room noun a room where you eat your meals in a house or hotel

bedroom noun a room used for sleeping in

bathroom noun a room with a bath, sink, and often a toilet

Unit 11

swim verb to move through water by moving your body

sing verb to make musical sounds with your voice

run verb to move on your feet at a faster speed than walking

cards noun any game played with cards, such as poker or bridge

play verb When you play, especially as a child, you spend time doing an enjoyable and/or
entertaining activity

paint verb to make a picture using paints

give birth When a woman or female animal gives birth, she produces a baby or young
animal from her body

grow up to gradually become an adult

get married to begin a legal relationship with someone as their husband or wife

drive verb to move or travel on land in a motor vehicle, especially as the person controlling the
vehicle's movement

die verb to stop living or existing, either suddenly or slowly

dance verb to move the body and feet to music

cook verb When you cook food, you prepare it to be eaten by heating it in a particular way, such as
baking or boiling, and when food cooks, it is heated until it is ready to eat

be born to come out of a mother's body, and start to exist

Unit 12

Spain noun a country in Europe

visit verb to go to a place in order to look at it, or to a person in order to spend time with them

use verb to put something such as a tool, skill, or building to a particular purpose

twenty-first ordinal number 21st written as a word

twentieth ordinal number 20th written as a word

twelfth ordinal number 12th written as a word

tomorrow adverb, noun (on) the day after today

this adjective, pronoun This also refers to something that is nearest to the speaker in time and
sometimes in space

thirtieth ordinal number 30th written as a word

thirteenth ordinal number 13th written as a word

third ordinal number 3rd written as a word

tenth ordinal number 10th written as a word

sixth ordinal number 6th written as a word

sixteenth ordinal number 16th written as a word

seventhordinal number 7th written as a word

seventeenth ordinal number 17th written as a word

September noun the ninth month of the year, after August and before October

paint verb to make a picture using paints

paint verb to cover a surface with paint

on preposition used to show when something happens

October noun the tenth month of the year, after September and before November

November noun the eleventh month of the year, after October and before December

ninth ordinal number 9th written as a word

nineteenth ordinal number 19th written as a word

next adverb The time when you next do something is the first time you do it again

May noun the fifth month of the year, after April and before June

March noun the third month of the year, after February and before April

make verb to produce something, often using a particular substance or material

list verb to make a list, or to include something in a list

June noun the sixth month of the year, after May and before July

July noun the seventh month of the year, after June and before August

January noun the first month of the year, after December and before February
invite verb to ask or request someone to go to an event

in preposition during part or all of a period of time

go verb to travel or move to another place

fourth ordinal number 4th written as a word

fourteenth ordinal number 14th written as a word

first ordinal number, determiner (a person or thing) coming before all others in order, time,
amount, quality, or importance

fifth ordinal number 5th written as a word

fifteenth ordinal number 15th written as a word

February noun the second month of the year, after January and before March

eleventh ordinal number 11th written as a word

eighth ordinal number 8th written as a word

eighteenth ordinal number 18th written as a word

do your homework to study a subject or situation carefully so that you know a lot about it
and can deal with it successfully

yoga noun a set of physical and mental exercises that are intended to give control over the body
and mind

sport noun all types of physical activity that people do to keep healthy or for enjoyment

December noun the twelfth and last month of the year, after November and before January

clean verb to remove dirt from something

August noun the eighth month of the year, after July and before September

at the weekend on Saturday or Sunday, or on both Saturday and Sunday

April noun the fourth month of the year, after March and before May

Unit 1

wonderful adjective very good

well-known adjective famous

warm adjective friendly and showing affection

Turkish adjective coming from or relating to Turkey

Turkey noun a country in Asia

USA noun abbreviation for United States of America

UK noun abbreviation for United Kingdom

terrible adjective very bad, of low quality, or unpleasant

Spanish adjective coming from or relating to Spain

South African adjective coming from or relating to South Africa

South Africa noun a country in Africa

Saudi adjective coming from or relating to Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia noun a country in the Middle East (= the area where Africa, Asia, and Europe meet)

Russian adjective coming from or relating to Russia

Russia noun a country in Europe

rich adjective having much more money than most people, or owning things that could be
sold for a lot of money

quiet adjective If someone is quiet, they do not talk very much

popular adjective liked by many people

poor adjective having very little money or few possessions

Polish adjective coming from or relating to Poland

Poland noun a country in Europe

pleasant adjective enjoyable or attractive

Pakistani adjective coming from or relating to Pakistan

Pakistan noun a country in Asia

old adjective having been used or owned for a long time

Nigerian adjective coming from or relating to Nigeria

Nigeria noun a country in Africa

New Zealander noun someone from New Zealand

New Zealand noun a country consisting of a group of islands to the southeast of Australia

modernadjective using the newest ideas, design, technology, etc and not traditional

Mexican adjective coming from or relating to Mexico

Mexico noun a country in North America

lovely adjective pleasant or enjoyable

kind adjective Kind people do things to help others and show that they care about them
Japanese adjective coming from or relating to Japan

Japan noun a country consisting of a group of islands near the east coast of Asia

Italian adjective coming from or relating to Italy

Italy noun a country in Europe

Irish adjective coming from or relating to Ireland

Ireland noun a country in Europe

Iranian adjective coming from or relating to Iran

Iran noun a country in Asia

horribleadjective very unpleasant or bad

great adjective very good

German adjective coming from or relating to Germany

Germany noun a country in Europe

friendly adjective behaving in a pleasant, kind way towards someone

French adjective coming from or relating to France

France noun a country in Europe

fantastic adjective very good

cool adjective good, stylish, or fashionable

Colombian adjective belonging to or relating to Colombia or its people

Colombia noun a country in South America

Chineseadjective belonging to or relating to China, its people, or its language

China noun a country in East Asia

Canadian adjective belonging to or relating to Canada and its people

Canada noun a country in North America

British adjective belonging to or relating to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland or its people

Britain noun England, Scotland, and Wales

brilliant adjective very good

Brazilian noun someone from Brazil

Brazil noun a country in South America

Australian adjective coming from or relating to Australia

Australia noun a country on the continent of the same name

Argentinian adjective belonging to or relating to Argentina or its people

Argentina noun a country in South America

American adjective of or relating to the United States of America

amazing adjective very good

Unit 2

tour guide noun → guide noun

timetable noun a detailed plan showing when events or activities will happen

term noun one of the periods into which a year is divided at school, college, or university

taxi driver noun a person who drives a taxi as a job

studies noun the work that you do while you are at a college or university

shop assistant noun someone whose job is selling things in a shop

secretary noun someone who works in an office, typing letters, answering the telephone, and
arranging meetings, etc

receptionist noun someone who works in a hotel or office building, answering the telephone and
dealing with guests

police officer noun someone who is a member of the police

pilot noun someone who flies an aircraft

photographer noun someone whose job is to take photographs

past adjective used to refer to a period of time before and until the present

pass verb to succeed at a test or an exam, or to decide that someone has been successful

one/two/three, etc o'clock used after the numbers one to twelve to mean exactly that hour
when you tell the time

nurse noun someone whose job is to care for sick and injured people

note noun words that you write down to help you remember something

mechanic noun someone whose job is to repair machines

mark noun a number or letter that is written on a piece of work, saying how good the work is

manager noun someone in control of an office, shop, team, etc

half past one/two/three, etc 30 minutes past one o'clock/two o'clock/three o'clock, etc
farmer noun someone who owns or looks after a farm

fail verb to not pass a test or an exam, or to decide that someone has not passed

exam noun an official test of how much you know about something, or how well you can do
something

engineer noun someone whose job is to design, build, or repair machines, engines, roads,
bridges, etc

dentist noun someone who examines and repairs teeth

cleaner noun someone whose job is to clean houses, offices, public places, etc

chef noun someone who is the main cook (= person who cooks) in a hotel or a restaurant

businessman, businesswoman noun someone who works in business, usually in a high position in a
company

break verb to stop the activity you are doing to have a short rest

actor noun someone who pretends to be someone else while performing in a film, play, or
television or radio programme

a quarter to two, three, etc. 15 minutes before two, three, etc.

a quarter past two, three, etc. 15 minutes after two, three, etc.

Unit 3

fortnight noun two weeks

try verb to attempt to do something

tablet noun a small computer that you use by touching the screen

stay verb to continue to be in a place, job, etc and not leave

smartphone noun a mobile phone that has software like the software on a small computer, and
that connects to the Internet

sell verb to offer something for people to buy

SATNAV noun abbreviation for satellite navigation: a system of computers and satellites (=
equipment that is sent into space around the Earth to receive and send signals), used in cars and other
places to tell a user where they are or where something is

printer noun a machine that is connected to a computer and that produces writing or images on
paper

prefer verb to like someone or something more than another person or thing

weekly adjective, adverb happening once a week or every week

meet verb to come to the same place as someone else by arrangement or by chance
laptop noun a computer that is small enough to be carried around and used where you are sitting

keyboard noun a set of keys on a computer, which you press to make it work, or the rows of
keys on a piano

help verb to make it easier for someone to do something

headphones noun a device with a part to cover each ear through which you can listen to music,
radio broadcasts, etc. without other people hearing

find verb to discover, especially where a thing or person is, either unexpectedly or by searching,
or to discover where to get or how to achieve something

everyday adjective ordinary, typical, or usual

e-reader noun a small electronic device with a screen that allows you to read books in an
electronic form

decide verb to choose something, especially after thinking carefully about several possibilities

cost noun the amount of money needed to buy, do, or make something

computer noun an electronic machine that is used for storing, organizing, and finding words,
numbers, and pictures, for doing calculations, and for controlling other machines

camera noun a device for taking photographs or making films or television programmes

buy verb to get something by paying money for it

Unit 4

yoghurtnoun a thick, liquid food with a slightly sour taste which is made from milk

tin noun a metal container in which food is sold

steak noun a thick, flat piece of meat or fish

salad noun a cold mixture of vegetables that have not been cooked, usually eaten with meat,
cheese, etc

roast verb If you roast food, you cook it in an oven or over a fire, and if food roasts, it is cooked in
an oven or over a fire

pear noun an oval-shaped, pale green or yellow fruit

packet noun a small container that contains several of the same thing

onion noun a round vegetable with layers that has a strong taste and smell

mushroom noun a type of fungus (= organism like a plant) with a short stem and a round top,
some types of which can be eaten

melon noun a large, round, sweet fruit with a thick, green or yellow skin and a lot of seeds

lemon noun an oval, yellow fruit that has sour juice

lamb noun meat from a young sheep

jar noun a glass container used for storing food

jam noun a sweet food made from fruit that you spread on bread

grill verb to cook food with strong heat coming from directly above or below it

grape noun a small, round, green, purple or red fruit that grows in large, close groups and is often
used to make wine

garlic noun a vegetable like a small onion with a very strong taste and smell

fry verb to cook something in hot oil or fat or to be cooked in hot oil or fat

fried adjective cooked in hot oil or fat

curry noun a type of food from India, made of vegetables or meat cooked with hot spices

crisp noun a very thin slice of potato that has been cooked in oil and is eaten cold

cola noun a sweet, dark-brown drink with lots of bubbles

chicken noun the meat of a chicken

cereal noun a food that is made from grain and eaten with milk, especially in the morning

carrot noun an orange-coloured vegetable that is long and thin and grows in the ground

can noun a closed, metal container for food or liquids

burger noun a flat, round piece of food, usually made of meat, that is fried and served between
pieces of bread

bottle noun a container for liquids, usually made of glass or plastic, with a narrow top

boil verb to cook food in water that is boiling

bean noun a part of some climbing plants that contains the seeds and is eaten as a vegetable

bar noun a small block of something solid

bake verb to cook something such as bread or a cake with dry heat in an oven

bag noun a container made of paper, plastic, etc, used for carrying things

Unit 5

windmill noun a building with long parts at the top that turn in the wind, used for producing
power or crushing grain

washing machine noun a machine that washes clothes

wardrobe noun a large cupboard for keeping clothes in

theatre noun a building with a stage where people go to watch plays

street noun a road in a town or city that has houses or other buildings

stadium noun a large, open area with seats around it, used for playing and watching sports

square noun an open area with buildings around it, often in the centre of a town

sports centre noun a building with places where you can play different sports

sofa noun a large, comfortable seat for more than one person

sink noun a bowl that is fixed to the wall in a kitchen or bathroom that you wash dishes or your
hands, etc in

river noun a long, natural area of water that flows across the land and into a sea, lake, or another
river

restaurant noun a place where you can buy and eat a meal

post office noun a place where you can buy stamps and send letters and parcels

police station noun the office of the police in a town or part of a city

park noun a large area of grass, often in a town, where people can walk and enjoy themselves

mirror noun a piece of glass with a shiny metallic material on one side that produces an image of
anything that is in front of it

metro noun an underground railway system in a large city

lamp noun a piece of equipment that produces light

curtain noun a piece of material that hangs down to cover a window, stage, etc

cupboard noun a piece of furniture with a door on the front and shelves inside, used for storing
things

cooker noun a piece of equipment used to cook food

concert hall noun a large building in which concerts are performed

chest of drawers noun a piece of furniture with drawers for keeping clothes in

centre noun the middle point or part of something

café noun a small restaurant where you can buy drinks and small meals

buildingnoun a structure with walls and a roof, such as a house, school, etc

bridge noun a structure that is built over a river, road, etc so that people or vehicles can go across it

bookcase noun a piece of furniture with shelves for putting books on

armchair noun a comfortable chair with sides that support your arms

apartment noun a set of rooms for someone to live in on one level of a building or house
Unit 6

won past of win

went past tense of go

uncle noun the brother of your mother or father, or the husband of your aunt

told past of tell

thought past of think

spent past of spend

sold past of sell

sister noun a girl or woman who has the same parents as you

September noun the ninth month of the year

read verb to look at words and understand what they mean

parent noun your mother or father

on preposition used to show the date or day when something happens

October noun the tenth month of the year

November noun the eleventh month of the year

May noun the fifth month of the year

March noun the third month of the year

made past of make

lost past of lose

June noun the sixth month of the year

July noun the seventh month of the year

January noun the first month of the year

in preposition during part or all of a period of time

grandparent noun the parent of your mother or father

grandfather noun the father of your mother or father

grandmother noun the mother of your mother or father

grandson noun the son of your son or daughter

granddaughter noun the daughter of your son or daughter

grandchild noun the child of your son or daughter

got past of get

gave past tense of give

find (sth) out to get information about something, or to learn a fact for the first time

February noun the second month of the year

did past tense of do

December noun the twelfth month of the year

cut verb to use a knife or other sharp tool to divide something, remove part of something, or
make a hole in something

cousin noun the child of your aunt or uncle

cost verb If something costs a particular amount of money, you have to pay that in order to buy or
do it

came past tense of come

brought past of bring

brother noun a boy or man who has the same parents as you

bought past of buy

became past tense of become

aunt noun the sister of your mother or father, or the wife of your uncle

August noun the eighth month of the year

ate past tense of eat

April noun the fourth month of the year

Unit 7

uncomfortable adjective not feeling comfortable and pleasant, or not making you feel
comfortable and pleasant

tram noun an electric vehicle for carrying passengers, mostly in cities, which moves along metal
lines in the road

train noun a long, thin vehicle that travels along metal tracks and carries people or goods

take verb to travel somewhere by using a bus, train, car, etc, or by using a particular road

slow adjective moving, happening, or doing something without much speed

ship noun a large boat that carries people or goods by sea

scooter noun a small motorcycle

safe adjective not dangerous or likely to cause harm

plane noun a vehicle that flies and has an engine and wings

miss verb to arrive too late to get on a bus, train, or aircraft

helicopter noun an aircraft that flies using long, thin parts on top of it that turn round and round
very fast

get on (sth) to go onto a bus, train, aircraft, or boat

get off (sth) to leave a bus, train, aircraft, or boat

full adjective containing a lot of things or people or a lot of something

ferry noun a boat that regularly carries passengers and vehicles across an area of water

fast adjective moving, happening, or doing something quickly

expensive adjective costing a lot of money

empty adjective If something is empty, it does not contain any things or people

dirty adjective not clean

dangerous adjective If someone or something is dangerous, they could harm you

crowded adjective very full of people

comfortable adjective If you are comfortable, you are relaxed and have no pain

coach noun a comfortable bus used to take groups of people on long journeys

clean adjective not dirty

cheap adjective not expensive, or costing less than usual

change verb to get off a bus, plane, etc and catch another, in order to continue a journey

catch verb to get on a bus, train, etc in order to travel somewhere

aeroplane noun a vehicle that flies and has an engine and wings

Unit 8

toe noun one of the five separate parts at the end of your foot

thin adjective A thin person or animal has very little fat on their body.

straight adjective not curved or bent

stomach noun the front part of your body just below your chest

ski verb to move over snow wearing skis

skate verb to move using skates

short adjective having a small distance from one end to the other

bike noun short for bicycle

pretty adjective If a place or an object is pretty, it is pleasant to look at

volleyball noun a game in which two teams use their hands to hit a ball over a net without
allowing it to touch the ground

rugby noun a sport played by two teams with an oval ball and H-shaped goals

hockey noun a team game played on grass where you hit a small ball with a long, curved stick

golf noun a game on grass where players try to hit a small ball into a series of holes using a long,
thin stick

football noun a game in which two teams of players kick a round ball and try to score goals

badminton noun a sport for two or four people in which you hit a shuttlecock (= a light object
with feathers) over a net

neck noun the part of the body between your head and your shoulders

long adjective having a large distance from one end to the other

leg noun one of the parts of the body of a human or animal that is used for standing and walking

head noun the part of your body above your neck that contains your brain, eyes, ears, mouth, nose,
etc and on which your hair grows

hand noun the part of your body on the end of your arm that has fingers and a thumb

hair noun the thin, thread-like parts that grow on your head

good-looking adjective If someone is good-looking, they have an attractive face

snowboarding noun a sport in which you stand on a large board and move over snow

sailing noun a sport using boats with sails

running noun the sport of moving on your feet at a speed faster than walking

fishing noun the sport or job of catching fish

foot noun one of the two flat parts on the ends of your legs that you stand on

fit adjective healthy and strong, especially as a result of exercise

finger noun one of the five, long, separate parts at the end of your hand, including your thumb

fat adjective Someone who is fat weighs too much

fair adjective having pale skin or a light colour of hair

yoga noun a set of exercises for the mind and body, based on the Hindu religion
judo noun a sport from Japan in which two people try to throw each other to the ground

exercise noun physical activity that you do to make your body strong and healthy

dark adjective nearer to black than white in colour

dance verb to move your feet and body to the rhythm of music

curly adjective shaped like a curl, or with many curls

back noun the part of your body from your shoulders to your bottom

attractive adjective beautiful or pleasant to look at

arm noun the long part at each side of the human body, ending in a hand

Unit 9

watch noun a small clock that is worn on a strap around the wrist or, sometimes, connected to a
piece of clothing by a chain

T-shirt noun a simple piece of clothing, usually with short sleeves and no collar, that covers the top
part of the body

trousers noun a piece of clothing that covers the lower part of the body from the waist to the
feet, consisting of two cylinder-shaped parts, one for each leg, that are joined at the top

trainer noun a type of light, comfortable shoe that can be worn for sport

stairs plural noun a set of steps that lead from one level to another, esp. in a building

sock noun a piece of clothing made from soft material that covers your foot and the lower part of
your leg

skirt noun a piece of clothing for women and girls that hangs from the waist and does not have legs

shorts noun trousers that end above the knee or reach the knee, often worn in hot weather or when
playing a sport

shoe noun one of a pair of coverings for your feet, usually made of a strong material such as
leather, with a thick leather or plastic sole (= base) and usually a heel

shirt noun a piece of clothing worn, especially by men, on the upper part of the body, made of light
cloth like cotton and usually having a collar and buttons at the front

scarf noun a strip, square, or triangle of cloth, worn around the neck, head, or shoulders to keep
you warm or to make you look attractive

ring noun a circular piece of jewellery worn especially on your finger

receipt noun something such as a piece of paper or message proving that money, goods, or
information have been received

raincoat noun a coat that protects the wearer against rain

pound noun the standard unit of money used in the UK and some other countries

p noun abbreviation for penny or pence

necklace noun a piece of jewellery worn around the neck, such as a chain or a string of
decorative stones, beads, etc.

jumper noun a piece of clothing with long sleeves that is usually made from wool, is worn on the
upper part of the body and does not open at the front

jewellery noun decorative objects worn on your clothes or body that are usually made from
valuable metals, such as gold and silver, and precious stones

jeans noun trousers made of denim (= strong blue cotton cloth) that are worn informally

information desk noun a place in a public building, store, etc. where you can go to get
information, for example about where to find things in the building

glove noun a piece of clothing that is worn on the hand and wrist for warmth or protection, with
separate parts for each finger

fast food restaurant noun a restaurant that serves fast food such as hamburgers

euro noun a unit of money used in European countries that belong to the European Union; €

entrance noun a door or other opening that you use to enter a building or place

earring noun a piece of jewellery that you wear on or through your ear

dress noun a piece of clothing for women or girls that covers the top of the body and hangs down
over the legs

dollar noun the unit of money used in the US, Canada, and some other countries; $

department store noun a large shop divided into several different parts that sell different types
of things

chemist's noun a shop where you can buy drugs, soap, beauty products, etc

cent noun a coin or unit of money with a value of 1/100 of a dollar or euro; ¢

cash machine noun a machine, usually in a wall outside a bank, that you can get money from using a
plastic card

car park noun a place where vehicles can be parked

café noun a small restaurant where you can buy drinks and small meals

bus stop noun a place where buses stop to let passengers get on or off

boot noun a strong shoe that covers your foot and part of your leg

bookshop noun a shop that sells books

Unit 10
visit verb to go to a website on the internet

thousand numberthe number 1,000

surf verb to spend time visiting a lot of websites

save verb to put information into a computer's memory or onto a computer disk

million numberthe number 1,000,000

call verb to use a phone to talk to someone

log in to connect to a computer system by putting in a particular set of letters or numbers

hundred numberthe number 100

download verb to copy or move programs or information into a computer's memory, especially
from the internet or a larger computer

and conjunction And can be used when you add numbers

Unit 11

written past participle of write

tango noun a South American dance

singer noun someone who sings

seen past participle of see

rock noun loud, modern music with a strong beat, often played with electric guitars and drums

read verb to look at words and understand what they mean

pop noun modern music with a strong beat which is popular with young people

orchestra noun a large group of musicians who play different instruments together

opera noun a musical play in which most of the words are sung

musician noun someone who plays a musical instrument, often as a job

jazz noun music with a strong beat that is often played without written music

had verb past of have

forgotten past participle of forget

grown past participle of grow

forget verb to be unable to remember a fact, something that happened, or how to do something

folk music noun the traditional music of a particular region or group of people

flown past participle of fly

fallen adjective lying on the ground, after falling down

eaten past participle of eat

DJ noun abbreviation for disc jockey

dancer noun someone who dances either as a job or for pleasure

dance music noun a type of music with a strong beat that people dance to in a nightclub

classical music noun music that is considered to be part of a long, formal tradition and to have lasting
value

caught verb past simple and past participle of catch

broken verb past participle of break

bought verb past simple and past participle of buy

been verb past participle of be

band noun a group of musicians who play modern music together

Unit 12

wood noun an area of land covered with a thick growth of trees

waterfall noun water, especially from a river or stream, dropping from a higher to a lower
point, sometimes from a great height

unpack verb to remove things from a suitcase, bag, or box

travel verb to go from one place to another on a trip, usually over a long distance

stay-at-home noun someone who does not like to go to parties or events outside the home and is
considered boring

river noun a long, natural area of water that flows across the land and into a sea, lake, or another
river

rainforest noun a forest with a lot of tall trees where it rains a lot

pack verb to put your things into bags or boxes when you are going on holiday or leaving the place
where you live

mountain noun a very high hill

abroad adverb in or to a foreign country

lake noun a large area of water that has land all around it

jungle noun an area of land, usually in tropical countries, where trees and plants grow close together

island noun an area of land that has water around it

hill noun a raised area of land, smaller than a mountain

holiday noun a long visit to a place away from where you live, for pleasure

glacier noun a large mass of ice that moves very slowly, usually down a slope or valley

forest noun a large area of trees growing closely together

field noun an area of land used for growing crops or keeping animals

desert noun a large, hot, dry area of land with very few plants

countryside noun land that is not in towns or cities and has farms, fields, forests, etc

coast noun the land beside the sea

plan noun an arrangement for what you intend to do or how you intend to do something

book in/book into sth to say that you have arrived when you get to a hotel

beach noun an area of sand or rocks next to the sea

Unit 1

ugly adjective unpleasant to look at; not attractive

strange adjective unusual and unexpected, or difficult to understand

silly adjective showing little thought or judgment

serious adjective severe in effect; bad

rude adjective not polite; offensive or embarrassing

really adverb very or very much

rarely adverb not often

pretty adverb quite, but not extremely

perfect adjective complete and correct in every way, of the best possible type or without fault

particularly adverb especially, or more than usual

normally adverb If you normally do something, you usually or regularly do it

mainly adverb usually or to a large degree

lovely adjective pleasant or enjoyable

horribleadjective very unpleasant or bad

hardly adverb only just; almost not

gorgeous adjective very beautiful or pleasant

generally adverb usually, or in most situations

fairly adverb more than average, but less than very

especially adverb very much; more than usual or more than other people or things

delicious adjective having a very pleasant taste or smell

boring adjective not interesting or exciting

awful adjective extremely bad or unpleasant

amazing adjective extremely surprising

alright adjective, adverb, exclamation non-standard form of all right

absolutely adverb completely

Unit 2

unpack verb to remove things from a suitcase, bag, or box

turbulence noun strong sudden movements within air or water

travel noun the activity of going from one place to another, especially over a long distance, in a
plane, train, car, etc.,

traffic jam noun a large number of vehicles close together and unable to move or moving very
slowly

take off If an aircraft, bird, or insect takes off, it leaves the ground and begins to fly

suntan lotion noun a liquid that you put on your skin to protect it from being burned by the sun

sunglasses noun dark glasses that you wear to protect your eyes from bright light from the sun

suitcase noun a large, rectangular container with a handle, for carrying clothes and
possessions while travelling

strike verb to refuse to continue working because of an argument with an employer about working
conditions, pay levels, or job losses

campsite noun a piece of land where people on holiday can camp, usually with toilets and
places for washing

hostel noun a place where people, especially young people, can stay cheaply for short periods when
they are travelling, with shared rooms and sometimes some private rooms

set off to start on a trip

passport noun an official document containing personal information and usually a photograph
that allows a person to travel to foreign countries and to prove who they are

miss verb to arrive too late to get on a bus, train, or aircraft

map noun a drawing of the earth's surface, or part of that surface, showing the shape and position
of different countries, political borders, natural features such as rivers and mountains, and artificial
features such as roads and buildings

queue noun a line of people, usually standing or in cars, waiting for something

land verb to (cause to) arrive on the ground or other surface after moving down through the air

hitchhike verb to travel by getting free rides in someone else's vehicle

adventure noun an unusual, exciting, and possibly dangerous activity, such as a trip or
experience, or the excitement produced by such an activity

crash verb If a vehicle crashes or someone crashes it, it is involved in an accident, usually a serious
one in which the vehicle is damaged and someone is hurt

guidebook noun a book that gives information for visitors about a place, such as a city or country

go away to leave your home in order to spend time somewhere else, usually for a holiday

lift noun a free trip in another person’s vehicle, esp. a car

lost adjective not knowing where you are and how to get to a place

visa noun an official mark, usually made in a passport, that allows you to enter or leave a
particular country

currency noun the money that is used in a particular country at a particular time

exchange noun the process of changing one currency for another

sightseeing noun the activity of visiting interesting places, especially by people on holiday

delay verb to make something happen at a later time than originally planned or expected

check out to leave a hotel after paying and returning your room key

check in to report your arrival, esp. at an airport or hotel, so that you can get the service
you are paying for

change verb to get off a train, bus, etc. and catch another in order to continue a journey

buy verb to get something by paying money for it

break down If a machine or vehicle breaks down, it stops working

book verb to arrange to have a seat, room, performer, etc. at a particular time in the future

board verb to get onto or allow people to get onto a boat, train, or aircraft

backpack noun a large bag used to carry things on your back, used especially by people who go
camping or walking

Unit 3
sale noun an occasion when goods are sold at a lower price than usual

spend verb to give money as a payment for something

special offer noun a product or service that is sold at a lower than usual price in order encourage
people to buy or use it, or the act of offering goods and services in this way

save (sth) up to keep money so that you can buy something with it in the future

pay back something to return money to someone from whom you have borrowed it

owe verb to have the responsibility to pay or give back something you have received from
someone

smile noun a happy or friendly expression on the face in which the ends of the mouth curve up
slightly, often with the lips moving apart so that the teeth can be seen

joke noun something, such as a funny story or trick, that is said or done in order to make people
laugh

friend noun a person who you know well and who you like a lot, but who is usually not a member of
your family

lend verb to give something to someone for a short period of time, expecting it to be given back

give away something to supply something at no charge

directions instructions that you give to someone about how to find a particular place

tip verb to give someone who has provided you with a service an extra amount of money to
thank them

hug verb to hold someone close to your body with your arms, usually to show that you like, love,
or value them

loan noun an amount of money that is borrowed, often from a bank, and has to be paid back,
usually together with an extra amount of money that you have to pay as a charge for borrowing

well-to-do adjective rich

volunteer noun a person who does something, especially helping other people, willingly and
without being forced or paid to do it

nice adjective pleasant, enjoyable, or satisfactory

discount noun a reduction in the usual price

cost noun the amount of money needed to buy, do, or make something

cash noun money in the form of notes and coins, rather than cheques or credit cards

borrow verb to get or receive something from someone with the intention of giving it back after a
period of time
bank account noun an arrangement with a bank in which the customer puts in and removes money
and the bank keeps a record of it

can afford to be able to buy or do something because you have enough money or time

Unit 4

live at/in/near, etc to have your home somewhere

daughter noun your female child

children noun plural of child

wide adjective having a larger distance from one side to the other than is usual or expected,
especially in comparison with the length of something; not narrow

underwear noun clothes worn next to the skin, under other clothes

ugly adjective unpleasant to look at; not attractive

trainer noun a type of light, comfortable shoe that can be worn for sport

tracksuit noun a loose top and trousers, worn either by people who are training for a sport or
exercising, or as informal clothing

top noun any piece of light clothing worn on the part of the body above the waist

tiny adjective extremely small

tights noun a piece of clothing made of thin material that covers the legs and lower part of the body
below the waist, worn by women and girls

tie noun a long, thin piece of material that is worn under a shirt collar, especially by men, and
tied in a knot at the front

tie verb to fasten together two ends of a piece of string or other long, thin material, or to (cause
to) hold together with a long, thin piece of string, material, etc.

sweatshirt noun a piece of informal clothing with long sleeves, usually made of thick cotton,
worn on the upper part of the body

suit noun a jacket and trousers or a jacket and skirt that are made from the same material

sock noun a piece of clothing made from soft material that covers your foot and the lower part of
your leg

shorts noun trousers that end above the knee or reach the knee, often worn in hot weather or when
playing a sport

scarf noun a strip, square, or triangle of cloth, worn around the neck, head, or shoulders to keep
you warm or to make you look attractive

sandal noun a light shoe, especially worn in warm weather, consisting of a bottom part held onto the
foot by straps
raincoat noun a coat that protects the wearer against rain

quiet adjective making very little noise

pretty adjective pleasant to look at, or (especially of girls or women or things relating to them)
attractive or pleasant in a delicate way

peaceful adjective without violence

outdoor adjective existing, happening, or done outside, rather than inside a building

ordinary adjective not different or special or unexpected in any way; usual

noisy adjective making a lot of noise

necklace noun a piece of jewellery worn around the neck, such as a chain or a string of
decorative stones, beads, etc.

narrow adjective having a small distance from one side to the other, especially in comparison
with the length

modernadjective designed and made using the most recent ideas and methods

magnificent adjective very good, beautiful, or deserving to be admired

low adjective close to the ground or the bottom of something

best adverb in the most suitable, pleasing, or satisfactory way, or to the greatest degree

jumper noun a piece of clothing with long sleeves that is usually made from wool, is worn on the
upper part of the body and does not open at the front

indoor adjective happening, used, or existing inside a building

huge adjective extremely large in size or amount

high heels noun women's shoes in which the heels are raised high off the ground

high adjective (especially of things that are not living) being a large distance from top to
bottom or a long way above the ground, or having the stated distance from top to bottom

shave verb to remove hair from the body, especially a man's face, by cutting it close to the skin with
a razor, so that the skin feels smooth

handbag noun a small bag for money, keys, make-up, etc., carried especially by women

hairdresser noun a person who cuts people's hair and puts it into a style, usually working in a
special shop, called a hairdresser's

beautician noun a trained person whose job it is to improve the appearance of a customer's face,
body, and hair, using make-up and beauty treatments, often in a beauty salon

glove noun a piece of clothing that is worn on the hand and wrist for warmth or protection, with
separate parts for each finger
outfit noun a set of clothes worn for a particular occasion or activity

new adjective not previously used or owned

flat adjective level and smooth, with no curved, high, or hollow parts

earring noun a piece of jewellery, usually one of a pair, worn in a hole in the ear or fastened to the
ear by a clip

crowded adjective If a place is crowded, it is full of people

bracelet noun a piece of jewellery that is worn around the wrist or arm

boot noun a type of shoe that covers the whole foot and the lower part of the leg

belt noun a strip of leather or material worn around the waist to support clothes or for decoration

ancient adjective of or from a long time ago, having lasted for a very long time

Unit 5

weekend noun Saturday and Sunday, or Friday evening until Sunday night; the part of the week
in which many people living in the West do not go to work

long-hours culture noun a way of life in which people spend many hours a day at work or
working

work as a team to work together in order to achieve a shared aim, rather than trying to achieve
things just for yourself or working against others

vet noun a person with a medical degree trained to take care of the health of animals

shop assistant noun someone who serves customers in a shop

scientist noun an expert who studies or works in one of the sciences

postwoman noun a woman whose job is to deliver and collect letters, etc. that are sent by post

postman noun someone whose job is to deliver and collect letters, etc. that are sent by post

politician noun a member of a government or law-making organization

plumber noun a person whose job is to supply and connect or repair water pipes, baths, toilets,
etc.

training noun the process of learning the skills you need to do a particular job or activity

qualification noun an official record showing that you have finished a training course or have the
necessary skills, etc.

musician noun someone who is skilled in playing music, usually as a job

decision noun a choice that you make about something after thinking about several
possibilities
important adjective necessary or of great value

lawyer noun someone whose job is to give advice to people about the law and speak for them in
court

journalist noun a person who writes news stories or articles for a newspaper or magazine or
broadcasts them on radio or television

IT noun abbreviation for information technology

environment noun the conditions that you live or work in and the way that they influence how you
feel or how effectively you can work

skilled adjective having the abilities needed to do an activity or job well

hairdresser noun a person who cuts people's hair and puts it into a style, usually working in a
special shop, called a hairdresser's

gardener noun someone who works in a garden, growing and taking care of plants

electrician noun a person who puts in, checks, and repairs electrical wires and electrical
equipment

salary noun a fixed amount of money agreed every year as pay for an employee, usually paid directly
into his or her bank account every month

earn verb to receive money as payment for work that you do

designer noun a person who imagines how something could be made and draws plans for it

deal with something to be about or be on the subject of something

deal with sb to talk to someone or meet someone, especially as part of your job

computer programmer noun → programmer

carer noun someone who takes care of a person who is young, old, or sick

builder noun a person whose job it is to make buildings

self-employed adjective not working for an employer but finding work for yourself or having
your own business

banker noun someone with an important position in a bank

architect noun a person whose job is to design new buildings and make certain that they are
built correctly

actress noun a woman who pretends to be someone else while performing in a film, play, or
television programme

actor noun someone who pretends to be someone else while performing in a film, play, or
television or radio programme
accountant noun someone who keeps or examines the records of money received, paid, and
owed by a company or person

Unit 6

wait for sb If something is waiting for you, it has been left or prepared for you to collect,
use, enjoy, or deal with when you arrive

tiring adjective making you feel tired

tired adjective in need of rest or sleep

think of/about sb/sth to remember or imagine someone or something

talk verb to say words aloud; to speak to someone

surprising adjective unexpected

surprised adjective feeling or showing surprise because something has happened that you
did not expect

spend verb to give money as a payment for something

shocking adjective offensive, upsetting, or immoral

shocked adjective surprised or upset because something unexpected and usually

unpleasant has happened

relaxingadjective making you feel relaxed

relaxed adjective feeling happy and comfortable because nothing is worrying you

pay verb to give money to someone for something you want to buy or for services provided

look at sth to think about a subject carefully so that you can make a decision about it

listen verb to give attention to someone or something in order to hear him, her, or it

interested adjective wanting to give your attention to something and discover more about it

frightening adjective making you feel fear

frightened adjective feeling fear or worry

exciting adjective making you feel excited

excited adjective feeling very happy and enthusiastic

embarrassing adjective making you feel embarrassed

embarrassed adjective feeling ashamed or shy

disappointing adjective making you feel disappointed

disappointed adjective unhappy because someone or something was not as good as you hoped
or expected, or because something did not happen

deal with sb to talk to someone or meet someone, especially as part of your job

confusing adjective Something that is confusing makes you feel confused because it is
difficult to understand

confused adjective not clear and therefore difficult to understand

concentrate verb to direct your attention or your efforts towards a particular activity, subject, or
problem

borrow verb to get or receive something from someone with the intention of giving it back after a
period of time

ask verb to put a question to someone, or to request an answer from someone

ask after sb to ask for information about someone, especially about their health

arrive verb to reach a place, especially at the end of a journey

annoying adjective making you feel slightly angry

annoyed adjective angry

amazing adjective extremely surprising

amazedadjective extremely surprised

Unit 7

lose verb to have less of something than you had before

weight noun the amount that something or someone weighs

shape noun the particular physical form or appearance of something

allergy noun a condition that makes a person become sick or develop skin or breathing problems
because they have eaten certain foods or been near certain substances

give up sth to stop owning, using, or claiming something

get together If two or more people get together, they meet each other, having arranged it
before

get to know sb/sth to spend time with someone or something so that you gradually learn
more about him, her, or it

rich adjective having a lot of money or valuable possessions

paid verb past simple and past participle of pay

well adverb in a good way, to a high or satisfactory standard

old adjective having lived or existed for many years

be, get, keep, etc. in touch to communicate or continue to communicate with someone by
using a phone or writing to them

ill adjective not feeling well, or suffering from a disease

fit adjective healthy and strong, especially as a result of exercise

engaged adjective having formally agreed to marry

divorced adjective married in the past but not now married

better adjective If you are or get better after an illness or injury, you are healthy again

offer verb to ask someone if he or she would like to have something or would like you to do
something

place noun a home

job noun the regular work that a person does to earn money

diet noun the food and drink usually eaten or drunk by a person or group

healthy adjective good for your health

overweight adjective fat

smoker noun someone who smokes tobacco regularly

regular adjective happening or doing something often

Unit 8

yoga noun a set of physical and mental exercises, originally from India, intended to give control
over the body and mind

write verb to have the job of creating books, stories, or articles that will be published

windsurfing noun a sport in which you sail across water by standing on a board and holding onto a
large sail

volleyball noun a game in which two teams use their hands to hit a large ball backwards and
forwards over a high net without allowing the ball to touch the ground

series noun a set of television or radio broadcasts on the same subject or using the same characters
but in different situations

surfing noun the sport of riding on a wave on a special board

squash noun a game played between two or four people on a special closed playing area that involves
hitting a small rubber ball against a wall

snowboarding noun the activity or sport of moving over snow using a snowboard
skateboarding noun the activity or sport of riding a skateboard

set verb to put furniture and other things on a stage so that it represents the time and the place
in which the action of a play, film, or television programme is going to happen

sculpture noun the art of forming solid objects that represent a thing, person, idea, etc. out of a
material such as wood, clay, metal, or stone, or an object made in this way

scuba diving noun the sport of swimming underwater with special breathing equipment

climbing noun the sport of climbing on rocks or in mountains

poem noun a piece of writing in which the words are arranged in separate lines, often ending in
rhyme, and are chosen for their sound and for the images and ideas they suggest

play verb to perform an entertainment or a particular character in a play, film, etc.

photograph noun a picture produced using a camera

perform verb to entertain people by dancing, singing, acting, or playing music

painting noun a picture made using paint

paint noun a coloured liquid that is put on a surface such as a wall to decorate it

novel noun a long printed story about imaginary characters and events

jogging noun the activity of running at a slow, regular speed, especially as a form of exercise

ice skating noun the sport or activity of moving on ice, wearing ice skates (= boots with thin
metal bars attached to the bottoms)

ice hockey noun a game played on ice between two teams of players who each have a curved
stick with which they try to put a puck (= a small, hard disc) into the other team's goal

gymnastics noun physical exercises and activities performed inside, often using equipment such
as bars and ropes, intended to increase the body's strength and the ability to move and bend easily

golf noun a game played outside on grass in which each player tries to hit a small ball into a series
of nine or 18 small holes, using a long, thin stick

film noun a series of moving pictures, usually shown in a cinema or on television and often telling
a story

direct verb When someone directs a movie, play, etc., that person tells the actors how to play their
parts.

design verb to make or draw plans for something, for example clothes or buildings

classical music noun music that is considered to be part of a long, formal tradition and to have lasting
value

base something on something to use information to support or prove an opinion or belief

athletics noun the general name for a particular group of sports in which people compete,
including running, jumping, and throwing

architecture noun the style in which buildings are made

album noun a collection of several pieces of music, made available as a single item on a CD, the
internet, etc.

Unit 9

want verb to wish for a particular thing or plan of action. "Want" is not used in polite requests

have a think to consider something for some time

note noun a short letter, or something that you write down in order to remember something

start verb to begin doing something

seem verb to give the effect of being; to be judged to be

revise verb to study again something you have already learned, in preparation for an exam

revise verb to look at or consider again an idea, piece of writing, etc. in order to correct or improve
it

regret noun a feeling of sadness about something sad or wrong or about a mistake that you have
made, and a wish that it could have been different and better

refuse verb to say that you will not do or accept something

recommend verb to suggest that someone or something would be good or suitable for a
particular job or purpose, or to suggest that a particular action should be done

psychology noun the scientific study of the way the human mind works and how it influences
behaviour, or the influence of a particular person's character on their behaviour

pass verb to be successful in an exam, course, etc.

miss verb to feel sad that a person or thing is not present

medicine noun treatment for illness or injury, or the study of this

love verb to like something very much

learn verb to get knowledge or skill in a new subject or activity

law noun a rule, usually made by a government, that is used to order the way in which a society
behaves

imagineverb to form or have a mental picture or idea of something

essay noun a short piece of writing on a particular subject, especially one done by students as part
of the work for a course

hand in something to give something to an authority or responsible person

low-grade adjective of a bad quality or low level

get verb to obtain, buy, or earn something

grade noun a number or letter that shows how good someone's work or performance is

forget verb to be unable to remember a fact, something that happened, or how to do something

fail verb to not succeed in what you are trying to achieve or are expected to do

enjoy verb to get pleasure from something

engineering noun the work of an engineer, or the study of this work

education noun the process of teaching or learning, especially in a school or college, or the
knowledge that you get from this

drama noun a play in a theatre or on television or radio, or plays and acting generally

degree noun a course of study at a college or university, or the qualification given to a student after
he or she has completed his or her studies

dislike verb to not like someone or something

decide verb to choose something, especially after thinking carefully about several possibilities

avoid verb to stay away from someone or something

art noun the making of objects, images, music, etc. that are beautiful or that express feelings

arrange verb to plan, prepare for, or organize something

agree verb to have the same opinion

Unit 10

turn down something to refuse to accept or agree to something, or to refuse someone's

request

queue noun a line of people, usually standing or in cars, waiting for something

put sth off to decide or arrange to delay an event or activity until a later time or date

pass on something If you pass on information, you tell it to someone else after you have
heard it

look after sb/sth to take care of or be in charge of someone or something

join in to become involved in an activity with other people

hand in something to give something to an authority or responsible person

feel like something to have a desire to do or have something

explanation noun the details or reasons that someone gives to make something clear or easy to
understand

explain verb to make something clear or easy to understand by describing or giving information
about it

enjoyment noun the feeling of enjoying something

enjoy verb to get pleasure from something

description noun something that tells you what something or someone is like

describe verb to say or write what someone or something is like

deliverynoun the act of taking goods, letters, parcels, etc. to people's houses or places of work

deliver verb to take goods, letters, parcels, etc. to people's houses or places of work

decision noun a choice that you make about something after thinking about several
possibilities

decide verb to choose something, especially after thinking carefully about several possibilities

complaint noun a statement that something is wrong or not satisfactory

complain verb to say that something is wrong or not satisfactory

come round to visit someone in their home

choose verb to decide what you want from two or more things or possibilities

choice noun the range of different things from which you can choose

carry on (something) to continue to do or be involved with something

break up If a marriage breaks up or two people in a romantic relationship break up, their
marriage or their relationship ends

Unit 11

unfortunately adverb used to say that something is sad, disappointing, or has a bad effect

office noun a room or part of a building where you can get information, buy tickets, etc.

programme noun a broadcast on television or radio

teacup noun a cup with a handle from which tea is drunk

teabag noun a small paper bag filled with enough tea leaves to make tea for one person

surprisingly adverb unexpectedly or in a way that is unusual

streetlight noun a light in or at the side of a road or public area that is usually supported on a tall
post
shopping centre noun a group of shops with a common area for cars to park

shopping bag noun a large bag with handles, usually made of paper, plastic, or cloth, that you carry
shopping in

shop noun a place where you can buy goods or services

science fiction noun books, films, or cartoons about an imagined future, especially about space
travel or other planets

star noun a very famous, successful, and important person, especially a performer such as a
musician, actor, or sports player

sign noun a notice giving information, directions, a warning, etc.

on purpose If you do something on purpose, you do it intentionally, not by accident

climbing noun the sport of climbing on rocks or in mountains

luckily adverb because of good luck

knife noun a tool, usually with a metal blade and a handle, used for cutting and spreading food or
other substances, or as a weapon

key ringnoun a metal or plastic ring used for keeping your keys together

fortunately adverb happening because of good luck

screen noun a flat surface in a cinema, on a television, or as part of a computer, on which pictures or
words are shown

computer gamenoun a game that is played on a computer, in which the pictures that appear on the
screen are controlled by pressing keys or moving a joystick

city centre noun the central part of a city

cash machine noun a machine, usually in a wall outside a bank, from which you can take money out
of your bank account using a special card

car park noun an area of ground for parking cars

door noun a flat, usually rectangular, object that is fixed at one edge and is used to close the
entrance to something such as a room, building, or vehicle, or the entrance itself

chance adjective happening in a way that is not planned or does not have any known cause or
reason

bread knife noun a long, sharp knife that has a row of sharp points along one edge, and is used to
cut bread

bottle top noun a circular piece of metal used to close a bottle of beer or a fizzy drink (= with
bubbles)

bookshelf noun a shelf in a bookcase

expected adjective believed to be going to happen or arrive

amazingly adverb in a way that is extremely surprising

address book noun a book in which you write people's addresses

accidentally adverb by chance or by mistake

Unit 12

whale noun a very large sea mammal that breathes air through a hole at the top of its head

tiger noun a large wild animal of the cat family with yellowish-orange fur with black lines that lives
in parts of Asia

strict adjective strongly limiting someone's freedom to behave as they wish, or likely to
severely punish someone if they do not obey

spider noun a small creature with eight thin legs that catches insects in a web (= a net made from
sticky threads)

sociable adjective Sociable people like to meet and spend time with other people

shy adjective nervous and uncomfortable with other people

serious adjective A serious person is quiet, thinks carefully about things, and does not laugh a lot

sensible adjective based on or acting on good judgment and practical ideas or

understanding

selfish adjective Someone who is selfish only thinks of their own advantage

reliable adjective Someone or something that is reliable can be trusted or believed because he,
she, or it works or behaves well in the way you expect

patience noun the ability to wait, or to continue doing something despite difficulties, or to
suffer without complaining or becoming annoyed

parrot noun a tropical bird with a curved beak, often kept as a pet and trained to copy the human
voice

mosquito noun a small flying insect that bites people and animals and sucks their blood

honest adjective telling the truth or able to be trusted and not likely to steal, cheat, or lie

gorilla noun a large ape that comes from western Africa

generous adjective willing to give money, help, kindness, etc., especially more than is usual
or expected

funny adjective humorous; causing laughter

fun noun pleasure, enjoyment, or entertainment

fair adjective treating someone in a way that is right or reasonable, or treating a group of
people equally and not allowing personal opinions to influence your judgment

easy-going adjective relaxed and not easily upset or worried

creativeadjective producing or using original and unusual ideas

confident adjective being certain of your abilities or having trust in people, plans, or the
future

carelessadjective not taking or showing enough care and attention

camel noun a large animal with a long neck, that lives in the desert and has one or two humps (=
large raised areas of flesh) on its back

bee noun a yellow and black flying insect that makes honey and can sting you

anxious adjective worried and nervous

Unit 1

useless adjective of no value; worthless

tiny adjective extremely small

joke verb to say things in an amusing or playful manner

public speaking noun the activity of speaking on a subject to a group of people

persuade verb to make someone do or believe something by giving them a good reason to do it
or by talking to that person and making them believe it

miserable adjective very unhappy

be, get, keep, etc. in touch to communicate or continue to communicate with someone by
using a phone or writing to them

interview verb to ask someone questions in an interview

insist verb to say firmly or demand forcefully, especially when others disagree with or oppose what
you say

impossible adjective If an action or event is impossible, it cannot happen or be achieved

greet verb to welcome someone with particular words or a particular action, or to react to
something in the stated way

presentation noun a talk giving information about something

furious adjective extremely angry

freezingadjective, adverb extremely cold

filthy adjective extremely or unpleasantly dirty

fantastic adjective extremely good

face-to-face adverb, adjective directly, meeting someone in the same place

express verb to show a feeling, opinion, or fact

exhausted adjective extremely tired

enormous adjective extremely large

encourage verb to make someone more likely to do something, or to make something more
likely to happen

delicious adjective having a very pleasant taste or smell

complain verb to say that something is wrong or not satisfactory

brilliant adjective very good

boiling adjective very hot

awful adjective very bad, unpleasant, or of low quality

argue verb to speak angrily to someone, telling that person that you disagree with them

Unit 2

username noun a name or other word that you sometimes need to type in along with a
password before you are allowed to use a computer or a website

upload verb to copy or move programs or information to a larger computer system or to the internet

type verb to write using a machine, either a computer keyboard or a typewriter

text message noun a written message, often containing short forms of words, sent from one mobile
phone or pager to another

team noun a group of people who work together on a particular activity, project, etc.

skill noun the ability to do an activity or job well, especially because you have practised it

share verb to have or use something at the same time as someone else

self-confidence noun the belief that you can do things well and that other people respect you

problem-solving noun the process of finding solutions to problems

press verb to push something firmly, often without causing it to move permanently further away
from you

positiveadjective happy or hopeful, or giving cause for happiness or hope

password noun a secret word or combination of letters or numbers, used for communicating
with another person or with a computer to prove who you are
knowledge noun understanding of or information about a subject that you get by experience or
study, either known by one person or by people generally

interview noun a meeting in which someone asks you questions to see if you are suitable for a
job or course

install verb to put a computer program onto a computer so that the computer can use it

icon noun a small picture or symbol on a computer screen that you point to and click on (= press)
with a mouse to give the computer an instruction

grade noun a number or letter that shows how good someone's work or performance is

friendly adjective behaving in a pleasant, kind way towards someone

experience noun (the process of getting) knowledge or skill that is obtained from doing, seeing, or
feeling things, or something that happens which has an effect on you

employer noun a person or organization that employs people

employee noun someone who is paid to work for someone else

download verb to copy or move programs or information into a computer's memory, especially
from the internet or a larger computer

delete verb to remove data, documents, programs, etc. from a computer

CV noun a short written description of your education, qualifications, previous jobs, and
sometimes also your personal interests, that you send to an employer when you are trying to get a job

contact noun a person, especially someone in a high position, who can give you useful information or
introductions that will help you at work or socially

connectverb to join or be joined with something else

click verb to carry out a computer operation by pressing a button on the mouse or keyboard

career noun the job or series of jobs that you do during your working life, especially if you continue
to get better jobs and earn more money

candidate noun a person who is competing to get a job or elected position

button noun a small, often circular object which you press to operate a device or a machine, or an
area on a computer screen which looks and works like one of these

browser noun a computer program that makes it possible for you to read information on the
internet

browse verb to look at information on the internet

in charge being the person who has control of or is responsible for someone or something

apply verb to officially ask for something such as a job, a place on a course, or a loan, usually by
completing a special form or writing a letter
app noun abbreviation for application: a computer program that is designed for a particular
purpose

Unit 3

twin noun one of two children who are born to the same mother at the same time

take after sb to be similar to an older member of your family

supportnoun help or encouragement

stranger noun someone you do not know

sense of humour your ability to understand funny things

ring sb/sth up to make a phone call to someone

relative noun a member of your family

relationship noun the way in which two or more people feel and behave towards each other

raise verb to take care of a person, or an animal or plant, until they are completely grown

personality noun the type of person you are, shown by the way you behave, feel, and think

only child noun a child who has no sisters or brothers

niece noun a daughter of your brother or sister, or a daughter of your husband's or wife's brother or
sister

nephew noun a son of your sister or brother, or a son of the sister or brother of your husband
or wife

mix-up noun a mistake that causes confusion

be, get, keep, etc. in touch to communicate or continue to communicate with someone by
using a phone or writing to them

have sth in common to share interests, experiences, or other characteristics with someone
or something

hang out to spend a lot of time in a place or with someone

grow up to gradually become an adult

grow apart If two people in a close relationship grow apart, or if they grow away from each
other, they gradually begin to have a less close relationship, usually because they no longer have the
same interests and want the same things

get together If two or more people get together, they meet each other, having arranged it
before

get to know sb/sth to spend time with someone or something so that you gradually learn
more about him, her, or it
get on to have a good relationship

generation noun all the people of about the same age within a society or within a particular
family

friendship noun a situation in which two people are friends

eldest adjective being the oldest of three or more people, especially within a family

elder noun an older person, especially one with a respected position in society

cut sth off to remove a part of something to make it smaller or shorter, using a sharp tool
such as a knife

childhood noun the time when a person is a child

background noun the things that can be seen behind the main things or people in a picture

Unit 4

terrify verb to make someone feel very frightened

terrified adjective very frightened

talkative adjective talking a lot

talented adjective having a natural ability or skill

successful adjective achieving the results wanted or hoped for

success story noun something or someone that achieves great success, often by making a lot of
money

sociable adjective Someone who is sociable enjoys being with people and meeting new
people.

shy adjective not confident, especially about meeting or talking to new people

sensitive adjective easily upset by the things people say or do, or causing people to be
upset, embarrassed, or angry

satisfying adjective making you feel pleased by providing what you need or want

satisfied adjective pleased because you have got what you wanted, or because something
has happened in the way that you wanted

relaxingadjective making you feel relaxed

relaxed adjective feeling happy and comfortable because nothing is worrying you

positiveadjective full of hope and confidence, or giving cause for hope and confidence

lively adjective full of energy and enthusiasm; interesting and exciting

interesting adjective Someone or something that is interesting keeps your attention because
he, she, or it is unusual, exciting, or has a lot of ideas

interested adjective wanting to give your attention to something and discover more about it

intelligent adjective able to learn and understand things quickly and easily

good adjective successful, or able to do something well

give up (sth) to stop doing something before you have completed it, usually because it is too
difficult

fascinating adjective extremely interesting

fascinated adjective extremely interested

disappointing adjective making you feel disappointed

disappointed adjective unhappy because someone or something was not as good as you hoped
or expected, or because something did not happen

determined adjective wanting to do something very much, and not letting anyone stop you

depressing adjective making you feel unhappy and without any hope for the future

depressed adjective very unhappy, often for a long time

confident adjective certain about your ability to do things well

brilliant adjective very good

boring adjective not interesting or exciting

bored adjective feeling tired and unhappy because something is not interesting or because you
have nothing to do

amusing adjective making you laugh or smile

amusedadjective showing that you think something is funny

active adjective doing a lot of things, or moving around a lot

achievement noun something good that you achieve

ability noun the physical or mental skill or qualities that you need to do something

Unit 5

wildlife noun animals, birds, and plants living in their natural environment

web noun a type of net made by a spider (= small creature with eight legs) to catch other insects

waterfall noun a stream of water that flows from a high place, often to a pool below

valley noun an area of low land between hills or mountains

tail noun the long, narrow part that sticks out at the back of an animal's body

survive verb to continue to live after almost dying because of an accident, illness, etc

stream noun a small river

species noun a group of plants or animals that share similar characteristics

skin noun the outer layer of a person or animal's body

sea noun a large area of salt water

scale noun one of the flat pieces of hard material that covers the skin of fish and snakes

save verb to stop someone or something from being killed or destroyed

river noun a long, natural area of water that flows across the land and into a sea, lake, or another
river

recycle verb to put used paper, glass, plastic, etc through a process so that it can be used again

rainforest noun a forest with a lot of tall trees where it rains a lot

protect verb to keep someone or something safe from something dangerous or bad

preventverb to stop something happening or to stop someone doing something

pollution noun damage caused to water, air, etc by harmful substances or waste

petal noun one of the thin, flat, coloured parts on the outside of a flower

paw noun the foot of certain animals, such as cats and dogs

ocean noun one of the five main areas that the sea is divided into

natural adjective Something that is natural exists or happens because of nature, not because it
was made or done by people

national park noun a large area of park for use by the public, usually an area of special beauty

local adjective relating to an area near you

limit verb to control something so that it is less than a particular amount or number

leaf noun a flat, green part of a plant that grows from a stem or branch

lake noun a large area of water that has land all around it

fur noun the thick hair that covers the bodies of some animals like cats and rabbits

forest noun a large area of trees growing closely together

feather noun one of the soft, light things that grow from and cover a bird's skin

environmentally friendly adjective not damaging the environment

the environment the air, land, and water where people, animals, and plants live

endangered birds/plants/species, etc animals or plants that may soon not exist because there
are very few now alive

destroy verb to damage something so badly that it does not exist or cannot be used

desert noun a large, hot, dry area of land with very few plants

damagenoun harm or injury

creature noun anything that lives but is not a plant

conservation noun the protection of nature

coast noun the land beside the sea

climate change noun the way the Earth's weather is changing

cave noun a large hole in the side of a cliff (= straight, high rock next to the sea), mountain, or
under the ground

branch noun one of the many parts of a tree that grows out from its trunk (= main, vertical part)

bay noun an area of coast where the land curves in

Unit 6

turn up to arrive

traffic lights noun a set of red, green, and yellow lights that is used to stop and start traffic

traffic jam noun a line of cars, trucks, etc that are moving slowly or not moving at all

tasty adjective Food that is tasty has a good flavour and is nice to eat

sweet adjective with a taste like sugar

stir verb to mix food or liquid by moving a spoon, or similar object, round and round in it

squeeze verb to press something firmly

spicy adjective containing strong flavours from spice

sour adjective having a sharp, sometimes unpleasant, taste or smell, like a lemon, and not
sweet

show sb into/around/round, etc to take someone to or round a place

serve verb to give someone food or drink, especially guests or customers in a restaurant or bar

rush hour noun the time when a lot of people are travelling to or from work and so roads and
trains are very busy

rich adjective Rich food has a lot of butter, cream, or eggs in it

raw adjective not cooked

pick sth up to learn a new skill or language by practising it and not by being taught it

public transportnoun a system of vehicles such as buses and trains that operate at regular times on
fixed routes and are used by the public

pedestrian crossing noun a special place on a road where traffic must stop if people want to cross

mix verb If two or more substances mix, they combine to make one substance, and if you mix two
or more substances, you combine them to make one substance

mash verb to crush food, usually after cooking it, so that it forms a soft mass

look around (somewhere/sth) to visit a place and look at the things in it

hot adjective Hot food contains strong spices that cause a burning feeling in your mouth

heat verb to make something become hot or warm, or to become hot or warm

go back to return to a place where you were or where you have been before

go away to leave your home in order to spend time in a different place, usually for a
holiday

get about to travel to a lot of places

fry verb to cook something in hot oil or fat or to be cooked in hot oil or fat

fresh adjective Fresh food has been produced or collected recently and has not been frozen,
dried, etc.

eat out to eat at a restaurant

dried past of dry

cycle lane noun a part of a road or a special path that only people riding bicycles can use

crunchyadjective Crunchy food is hard and makes a noise when you eat it.

creamy adjective like cream or containing cream

chop verb to cut something into small pieces

cash machine noun a machine, usually in a wall outside a bank, that you can get money from using a
plastic card

bitter adjective having a strong, sour, usually unpleasant taste

air conditioning noun a system that keeps the air cool in a building or car

add verb to put something with something else

Unit 7
worry verb to think about problems or unpleasant things that might happen in a way that makes
you feel anxious

wait for sb If something is waiting for you, it has been left or prepared for you to collect,
use, enjoy, or deal with when you arrive

view noun the things that you can see from a place

think about/of sb/sth to use your mind to imagine a situation

terrace noun a flat area outside a house, restaurant, etc where you can sit

succeed verb to achieve what you are trying to achieve

step noun one of the surfaces that you walk on when you go up or down stairs

rent verb to pay money to live in a building that someone else owns

rely on sb/sth to need someone or something in order to be successful, work correctly, etc

pay verb to give money to someone for something you want to buy or for services provided

neighbourhood noun an area of a town or city that people live in

move out to stop living in a particular home

move in to go to a different place and begin to live or work there

move verb If a person or an organization moves, they go to a different place to live or work

lock noun the thing that is used to close a door, window, etc, and that needs a key to open it

locationnoun a place or position

landing noun an area of floor that joins two sets of stairs or that leads from the top of a set of stairs to
rooms

the ground floor noun the floor of a building that is at the same level as the ground outside

front door noun the main entrance to a building, especially a house, usually facing the road

floor noun a particular level of a building

flat noun a set of rooms to live in, with all the rooms on one level of a building

first floor noun the level of a building directly above the ground level

doorbell noun a button that you press next to a door that makes a noise to let someone know
that you are there

depend on/upon sb/sth to trust someone or something and know that that person or thing will
help you or do what you want or expect him, her, or it to do

cope verb to deal with problems or difficulties, esp. with a degree of success
complain verb to say that something is wrong or not satisfactory

block of flats noun a large building that is divided into apartments

belong to sb If something belongs to you, you own it

believe in sth to be certain that something exists

basement noun a room or set of rooms that is below ground level in a building

balcony noun a small area joined to the wall outside a room on a high level where you can stand or sit

attic noun a room at the top of a house under the roof

argue verb to speak angrily to someone, telling them that you disagree with them

apologize verb to tell someone that you are sorry about something you have done

Unit 8

warn verb to advise someone not to do something that could cause danger or trouble

threaten verb to tell someone that you will kill or hurt them, or cause problems for them if
they do not do what you want

take sth back to return something to the place you borrowed or bought it from

spread verb to increase, or move to cover a larger area or affect a larger number of people

social media noun forms of electronic communication that allow people to share information using
the Internet or mobile phones

send sth back to return something to the person who sent it to you, especially because it is
damaged or not suitable

reporter noun someone whose job is to discover information about news events and describe
them on television, radio, or in a newspaper

remind verb to make someone remember something, or remember to do something

refuse verb to say that you will not do or accept something

refund noun an amount of money that is given back to you, especially because you are not happy
with something you have bought

recommend verb to advise someone that something should be done

reasonably priced not expensive

promise verb to say that you will certainly do something or that something will certainly
happen

presenter noun someone who introduces a radio or television programme

politics noun ideas and activities relating to how a country or area is governed
sale noun a time when a shop sells goods at a lower price than usual

offer verb to say that you are willing to do something

newsfeed noun a web page or screen that updates (= changes) often to show the latest news or
information

the news the announcement of important events on television, radio, and in newspapers

journalist noun someone whose job is journalism

invite verb to ask someone to come to a social event

be in stock/out of stock to be available/not available in a shop

headline noun the title of a newspaper story that is printed in large letters above it

guarantee verb If a company guarantees its products, it makes a written promise to repair them
or give you a new one if they have a fault

value noun how much money something could be sold for

entertainment noun shows, films, television, or other performances or activities that entertain
people

editor noun someone who is in charge of a newspaper or magazine

current affairs noun important political or social events that are happening in the world at the
present time

come out If a book, record, film, etc. comes out, it becomes available for people to buy or
see

gossip noun talk about other people’s private lives

business noun the activity of buying and selling goods and services

browse verb to look at information on the internet

breaking news noun information that is being received and broadcast about an event that has just
happened or just begun

blogger noun a person who writes or reads a blog

can afford to have enough money to buy something or enough time to do something

article noun a piece of writing in a magazine, newspaper, etc

agree verb to say you will do something that someone asks you to do

advise verb to make a suggestion about what you think someone should do or how they should do
something

admit verb to agree that you did something bad, or that something bad is true
Unit 9

track noun one of several songs or pieces of music on a CD or other musical recording

thriller noun a book or film with an exciting story, often about crime

studio noun a room where television/radio programmes or musical recordings are made

soap opera noun a series of television or radio programmes that continues over a long period and
is about the lives of a group of characters

science fiction noun stories about life in the future or in other parts of the universe

scene noun a short part of a film, play, or book in which the events happen in one place

romance noun a story about love

playlist noun a list of all the songs or pieces of music played by a particular radio or TV station

live adjective (of a performance) broadcast, recorded, or seen while it is happening

performer noun someone who entertains people

performance noun acting, singing, dancing, or playing music to entertain people

perform verb to entertain people by acting, singing, dancing, etc

organized adjective An organized person plans things well and does not waste time or
effort.

organize verb to plan or arrange something

orchestra noun a large group of musicians who play different instruments together

musician noun someone who plays a musical instrument, often as a job

musical adjective relating to music

instrument noun an object that is used for playing music, for example a piano or drum

a horror film/movie/story a film or story that entertains people by shocking or frightening

them

happy adjective pleased and in a good mood, especially because something good has happened

happiness noun the feeling of being happy

game show noun a programme on television in which people play games to try to win prizes

film verb to record moving pictures with a camera, usually to make a film for the cinema or
television

festival noun a series of special events, performances, etc that often takes place over several days

drama noun a play in a theatre or on television or radio

documentary noun a film or television programme that gives facts about a real situation or real
people

DJ noun someone who plays music on the radio or at discos

directornoun someone who tells the actors in a film or play what to do

development noun the process of growing, changing, or becoming more advanced

developverb to grow or change and become more advanced, or to make someone or something do
this

culture noun music, art, theatre, literature, etc

cultural adjective relating to music, art, theatre, literature, etc

creativity noun the ability to produce new ideas or things using skill and imagination

creativeadjective good at thinking of new ideas or using imagination to create new and unusual
things

create verb to make something happen or exist

comedynoun entertainment such as a film, play, etc that is funny

choir noun a group of people who sing together

chat show noun a television or radio programme where people are asked questions about
themselves

charity noun an official organization that gives money, food, or help to people who need it

charitable adjective A charitable event, activity, or organization gives money, food, or help
to people who need it.

character noun a person in a book, film, etc

celebrate verb to do something enjoyable because it is a special day, or because something

good has happened

beauty noun the quality of being beautiful

beautiful adjective very attractive

base sth on/upon sth If you base something on facts or ideas, you use those facts or ideas to
develop it

audience noun the people who sit and watch a performance at a theatre, cinema, etc

artistic adjective showing skill and imagination in creating things, especially in painting, drawing,
etc

artist noun someone who creates art, especially paintings and drawings

animation noun an animated film, or the process of making animated films

album noun several songs or pieces of music on a CD, a record, etc

action movie noun a movie that has a lot of exciting action

Unit 10

worriedadjective anxious because you are thinking about problems or unpleasant things that
might happen

workout noun a series of exercises to make your body strong and healthy

training noun preparation for a sport or competition

track noun the sport of running in races around a wide circular path made for this sport

tire of sth/doing sth to become bored with something

take part (in sth) to be involved in an activity with other people

take it/things easy to relax and not use too much energy

take care of sb/sth to look after someone or something

take advantage of sth to use the good things in a situation

take a risk to do something although something bad might happen because of it

nap noun a short sleep

chance noun a risk

break verb to stop the activity you are doing to have a short rest

similar adjective Something which is similar to something else has many things the same,
although it is not exactly the same

score noun the number of points someone gets in a game or test

scared adjective frightened or worried

right adjective suitable or best in a particular situation

referee noun someone who makes sure that players follow the rules during a sports game

popular adjective liked by many people

point noun a unit used for showing who is winning in a game or competition

perfect adjective exactly right for someone or something

opponent noun someone who you compete against in a game or competition

net noun something made with a piece of net, for example for catching fish or insects, or for
sports

miss verb to not hit or catch something as you intended

match noun a sports competition in which two people or teams compete against each other

make the most of sth to take full advantage of something because it may not last long

make sense to be clear and easy to understand

progress verb to improve or develop in skills, knowledge, etc.

make money to earn a lot of money from a job or an investment

make friends (with sb) to begin to know and like someone

make a/any difference to have an effect on a situation

lose verb If you lose a game, competition, or election, the team or person that you are competing
with wins

go noun an attempt to do something

extreme sports noun dangerous games or activities

essential adjective very important and necessary

do your homework to prepare carefully for a situation

do/try your best to make the greatest effort possible

do badly/well, etc to be unsuccessful/successful, etc

research noun detailed study of a subject in order to discover new information

court noun an area for playing particular sports

competitor noun a person, team, or company that is competing with others

compete verb to take part in a race or competition

beat verb to defeat someone in a competition

defeat verb to win against someone in a fight or competition

attack verb If players in a team attack, they move forward to try to score points, goals, etc.

afraid adjective feeling fear, or feeling worry about the possible results of a particular situation

Unit 1

the environment the air, water, and land in or on which people, animals, and plants live

risk noun the possibility of something bad happening

work out to happen or develop in a particular way

try sth out to use something to discover if it works or if you like it

successfully adverb in a way that achieves the results wanted or hoped for
stubborn adjective A stubborn person is determined to do what he or she wants and
refuses to do anything else

sensitive adjective easily upset by the things people say or do, or causing people to be
upset, embarrassed, or angry

self-confident adjective behaving calmly because you have no doubts about your ability or
knowledge

respected adjective admired by many people for your qualities or achievements

passionate adjective having very strong feelings or emotions

optimistic adjective hoping or believing that good things will happen in the future

naive adjective too willing to believe that someone is telling the truth, that people's intentions
in general are good, or that life is simple and fair. People are often naive because they are young and/or
have not had much experience of life

motivated adjective very enthusiastic or determined because you really want to do

something

manageverb to succeed in doing or dealing with something, especially something difficult

effort noun physical or mental activity needed to achieve something, or an attempt to do something

loyal adjective firm and not changing in your friendship with or support for a person or an
organization, or in your belief in your principles

keep it up used to encourage someone to continue doing something

inspiring adjective encouraging, or making you feel you want to do something

bright adjective intelligent

give up (something) to stop doing or to stop having something

determined adjective wanting to do something very much and not allowing anyone or any
difficulties to stop you

arrogant adjective unpleasantly proud and behaving as if you are more important than, or
know more than, other people

ambitious adjective having a strong wish to be successful, powerful, or rich

Unit 2

wound noun a damaged area of the body, such as a cut or hole in the skin or flesh made by a weapon

tiger noun a large wild animal of the cat family with yellowish-orange fur with black lines that lives
in parts of Asia

species noun a set of animals or plants in which the members have similar characteristics to each
other and can breed with each other
shoot verb to fire a bullet or an arrow, or to hit, injure, or kill a person or animal by firing a bullet or
arrow at him, her, or it

rare adjective not common or frequent; very unusual

protected adjective a protected area or animal is affected by laws that prevent it being
harmed

not get anywhere to not make progress toward a goal

natural adjective as found in nature and not involving anything made or done by people

mattress noun the part of a bed, made of a strong cloth cover filled with firm material, that
makes the bed comfortable to lie on

kill verb to cause someone or something to die

hut noun a small, simple building, usually consisting of one room

hunt noun the activity of people chasing wild animals in order to kill them

habitat noun the natural environment in which an animal or plant usually lives

get through sth to finish something

feeling noun an opinion or thought about something

point noun an idea, opinion, or piece of information that is said or written

get/attract/catch sb's attention to make someone notice you

get rid of someone to find a way to make someone leave because you do not want the
person to be with you any longer

get over something to return to your usual state of health or happiness after having a bad or
unusual experience, or an illness

get on someone’s nerves to annoy someone a lot

involved adjective part of an activity or event

get sb into trouble If a man gets a woman or girl who is not married into trouble, he makes
her pregnant

get hold of something to obtain something

get someone down to cause someone to feel unhappy and negative

get away to go somewhere to have a holiday, often because you need to rest

get across something to communicate an idea or message successfully

carry sb away to become so excited about something that you do not control what you say or
do
forest noun a large area of land covered with trees and plants, usually larger than a wood, or the
trees and plants themselves

extinct adjective no longer existing

the environment the air, water, and land in or on which people, animals, and plants live

endangered birds/plants/species animals or plants that may soon not exist because there
are very few now alive

creature noun any living thing, esp. an animal

be/get over sth to feel physically or mentally better after an illness or an upsetting experience

over preposition above or higher than something else, sometimes so that one thing covers the
other; above

boot noun a type of shoe that covers the whole foot and the lower part of the leg

attack verb to try to hurt or defeat using violence

Unit 3

record adjective at a higher level than ever achieved before

victory noun an occasion when you win a game, competition, election, war, etc. or the fact that you
have won

victorious adjective having won a game, competition, election, war, etc.

victor noun the one who wins a competition, election, war, etc.

training noun the process of learning the skills you need to do a particular job or activity

trainer noun a person who teaches skills to people or animals and prepares them for a job, activity, or
sport

train verb to prepare someone or yourself for a job, activity, or sport, by learning skills and/or by
mental or physical exercise

talented adjective with talent; able or skilful

talent noun (someone who has) a natural ability to be good at something, especially without being
taught

successful adjective achieving the results wanted or hoped for

spectator noun a person who watches an activity, especially a sports event, without taking part

skilled adjective having the abilities needed to do an activity or job well

represent verb to be the person from a country, school, etc. that is in a competition

referee noun a person who is in charge of a sports game and who makes certain that the rules are
followed
professional adjective used to describe someone who does a job that people usually do as a
hobby

profession noun any type of work that needs special training or a particular skill, often one that is
respected because it involves a high level of education

potential noun someone's or something's ability to develop, achieve, or succeed

pitch noun an area painted with lines for playing particular sports, especially football

performer noun a person who entertains people by acting, singing, dancing, or playing music

performance noun how successful an investment, company, etc. is and how much profit it makes

perform verb to do an action or piece of work

outstanding adjective clearly very much better than what is usual

lead noun a winning position during a race or other situation where people are competing

exceptional adjective Exceptional also means unusually good

competitor noun a person, team, or company that is competing against others

competitive adjective involving competition

competition noun an organized event in which people try to win a prize by being the best, fastest,
etc.

compete verb to take part in a race or competition

cheer verb to give a loud shout of approval or encouragement

championship noun a high-level competition to decide who is the best, especially in a sport

champion noun someone or something, especially a person or animal, that has beaten all other
competitors in a competition

brilliant adjective extremely intelligent or skilled

brilliance noun great skill or intelligence

award verb to give money or a prize following an official decision

athletics noun the general name for a particular group of sports in which people compete,
including running, jumping, and throwing

athletic adjective relating to athletes or athletics

athlete noun a person who is very good at sports or physical exercise, especially one who competes in
organized events

be able to do sth to have the necessary physical strength, mental power, skill, time,
money, or opportunity to do something
ability noun the physical or mental power or skill needed to do something

Unit 4

tricky adjective If a piece of work or problem is tricky, it is difficult to deal with and needs
careful attention or skill

tough adjective difficult to do or to deal with

testing adjective difficult

struggleverb to experience difficulty and make a very great effort in order to do something

strict adjective strongly limiting someone's freedom to behave as they wish, or likely to
severely punish someone if they do not obey

stretch verb If jobs or tasks stretch you, they make you learn new things that use your skill and
experience more than before

straightforward adjective easy to understand or simple

rigorous adjective careful to look at or consider every part of something to make certain it
is correct or safe

result in sth to cause a particular situation to happen

punishing adjective very difficult and making you feel tired

lead to sth If an action or event leads to something, it causes that thing to happen or exist

influence noun the power to have an effect on people or things, or a person or thing that is able
to do this

gruelling adjective extremely tiring and difficult, and demanding great effort and
determination

effect noun the result of a particular influence

demanding adjective needing a lot of time, attention, or energy

delicateadjective needing careful treatment, especially because easily damaged

challenge noun (the situation of being faced with) something that needs great mental or
physical effort in order to be done successfully and therefore tests a person's ability

cause verb to make something happen, especially something bad

awkward adjective difficult to use, do, or deal with

result noun something that happens or exists because of something else

arduous adjective difficult, needing a lot of effort and energy

affect verb to have an influence on someone or something, or to cause a change in someone or

something
Unit 5

unsympathetic adjective not sympathetic (= showing that you understand or care about
someone's suffering)

unreliable adjective not able to be trusted or believed

unrealistic adjective having a wrong idea of what is likely to happen or of what you can really
do; not based on facts

uncritical adjective accepting something too easily, because of being unwilling or unable to
criticize

uncompetitive adjective not involving or encouraging competition

thoughtless adjective not considering how your actions or words may upset someone

thoughtful adjective kind and always thinking about how you can help other people

the atmosphere the mixture of gases around the earth

sympathetic adjective used to describe someone who shows, especially by what they say, that
they understand and care about someone else's suffering

solar energy noun energy that uses the power of the sun to produce electricity

rough adjective not even or smooth, often because of being in bad condition

responsible adjective having good judgment and the ability to act correctly and make
decisions on your own

reliable adjective Someone or something that is reliable can be trusted or believed because he,
she, or it works or behaves well in the way you expect

realistic adjective accepting things as they are in fact and not making decisions based on unlikely
hopes for the future

optimistic adjective hoping or believing that good things will happen in the future

irresponsible adjective not thinking enough or not worrying about the possible results of what
you do

global warming noun a gradual increase in world temperatures caused by gases such as carbon
dioxide that are collecting in the air around the earth and stopping heat escaping into space

fragile adjective A fragile object is easily damaged or broken

environmentally friendly adjective not harmful to the environment

ecological adjective relating to ecology or the environment

disorganized adjective not good at planning or organizing things

critical adjective saying that someone or something is bad or wrong

competitive adjective wanting very much to win or be more successful than other people

climate change noun changes in the world's weather, in particular the fact that it is believed to be
getting warmer as a result of human activity increasing the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

cautious adjective Someone who is cautious avoids risks

carbon footprint noun Someone's carbon footprint is a measurement of the amount of carbon
dioxide that their activities produce.

ambitious adjective having a strong wish to be successful, powerful, or rich

adventurous adjective willing to try new or difficult things

Unit 6

venue noun a place where a sports game, musical performance, or special event happens

unique adjective different from everyone and everything else

the outskirts noun the outer area of a city, town, or village

terrace noun a flat area outside a house, restaurant, etc where you can sit

terminal noun a building where you can get onto an aircraft, bus, or ship

superb adjective excellent

stunning adjective very beautiful

studio noun a room where an artist or photographer works

setting noun the place where something is or where something happens, often in a book, play, or film

revive verb to make something from the past exist again

revival noun the process of becoming more active or popular again

remarkable adjective unusual or special and therefore surprising and worth mentioning

preserve verb to keep something as it is, especially in order to prevent it from decaying or
being damaged or destroyed

preservation noun the act of keeping something the same or of preventing it from being damaged

the outskirts noun the areas that form the edge of a town or city

memorable adjective likely to be remembered or worth remembering

lobby noun the (large) room into which the main entrance door opens in a hotel or other large
building

increase verb to (make something) become larger in amount or size

impressverb to cause someone to admire or respect you

hiking noun the activity of going for long walks in the countryside

feature noun a typical quality or an important part of something

exotic adjective unusual and exciting because of coming (or seeming to come) from far away,
especially a tropical country

dramatic adjective very sudden or noticeable, or full of action and excitement

disappearance noun the fact of someone or something disappearing

disappear verb If people or things disappear, they go somewhere where they cannot be seen or
found

die out to become less common and finally stop existing

deterioration noun the fact or process of becoming worse

deteriorate verb to become worse

decreasing adjective becoming less

decrease verb to become less, or to make something become less

decline verb to gradually become less, worse, or lower

construction noun the work of building or making something, especially buildings, bridges, etc.

breathtaking adjective extremely exciting, beautiful, or surprising

lost adjective If something is lost, no one knows where it is

astonishing adjective very surprising

Unit 7

development noun an area on which new buildings are built in order to make a profit

congestion noun a situation in which there is too much traffic and movement is difficult

terraced adjective built as or belonging to a row of often small houses joined together
along their side walls

terrace noun a flat area of stone or grass outside a house, where people sit and sometimes eat

soundtrack noun the sounds, especially the music, of a film, or a separate recording of this

shot noun a photograph

series noun a set of television or radio broadcasts on the same subject or using the same characters
but in different situations

semi-detached adjective A house that is semi-detached is one that is joined to another similar
house on only one side
script noun the words of a film, play, broadcast, or speech

residential adjective A residential road, area, etc. has only private houses, not offices and
factories.

release verb If a company releases a film or musical recording, it allows the film to be shown in
cinemas, or makes the musical recording available for the public to buy

quality of life noun the level of satisfaction and comfort that a person or group enjoys

public transportnoun a system of vehicles such as buses and trains which operate at regular times and
that the public use

presenter noun someone who introduces a radio or television programme

passagenoun a long, narrow space that connects one place to another

parking noun leaving a vehicle in a particular place for a period of time

resident noun someone who lives in a particular place

local adjective relating to an area near you

fence noun a wood, wire, or metal structure that divides or goes around an area

episodenoun one programme of a series shown on television

editor noun someone whose job is to prepare text, film, etc by deciding what to include and making
mistakes correct

detached adjective A detached house is not connected to any other building

cut noun the act of removing a part from a book, film, etc., or a part that is removed

cottage noun a small house, usually in the countryside

chimney noun a hollow structure that allows the smoke from a fire inside a building to escape
to the air outside

cellar noun a room under the ground floor of a building, usually used for storing things

cast noun the actors in a film, play, or show

capture verb to record or take a picture of something using a camera

bungalow noun a house that usually has only one storey (= level), sometimes with a smaller
upper storey set in the roof and windows that come out from the roof

broadcast verb to send out a programme on television or radio

basement noun a part of a building consisting of rooms that are partly or completely below the
level of the ground

attic noun the space or room at the top of a building, under the roof, often used for storing things
air pollution noun harmful substances in the air, often consisting of waste from vehicles or industry

Unit 8

witness noun a person in a law court who says what they know about a legal case or a particular
person

verdict noun an opinion or decision made after judging the facts that are given, especially one made
at the end of a trial

trial noun the hearing of statements and showing of objects, etc. in a law court to judge if a person
is guilty of a crime or to decide a case or a legal matter

thief noun a person who steals

theft noun (the act of) dishonestly taking something that belongs to someone else and keeping it

suspect verb to think that someone has committed a crime or done something wrong

steal verb to take something without the permission or knowledge of the owner and keep it

shoplifter noun a person who takes goods illegally from a shop without paying for them

shoplift verb to take goods illegally from a shop without paying for them

sentence noun a punishment given by a judge in court to a person or organization after they
have been found guilty of doing something wrong

savings plural noun the money you keep, esp. in a bank or other financial organization

robberynoun the crime of stealing from somewhere or someone

robber noun someone who steals

rob verb to take money or property illegally from a place, organization, or person, often using
violence

put sth aside to save something, usually time or money, for a special purpose

pay off something to give all of or the last part of an amount that you owe

murderer noun someone who illegally and intentionally kills another person

murder noun the crime of intentionally killing a person

make a living to earn enough money to buy the things you need

lying verb present participle of lie

lie verb to say or write something that is not true in order to deceive someone

liar noun someone who tells lies

kidnapping noun an occasion when someone is kidnapped

kidnapper noun someone who takes a person away illegally by force, usually in order to demand
money in exchange for releasing them

kidnap verb to take a person away illegally by force, usually in order to demand money in exchange
for releasing them

jury noun a group of people who have been chosen to listen to all the facts in a trial in a law court
and to decide if a person is guilty or not guilty, or if a claim has been proved

judge noun a person who is in charge of a trial in a court and decides how a person who is guilty of a
crime should be punished, or who makes decisions on legal matters

investment noun the act of putting money, effort, time, etc. into something to make a profit or
get an advantage, or the money, effort, time, etc. used to do this

interest rate noun the interest percent that a bank or other financial company charges you when
you borrow money, or the interest percent it pays you when you keep money in an account

income noun money that is earned from doing work or received from investments

guilty adjective responsible for breaking a law

evidence noun objects, documents, official statements, etc. that are used to prove something is
true or not true, especially for legal or insurance purposes

finance verb to provide the money needed for something to happen

donation noun money or goods that are given to help a person or organization, or the act of
giving them

donate verb to give money or goods to help a person or organization

debt noun something, especially money, that is owed to someone else, or the state of owing
something

debit noun (a record of) money taken out of a bank account

court noun a place where trials and other legal cases happen, or the people present in such a place,
especially the officials and those deciding if someone is guilty

cheat verb to behave in a dishonest way in order to get what you want

burgle verb to enter a building illegally and steal things

burglary noun the crime of illegally entering a building and stealing things

burglar noun a person who illegally enters buildings and steals things

budget noun a plan to show how much money a person or organization will earn and how much they
will need or be able to spend

bribery noun an attempt to make someone do something for you by giving the person money,
presents, or something else that they want
bribe verb to try to make someone do something for you by giving them money, presents, or
something else that they want

break into something to force your way into something

grant noun an amount of money given especially by the government to a person or organization for
a special purpose

arrest verb If the police arrest someone, they take them away to ask them about a crime that they
might have committed

accuse verb to say that someone has done something morally wrong, illegal, or unkind

Unit 9

wonder verb to want to know something or to try to understand the reason for something

treat noun something special that you buy or do for someone else

strain noun an injury to part of your body that is caused by using it too much

sneeze verb If you sneeze, air suddenly comes out through your nose and mouth

shiver verb to shake because you are cold or frightened

scar noun a permanent mark left on the body from a cut or other injury

realize verb to notice or understand something that you did not notice or understand before

pass out to become unconscious for a short time, for example when ill, badly hurt, or
drunk

pale adjective used to describe a person's face or skin if it has less colour than usual, for
example when the person is or ill or frightened, or if it has less colour than people generally have

have no idea to not know something

make sure (that) to look and/or take action to be certain that something happens, is true,
etc.

consciousness noun the state of being awake, aware of what is around you, and able to think

infection noun a disease in a part of your body that is caused by bacteria or a virus

heal verb to make or become well again, especially after a cut or other injury

get over something to return to your usual state of health or happiness after having a bad or
unusual experience, or an illness

feel faint to feel weak, as if you are about to become unconscious

estimate verb to guess or calculate the cost, size, value, etc. of something

doubt noun (a feeling of) not being certain about something, especially about how good or true it is
dizzy adjective feeling as if everything is turning around, and that you are not able to balance
and may fall over

developverb If you develop an illness or problem, or if it develops, you start to suffer from it

cure verb to make someone with an illness healthy again

cough verb to force air out of your lungs through your throat with a short, loud sound

conclusion noun the opinion you have after considering all the information about something

come down with something to catch or show signs of an illness

care for someone/something to provide for a person or animal’s needs and to protect that
person or animal

bump verb to hurt part of your body by hitting it against something hard

bruise noun an injury or mark where the skin has not been broken but is darker in colour, often as a
result of being hit by something

aware adjective knowing that something exists, or having knowledge or experience of a

particular thing

assume verb to accept something to be true without question or proof

ache noun a continuous pain that is unpleasant but not very strong

Unit 10

work verb to try hard to achieve or improve something

unsuccessful adjective not achieving the hoped for result; not successful

unfortunate adjective unlucky or having bad effects

unexpected adjective not expected

unbelievable adjective unable to be believed because unlikely

tackle verb to try to deal with something

satisfied adjective pleased because you have got what you wanted, or because something
has happened in the way that you wanted

responsible adjective having good judgment and the ability to act correctly and make
decisions on your own

regular adjective happening or doing something often

probable adjective likely to be true or likely to happen

polite adjective behaving in a way that is socially correct and shows understanding of and care
for other people's feelings
patient adjective having patience

overcome verb to defeat or succeed in controlling or dealing with something

legal adjective allowed by the law

irresponsible adjective not thinking enough or not worrying about the possible results of what
you do

irrelevant adjective not related to what is being discussed or considered and therefore not
important

irregular adjective (of behaviour or actions) not according to usual rules or what is
expected

informal adjective not formal or official

inexperienced adjective having little knowledge or experience

incredible adjective impossible, or very difficult, to believe

improbable adjective not likely to happen or be true

impossible adjective If an action or event is impossible, it cannot happen or be achieved

impolite adjective rude

impatient adjective easily annoyed by someone's mistakes or because you have to wait

illegal adjective not allowed by law

honest adjective telling the truth or able to be trusted and not likely to steal, cheat, or lie

go ahead to start to do something

give up (something) to stop doing or to stop having something

get on with something to continue doing something after stopping

fortunate adjective lucky

formal adjective used about clothes, language, and behaviour that are serious and not friendly or
relaxed

experienced adjective having skill and knowledge because you have done something many
times

expect verb to think that something will happen

dissatisfied adjective not pleased or happy with something

dishonest adjective not honest and likely to lie or do something illegal

credible adjective able to be trusted or believed

cope verb to deal quite successfully with a difficult situation

Unit 1

subtle adjective not obvious or easy to notice

struggleverb to try very hard to do something difficult

rusty adjective If a skill you had is now rusty, it is not now good because you have forgotten it

reluctance noun a feeling of not wanting to do something

put something into practice to try a plan or idea

prestige noun If someone or something has prestige, people feel respect and admiration for
them, often because they are successful

pick sth up to learn a new skill or language by practising it and not by being taught it

ongoing adjective still happening

on the increase increasing

necessity noun something that you need, especially in order to live

motivation noun the need or reason for doing something

mentality noun a person's particular way of thinking about things

limitation noun the act of controlling, or something that controls

lasting adjective continuing to exist for a long time or for ever

keep sb at it to make someone continue to work hard

interfere verb If something or someone interferes with a situation or a process, it spoils it or

prevents its progress

interaction noun a situation where two or more people or things communicate with each other
or react to each another

insight noun (the ability to have) a clear, deep, and sometimes sudden understanding of a
complicated problem or situation

immerse yourself in sth to become completely involved in something

significant adjective important or noticeable

have an ear for sth If someone has an ear for music or languages, they are good at hearing,
repeating, and understanding these sounds

substantially adverb to a large degree

grasp verb to understand something, especially something difficult

accustomed to sth/doing sth If you are accustomed to something, you have experienced it
often enough for it to seem normal to you

exposure noun a situation in which someone experiences something or is affected by it because

they are in a particular situation or place

unnoticed adjective without being seen or noticed

distraction noun something that makes you stop giving your attention to something else

discipline noun the ability to control your own behaviour carefully

dedication noun a willingness to give a lot of time and energy to something because you believe
it is very important

competence noun the ability to do something well

capability noun the ability or power to do something

brush up (on) sth to improve your skills in something

attain verb to achieve something, especially after a lot of work

acquisition noun the process of learning or getting something

acquire verb to learn something

rapid adjective happening or moving very quickly

Unit 2

zoom verb to move very quickly

whooshnoun a soft sound made by something moving fast through the air or like that made when air
is pushed out of something

whizz by/past/through, etc to move somewhere very quickly

whirl verb to move or make something move quickly round and round

stroll along/down/through, etc to walk somewhere in a slow and relaxed way

stagger verb to walk as if you might fall

soar verb to move quickly and smoothly in the sky, or to move quickly up into the sky

slip out If a remark slips out, you say it without intending to

slide (sth) across/down/along, etc to move smoothly over a surface, or to make something
move smoothly over a surface

rush verb to hurry or move quickly somewhere, or to make someone or something hurry or move
quickly somewhere

run sb/sth down to criticize someone or something, often unfairly

roll (sth) across/around/over, etc to move somewhere by turning in a circular direction, or
to make something move this way

relate to sb to understand how someone feels

plunge down/into, etc to fall or move down very quickly and with force

march noun the special type of walking that soldiers do

limp verb to walk with difficulty because one of your legs or feet is hurt

leap off/over/into, etc to jump somewhere

hurtle verb to move very quickly in a way that is not controlled and may be dangerous

fit in to feel that you belong to a particular group and are accepted by them

drift across/down/towards, etc to be moved slowly somewhere by currents of wind or water

creep along/in/out, etc to move very quietly and carefully

crawl verb to move on your hands and knees

come across to seem to be a particular type of person

bring sth out to make a particular quality or detail noticeable

bombard sb with sth to give someone too much information, ask them too many questions,
etc

Unit 3

wilderness noun a place that is in a completely natural state without houses, industry, roads, etc

well off adjective rich

vegetation noun plants in general, or plants that are found in a particular area

untouched adjective not changed or spoiled in any way

undergrowth noun a mass of bushes, small trees, and plants, especially growing under the trees in a
forest

tropical adjective extremely hot

mouth noun the opening of a narrow container, the opening of a hole or cave, or the place where a
river flows into the sea

heart noun the central or most important part

sheer adjective extremely steep; almost vertical

rugged adjective (of land) wild and not even; not easy to travel over

meadow noun a field with grass and often wild flowers in it

rocky adjective made of rock and therefore usually rough and difficult to travel along

remote adjective far away in distance

rainforest noun a forest in a tropical area that receives a lot of rain

prosperity noun the state of being successful and having a lot of money

mosquito noun a small flying insect that bites people and animals and sucks their blood

marsh noun ground near a lake, a river, or the sea that often floods and is always wet

live within your means to spend less money than you receive as income

make ends meet to have just enough money to pay for the things that you need

jungle noun an area of land, usually in tropical countries, where trees and plants grow close together

impoverished adjective poor or made poor

sand dune noun a hill of sand in the desert or on the coast

hardship noun a problem or situation that makes you suffer a lot, especially because you are
very poor

foothill noun a low mountain or low hill at the bottom of a larger mountain or range of mountains

moor noun an open area of hills covered with rough grass, especially in Britain

moorland noun an area of moor

disposable income noun the amount of money that you have available to spend after tax, rent
and other basic things that you must pay for

destitute adjective so poor that you do not have the basic things you need to live, such as
food, clothes, or money

deprived adjective not having enough food, money, and the things that you need to have a
normal life

dense adjective with a lot of people or things close together

bog noun soft, wet ground, or an area of this

arid adjective very dry and without enough rain for plants

Unit 4

weigh sth up to think carefully about the advantages or disadvantages of a situation before
making a decision

think twice to consider something more carefully

think sth over to consider an idea or plan carefully before making a decision
logical adjective using reason

the pros and cons the advantages and disadvantages of something

sensitive adjective easily upset by the things people say or do

sensible adjective showing good judgment

self-conscious adjective too aware of what other people are thinking about you and your
appearance

self-confident adjective feeling sure about yourself and your abilities

refresh sb's memory to help someone remember something

reasonable adjective fair and showing good judgment

rational adjective based on facts and not affected by someone's emotions or imagination

on impulse suddenly and without thinking first

subconsciously adverb in a way that uses or relates to the subconscious (= the part of your mind that
notices and remembers information when you are not actively trying to do so, and influences your
behaviour even though you do not realize it)

hunch noun an idea that is based on feeling and for which there is no proof

gut feeling/reaction a strong belief about someone or something that cannot completely be
explained and does not have to be decided by reasoning

conscious adjective awake, thinking, and knowing what is happening around you

conscientious adjective putting a lot of effort into your work

cast your mind back to try to remember

vivid adjective Vivid descriptions, memories, etc. produce very clear, powerful, and detailed
images in the mind

rational adjective showing clear thought or reason

photographic memory noun If you have a photographic memory, you are able to remember things in
exact detail.

Unit 5

trial noun the examination in a court of law of the facts of a case to decide whether a person is
guilty of a crime or responsible for an injury to another person

transport noun a system of vehicles, for example buses, trains, and aircraft, for getting from one
place to another

transport noun the movement of people or goods from one place to another

tax evasion noun ways of illegally paying less tax than you should
the retail sector noun the part of a country's economy that is made up of businesses that sell goods
through stores, on the internet, etc. to the public

record verb to write down information or store it on a computer so that it can be used in the future

record noun information that is written on paper or stored on computer so that it can be used in the
future

the public sector noun businesses and industries that are owned or controlled by the
government

project verb If you project a particular quality, that quality is what most people notice about you

project noun a carefully planned piece of work that has a particular purpose

manufacturing noun the production of something, usually in large quantities in a factory

allegation noun a statement that someone has done something wrong or illegal, made without
proof that this is true

increase noun a rise in the amount or size of something

increase verb to (make something) become larger in amount or size

import noun something bought and taken into a country from another

import verb to buy or bring in products from another country

testimony noun a spoken or written statement that something is true, esp. one given in a court
of law, or the act of giving such a statement

finance verb to provide the money needed for something to happen

finances the money that a person or company has

export noun a product that you sell in another country, or the business of sending goods to another
country in order to sell them there

export verb to send goods to another country for sale

contract verb to make a legal agreement with someone to do work or to have work done for
you

contract noun a legal document that states and explains a formal agreement between two
different people or groups, or the agreement itself

construction noun the work of building or making something, especially buildings, bridges, etc.

community service noun work done without payment to help other people. Criminals whose
crime was not serious enough for them to be put in prison are sometimes ordered to do community
service.

bribery noun an attempt to make someone do something for you by giving the person money,
presents, or something else that they want
life imprisonment noun the punishment of being put in prison for a very long time without an
arranged time for release or, in the US, until death

custodynoun the state of being kept in prison, especially while waiting to go to court for trial

fine noun an amount of money that has to be paid as a punishment for not obeying a rule or law

convict verb to decide officially in a law court that someone is guilty of a crime

convicted adjective having officially been found guilty of a crime in a law court

banned past simple and past participle of ban

arrest verb If the police arrest someone, they take them away to ask them about a crime that they
might have committed

agricultural adjective relating to or used in farming

Unit 6

totally adverb completely

terribly adverb very badly

speechless adjective unable to speak because you are so angry, shocked, surprised, etc.

sensational adjective very good, exciting, or unusual

satisfied adjective pleased because you have got what you wanted, or because something
has happened in the way that you wanted

restless adjective unwilling or unable to stay still or to be quiet and calm, because you are worried
or bored

repetitive adjective involving doing or saying the same thing several times, especially in a
way that is boring

raw adjective Feelings or qualities that are raw are natural and difficult to control

protective adjective wanting to protect someone from criticism, hurt, danger, etc. because
you like them very much

powerful adjective having a very great effect

playful adjective funny and not serious

petrified adjective extremely frightened

overexcited adjective too happy and enthusiastic

observant adjective good or quick at noticing things

nonsensical adjective silly or stupid

no-nonsense adjective practical and serious, and only interested in doing what is necessary or
achieving what is intended, without silly ideas or methods

insecure adjective Insecure people have little confidence and are uncertain about their
own abilities or if other people really like them

meaningful adjective useful, serious, or important

jealous adjective upset and angry because someone that you love seems interested in another
person

insecure adjective (of people) lacking confidence and doubting their own abilities

iconic adjective very famous or popular, especially being considered to represent particular
opinions or a particular time

humorous adjective funny, or making you laugh

helpless adjective not able to defend yourself or do things without help

gritty adjective showing unpleasant details about a situation in a way that seems very real

glee noun a feeling of great happiness, usually because of your good luck or someone else's bad
luck

frustrated adjective annoyed because things are not happening in the way that you want, or
in the way that they should

flawlessadjective with no mistakes or bad characteristics

exotic adjective unusual, interesting, and often foreign

evocative adjective making you remember or imagine something that is pleasant

elaborate adjective complicated, detailed, or made carefully from many parts

disillusioned adjective feeling disappointed because something is not as good as you thought it
was

devastated adjective very shocked and upset

clutter noun a lot of objects that are not tidy or well organized

bleak adjective If a situation is bleak, there is little or no hope for the future

ashamed adjective feeling guilty or embarrassed about something you have done

Unit 7

warm-hearted adjective kind and loving

tongue-tied adjective If you get tongue-tied, you find it difficult to express yourself, usually
because you are nervous.
tolerance noun willingness to accept behaviour and beliefs that are different from your own,
although you might not agree with or approve of them

socialism noun an economic, political, and social system that is based on the belief that all
people are equal and should share equally in a country's money

shortsighted adjective showing a lack of thought for what might happen in the future

separatism noun the belief held by people of a particular race, religion, or other group within a
country that they should be independent and have their own government or in some way live apart
from other people

separation noun a situation in which two or more people or things are separated

selfishness noun the quality of thinking only of your own advantage

self-conscious adjective nervous or uncomfortable because you are worried about what people
think about you or your actions

securitynoun the fact that something is not likely to fail or be lost

rudeness noun the quality of being offensive or not polite

prejudice noun an unfair and unreasonable opinion or feeling, especially when formed without
enough thought or knowledge

ostracism noun the action of intentionally not including someone in a social group or activity

optimism noun the quality of being full of hope and emphasizing the good parts of a situation,
or a belief that something good will happen

open-minded adjective willing to consider ideas and opinions that are new or different to your
own

nervousness noun a feeling of worry and anxiety

narrow-minded adjective not willing to accept ideas or ways of behaving that are different from
your own

mouth-watering adjective (of food) having a very good appearance or smell that makes
you want to eat

mind-blowing adjective extremely exciting or surprising

materialism noun the belief that having money and possessions is the most important thing in life

loneliness noun the state of being lonely

light-headed adjective If you feel light-headed, you feel weak and as if you are going to lose
your balance

lifelike adjective seeming real or seeming to be alive

liberation noun an occasion when something or someone is released or made free

light-hearted adjective happy and not serious

left-handed adjective using your left hand to write and do most things

jaw-dropping adjective very surprising or shocking

isolatedadjective feeling unhappy because of not seeing or talking to other people

intimacy noun a situation in which you have a close friendship or sexual relationship with
someone

innovation noun (the use of) a new idea or method

heartwarming adjective (especially of an event, action, or story) seeming to be something

positive and good and therefore causing feelings of pleasure and happiness

hard-hearted adjective If someone is hard-hearted, they are not kind or not able to feel
sympathy.

half-hearted adjective showing no enthusiasm or interest

hair-raising adjective very frightening

fairness noun the quality of treating people equally or in a way that is right or reasonable

exclusion noun the act of not allowing someone or something to take part in an activity or to
enter a place

distribution noun the process of giving things out to several people, or spreading or supplying
something

collaboration noun the situation of two or more people working together to create or achieve the
same thing

coldness noun a way of behaving or speaking that does not show kindness, love, or emotion
and is not friendly

closeness noun the quality of knowing someone very well, liking them a lot, and wanting to
spend a lot of time together

clear-headed adjective thinking in a clear and sensible way

capitalism noun an economic, political, and social system in which property, business, and
industry are privately owned, directed towards making the greatest possible profits for successful
organizations and people

backbreaking adjective needing a lot of hard, physical effort and making you feel extremely
tired

affable adjective friendly and easy to talk to

absent-minded adjective likely to forget things, esp. because you do not give your attention to
what is happening
Unit 8

wrinkle noun a small line in the skin caused by old age

weight loss noun the fact of a person's or an animal's body weight becoming less

toss and turn to move about from side to side or turn a lot in bed, especially because you
cannot sleep

insomnia noun the condition of being unable to sleep, over a period of time

spot noun a raised, pale red circle on the skin that is temporary

sleep like a log to sleep very well

show verb to make it possible for something to be seen

scar noun a mark left on part of the body after an injury, such as a cut, has healed

sag verb to drop down to a lower level in the middle

sagging present participle of sag

restless adjective unwilling or unable to stay still or to be quiet and calm, because you are worried
or bored

cardiovascular adjective relating to the heart and blood vessels (= tubes that carry blood around
the body)

rash noun a lot of small red spots on the skin

be prone to sth/do sth likely to suffer from an illness or show a particular negative
characteristic

preventverb to stop something from happening or someone from doing something

plastic surgery noun a medical operation to bring a damaged area of skin, and sometimes bone, back
to its usual appearance, or to improve a person's appearance

oversleep verb to sleep for longer than you intended to and so wake up late

not sleep a wink to not sleep at all

moisturize verb to put a special substance on your skin to stop it from becoming dry

light sleeper someone who is easily woken up by noise, etc.

injection noun the act of putting a liquid, especially a drug, into a person's body using a needle
and a syringe (= small tube)

nap noun a short sleep, especially during the day

have verb to own

get verb to obtain, buy, or earn something

fresh adjective clean and pleasant

freckle noun a small, pale brown spot on the skin, usually on the face, especially of a person with pale
skin

firm adjective not soft but not completely hard

facial noun a beauty treatment that cleans and improves the skin of the face with creams and
gentle rubbing

facial adjective of or on the face

drop off to start to sleep

drift off to gradually start to sleep

come out in sth If you come out in a skin disease, it appears on your skin

circulation noun the movement of blood around the body

cause noun the reason why something, especially something bad, happens

blotch noun a mark that is not regular in shape, for example on a person's skin

arthritisnoun a disease in which a person’s joints become swollen, and in which there is some loss in
the ability to move them without pain

Unit 9

warehouse noun a large building for storing things before they are sold, used, or sent out to
shops, or

tower block noun a tall building divided into apartments or offices

tasteless adjective not stylish

stunning adjective extremely beautiful or attractive

studio noun a small apartment designed to be lived in by one or two people, usually with one large
room for sleeping and living in, a bathroom and sometimes a separate kitchen

skyscraper noun a very tall modern building, usually in a city

semi-detached adjective A house that is semi-detached is one that is joined to another similar
house on only one side

revamp verb to change or arrange something again, in order to improve it

retail park noun a shopping area on the edge of a town or city, where there are several large
stores

restore verb to return something or someone to an earlier good condition or position

renovate verb to repair and improve something, especially a building

rejuvenate verb to make someone look or feel young and energetic again

reinstate verb to give someone back their previous job or position, or to cause something to
exist again

regenerate verb to improve a place or system, especially by making it more active or successful

regain verb to take or get possession of something again

redevelop verb to change an area of a town by replacing old buildings, roads, etc. with new
ones

recreate verb to make something exist or happen again

power station noun a factory where electricity is produced

penthouse noun an expensive apartment or set of rooms at the top of a hotel or tall building

over the top too extreme and not suitable, or demanding too much attention or effort,
especially in an uncontrolled way

out of place not right or suitable for a particular situation

nondescript adjective not interesting

mansion noun a very large house

innovative adjective using new methods or ideas

imposing adjective looking big and important in a way that people admire

housing estate noun an area with a large number of houses that were built at the same time

graceful adjective moving in a smooth, relaxed, and attractive way, or having a smooth,
attractive shape

dated adjective old-fashioned

cabin noun a small, simple house made of wood

bungalow noun a house that usually has only one storey (= level), sometimes with a smaller
upper storey set in the roof and windows that come out from the roof

Unit 10

ward sth off to prevent something unpleasant happening

traditional adjective following the customs or ways of behaving that have continued in a
group of people or society for a long time

touch wood said in order to avoid bad luck, either when you mention good luck that you
have had in the past or when you mention hopes you have for the future

present verb to give, provide, or make something known

plausible adjective seeming likely to be true, or able to be believed

persuasive adjective making you want to do or believe a particular thing

pay tribute to sb/sth to praise someone or something

move on to start to discuss a new subject during a formal meeting

throwaway comment/line/remark something that someone says without thinking carefully

and is not intended to be serious

under your breath quietly so that other people cannot hear exactly what you are saying

wish noun a feeling of wanting something

spell noun spoken words that are thought to have magical power, or (the condition of being under)
the influence or control of such words

illustrate verb to show the meaning or truth of something more clearly, especially by giving
examples

keep your fingers crossed to hope strongly that something will happen

gullible adjective Someone who is gullible is easily tricked because they trust people too much

charm noun an object that you keep or wear because you believe that it is lucky

fortune noun the good or bad things that happen to you

go into detail to include all the facts about something

the finer details/points, etc of sth the more detailed or more difficult parts of an
argument, idea, etc

far-fetched adjective difficult to believe and not likely to be true

dubiousadjective thought not to be completely true, honest, or legal

customary adjective normal or expected for a particular person, situation, or society

convincing adjective able to make you believe that something is true or right

convinced adjective certain

conference noun a large, formal meeting at which there are groups of talks on a particular
subject, or a small, private meeting for discussion of a particular matter

conclude verb to end a speech, meeting, or piece of writing

conceptnoun a principle or idea

audience noun the group of people together in one place to watch or listen to a play, film,
someone speaking, etc.

address verb to speak or write to someone